Esophageal motility disorder

Other names: Esophageal dysmotility (ED)
Esophageal dysmotility black arrow
Specialty| Gastroenterology
Diagnostic method| Esophageal motility study
Functional Lumen Imaging Probe
Treatment| Depends on cause

An esophageal motility disorder (EMD) is any disorder causing difficulty in swallowing, regurgitation of food or a spasm-type pain. The most prominent one is dysphagia.

Esophageal motility disorder may be a result of CREST syndrome, referring to the five main features: calcinosis, Raynaud syndrome, esophageal dysmotility, sclerodactyly and telangiectasia.[1]

## Contents

* 1 Types
* 2 Signs and symptoms
* 3 Cause
* 4 Diagnostics
* 5 Treatments
* 6 See also
* 7 References
* 8 External links

## Types[edit | edit source]

Dysphagia could be for solids only, or for solids and liquids both.[citation needed]

* Solid dysphagia is due to obstructions such as esophageal cancer, esophageal webs, or stricture.
* Solid-and-liquid dysphagia is due to an esophageal motility disorder (or dysmotility) either in the upper esophagus (caused by, for example, myasthenia gravis, stroke, or dermatomyositis) or the lower esophagus (where causes include systemic sclerosis, CREST syndrome, or achalasia).

The most common form of dysphagia is achalasia, which is caused by degeneration of the nerves in the esophagus. This causes the muscles to stop working and prevents the valve at the bottom of the esophagus from being able to open properly.[2]

## Signs and symptoms[edit | edit source]

Symptoms of EMD can include chest pain, and intermittent Dysphagia for solids, liquids, or both, and regurgitation.[3] There are contractions along the lower esophagus, and these contractions prevent the passage of food.[4]

## Cause[edit | edit source]

The etiology of esophageal motility disorder is due to neuromuscular or structural disorders[5]

## Diagnostics[edit | edit source]

Testing to diagnose an EMD include: Barium Esophagography, Upper Endoscopy, and Esophageal Manometry.[6]

## Treatments[edit | edit source]

There is no cure for EMD, but symptoms can be managed. Some symptom management includes eating slower and taking smaller bites; in some cases medications can be useful to manage other issues that contribute to EMD such as a proton pump inhibitor to ease gastroesophageal reflux (acid reflux), or a smooth muscle relaxant for issues with the muscles.[6]

If there is a food allergy causing the dysmotility disorder, then physicians recommend an elimination diet. If this fails, then physicians will prescribe special types of medication to help resolve this problem.

## See also[edit | edit source]

* Esophageal disease
* Esophageal motility study
* Esophageal spasm
* GERD (Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease)
* Nutcracker esophagus
* Esophagogastric junction outflow obstruction
* Systemic sclerosis
* Esophageal food bolus obstruction
* Dysphagia

* Functional Lumen Imaging Probe

## References[edit | edit source]

1. ↑ Winterbauer RH (1964). "Multiple telangiectasia, Raynaud's phenomenon, sclerodactyly, and subcutaneous calcinosis: a syndrome mimicking hereditary hemorrhagic telangiectasia". Bulletin of the Johns Hopkins Hospital 114: 31–83. PMID 14171636.
2. ↑ "Achalasia and Esophageal Motility Disorders". ctsurgerypatients.org. The Society of Thoracic Surgeons. Archived from the original on 16 November 2021. Retrieved 16 November 2021.
3. ↑ Schlottmann, Francisco (2017). "Primary Esophageal Motility Disorders: Beyond Achalasia". International Journal of Molecular Sciences. 18 (7): 1399. doi:10.3390/ijms18071399. PMC 5535892. PMID 28665309.
4. ↑ Medicine, UW. "Esophageal Motility Disorders - UW Medicine". www.uwmedicine.org. Archived from the original on 2018-09-27. Retrieved 2015-01-10.
5. ↑ Goyal, Manjeet; Nagalli, Shivaraj (2022). "Esophageal Motility Disorders". StatPearls. StatPearls Publishing. Archived from the original on 24 July 2022. Retrieved 3 January 2023.
6. ↑ 6.0 6.1 McQuaid, Kenneth (2022). Current Medical Diagnosis & Treatment 2022. McGraw Hill.

## External links[edit | edit source]

Classification|

* MeSH: D015154

|

External resources|

* eMedicine: article/174783

* v
* t
* e

Diseases of the digestive system

Upper GI tract|

| Esophagus|

* Esophagitis
* Candidal
* Eosinophilic
* Herpetiform
* Rupture
* Boerhaave syndrome
* Mallory–Weiss syndrome
* UES
* Zenker's diverticulum
* LES
* Barrett's esophagus
* Esophageal motility disorder
* Nutcracker esophagus
* Achalasia
* Esophagogastric junction outflow obstruction
* Diffuse esophageal spasm
* Gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD)
* Laryngopharyngeal reflux (LPR)
* Esophageal stricture
* Megaesophagus
* Esophageal intramural pseudodiverticulosis
* Acute esophageal necrosis

|

Stomach|

* Gastritis
* Atrophic
* Ménétrier's disease
* Gastroenteritis
* Peptic (gastric) ulcer
* Cushing ulcer
* Dieulafoy's lesion
* Dyspepsia
* Pyloric stenosis
* Achlorhydria
* Gastroparesis
* Gastroptosis
* Portal hypertensive gastropathy
* Gastric antral vascular ectasia
* Gastric dumping syndrome
* Gastric volvulus
* Buried bumper syndrome
* Gastrinoma
* Zollinger–Ellison syndrome

Lower GI tract
Enteropathy|

| Small intestine
(Duodenum/Jejunum/Ileum)|

* Enteritis
* Duodenitis
* Jejunitis
* Ileitis
* Peptic (duodenal) ulcer
* Curling's ulcer
* Malabsorption: Coeliac
* Tropical sprue
* Blind loop syndrome
* Small intestinal bacterial overgrowth
* Whipple's
* Short bowel syndrome
* Steatorrhea
* Milroy disease
* Bile acid malabsorption

|

Large intestine
(Appendix/Colon)|

* Appendicitis
* Colitis
* Pseudomembranous
* Ulcerative
* Ischemic
* Microscopic
* Collagenous
* Lymphocytic
* Functional colonic disease
* IBS
* Intestinal pseudoobstruction / Ogilvie syndrome
* Megacolon / Toxic megacolon
* Diverticulitis/Diverticulosis/SCAD

Large and/or small|

* Enterocolitis
* Necrotizing
* Gastroenterocolitis
* IBD
* Crohn's disease
* Vascular: Abdominal angina
* Mesenteric ischemia
* Angiodysplasia
* Bowel obstruction: Ileus
* Intussusception
* Volvulus
* Fecal impaction
* Constipation
* Diarrhea
* Infectious
* Intestinal adhesions

Rectum|

* Proctitis
* Radiation proctitis
* Proctalgia fugax
* Rectal prolapse
* Anismus

Anal canal|

* Anal fissure/Anal fistula
* Anal abscess
* Hemorrhoid
* Anal dysplasia
* Pruritus ani

GI bleeding|

* Blood in stool
* Upper
* Hematemesis
* Melena
* Lower
* Hematochezia

Accessory|

| Liver|

* Hepatitis
* Viral hepatitis
* Autoimmune hepatitis
* Alcoholic hepatitis
* Cirrhosis
* PBC
* Fatty liver
* NASH
* Vascular
* Budd–Chiari syndrome
* Hepatic veno-occlusive disease
* Portal hypertension
* Nutmeg liver
* Alcoholic liver disease
* Liver failure
* Hepatic encephalopathy
* Acute liver failure
* Liver abscess
* Pyogenic
* Amoebic
* Hepatorenal syndrome
* Peliosis hepatis
* Metabolic disorders
* Wilson's disease
* Hemochromatosis

|

Gallbladder|

* Cholecystitis
* Gallstone / Cholelithiasis
* Cholesterolosis
* Adenomyomatosis
* Postcholecystectomy syndrome
* Porcelain gallbladder

Bile duct/
Other biliary tree|

* Cholangitis
* Primary sclerosing cholangitis
* Secondary sclerosing cholangitis
* Ascending
* Cholestasis/Mirizzi's syndrome
* Biliary fistula
* Haemobilia

* Common bile duct
* Choledocholithiasis
* Biliary dyskinesia
* Sphincter of Oddi dysfunction

Pancreatic|

* Pancreatitis
* Acute
* Chronic
* Hereditary
* Pancreatic abscess
* Pancreatic pseudocyst
* Exocrine pancreatic insufficiency
* Pancreatic fistula

Other|

| Hernia|

* Diaphragmatic
* Congenital
* Hiatus

* Inguinal
* Indirect
* Direct
* Umbilical
* Femoral
* Obturator
* Spigelian

* Lumbar
* Petit's
* Grynfeltt-Lesshaft

* Undefined location
* Incisional
* Internal hernia
* Richter's

|

Peritoneal|

* Peritonitis
* Spontaneous bacterial peritonitis
* Hemoperitoneum
* Pneumoperitoneum

This human digestive system article is a stub. You can help MDWiki by expanding it.

|

* v
* t
* e

This article about a disease, disorder, or medical condition is a stub. You can help MDWiki by expanding it.

|

* v
* t
* e

*[v]: View this template
*[t]: Discuss this template
*[e]: Edit this template