Peripartum cardiomyopathy

Other names: Post-partum cardiomyopathy[1]
Normal heart (left) compared with one with peripartum cardiomyopathy (right)
Specialty| Obstetrics, cardiology
Symptoms| Shortness of breath, tiredness, leg swelling, palpitations[2]
Complications| Arrhythmias, blood clots, fetal distress[3]
Usual onset| Last month of pregnancy to 5 months after delivery[1]
Causes| Unknown[2]
Risk factors| Age>25; high blood pressure; multiple gestations; family history[2][3]
Diagnostic method| Based on symptoms and ultrasound; after ruling out other possible causes[2][3]
Differential diagnosis| Symptoms of pregnancy, preeclampsia, myocarditis, valvular heart disease, other cardiomyopathies[2][3]
Treatment| Timely delivery, implantable cardioverter defibrillator (ICD) and cardiac resynchronization therapy (CRT)[2]
Medication| Beta-blockers, thiazide diuretics, furosemide[2]
Prognosis| Over half recover within 6 months[3]
Frequency| 1 in 2,200 pregnancies (USA)[2]
Deaths| 7 to 50%[4]

Peripartum cardiomyopathy (PPCM) is a type of dilated cardiomyopathy which presents between the last month of pregnancy and five months after deliver.[1] Symptoms are those of heart failure, with shortness of breath, tiredness, and swelling.[2] Other symptoms may include palpitations, chest pain, or dry cough.[2][3] Onset may be gradual or sudden.[2] Complications can include arrhythmias, blood clots, fetal distress, and sudden death.[3][2]

The cause is unknown, and previously healthy women can be affected.[2] Risk factors include hypertensive disorders of pregnancy, multiple gestations, and family history.[2][3] The underlying mechanism involves systolic dysfunction of the heart resulting in decreased left ventricular ejection fraction (EF) typically below 45%.[2] Diagnosis is based on symptoms and a heart ultrasound; after ruling out other possible causes.[2][3]

Delivery in a timely manner may be recommended.[2] Before delivery, treatments may include beta-blockers, thiazide diuretics, or furosemide.[2] After delivery, management is similar to typical heart failure.[2] An implantable cardioverter defibrillator (ICD) and cardiac resynchronization therapy (CRT) may be another option; though an external device may be used as over half improve over six month.[2][3] Recovery may require five years; with a risk of death of 7 to 50%.[2][4] There is a risk it may recur in future pregnancies, and thus these may be recommended against.[5]

Peripartum cardiomyopathy affected about 1 in 2,200 pregnancies in the United States, with rates as high as 1 in 300 in Haiti.[2] Those over the age of 25 or 30 years are more commonly affected.[3][5] Being African is also a risk.[3] The condition was first defined in 1971 by Demakis; though, had been recognized since the 1700s.[6][7]

## Contents

* 1 Signs and symptoms
* 2 Diagnosis
* 2.1 Ultrasound
* 3 Treatment
* 4 Prognosis
* 5 Epidemiology
* 6 References
* 7 External links

## Signs and symptoms[edit | edit source]

Symptoms usually include one or more of the following: orthopnea (difficulty breathing while lying flat), dyspnea (shortness of breath) on exertion, pitting edema (swelling), cough, frequent night-time urination, excessive weight gain during the last month of pregnancy (1-2+ kg/week; two to four or more pounds per week), palpitations (sensation of racing heart-rate, skipping beats, long pauses between beats, or fluttering), chest pain or tightness, fatigue and light-headedness.[8][9][10]

The shortness of breath is often described by PPCM patients as the inability to take a deep or full breath or to get enough air into the lungs. Also, patients often describe the need to prop themselves up overnight by using two or more pillows in order to breathe better. These symptoms, swelling, and/or cough may be indications of pulmonary edema (fluid in the lungs) resulting from acute heart failure and PPCM.[citation needed]

Physical examination may reveal jugular venous distention, displaced apical impulse, a third heart sound, murmur consistent with mitral regurgitation, tachypnea, tachycardia, pulmonary rales, and peripheral edema.[3][11]

Diagnosis may be delayed or dismissed as early symptoms may be interpreted as being typical of normal pregnancy. Delays in diagnosis and treatment of PPCM are associated with increased morbidity and mortality.[8][9][12][13][14][15]

It is also quite common for women to present with evidence of having an embolus (clot) passing from the heart to a vital organ, causing such complications as stroke, loss of circulation to a limb, even coronary artery occlusion (blockage) with typical myocardial infarction (heart attack).[16]

Peripartum cardiomyopathy is now a leading cause of maternal death in many parts of the United States and around the world.[17][18] Approximately 60% of cases of cardiogenic shock during pregnancy or in the early postpartum period are caused by peripartum cardiomyopathy.[19]

A high suspicion of PPCM is required in any peri- or postpartum patient where unusual or unexplained symptoms occur.[8][9][20][21][16]

## Diagnosis[edit | edit source]

The following screening tool may be useful to patients and medical professionals in determining the need to take further action to diagnose symptoms:[22]

Look for early symptoms of heart failure during last month of pregnancy:

1\. Difficulty breathing while lying flat:
a.) None = 0 points;
b.) Need to elevate head = 1 point;
c.) Need to elevate upper body 45° or more = 2 points
2\. Dyspnea (shortness of breath) on exertion:
a.) None = 0 points;
b.) Climbing 8 or more steps = 1 point;
c.) Walking on level = 2 points
3\. Unexplained cough:
a.) None = 0 points;
b.) Night-time = 1 point;
c.) Day and night = 2 points
4\. Swelling (pitting edema) lower extremities:
a.) None = 0 points;
b.) Below knee = 1 point;
c.) Above and below knee and/or hands/face = 2 points.
5\. Excessive weight gain during last month of pregnancy:
a.) Under 2 pounds per week = 0 points;
b.) 2 to 4 pounds per week = 1 point;
c.) over 4 pounds per week = 2 points.
6\. Palpitations (sensation of irregular heart beats):
a.) None = 0 points;
b.) When lying down at night = 1 point;
c.) Day and night, any position = 2 points
Scoring and Action:
0 – 2 = low risk — continue observation
3 – 4 = mild risk — consider doing blood BNP and CRP; echocardiogram if BNP and CRP are elevated
5 or more = high risk — do blood BNP, CRP, and echocardiogram

Initial evaluation should include blood work. PPCM is a diagnosis of exclusion, meaning that other conditions need to be evaluated and ruled out before this diagnosis will be used. Anemia, electrolyte abnormalities, thyroid dysfunction, and renal or liver dysfunction need to be ruled out. Further testing can also include a chest x-ray, brain natriuretic peptide levels, EKG, echocardiogram, cardiac MRI, and cardiac catheterization. There is no specific test to get a diagnosis of PPCM.[3]

### Ultrasound[edit | edit source]

* Ultrasound of peripartum cardiomyopathy[23]

* Ultrasound of peripartum cardiomyopathy[23]

* Ultrasound of peripartum cardiomyopathy[23]

## Treatment[edit | edit source]

Early detection and treatment are associated with higher rates of recovery and decreased morbidity and mortality.[8][9][12]

Treatment for PPCM is similar to treatment for congestive heart failure. Conventional heart failure treatment includes the use of diuretics, beta blockers (B-B), and angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors (ACE-I) after delivery. Diuretics, preferably furosemide, help the body to get rid of excess water weight and also lower blood pressure. Fluid restriction is also used to help limit excess water in the body. Using diuretics during pregnancy needs to be done carefully, as diuretics can impair blood flow to the placenta which could potentially cause harm to the fetus. Hydrochlorothiazide and furosemide are safe during pregnancy and breastfeeding.[3] ACE-I and B-B improve blood circulation and contribute to the reversal of the immune system dysfunction associated with PPCM. If ACE-I is not well tolerated by the patient, it can be replaced by angiotensin receptor blockers (ARB). ACE-I and ARBs are contraindicated during pregnancy and breastfeeding, but can be used during the postpartum period as long as breastfeeding is not occurring.[3] Hydralazine with nitrates may replace ACE-I in breastfeeding mothers or before delivery; however, evidence suggests that this course of treatment may not be as effective as ACE-I but beneficial when necessary.[8][9][12][13][20][15][24]

If EF is less than 35%, anticoagulation is indicated, as there is a greater risk of developing left ventricular thrombi (blood clots). Sometimes implantation of a left ventricular assist device (LVAD) or even heart transplant also becomes necessary.[8][12][13][20][25]

It is important that the patient receives regular follow-up care including frequent echocardiograms to monitor improvement or the lack thereof, particularly after changes of medical treatment regimes.

People who do not respond to initial treatment, defined as left ventricular EF remaining below 20% at two months or below 40% at three months with conventional treatment may merit further investigation, including cardiac magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), cardiac catheterization, and endomyocardial biopsy for staining and for viral polymerase chain reaction (PCR) analysis. Antiviral therapy, immunoabsorption, intravenous gamma globulin, or other immunomodulation therapy may then be considered accordingly, but following a controlled research-type protocol.[20]

Since no one knows for sure exactly when to discontinue treatment, even when recovery occurs quickly, it is still recommended that both ACE-I and B-B be continued for at least one year after diagnosis.[9] When considering discontinuing heart failure medications, they should be weaned gradually over time and patients should be closely monitored during this time.[11]

There is an increased risk of sudden death and they benefit from implantable cardioverter defibrillator (ICD) and cardiac resynchronization therapy. However, as reversible, sometimes implantable cardioverter-defibrillator (ICD) or cardiac resynchronization therapy (CRT) are not routinely used and reserved for severe LV dysfunction or high risk cases.[26]

Bromocriptine is being studied as another potential treatment option, due to its interference with the prolactin pathway which may cause PPCM for some people.[27] Several studies have shown bromocriptine in addition to standard heart failure medications produce better outcomes in terms of both overall recovery and rate of recovery.[11]

## Prognosis[edit | edit source]

The most recent studies indicate that with newer conventional heart failure treatment consisting of diuretics, ACE inhibitors and beta blockers, the survival rate is very high at 98% or better, and almost all PPCM patients improve with treatment.[24][28][29] In the United States, over 50% of PPCM patients experience complete recovery of heart function (EF 55% or greater).[12][20] Almost all recovered patients are eventually able to discontinue medications with no resulting relapse and have normal life expectancy.[28]

It is a misconception that hope for recovery depends upon improvement or recovery within the first six to 12 months of diagnosis. Many women continue to improve or recover even years after diagnosis with continued medicinal treatment.[9][30] Once fully recovered, if there is no subsequent pregnancy, the possibility of relapse or recurrence of heart failure is minimal.[24][29]

Subsequent pregnancy should be avoided when left ventricular function has not recovered and the EF is lower than 55%.[8][31] However, many women who have fully recovered from PPCM have gone on to have successful subsequent pregnancies.[20] A significant study reports that the risk for recurrence of heart failure in recovered PPCM patients as a result of subsequent pregnancy is approximately 21% or better.[31] The chance of relapse may be even smaller for those with normal contractile reserve as demonstrated by stress echocardiography.[32][33] In any subsequent pregnancy, careful monitoring is necessary. A stress test or echocardiogram should be complete prior to a subsequent pregnancy. Where relapse occurs, conventional treatment should be resumed, including hydralazine with nitrates plus beta-blockers during pregnancy, or ACE-inhibitors plus beta-blockers following pregnancy.[citation needed]

Some factors that are associated with a better prognosis are small left ventricle diastolic dimension, LVEF greater than 30-35% at time of diagnosis, absence of troponin elevation, absence of LV thrombus, non-African American ethnicity. Some factors that indicate a poor prognosis are a QRS greater than 120 milliseconds, a delay in diagnosis, high NYHA class, multiparity, African descent.[3]

Mortality estimates have significant differences depending on the racial group being studied, the geographical location, and the length of follow-up in the study. At 1 year follow-up in the United States, mortality rates range from 4%-11%.[11]

## Epidemiology[edit | edit source]

PPCM occurs in between 1 in 1300 to 4000 live births in the United States.[8][30][34] While it can affect women of all races, it is more common in some countries; with estimates of one in 1000 live births in South African Bantus, and as high as one in 300 in Haiti.[14][30]

PPCM may be slightly more common among older women who have had higher numbers of liveborn children and among women of older and younger extremes of childbearing age.[14][34] However, a quarter to a third of PPCM patients are young women who have given birth for the first time.[35][9][14][30][36][37][excessive citations]

While the use of tocolytic agents or the development of preeclampsia (toxemia of pregnancy) and pregnancy-induced hypertension (PIH) may contribute to the worsening of heart failure, they do not cause PPCM; the majority of women have developed PPCM who neither received tocolytics nor had preeclampsia nor PIH.[30][36]

When looking at the occurrence of PPCM worldwide, the incidence of PPCM is well correlated with maternal mortality rates. This means that in areas with higher maternal mortality, there are also higher rates of PPCM. This suggests that the level of perinatal care may impact the incidence of PPCM.[38]

Though any racial background, any age, and any pregnancy may be affected.[31]

## References[edit | edit source]

1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 "Orphanet: Peripartum cardiomyopathy". www.orpha.net. Archived from the original on 14 March 2024. Retrieved 12 March 2024.
2. ↑ 2.00 2.01 2.02 2.03 2.04 2.05 2.06 2.07 2.08 2.09 2.10 2.11 2.12 2.13 2.14 2.15 2.16 2.17 2.18 2.19 2.20 2.21 Hilfiker-Kleiner, D; Haghikia, A; Nonhoff, J; Bauersachs, J (7 May 2015). "Peripartum cardiomyopathy: current management and future perspectives". European heart journal. 36 (18): 1090–7. doi:10.1093/eurheartj/ehv009. PMC 4422973. PMID 25636745.
3. ↑ 3.00 3.01 3.02 3.03 3.04 3.05 3.06 3.07 3.08 3.09 3.10 3.11 3.12 3.13 3.14 3.15 3.16 Rodriguez Ziccardi, Mary; Siddique, Momin S. (2023), "Peripartum Cardiomyopathy", StatPearls, Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing, PMID 29489231, archived from the original on 2023-06-04, retrieved 2023-09-17
4. ↑ 4.0 4.1 Okeke, T; Ezenyeaku, C; Ikeako, L (July 2013). "Peripartum cardiomyopathy". Annals of medical and health sciences research. 3 (3): 313–9. doi:10.4103/2141-9248.117925. PMID 24116305.
5. ↑ 5.0 5.1 "Heart Disease During Pregnancy - Women's Health Issues". Merck Manuals Consumer Version. Archived from the original on 25 January 2024. Retrieved 12 March 2024.
6. ↑ Bhattacharyya, A; Basra, SS; Sen, P; Kar, B (2012). "Peripartum cardiomyopathy: a review". Texas Heart Institute journal. 39 (1): 8–16. PMID 22412221.
7. ↑ Pearson, Gail D.; Veille, Jean-Claude; Rahimtoola, Shahbudin; Hsia, Judith; Oakley, Celia M.; Hosenpud, Jeffrey D.; Ansari, Aftab; Baughman, Kenneth L. (1 March 2000). "Peripartum Cardiomyopathy: National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute and Office of Rare Diseases (National Institutes of Health) Workshop Recommendations and Review". JAMA. 283 (9): 1183. doi:10.1001/jama.283.9.1183.
8. ↑ 8.0 8.1 8.2 8.3 8.4 8.5 8.6 8.7 Pearson GD, Veille JC, Rahimtoola S, et al. (March 2000). "Peripartum cardiomyopathy: National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute and Office of Rare Diseases (National Institutes of Health) workshop recommendations and review". JAMA. 283 (9): 1183–8. doi:10.1001/jama.283.9.1183. PMID 10703781.
9. ↑ 9.0 9.1 9.2 9.3 9.4 9.5 9.6 9.7 Sliwa K, Fett J, Elkayam U (August 2006). "Peripartum cardiomyopathy". Lancet. 368 (9536): 687–93. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(06)69253-2. PMC 4989733. PMID 16920474.
10. ↑ "Peripartum Cardiomyopathy". www.heart.org. Archived from the original on 2023-09-06. Retrieved 2023-09-17.
11. ↑ 11.0 11.1 11.2 11.3 Davis, Melinda B.; Arany, Zolt; McNamara, Dennis M.; Goland, Sorel; Elkayam, Uri (January 2020). "Peripartum Cardiomyopathy". Journal of the American College of Cardiology. 75 (2): 207–221. doi:10.1016/j.jacc.2019.11.014.
12. ↑ 12.0 12.1 12.2 12.3 12.4 Murali S, Baldisseri MR (October 2005). "Peripartum cardiomyopathy". Crit. Care Med. 33 (10 Suppl): S340–6. doi:10.1097/01.CCM.0000183500.47273.8E. PMID 16215357. S2CID 19631250.
13. ↑ 13.0 13.1 13.2 Phillips SD, Warnes CA (2004). "Peripartum Cardiomyopathy: Current Therapeutic Perspectives". Curr Treat Options Cardiovasc Med. 6 (6): 481–488. doi:10.1007/s11936-004-0005-8. PMID 15496265. S2CID 24835977.
14. ↑ 14.0 14.1 14.2 14.3 Desai D, Moodley J, Naidoo D (July 1995). "Peripartum cardiomyopathy: experiences at King Edward VIII Hospital, Durban, South Africa and a review of the literature". Trop Doct. 25 (3): 118–23. doi:10.1177/004947559502500310. PMID 7660481. S2CID 22863714.
15. ↑ 15.0 15.1 Fett JD, Christie LG, Carraway RD, Ansari AA, Sundstrom JB, Murphy JG (August 2005). "Unrecognized peripartum cardiomyopathy in Haitian women". Int J Gynaecol Obstet. 90 (2): 161–6. doi:10.1016/j.ijgo.2005.05.004. PMID 15961090. S2CID 41188742.
16. ↑ 16.0 16.1 Lasinska-Kowara M, Dudziak M, Suchorzewska J (September 2001). "Two cases of postpartum cardiomyopathy initially misdiagnosed for pulmonary embolism". Can J Anaesth. 48 (8): 773–7. doi:10.1007/BF03016693. PMID 11546718.
17. ↑ Soma-Pillay P, Seabe J, Sliwa K. The importance of cardiovascular pathology contributing to maternal death: confidential enquiry into maternal deaths in South Africa, 2011-2013. Cardiovasc J Afr 2016;27:60-65.
18. ↑ Main EK, McCain CL, Morton CH, Holtby S, Lawton ES. Pregnancy-related mortality in California: causes, characteristics, and improvement opportunities. Obstet Gynecol 2015;125:938-947.
19. ↑ Banayan J, Rana S, Mueller A, et al. Cardiogenic shock in pregnancy: analysis from the national inpatient sample. Hypertens Pregnancy 2017;36:117-123
20. ↑ 20.0 20.1 20.2 20.3 20.4 20.5 Fett JD (October 2008). "Understanding peripartum cardiomyopathy, 2008". Int. J. Cardiol. 130 (1): 1–2. doi:10.1016/j.ijcard.2008.03.076. PMID 18590935.
21. ↑ Fussell KM, Awad JA, Ware LB (April 2005). "Case of fulminant hepatic failure due to unrecognized peripartum cardiomyopathy". Crit. Care Med. 33 (4): 891–3. doi:10.1097/01.CCM.0000158517.25962.8E. PMID 15818120. S2CID 34187441.
22. ↑ Fett JD (March 2011). "Validation of a self-test for early diagnosis of heart failure in peripartum cardiomyopathy". Critical Pathways in Cardiology. 10 (10): 44–45. doi:10.1097/HPC.0b013e31820b887b. PMID 21562375.
23. ↑ 23.0 23.1 23.2 "UOTW #14 - Ultrasound of the Week". Ultrasound of the Week. 20 August 2014. Archived from the original on 9 May 2017. Retrieved 27 May 2017.
24. ↑ 24.0 24.1 24.2 Amos AM, Jaber WA, Russell SD (September 2006). "Improved outcomes in peripartum cardiomyopathy with contemporary treatments". Am. Heart J. 152 (3): 509–13. doi:10.1016/j.ahj.2006.02.008. PMID 16923422.
25. ↑ Aziz TM, Burgess MI, Acladious NN, et al. (August 1999). "Heart transplantation for peripartum cardiomyopathy: a report of three cases and a literature review". Cardiovasc Surg. 7 (5): 565–7. doi:10.1016/S0967-2109(99)00014-9. PMID 10499901.
26. ↑ Hilfiker-Kleiner, D.; Haghikia, A.; Nonhoff, J.; Bauersachs, J. (2015-05-02). "Peripartum cardiomyopathy: current management and future perspectives". European Heart Journal. 36 (18): 1090–1097. doi:10.1093/eurheartj/ehv009. ISSN 0195-668X. PMC 4422973. PMID 25636745.
27. ↑ Kumar, Amudha; Ravi, Ramya; Sivakumar, Ranjith K.; Chidambaram, Vignesh; Majella, Marie G.; Sinha, Shashank; Adamo, Luigi; Lau, Emily S.; Al'Aref, Subhi J.; Asnani, Aarti; Sharma, Garima; Mehta, Jawahar L. (2023-02-01). "Prolactin Inhibition in Peripartum Cardiomyopathy: Systematic Review and Meta-analysis". Current Problems in Cardiology. 48 (2): 101461. doi:10.1016/j.cpcardiol.2022.101461. ISSN 1535-6280. PMC 9805509. PMID 36261102. `{{cite journal}}`: Check `|pmc=` value (help)
28. ↑ 28.0 28.1 Felker GM, Jaeger CJ, Klodas E, et al. (November 2000). "Myocarditis and long-term survival in peripartum cardiomyopathy". Am. Heart J. 140 (5): 785–91. doi:10.1067/mhj.2000.110091. PMID 11054626.
29. ↑ 29.0 29.1 Palmer BA, Janosko KM, McTiernan C, Sherman F, McNamara DM (2007). "Left ventricular recovery in peripartum cardiomyopathy: Impact of beta-blockade (Abstract #2500)". Circulation. 116 (Supplement II): 551. doi:10.1161/circ.116.suppl_16.II_551-b. Archived from the original on 2011-06-08. Retrieved 2024-01-19.
30. ↑ 30.0 30.1 30.2 30.3 30.4 Fett JD, Christie LG, Carraway RD, Murphy JG (December 2005). "Five-year prospective study of the incidence and prognosis of peripartum cardiomyopathy at a single institution" (PDF). Mayo Clin. Proc. 80 (12): 1602–6. doi:10.4065/80.12.1602. PMID 16342653.[permanent dead link]
31. ↑ 31.0 31.1 31.2 Elkayam U, Tummala PP, Rao K, et al. (May 2001). "Maternal and fetal outcomes of subsequent pregnancies in women with peripartum cardiomyopathy". N. Engl. J. Med. 344 (21): 1567–71. doi:10.1056/NEJM200105243442101. PMID 11372007.
32. ↑ Lampert MB, Weinert L, Hibbard J, Korcarz C, Lindheimer M, Lang RM (January 1997). "Contractile reserve in patients with peripartum cardiomyopathy and recovered left ventricular function". Am. J. Obstet. Gynecol. 176 (1 Pt 1): 189–95. doi:10.1016/S0002-9378(97)80034-8. PMID 9024112.
33. ↑ Dorbala S, Brozena S, Zeb S, et al. (January 2005). "Risk stratification of women with peripartum cardiomyopathy at initial presentation: a dobutamine stress echocardiography study". J Am Soc Echocardiogr. 18 (1): 45–8. doi:10.1016/j.echo.2004.08.027. PMID 15637488.
34. ↑ 34.0 34.1 Mielniczuk LM, Williams K, Davis DR, et al. (June 2006). "Frequency of peripartum cardiomyopathy". Am. J. Cardiol. 97 (12): 1765–8. doi:10.1016/j.amjcard.2006.01.039. PMID 16765131.
35. ↑ Elkayam U, Akhter MW, Singh H, et al. (April 2005). "Pregnancy-associated cardiomyopathy: clinical characteristics and a comparison between early and late presentation". Circulation. 111 (16): 2050–5. doi:10.1161/01.CIR.0000162478.36652.7E. PMID 15851613.
36. ↑ 36.0 36.1 Sliwa K, Förster O, Libhaber E, et al. (February 2006). "Peripartum cardiomyopathy: inflammatory markers as predictors of outcome in 100 prospectively studied patients". Eur. Heart J. 27 (4): 441–6. doi:10.1093/eurheartj/ehi481. PMID 16143707.
37. ↑ Sliwa K, Skudicky D, Bergemann A, Candy G, Puren A, Sareli P (March 2000). "Peripartum cardiomyopathy: analysis of clinical outcome, left ventricular function, plasma levels of cytokines and Fas/APO-1". J. Am. Coll. Cardiol. 35 (3): 701–5. doi:10.1016/S0735-1097(99)00624-5. PMID 10716473. Archived from the original on 2012-02-27. Retrieved 2024-01-19.
38. ↑ Isogai, Toshiaki; Kamiya, Chizuko A. (2019-05-30). "Worldwide Incidence of Peripartum Cardiomyopathy and Overall Maternal Mortality". International Heart Journal. 60 (3): 503–511. doi:10.1536/ihj.18-729. ISSN 1349-2365. Archived from the original on 2024-02-12. Retrieved 2024-01-19.

## External links[edit | edit source]

Classification|

* ICD-10: O90.3
* ICD-9-CM: 674.5
* DiseasesDB: 29243

|

External resources|

* MedlinePlus: 000188
* eMedicine: med/292
* Orphanet: 563

* v
* t
* e

Pathology of pregnancy, childbirth, and the puerperium

Pregnancy|

| Pregnancy with
abortive outcome|

* Abortion
* Ectopic pregnancy
* Abdominal
* Cervical
* Interstitial
* Ovarian
* Heterotopic
* Embryo loss
* Fetal resorption
* Molar pregnancy
* Miscarriage
* Stillbirth

|

Edema, proteinuria, and
hypertensive disorders|

* Gestational hypertension
* Pre-eclampsia
* HELLP syndrome
* Eclampsia

Other, predominantly
related to pregnancy|

| Digestive system|

* Acute fatty liver of pregnancy
* Gestational diabetes
* Hepatitis E
* Hyperemesis gravidarum
* Intrahepatic cholestasis of pregnancy

|

Integumentary system /
dermatoses of pregnancy|

* Gestational pemphigoid
* Impetigo herpetiformis
* Intrahepatic cholestasis of pregnancy
* Linea nigra
* Prurigo gestationis
* Pruritic folliculitis of pregnancy
* Pruritic urticarial papules and plaques of pregnancy (PUPPP)
* Stretch marks

Nervous system|

* Chorea gravidarum

Blood|

* Gestational thrombocytopenia
* Pregnancy-induced hypercoagulability

Maternal care related to the
fetus and amniotic cavity|

* amniotic fluid
* Oligohydramnios
* Polyhydramnios
* Braxton Hicks contractions
* chorion / amnion
* Chorioamnionitis
* Chorionic hematoma
* Constriction ring syndrome
* Monoamniotic twins
* Prelabor rupture of membranes
* Obstetrical bleeding
* Antepartum
* placenta
* Circumvallate placenta
* Monochorionic twins
* Placenta accreta
* Placenta praevia
* Placental abruption
* Twin-to-twin transfusion syndrome

Labor|

* Amniotic fluid embolism
* Cephalopelvic disproportion
* Obstructed labour
* Shoulder dystocia
* Fetal distress
* Locked twins
* Nuchal cord
* Obstetrical bleeding
* Postpartum
* Pain management during childbirth
* placenta
* Placenta accreta
* Preterm birth
* Postmature birth
* Umbilical cord prolapse
* Uterine inversion
* Uterine rupture
* Vasa praevia
* Uterine atony

Puerperal|

* Breastfeeding difficulties
* Low milk supply
* Cracked nipples
* Breast engorgement
* Childbirth-related post-traumatic stress disorder
* Diastasis symphysis pubis
* Postpartum bleeding
* Peripartum cardiomyopathy
* Postpartum depression
* Postpartum infections
* Postpartum psychosis
* Postpartum thyroiditis
* Puerperal mastitis

Other|

* Concomitant conditions
* Diabetes mellitus
* Systemic lupus erythematosus
* Thyroid disorders
* Maternal death
* Sexual activity during pregnancy

* Category

*[v]: View this template
*[t]: Discuss this template
*[e]: Edit this template