Periodization of pre-Columbian Peru

Short description: System for dating cultural periods in the Andean Region

This is a chart of cultural periods of Peru and the Andean Region developed by John Rowe and Edward Lanning and used by some archaeologists studying the area. An alternative dating system was developed by Luis Lumbreras and provides different dates for some archaeological finds.

Most of the cultures of the Late Horizon and some of the cultures of the Late Intermediate joined the Inca Empire by 1493, but the period ends in 1532 because that marks the fall of the Inca Empire after the Spanish conquest. Most of the cut-off years mark either an end of a severe drought or the beginning of one. These marked a shift of the most productive farming to or from the mountains, and tended to mark the end of one culture and the rise of another.

The more recent findings concerning the Norte Chico civilization are not included on this list, as it was compiled before the site at Caral was investigated in detail.

Period  | Dates  | Cultures

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Lithic and Andean preceramic
Period I  | 12000 BCE – 9500 BCE  | Red Zone (12000 BCE – 10500 BCE),
Oquendo (10500 BCE – 9500 BCE)
Period II  | 9500 BCE – 8000 BCE  | Chivateros I
Period III  | 8000 BCE – 6000 BCE  | Arenal, Chivateros II, Lauricocha I, Playa Chira, Puyenca, Toquepala I
Period IV  | 6000 BCE – 4200 BCE  | Ambo, Canario, Siches, Lauricocha II, Luz, Toquepala II
Period V  | 4200 BCE – 2500 BCE  | Honda, Lauricocha III, Pernil Alto, Sechin Bajo, Viscachani, Jisk'a Iru Muqu
Period VI (Cotton Pre-ceramic)  | 2500 BCE – 1800 BCE  | Norte Chico (Caral), Buena Vista, Casavilca, Culebras, Ventarron, Viscachani, Huaca Prieta, Las Haldas, Jisk'a Iru Muqu
Ceramic
Initial Period (also called Formative Period)  | 1800 BCE – 900 BCE  | Early Chiripa, Kotosh, Cupisnique, Toríl (the Cumbe Mayo aqueduct was built c. 1000 BCE), Las Haldas, Qaluyu, Pukara, Casma–Sechin
Early Horizon (Also called Formative Period)  | 900 BCE – 200 BCE  | Chavín, Late Chiripa, Paracas, Pechiche, Pukara, Sechura, Casma–Sechin
Early Intermediate |  200 BCE – 600 CE  | Moche, Nazca, Recuay, Lima, Pukara, Tiwanaku, Pechiche, Piura, Salinar, Vicus, Huarpa, Virú
Middle Horizon | 600 CE – 1000 CE  | Wari, Tiwanaku, Piura, Las Ánimas, Sican
Late Intermediate  | 1000 CE – 1476 CE  | Chimú, Cajamarca, Piura, Chancay, Chachapoya, Chincha, Chiribaya, Chucuito, Huaman Huilca, Ilo, Qotu Qotu, Pacacocha, Palli Marca, Piura, Sican, Tajaraca, Huaylas, Conchucos, Huamachuco, Rucanas, Chanka, Wanka, Aymara kingdoms (Qulla, Lupaca, Charca, Kana, Qanchi), Ayabaca, Bracamoros, Huancabambas, Tallán, Tumpis, Huarco, Coayllo, Ichma, Parinacota, Cuntis, Chinchaycochas, Huarochiri, Kheswas, Yaro, Atavillo, Cantas, Yauyos, Tarmas, Paltas, Camanas (peruvian culture), Huayuri
Late Horizon | 1476 CE – 1534 CE  | Inca

## See also

* Ancient Peru
* Amazonas before the Inca Empire
* The Pre-Incan Lost Pyramid of Puñay

## References

* Edward P. Lanning, 1967 Peru Before the Incas. Prentice Hall, Englewood Cliffs, N.J., ISBN:0-13-661595-3

* v
* t
* e

Pre-Columbian civilizations and cultures

Americas|

* Paleo-Indians
* Genetic history
* Archaeology of the Americas
* Indigenous peoples of the Americas

North America|

* North American pre-Columbian cultures
* Caddoan Mississippian
* Chichimeca
* Hopewell tradition
* Coles Creek
* Fremont
* Marksville
* Mississippian
* Mogollon
* Plaquemine
* Plum Bayou
* Poverty Point
* Troyville
* Weeden Island

Mesoamerica|

* Mesoamerican pre-Columbian chronology
* Capacha
* Chalcatzingo
* Cholula
* Coclé
* Epi-Olmec
* Huastec
* Izapa
* Mezcala
* Mixtec
* Olmec
* Pipil
* Quelepa
* Shaft tomb tradition
* Teuchitlan
* Purépecha
* Teotihuacan
* Tlatilco
* Tlaxcaltec
* Toltec
* Totonac
* Veracruz
* Xochipala
* Zapotec

South America|

* Andean civilizations
* South American Indigenous people
* El Abra
* Cañaris
* Chachapoya
* Chancay
* Chavín
* Chimú
* Chinchorro
* Cultural periods of Peru
* Hydraulic culture of mounds (Bolivia)
* Las Vegas
* Lima
* La Tolita (Tumaco)
* Manteño-Guancavilca
* Mapuche
* Moche
* Mollo
* Nariño
* Nazca
* Norte Chico
* Quimbaya
* San Agustín
* Shuar
* Sican
* Taíno
* Tairona
* Tiwanaku
* Tierradentro
* Valdivia
* Wankarani
* Wari
* Zenú

| | Aztec| Maya| Muisca| Inca

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Language|  Nahuatl|  Mayan languages|  Muysccubun|  Quechua
Writing|  Script|  Script|  Numerals|  Quipu
Religion|  Religion|  Religion|  Religion|  Religion
Mythology|  Mythology|  Mythology|  Mythology|  Mythology
Calendar|  Calendar|  Calendar|  Calendar|
Society|  Society|  Society|  Economy (Women)|  Society
Infrastructure|  Chinampas|  Architecture|  Architecture
Agriculture|  Architecture (road system)
Agriculture
History|  History|  History|  History|  Inca history
Neo-Inca State
People|  Moctezuma I
Moctezuma II
Cuitláhuac
Cuauhtémoc
|  K'inich Janaab' Pakal
Uaxaclajuun Ub'aah K'awiil
Jasaw Chan K'awiil I|  Nemequene
Quemuenchatocha
Tisquesusa
Tundama
Zoratama|  Manco Cápac
Pachacuti
Atahualpa
Manco Inca Yupanqui
Túpac Amaru

Conquest|  Spanish conquest
(Hernán Cortés)|  Spanish conquest
Spanish conquest of Yucatán
(Francisco de Montejo)
Spanish conquest of Guatemala
(Pedro de Alvarado)|  Spanish conquest
(Gonzalo Jiménez de Quesada)
(Hernán Pérez de Quesada)
(List of conquistadors)|  Spanish conquest
(Francisco Pizarro)

See also

* Aztecs
* Portal:Indigenous peoples of the Americas
* Portal:Mesoamerica
* Columbian exchange
* Mesoamerican writing systems
* Native American cuisine
* Native American pottery
* Population history of indigenous peoples of the Americas
* Pre‑Columbian art
* Painting in the Americas before European colonization

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