Household

A household consists of one or more persons who live in the same dwelling. It may be of a single family or another type of person group.[1] The household is the basic unit of analysis in many social, microeconomic and government models, and is important to economics and inheritance.[2]

Household models include families, blended families, shared housing, group homes, boarding houses, houses of multiple occupancy (UK), and single room occupancy (US). In feudal societies, the royal household and medieval households of the wealthy included servants and other retainers.

## Contents

* 1 Government definitions
* 2 Economic definition
* 3 Social definitions
* 4 Models
* 5 History
* 6 Housing statistics
* 7 Housing conditions
* 7.1 Belgium
* 7.2 Austria
* 7.3 Ireland
* 7.4 Japan
* 7.5 Netherlands
* 7.6 Italy
* 7.7 Norway
* 7.8 Sweden
* 7.9 Denmark
* 7.10 Switzerland
* 7.11 Spain
* 7.12 West Germany
* 7.13 France
* 7.14 United Kingdom
* 7.15 U.S. and Canada
* 8 See also
* 9 References
* 10 Sources
* 11 External links

## Government definitions

For statistical purposes in the United Kingdom, a household is defined as "one person or a group of people who have the accommodation as their only or main residence and for a group, either share at least one meal a day or share the living accommodation, that is, a living room or sitting room".[3] The introduction of legislation to control houses of multiple occupations in the UK Housing Act (2004)[4] required a tighter definition of a single household. People can be considered a household if they are related: full- or half-blood, foster, step-parent/child, in-laws (and equivalent for unmarried couples), a married couple or unmarried but "living as ..." (same- or different-sex couples).[5]

The United States Census definition also hinges on "separate living quarters": "those in which the occupants live and eat separately from any other persons in the building."[6] According to the U.S. census, a householder is the "person (or one of the people) in whose name the housing unit is owned or rented (maintained)"; if no person qualifies, any adult resident of a housing unit is considered a householder. The U.S. government formerly used "head of the household" and "head of the family", but those terms were replaced with "householder" in 1980.[7] In the census definition of a household, it

> ... includes all the persons who occupy a housing unit. A housing unit is a house, an apartment, a mobile home, a group of rooms, or a single room that is occupied (or if vacant, is intended for occupancy) as separate living quarters. Separate living quarters are those in which the occupants live and eat separately from any other persons in the building and which have direct access from the outside of the building or through a common hall. The occupants may be a single family, one person living alone, two or more families living together, or any other group of related or unrelated persons who share living arrangements. (People not living in households are classified as living in group quarters.)[8]

On July 15, 1998, Statistics Canada said: "A household is generally defined as being composed of a person or group of persons who co-reside in, or occupy, a dwelling."[9]

## Economic definition

Although a one-income-stream economic theory simplifies modeling, it does not necessarily reflect reality. Many, if not most, households have several income-earning members. Most economic models do not equate households and traditional families, and there is not always a one-to-one relationship between households and families.

## Social definitions

In social work, a household is defined similarly: a residential group in which housework is divided and performed by householders. Care may be delivered by one householder to another, depending upon their respective needs, abilities, and (perhaps) disabilities. Household composition may affect life and health expectations and outcomes for its members.[10][11] Eligibility for community services and welfare benefits may depend upon household composition.[12]

In sociology, household work strategy (a term coined by Ray Pahl in his 1984 book, Divisions of Labour)[13][14] is the division of labour among members of a household. Household work strategies vary over the life cycle as household members age, or with the economic environment; they may be imposed by one person, or be decided collectively.[15]

Feminism examines how gender roles affect the division of labour in households. In The Second Shift and The Time Bind, sociologist Arlie Russell Hochschild presents evidence that in two-career couples men and women spend about equal amounts of time working; however, women spend more time on housework.[16][17] Cathy Young (another feminist writer) says that in some cases, women may prevent the equal participation of men in housework and parenting.[18]

## Models

Household models in the English-speaking world include traditional and blended families, shared housing, and group homes for people with support needs. Other models which may meet definitions of a household include boarding houses, houses in multiple occupation (UK), and single room occupancy (US).

## History

In feudal or aristocratic societies, a household may include servants or retainers who derive their income from the household's principal income.

## Housing statistics

Dwellings with bathrooms[19] Country  | 1960  | 1970  | 1980

|
|
|

Belgium  | 23.6%  | 49.1%  | 73.9%
Denmark | 39.4%  | 73.1%  | 85.4%
France  | 28.0%  | 48.9%  | 85.2%
Germany  | 51.9%  | 71.5%  | 92.3%
Greece  | 10.4%  | \-  | 69.3%
Ireland  | 33.0%  | 55.3%  | 82.0%
Italy  | 10.7%  | 64.5%  | 86.4%
Luxembourg  | 45.7%  | 69.4%  | 86.2%
Netherlands  | 30.3%  | 75.5%  | 95.9%
Portugal  | 18.6%  | \-  | 58%
Spain  | 24.0%  | 77.8%  | 85.3%
United Kingdom  | 78.3%  | 90.9%  | 98.0%
Indoor WC, bath/shower and hot running water (1988)[20] Country | Indoor WC | Bath/shower | Hot running water

|
|
|

Belgium | 94% | 92% | 87%
Denmark | 97% | 94% | N/A
France | 94% | 93% | 95%
Germany | 99% | 97% | 98%
Greece | 85% | 85% | 84%
Ireland | 94% | 92% | 91%
Italy | 99% | 95% | 93%
Luxembourg | 99% | 97% | 97%
Netherlands | N/A | 99% | 100%
Portugal | 80% | N/A | N/A
Spain | 97% | 96% | N/A
UK | 99% | 100% | N/A
1981–82 censuses[19] Country  | Bath/shower  | Indoor WC  | Central heating

|
|
|

Belgium  | 73.9%  | 79.0%  | \-
Denmark  | 85.1%  | 95.8%  | 54.6%
France  | 85.2%  | 85.4%  | 67.6%
Germany  | 92.3%  | 96.0%  | 70.0%
Greece  | 69.3%  | 70.9%  | \-
Ireland  | 82.0%  | 84.5%  | 39.2%
Italy  | 86.4%  | 87.7%  | 56.5%
Luxembourg  | 86.2%  | 97.3%  | 73.9%
Netherlands  | 95.9%  | \-  | 66.1%
Portugal  | 58.0%  | 58.7%  | \-
Spain  | 85.3%  | \-  | 22.5%
United Kingdom  | 98.0%  | 97.3%  | \-
Average usable floor space, 1976[21] Country | Area

|

Austria | 86 m2 (930 sq ft)
Belgium | 97 m2 (1,040 sq ft)
Bulgaria | 63 m2 (680 sq ft)
Canada | 89 m2 (960 sq ft)
Czechoslovakia | 69 m2 (740 sq ft)
Denmark | 122 m2 (1,310 sq ft)
Finland | 71 m2 (760 sq ft)
France | 82 m2 (880 sq ft)
East Germany | 60 m2 (650 sq ft)
West Germany | 95 m2 (1,020 sq ft)
Greece | 80 m2 (860 sq ft)
Hungary | 65 m2 (700 sq ft)
Ireland | 88 m2 (950 sq ft)
Luxembourg | 107 m2 (1,150 sq ft)
Netherlands | 71 m2 (760 sq ft)
Norway | 89 m2 (960 sq ft)
Poland | 58 m2 (620 sq ft)
Portugal | 104 m2 (1,120 sq ft)
Romania | 54 m2 (580 sq ft)
Soviet Union | 49 m2 (530 sq ft)
Spain | 82 m2 (880 sq ft)
Sweden | 109 m2 (1,170 sq ft)
Switzerland | 98 m2 (1,050 sq ft)
United Kingdom | 70 m2 (750 sq ft)
United States | 120 m2 (1,300 sq ft)
Yugoslavia | 65 m2 (700 sq ft)
Average usable floor space, 1994[22] Country | Area

|

Austria | 85.3 m2 (918 sq ft)
Belgium | 86.3 m2 (929 sq ft)
Denmark | 107 m2 (1,150 sq ft)
Finland | 74.8 m2 (805 sq ft)
France | 85.4 m2 (919 sq ft)
East Germany | 64.4 m2 (693 sq ft)
West Germany | 86.7 m2 (933 sq ft)
Greece | 79.6 m2 (857 sq ft)
Ireland | 88 m2 (950 sq ft)
Italy | 92.3 m2 (994 sq ft)
Luxembourg | 107 m2 (1,150 sq ft)
Netherlands | 98.6 m2 (1,061 sq ft)
Spain | 86.6 m2 (932 sq ft)
Sweden | 92 m2 (990 sq ft)
United Kingdom | 79.7 m2 (858 sq ft)
Floor space, 1992–1993[23] Country | Year | Area

|
|

Australia | 1993 | 191 m2 (2,060 sq ft)
United States | 1992 | 153.2 m2 (1,649 sq ft)
South Korea | 1993 | 119.3 m2 (1,284 sq ft)
United Kingdom | 1992 | 95 m2 (1,020 sq ft)
Germany | 1993 | 90.8 m2 (977 sq ft)
Japan | 1993 | 88.6 m2 (954 sq ft)
Households without an indoor WC, 1980[24] Country | %

|

Belgium | 19%
France | 17%
West Germany | 7%
Greece | 29%
Ireland | 22%
Italy | 11%
Japan | 54%
Norway | 17%
Portugal | 43%
Spain | 12%
United Kingdom | 6%
Households without a bath or shower  Country | %

|

Belgium | 24%
France | 17%
West Germany | 11%
Italy | 11%
Japan | 17%
Norway | 18%
Spain | 39%
United Kingdom | 4%
Households with an indoor WC[25] Country  | 1960–61  | 1970–71  | 1978–79

|
|
|

Britain  | 87%  | 88%  | 95%
Germany  | 64%  | 85%  | 92.5%
Households with a bath or shower[25] Country  | 1960–61  | 1970–71  | 1978–79

|
|
|

Britain  | 72%  | 91%  | 94.3%
Germany  | 51%  | 82%  | 89.1%
Principal residences in France lacking amenities:[21] Year  | Running water  | WC  | Bath or shower  | Central heating

|
|
|
|

1962  | 21.6%  | 59.5%  | 71.1%  | 80.7%
1968  | 9.2%  | 45.2%  | 52.5%  | 65.1%
1975  | 2.8%  | 26.2%  | 29.8%  | 46.9%
1978  | 1.3%  | 20.9%  | 22.9%  | 39.7%
Country | 1970 | 1978

|
|

Great Britain | 34% | 53%
Germany | 44% | 64%
US dwellings with bathroom amenities, 1970[26] Amenity | %

|

Bath/shower | 95%
Flush toilet | 96%
East German amenities[21] Amenity  | 1961  | 1971  | 1979

|
|
|

Running water  | 66%  | 82.2%  | 89%
WC  | 33%  | 41.8%  | 50%
Bath/shower  | 22.4%  | 38.7%  | 50%
Central heating  | 2.5%  | 10.6%  | 22%
Amenities in European dwellings, 1970–71[27] Country  | Running water  | WC  | Bath/shower

|
|
|

Austria  | 84.2%  | 69.8%  | 52.9%
Belgium  | 88.0%  | 50.4%  | 47.8%
Czechoslovakia  | 75.3%  | 49.0%  | 58.6%
Denmark  | 98.7%  | 90.3%  | 76.5%
Finland  | 72.0%  | 61.4%  | \-
Greece  | 64.9%  | 41.2%  | 35.6%
Hungary  | 36.1%  | 27.2%  | 31.7%
Ireland  | 78.2%  | 69.2%  | 55.4%
Italy  | 86.1%  | 79.0%  | 64.5%
Netherlands  | \-  | 80.8%  | 81.4%
Norway  | 97.5%  | 69.0%  | 66.1%
Portugal  | 47.8%  | 33.7%  | 32.6%
Spain  | 70.9%  | 70.9%  | 46.4%
Sweden  | 97.4%  | 90.1%  | 78.3%
Switzerland  | \-  | 93.3%  | 80.9%
United Kingdom  | \-  | 86.3%  | 90.7%
Yugoslavia | 33.6%  | 26.2%  | 24.6%
British households lacking amenities[28] Year  | Bath  | Indoor/outdoor WC  | Hot running water  | Indoor WC

|
|
|
|

1951  | 37.6%  | 7.7%  | \-  | -[contradictory]
1961  | 22.4%  | 6.5%  | 21.8%  | -[contradictory]
1966  | 15.4%  | 1.7%  | 12.5%  | 18.3%
1971  | 9.1%  | 1.1%  | 6.5%  | 11.5%
British households sharing amenities[28] Year  | Bath  | Indoor/outdoor WC  | Hot running water  | Indoor WC

|
|
|
|

1951  | 7.5%  | 14.9%  | \-  | -[contradictory]
1961  | 4.4%  | 6.7%  | 1.8%  | \-
1966  | 4.1%  | 6.4%  | 2.0%  | 4.4%
1971  | 3.2%  | 4.1%  | 1.9%  | 3.1%
Households with durable goods, 1964–1971[29] Country  | Year  | Washing machine  | Refrigerator  | Television  | Telephone

|
|
|
|
|

Northern Ireland  | 1971  | 45.4%  | 40.1%  | 87.5%  | 27.0%
Scotland  | 1971  | 65.0%  | 53.2%  | 92.1%  | 36.1%
United Kingdom  | 1964  | 53.0%  | 34.0%  | 80.0%  | 2.2%
United Kingdom  | 1971  | 64.3%  | 68.8%  | 91.4%  | 37.8%
United States  | 1965  | 87.4%  | 99.5%  | 97.1%  | 85.0%
United States  | 1970  | 92.1%  | 99.85  | 98.7%  | 92.0%
EEC manual workers with durable goods, 1963–1964[29] Country  | Washing machine  | Refrigerator  | Television  | Telephone

|
|
|
|

Belgium  | 74.7%  | 24.9%  | 47.6%  | 8.2%
France  | 39.6%  | 47.0%  | 34.4%  | 1.4%
West Germany  | 66.2%  | 62.1%  | 51.3%  | 1.8%
Italy  | 13.6%  | 50.2%  | 47.9%  | 20.0%
Luxembourg  | 82.3%  | 64.7%  | 27.9%  | 23.0%
Netherlands  | 80.4%  | 25.5%  | 58.0%  | 9.4%
EEC white-collar workers with durable goods, 1963–1964[29] Country  | Washing machine  | Refrigerator  | Television  | Telephone

|
|
|
|

Belgium  | 68.5%  | 57.3%  | 48.3%  | 40.0%
France  | 48.2%  | 71.3%  | 43.3%  | 15.2%
West Germany  | 62.2%  | 79.1%  | 51.8%  | 19.6%
Italy  | 38.3%  | 81.9%  | 79.3%  | 57.9%
Luxembourg  | 82.3%  | 79.2%  | 25.2%  | 67.3%
Netherlands  | 73.9%  | 51.6%  | 56.2%  | 57.4%
Dwellings with amenities, 1960–71[29] Country  | Year  | Running water  | Indoor running water  | Toilet  | Flush toilet  | Bath/shower

|
|
|
|
|
|

Austria  | 1961  | 100.0%  | 63.6%  | \-  | \-  | 29.6%
1970  | \-  | 85.3%  | 69.7%  | \-  | 54.5%
Belgium  | 1961  | 76.9%  | \-  | 99.9%  | 47.6%  | 24.3%
Bulgaria  | 1965  | 28.5%  | 28.2%  | 100.0%  | 11.8%  | 8.7%
Canada  | 1961  | 89.1%  | \-  | \-  | 85.2%  | 80.3%
1967  | \-  | 95.2%  | 93.5%  | 92.5%  | 89.8%
1971  | \-  | \-  | \-  | 95.4%  | 93.4%
Czechoslovakia  | 1961  | 60.5%  | 49.1%  | \-  | 39.5%  | 33.3%
Denmark  | 1960  | \-  | 92.9%  | 100.0%  | 83.6%  | 48.3%
1965  | 96.7%  | 96.7%  | 100.0%  | 90.9%  | 63.4%
England and Wales  | 1961  | \-  | 98.7%  | 93.4%  | \-  | 78.7%
1966  | \-  | \-  | \-  | 98.2%  | 85.1%
Finland  | 1960  | 47.1%  | 47.1%  | \-  | 35.4%  | 14.6%
France  | 1962  | \-  | 77.5%  | 43.1%  | 39.3%  | 28.0%
1968  | 92.8%  | 91.5%  | 56.2%  | 53.2%  | 48.9%
East Germany  | 1961  | \-  | 65.7%  | 33.7%  | \-  | 22.1%
West Germany  | 1965  | \-  | 98.2%  | \-  | 83.3%  | 64.3%
1968  | 99.0%  | \-  | \-  | 86.5%  | 66.8%
Hungary  | 1960  | \-  | \-  | 100.0%  | 22.5%  | \-
1963  | 32.5%  | 25.9%  | \-  | \-  | 18.5%
1970  | 58.6%  | 36.4%  | 100.0%  | 32.7%  | 32.2%
Ireland  | 1961  | 57.2%  | 51.0%  | 64.9%  | 53.5%  | 33.2%
Italy  | 1961  | 71.6%  | 62.3%  | 89.5%  | \-  | 28.9%
Luxembourg  | 1960  | 98.8%  | \-  | 100.0%  | 81.6%  | 45.7%
Netherlands  | 1956  | 89.6%  | \-  | 99.9%  | 67.5%  | 26.8%
New Zealand | 1960  | \-  | 90.0%  | \-  | \-  | \-
1961  | 99.6%  | 87.8%  | \-  | 88.5%  | \-
1966  | 99.7%  | 90.3%  | \-  | 94.0%  | 98.1%
Norway  | 1960  | 94.0%  | 92.8%  | 100.0%  | 57.9%  | 45.2%
Poland  | 1960  | 39.1%  | 29.9%  | 26.9%  | 18.9%  | 13.9%
1966  | \-  | 46.8%  | \-  | 33.3%  | \-
Romania  | 1966  | 48.4%  | 12.3%  | 100.0%  | 12.2%  | 9.6%
Scotland  | 1961  | \-  | 94.0%  | \-  | 92.8%  | 69.9%
1966  | \-  | \-  | \-  | 95.7%  | 77.4%
Sweden  | 1960  | \-  | 90.0%  | \-  | 76.2%  | 61.0%
1965  | 95.2%  | 94.3%  | 99.7%  | 85.3%  | 72.9%
Switzerland  | 1960  | \-  | 96.1%  | 99.7%  | \-  | 68.8%
United States  | 1960  | 94.0%  | 92.9%  | \-  | 89.7%  | 88.1%
Yugoslavia (urban)  | 1961  | \-  | 42.4%  | 34.5%  | \-  | 22.5%
European households with at least one car, 1978[30] Country  | %

|

Belgium  | 69.9%
Denmark  | 57.0%
France  | 66.9%
West Germany  | 62.6%
Ireland  | 65.1%
Italy  | 69.1%
Netherlands  | 67.2%
United Kingdom  | 54.4%
Housing tenure, 1980–1990[31] Country  | Year  | Public rental  | Private rental  | Owner-occupied

|
|
|
|

Australia  | 1988  | 5%  | 25%  | 70%
Belgium  | 1986  | 6%  | 30%  | 62%
Denmark  | 1990  | 21%  | 21%  | 58%
France  | 1990  | 17%  | 30%  | 53%
Germany  | 1990  | 25%  | 38%  | 37%
Ireland  | 1990  | 14%  | 9%  | 78%
Italy  | 1990  | 5%  | 24%  | 64%
Netherlands  | 1988  | 43%  | 13%  | 44%
Spain  | 1989  | 1%  | 11%  | 88%
United Kingdom  | 1990  | 27%  | 7%  | 66%
United States  | 1980  | 2%  | 32%  | 66%
EEC households with a garden, 1963–64[32] Country  | %

|

Belgium  | 58%
France  | 47%
Italy  | 17%
Netherlands  | 21%
Germany  | 45%
Luxembourg  | 81%
Households with durable goods, 1962[33] Country  | Television  | Vacuum cleaner  | Washing machine  | Refrigerator  | Car

|
|
|
|
|

France  | 25%  | 32%  | 31%  | 37%  | 33%
Great Britain  | 78%  | 71%  | 43%  | 22%  | 30%
United States  | 87%  | 75%  | 95%  | 98%  | 75%

## Housing conditions

### Belgium

A 1961–62 National Housing Institute survey estimated that 13.8 percent of Belgian dwellings were unfit and incapable of improvement. A further 19.5 percent were unfit but had the potential to be improved, and 54 percent were considered suitable (without alteration or improvement) for modern living standards. Seventy-four percent of dwellings lacked a shower or bath, 19 percent had inadequate sewage disposal, and 3.6 percent lacked a drinking-water supply; 36.8 percent had an indoor water closet.[34] According to a 1964 study, 13 percent of Belgium's housing consisted of slums.[35] In 1974 an estimated 17% of the Belgian population lived in a detached house, while 23% lived in an attached house, 56% in an apartment or flat, and 4% in other types of homes (trailers, mobile homes, etc.).[36] In terms of amenities, in 1975 an estimated 1% of all houses were without a flush toilet, 1% without electric lighting, 37% without a fixed bath or shower and 7% without piped water.[37]

### Austria

In 1974 an estimated 28% of the Austrian population lived in a detached house, while 5% lived in an attached house, 64% in an apartment or flat, and 4% in other types of homes (trailers, mobile homes, etc.).[36] In terms of amenities, in 1975 an estimated 10% of all houses were without a flush toilet, 1% without electric lighting, 34% without a fixed bath or shower and 8% without piped water.[37]

### Ireland

In 1974 an estimated 27% of the Irish population lived in a detached house, while 55% lived in an attached house, 11% in an apartment or flat, and 8% in other types of homes (trailers, mobile homes, etc.).[36] In terms of amenities, in 1975 an estimated 21% of all houses were without a flush toilet, 2% without electric lighting, 20% without a fixed bath or shower and 14% without piped water.[37]

### Japan

In 1973 an estimated 65% of the Japanese population lived in a detached house, while 12% lived in an attached house, and 23% in an apartment or flat.[36] In terms of amenities, in 1975 an estimated 65% of all houses were without a flush toilet, 1% without electric lighting, 3% without a fixed bath or shower and 1% without piped water.[37]

### Netherlands

In 1974 an estimated 18% of the Dutch population lived in a detached house, while 40% lived in an attached house, 36% in an apartment or flat, and 6% in other types of homes (trailers, mobile homes, etc.).[36] In terms of amenities, in 1975 an estimated 1% of all houses were without a flush toilet, 1% without electric lighting, 2% without a fixed bath or shower and 1% without piped water.[37]

### Italy

In 1974 an estimated 18% of the Italian population lived in a detached house, while 9% lived in an attached house, 65% in an apartment or flat, and 8% in other types of homes (trailers, mobile homes, etc.).[36] In terms of amenities, in 1975 an estimated 4% of all houses were without a flush toilet, 2% without electric lighting, 27% without a fixed bath or shower and 1% without piped water.[37]

### Norway

In 1974 an estimated 45% of the Norwegian population lived in a detached house, while 7% lived in an attached house, 46% in an apartment or flat, and 2% in other types of homes (trailers, mobile homes, etc.).[36] In terms of amenities, in 1975 an estimated 13% of all houses were without a flush toilet, 1% without electric lighting, 25% without a fixed bath or shower and 1% without piped water.[37]

### Sweden

In 1974 an estimated 36% of the Swedish population lived in a detached house, while 8% lived in an attached house, and 56% in an apartment or flat.[36] In terms of amenities, in 1975 an estimated 2% of all houses were without a flush toilet, 1% without electric lighting, 2% without a fixed bath or shower and 1% without piped water.[37]

### Denmark

In 1974 an estimated 50% of the Danish population lived in a detached house, while 11% lived in an attached house, 31% in an apartment or flat, and 8% in other types of homes (trailers, mobile homes, etc.).[36] In terms of amenities, in 1975 an estimated 1% of all houses were without a flush toilet, 1% without electric lighting, 10% without a fixed bath or shower and 1% without piped water.[37]

### Switzerland

In 1974 an estimated 33% of the Swiss population lived in a detached house, while 5% lived in an attached house, and 62% in an apartment or flat.[36] In terms of amenities, in 1975 an estimated 3% of all houses were without a flush toilet, 1% without electric lighting, 15% without a fixed bath or shower and 1% without piped water.[37]

### Spain

In 1974 an estimated 12% of the Spanish population lived in a detached house, while 23% lived in an attached house, 61% in an apartment or flat, and 4% in other types of homes (trailers, mobile homes, etc.).[36] In terms of amenities, in 1970/75 an estimated 29% of all houses were without a flush toilet, 4% without electric lighting, 54% without a fixed bath or shower and 32% without piped water.[37]

### West Germany

In 1974 an estimated 22% of the West German population lived in a detached house, while 5% lived in an attached house, 69% in an apartment or flat, and 4% in other types of homes (trailers, mobile homes, etc.).[36] In terms of amenities, in 1975 an estimated 4% of all houses were without a flush toilet, 1% without electric lighting, 6% without a fixed bath or shower and 1% without piped water.[37]

### France

Between 1954 and 1973, the percentage of French homes with a shower or bath increased from 10 to 65 percent. During that period, the percentage of homes without flush toilets fell from 73 to 30 percent; homes without running water fell from 42 to 3.4 percent. A 1948 law permitted gradual, long-term rent increases for existing flats on the condition that part of the money was spent on repairs. According to John Ardagh, the law, "vigorously applied, was partly successful in its twofold aim: to encourage both repairs and new building."[38] By 1968, as noted by one study, “most French housing, even in the rural areas, had running water, electricity and the communal amenities of recreation, transport and cultural services.”[39] In 1974 an estimated 17% of the French population lived in a detached house, while 2% lived in an attached house, 78% in an apartment or flat, and 3% in other types of homes (trailers, mobile homes, etc.).[36] In terms of amenities, in 1975 an estimated 20% of all houses were without a flush toilet, 1% without electric lighting, 34% without a fixed bath or shower and 3% without piped water.[37]

### United Kingdom

File:Household composition in the UK.pngHousehold composition in the UK

After World War II, a large percentage of British housing was single-family housing. Seventy-eight percent of housing in 1961 consisted of single-family homes, compared to 56 percent in the Netherlands, 49 percent in West Germany and 32 percent in France.[40] In England and Wales in 1964, 6.6 percent of housing units had two or fewer rooms; 5.8 percent had seven or more rooms, 15.2 percent had six rooms, 35.1 percent had five rooms, 26.3 percent had four rooms, and 11.1 percent had three rooms. These figures included kitchens when they were used for eating meals. Fifty percent of 1964 housing had three bedrooms; 1.9 percent had five or more bedrooms, 6.2 percent had four bedrooms, 10.5 percent had one bedroom or none, and 31.3 percent had two bedrooms. A 1960 social survey estimated that 0.6 percent of households in England and Wales exceeded the statutory overcrowding standard; the 1964 percentage was 0.5 percent. In 1964, 6.9 of all households exceeded one person per room. The 1960 figure was 11 percent, with 1.75 percent having two or more bedrooms below the standard and 9.25 percent having one bedroom below the standard. This declined slightly by 1964 to 9.4 percent of households below the standard, with 8.1 percent having one bedroom below the standard and 1.3 percent having two bedrooms or more below the standard. According to local authorities in 1965, five percent of the housing stock in England and Wales was unfit for habitation.[41] In 1974 an estimated 23% of the population of the UK lived in a detached house, while 50% lived in an attached house, 23% in an apartment or flat, and 4% in other types of homes (trailers, mobile homes, etc.).[36] In terms of amenities, in 1975 an estimated 1% of all houses were without a flush toilet, 1% without electric lighting, 3% without a fixed bath or shower and 1% without piped water.[37]

### U.S. and Canada

Housing conditions improved in Canada and the U.S. after World War II. In the U.S., 35.4 percent of all 1950 dwellings did not have complete plumbing facilities; the figure fell to 16.8 percent in 1960 and 8.4 percent in 1968. In Canada from 1951 to 1971, the percentage of dwellings with a bath or shower increased from 60.8 to 93.4 percent; the percentage of dwellings with hot and cold running water increased from 56.9 to 93.5 percent.[29] In the United States from 1950 to 1974, the percentage of housing without full plumbing fell from 34 to three percent; during that period, the percentage of housing stock considered dilapidated fell from nine percent to less than four.[42] In 1976, an estimated 64% of the population of the U.S. lived in a detached house, while 4% lived in an attached house, 28% in an apartment or flat, and 4% in other types of homes (trailers, mobile homes, etc.).[36] In terms of amenities, in 1975 an estimated 2% of all houses in the U.S. were without a flush toilet, 1% without electric lighting, 3% without a fixed bath or shower and 1% without piped water.[37] In 1977 an estimated 59% of the population of Canada lived in a detached house, while 8% lived in an attached house, and 33% in an apartment or flat.[36] In terms of amenities, in 1975/77 an estimated 3% of all houses in Canada were without a flush toilet, 1% without electric lighting, 2% without a fixed bath or shower and 1% without piped water.[37]

## See also

* Dwelling
* Oikos
* List of countries by number of households
* Household economics
* Household final consumption expenditure
* Household income in the United States
* Household production
* Family
* Intra-household bargaining
* Roommate
* Group home
* Hoju – South Korea
* Home
* Homemaker
* Medieval household
* Royal Household

## References

1. ↑ Haviland, William A. (2003). Anthropology. Wadsworth/Thomson Learning. ISBN 978-0-534-61020-3. https://books.google.com/books?id=xM9SPwAACAAJ.
2. ↑ O'Sullivan, Arthur; Steven M. Sheffrin (2003). Economics: Principles in action. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458: Prentice-Hall. p. 29. ISBN 978-0-13-063085-8. https://www.savvas.com/index.cfm?locator=PSZu4y&PMDbSiteId=2781&PMDbSolutionId=6724&PMDbSubSolutionId=&PMDbCategoryId=815&PMDbSubCategoryId=24843&PMDbSubjectAreaId=&PMDbProgramId=5657.
3. ↑ "National Statistics". Statistics.gov.uk\access-date=2015-05-17. http://www.statistics.gov.uk/downloads/theme_social/FRS_Tech01-02.pdf.
4. ↑ "UK Housing Act 2004". http://www.legislation.gov.uk/ukpga/2004/34/pdfs/ukpga_20040034_en.pdf. See section 258 on p. 201.
5. ↑ "Single Household: brief summary of HA 2004 definition". Flat Justice: Helping Tenants to Get Rent Back. https://www.getrentback.org/guide hmo.html.
6. ↑ "Households". Quickfacts.census.gov. 2015-03-24. http://quickfacts.census.gov/qfd/meta/long_HSD310212.htm.
7. ↑ "U.S. Census: Current Population Survey – Definitions and Explanations". Census.gov. https://www.census.gov/population/www/cps/cpsdef.html.
8. ↑ "Households, Persons Per Household, and Households with Individuals Under 18 Years, 2000". 2011-05-29. http://quickfacts.census.gov/qfd/meta/long_71061.htm.
9. ↑ "Statistical unit – Household". Statcan.gc.ca. 2012-02-23. http://www.statcan.gc.ca/concepts/definitions/house-menage-eng.htm.
10. ↑ Muriuki, Andrew Mburu (2007). The role of household environment on health outcomes for female adolescents in Kenya. University of Missouri-Columbia. OCLC 183405613. Pdf.
11. ↑ Dhungel, Basundhara (14 May 2001). A study of Nepalese families' paid and unpaid work after migration to Australia. University of Sydney. OCLC 271516251. Pdf.
12. ↑ Pierson, John; Thomas, Martin (2002). Collins dictionary of social work. Glasgow, UK: HarperCollins. ISBN 978-0-00-714396-2.
13. ↑ "Tributes paid to Professor Ray Pahl". University of Essex. 8 June 2011. http://www.essex.ac.uk/news/event.aspx?e_id=3111.
14. ↑ Pahl, Ray (1984). Divisions of labour. Oxford New York: Blackwell. ISBN 978-0-631-13274-5. https://archive.org/details/divisionsoflabou0000pahl.
15. ↑ "household work strategy – Dictionary definition of household work strategy | Encyclopedia.com: FREE online dictionary". http://www.encyclopedia.com/doc/1O88-householdworkstrategy.html.
16. ↑ Russell Hochschild, Arlie; Machung, Anne (2003). The second shift: working families and the revolution at home Painting hyderabad 9640395262 7396356333. New York: Penguin Books. ISBN 9780142002926
17. ↑ Russell Hochschild, Arlie (2001). The time bind: when work becomes home and home becomes work. New York: Henry Holt & Co.. ISBN 9780805066432
18. ↑ Young, Cathy (12 June 2000). "The Mama Lion at the Gate". Salon. http://www.salon.com/2000/06/12/gatekeeping/.
19. ↑ 19.0 19.1 "A social portrait of Europe – Population and social conditions – EU Bookshop". bookshop.europa.eu. 1992-02-18. http://bookshop.europa.eu/en/a-social-portrait-of-europe-pbCA5789241/.
20. ↑ "Report on Housing". Coe.int. http://www.coe.int/t/e/social_cohesion/hdse/2_hdse_reports/2_thematic_reports/Report on Housing.asp.
21. ↑ 21.0 21.1 21.2 Wynn, Martin, ed (1984). Housing in Europe. Croom Helm. ISBN 978-0-312-39351-9. https://books.google.com/books?id=EZoOAAAAQAAJ.
22. ↑ European Commission; Oxley, Michael; Smith, Jacqueline (1996). Housing Policy and Rented Housing in Europe. E & F Spon. p. 77. ISBN 978-0-419-20720-7. https://books.google.com/books?id=NbnaeunvrP0C&pg=PA77.
23. ↑ Ōmae, Ken'ichi (1995). The End of the Nation State: The Rise of Regional Economies. Simon and Schuster. p. 49. ISBN 0-02-923341-0. https://books.google.com/books?id=nJMxSo05yuwC.
24. ↑ Simon, Julian (1996). The State of Humanity. Wiley. p. 244. ISBN 978-1-55786-585-4. https://books.google.com/books?id=DrgN0AvFGL0C&pg=PA244.
25. ↑ 25.0 25.1 Couch, Chris (1985). Housing Conditions in Britain and Germany. Anglo-German Foundation for the Study of Industrial Society. ISBN 978-0-905492-42-1. https://books.google.com/books?id=d9-wAAAAIAAJ.
26. ↑ Lansley, Stewart (1979). Housing and Public Policy. Croom Helm. ISBN 978-0-7099-0052-8. https://books.google.com/books?id=9zwOAAAAQAAJ.
27. ↑ Howenstine, Emanuel Jay (1985). Housing Vouchers: A Comparative International Analysis. Transaction Publishers. p. 46. ISBN 978-1-4128-5049-0. https://books.google.com/books?id=WZCx9PraId4C&pg=PA46.
28. ↑ 28.0 28.1 Stafford, D. C. (1978). The Economics of Housing Policy. Croom Helm. ISBN 978-0-85664-159-6. https://archive.org/details/economicsofhousi0000staf.
29. ↑ 29.0 29.1 29.2 29.3 29.4 Karn, Valerie Ann (1973). Housing standards and costs: a comparison of British standards and costs with those in the U.S.A., Canada, and Europe. University of Birmingham. ISBN 978-0-7044-0053-5. https://books.google.com/books?id=mYlPAAAAMAAJ.
30. ↑ Dawson, John (2014). Commercial Distribution in Europe. Routledge. p. 62. ISBN 978-1-317-59886-2. https://books.google.com/books?id=t2gKBAAAQBAJ&pg=PA62.
31. ↑ Hill, Michael James (1996). Social Policy: A Comparative Analysis. Prentice-Hall/Harvester Wheatsheaf. ISBN 978-0-13-353905-9. https://books.google.com/books?id=pB1HAAAAMAAJ.
32. ↑ Sampson, Anthony (1971). The new Europeans: a guide to the workings, institutions and character of contemporary Western Europe. Panther. ISBN 9780586034347. https://books.google.com/books?id=HUZJAAAAYAAJ.
33. ↑ Logemann, J. (2012-07-16). The Development of Consumer Credit in Global Perspective: Business, Regulation, and Culture. Palgrave Macmillan US. p. 194. ISBN 978-1-137-06207-9. https://books.google.com/books?id=Fd_FAAAAQBAJ&pg=PA194.
34. ↑ Watson, Christopher John (1971). Social housing policy in Belgium. University of Birmingham. ISBN 9780901490162. https://books.google.com/books?id=dDNjAAAAIAAJ.
35. ↑ "Archived copy". http://aei.pitt.edu/43714/1/A7457.pdf.
36. ↑ 36.00 36.01 36.02 36.03 36.04 36.05 36.06 36.07 36.08 36.09 36.10 36.11 36.12 36.13 36.14 36.15 The Book of Numbers, compiled by the Editors of Heron House, 1978, P.136-137
37. ↑ 37.00 37.01 37.02 37.03 37.04 37.05 37.06 37.07 37.08 37.09 37.10 37.11 37.12 37.13 37.14 37.15 The Book of Numbers, compiled by the Editors of Heron House, 1978, P.148-149
38. ↑ Ardagh, John (1979). The New France: A Society in Transition, 1945–1977. Penguin. https://books.google.com/books?id=BSAVyAEACAAJ.
39. ↑ MODERN FRANCE Theories and Realities of Urban Planning by Peggy A. Philips, University Press of America, 1987, P.139
40. ↑ Kertzer, David I.; Barbagli, Marzio (2003). Family Life in the Twentieth Century. Yale University Press. ISBN 978-0-300-09494-7. https://books.google.com/books?id=wPNWAAAAYAAJ.
41. ↑ Holman, Robert (1970). Socially deprived families in Britain. Bedford Square P. of the National Council of Social Service. ISBN 0-7199-0795-0. OCLC 103175. https://books.google.com/books?id=rYo0AAAAMAAJ.
42. ↑ Brown, Clair (1994). American Standards of Living: 1918–1988. Wiley. p. 298. ISBN 978-1-55786-371-3. https://books.google.com/books?id=ExTFM-jr0NEC&pg=PA298.

## Sources

* The Economist Book Of Vital World Statistics: A Complete Guide To The World In Figures (introduction by Claus Moser). The Economist Books, fourth reprint, paperback edition, October 1992. Contains a section, "Consumer Durables", with estimates of household ownership of a wide range of consumer durables in OECD and East European countries.

## External links

* Contains information on housing conditions in various European countries in the post-World War II era (Europe's needs and resources, trends, and prospects in eighteen countries [by] J. Frederic Dewhurst, John O. Coppock, P. Lamartine Yates, and associates. -)
* Contains information on housing conditions and types in various countries in the 1960s and 1970s, including Australia, Belgium, Brazil, France, Germany, Iran, Italy, Japan, the Netherlands, the Philippines, Saudi Arabia, Singapore, Spain, the United Kingdom, and Venezuela
* Includes information on housing conditions in various Scandinavian countries in the later 20th century
* Includes information on ownership of various consumer durables in Norway in 1966
* The European Union Encyclopedia and Directory 1999. Psychology Press. 1999. ISBN 978-1-85743-056-1. https://books.google.com/books?id=NU07cD6NEJQC: Contains historical statistics on housing in Europe
* Housing Finance Markets in Transition Economies Trends and Challenges. OECD Publishing. 2005. ISBN 978-92-64-01017-8. https://books.google.com/books?id=FJtxeMzFZNEC: Contains statistics on housing in various developing and developed countries
* World tables, 1976, from the data files of the World Bank. Baltimore: Published for the World Bank by Johns Hopkins University Press. 1976. ISBN 0-8018-1886-9. OCLC 2425366. http://documents.worldbank.org/curated/en/634201468327327397/pdf/9986000World0tables01976.pdf.
* Alber, Jens; Fahey, Tony; Saraceno, Chiara (2008). Handbook of Quality of Life in the Enlarged European Union. Routledge. ISBN 978-0-415-42467-7. https://books.google.com/books?id=8_zQDxYxlgsC: Contains information on housing conditions in various countries
* Altman, Jon C.; Nieuwenhuysen, John (1979). The Economic Status of Australian Aborigines. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-29490-4. https://books.google.com/books?id=RPhfvymCBREC: Contains historical statistics on housing conditions in Australia
* Berekoven, Ludwig (2013) (in de). Internationale Verbrauchsangleichung: Eine Analyse europäischer Länder. Springer-Verlag. ISBN 978-3-322-83888-9. https://books.google.com/books?id=4seeBgAAQBAJ: Contains information on the percentage of homes in Austria, Belgium, France, Germany, Holland, Italy, Switzerland, and Sweden owning certain household appliances from 1970 to 1975
* Dol, Kees, ed (2010). Housing Statistics in the European Union 2010. The Hague: Ministry of the Interior and Kingdom Relations. http://www.iut.nu/wp-content/uploads/2017/07/Housing-Statistics-in-the-European-Union-2010.pdf.
* Flora, Peter (1986). Growth to Limits: The Western European Welfare States Since World War II. Walter de Gruyter. ISBN 978-3-11-011131-6. https://books.google.com/books?id=GaWtd5zJfB8C: Contains historical statistics on housing in Ireland
* Martinelli, Alberto; Chiesi, Antonio; Stefanizzi, Sonia (1999-03-30). Recent Social Trends in Italy, 1960–1995. McGill-Queen's Press – MQUP. ISBN 978-0-7735-6778-8. https://books.google.com/books?id=f_poy-NC5xQC.
* Norris, Michelle; Shiels, Patrick (2004). Regular National Report on Housing Developments in European Countries (Synthesis Report). Dublin: Stationery Office. ISBN 0-7557-1999-9. OCLC 59712896. https://www.housing.gov.ie/sites/default/files/migrated-files/en/Publications/DevelopmentandHousing/Housing/FileDownLoad,2453,en.pdf: Contains statistics on housing conditions and housing policies in various countries
* Smitka, Michael (1998). Japan's Economic Ascent: International Trade, Growth, and Postwar Reconstruction. Taylor & Francis. ISBN 978-0-8153-2709-7. https://books.google.com/books?id=cFH0J536UfkC: Contains information on the percentage of nonfarming households in Japan earning certain consumer durable goods from 1957 to 1975
* Stafford, D. C. (1978). The Economics of Housing Policy Painting hyderabad 9640395262 7396356333. Croom Helm. ISBN 978-0-85664-159-6. https://archive.org/details/economicsofhousi0000staf: Contains historical statistics on housing conditions in the United Kingdom
* Tomka, Béla (2013). A Social History of Twentieth Century Europe. Routledge. ISBN 978-0-415-62843-3. https://books.google.com/books?id=RLBfzNkGfx8C: Contains historical statistics on housing in Europe
* Tóth, István György (2008). "4. Housing and Material Conditions". European social report, 2008. Budapest: TÁRKI. ISBN 978-963-06-5193-6. OCLC 1088165603. http://old.tarki.hu/en/research/european_social_report/20080701_4.pdf: Contains statistics on housing and material conditions in Europe
* Trotman-Dickenson, D. I. (2014). Economic Workbook and Data: A Tutorial Volume for Students. Elsevier Science. ISBN 978-1-4831-5811-2. https://books.google.com/books?id=tYajBQAAQBAJ: Contains information on the percentage of households in Great Britain and the EEC owning certain durable goods in 1963

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* Planning (land use
* regional
* urban)
* Political ecology
* Political economy
* Public health
* Regional science
* Science and technology studies
* Science studies (historical)
* Social work
* Vegan studies

List|

* List of social science journals

Other categorizations|

* Humanities
* Geisteswissenschaft
* Human science

* Category
* Commons
*   * Wikiversity

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Original source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Household. Read more

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