Intangible cultural heritage

Short description: Type of cultural heritage

Intangible cultural heritage (ICH)—as opposed to a place's tangible cultural heritage, cultural properties such as historic sites, monuments, and artifacts—comprises manifestations of intellectual wealth such as customs, beliefs, traditions, folklore, language, and knowledge, as expressed in particular through craftsmanship and performance.

Responding to the perceived over-representation of Western Europe among World Heritage Sites,[1] to help valorize cultural diversity,[2] and following on from earlier related measures in Japan (1950) and in South Korea (1962),[1] in 2001, UNESCO made a survey[3] among states and NGOs to try to agree on a definition, and the Convention for the Safeguarding of the Intangible Cultural Heritage[4] was drafted in 2003 for its protection and promotion.

## Contents

* 1 Definition
* 1.1 Oral history
* 1.2 Food heritage
* 1.2.1 Dishes
* 1.3 Dance heritage
* 1.4 Digital heritage
* 1.5 Sports heritage
* 2 Oral continuity
* 3 Preservation
* 4 List of countries with UNESCO Intangible Cultural Heritage elements
* 5 See also
* 6 Note
* 7 References
* 8 Further reading
* 9 External links

## Definition

The Viennese coffee house culture, a special form of cultural heritage[5]

See also: Social:Cultural expressions and Traditional knowledge

The Convention for the Safeguarding of the Intangible Cultural Heritage[6] defines the intangible cultural heritage as the practices, representations, expressions, as well as the knowledge and skills (including instruments, objects, artifacts, cultural spaces), that communities, groups, and, in some cases, individuals, recognize as part of their cultural heritage. It is sometimes called living cultural heritage, and is manifested in the following domains, among others:[7]

* Oral traditions and expressions, including language as a vehicle of the intangible cultural heritage;
* Performing arts;
* Social practices, rituals and festive events;
* Knowledge and practices concerning nature and the universe;
* Traditional craftsmanship

A painting on an ancient Greek vase depicts a music lesson (c. 510 BC)

Cultural heritage in general consists of the products and processes of a culture that are preserved and passed on through the generations.[8] Some of that heritage takes the form of cultural property, formed by tangible artefacts such as buildings or works of art. Many parts of culture, however are intangible, including song, music, dance, drama, skills, cuisine, sport,[9] crafts, and festivals. These are forms of culture that can be recorded but cannot be touched or stored in physical form, like in a museum, but only experienced through a vehicle giving expression to it. Such cultural vehicles are called "Human Treasures" by the UN. The protection of languages, as the largest and most important intangible cultural heritage, should also be mentioned in this context. According to Karl von Habsburg, former President of Blue Shield International, protection of languages is important in the age of identity wars, because language in particular can become a target for attack as a symbolic cultural asset.[10]

Noh mask. Japan was the first country to introduce legislation to protect and promote its intangible heritage.[11]

According to the 2003 Convention for the Safeguarding of the Intangible Cultural Heritage, the intangible cultural heritage (ICH) – or living heritage – is the mainspring of humanity's cultural diversity and its maintenance a guarantee for continuing creativity. It is defined as follows:

> Intangible Cultural Heritage means the practices, representations, expressions, knowledge, skills – as well as the instruments, objects, artifacts and cultural spaces associated therewith – that communities, groups and, in some cases, individuals recognize as part of their cultural heritage. This intangible cultural heritage, transmitted from generation to generation, is constantly recreated by communities and groups in response to their environment, their interaction with nature and their history, and provides them with a sense of identity and continuity, thus promoting respect for cultural diversity and human creativity. For the purposes of this Convention, consideration will be given solely to such intangible cultural heritage as is compatible with existing international human rights instruments, as well as with the requirements of mutual respect among communities, groups and individuals, and of sustainable development.

### Oral history

Main article: History:Oral history

### Food heritage

With sustainable development gaining momentum as a priority of UNESCO heritage policies, an increasing number of food-related nominations are being submitted for inscription on the lists of the convention for the safeguarding of the intangible cultural heritage.[12] The Mediterranean diet,[13] the traditional Mexican cuisine and the Japanese dietary culture of washoku are some examples of this.

#### Dishes

* Thieboudienne[14]

### Dance heritage

Tango, an example of a cultural heritage shared between two countries, Argentina and Uruguay.

Other dance forms,[15] however, even if they are officially recognized as heritage from their country of origin, are practiced and enjoyed all over the world. For example, flamenco from Spain and tango, from Argentina and Uruguay, have an international dimension. Dance is a complex phenomenon, which involves culture, traditions, the use of human bodies, artefacts (such as costumes and props), as well as a specific use of music, space and sometimes light. As a result, a lot of tangible and intangible elements[16] are combined within dance, making it a challenging but interesting type of heritage to safeguard.

### Digital heritage

Mapping of intangible heritage phenomena (GIS technology)[17]

Main article: Social:Digital heritage

Digital heritage is a representation of heritage in the digital realm and is a sub-category of Intangible Cultural Heritage.[18] It refers primarily to the use of digital media in the service of preserving cultural or natural heritage.[19][20][21] Examples of this include mapping of intangible heritage phenomena, such as folk beliefs linked to the supernatural beings.[22]

### Sports heritage

This section is an excerpt from Traditional Sports and Games[ edit ]

## Oral continuity

Main article: Social:Oral tradition

* Greek polyphonic group from Dropull wearing skoufos and fustanella

* Albanian polyphonic group from Skrapar wearing qeleshe and fustanella

Intangible cultural heritage is passed orally within a community, and while there may be individuals who are known tradition bearers, ICH is often broader than one individual's own skills or knowledge. A 2006 report by the government of Newfoundland and Labrador said, regarding oral culture in their area, "The processes involved in the continuation of this traditional knowledge constitute one of the most interesting aspects of our living heritage. Each member of the community possesses a piece of the shared knowledge.[23] Crucial knowledge is passed on during community activities, frequently without any conscious attention to the process."[24]

## Preservation

Main article: Social:Preservation of meaning

Prior to the UNESCO Convention, efforts had already been made by a number of states to safeguard their intangible heritage.[25] Japan, with its 1950 Law for the Protection of Cultural Properties, was the first to introduce legislation to preserve and promote intangible as well as tangible culture: Important Intangible Cultural Properties are designated and "holders" recognized of these craft and performance traditions, known informally as Living National Treasures.[11][26] Other countries, including South Korea (Important Intangible Cultural Properties of Korea), the Philippines, Ukraine, the United States, Thailand, France, Romania, the Czech Republic, and Poland, have since created similar programs.[26]

According to academic Yi Sun publishing in 2024, "China has played an increasingly dynamic role in energizing" the Intangible Cultural Heritage Cooperation program.[27]: 157

Recently there has been much debate over protecting intangible cultural heritage through intellectual property rights, as well as the desirability to do so through this legal framework and the risks of commodification derived from this possibility.[28] The issue still remains open in legal scholarship. In recent years, digital methods have increasingly been used to support the documentation and preservation of Intangible Cultural Heritage. Approaches developed within the field of Digital Humanities—including digital mapping, data visualization, and network analysis—enable researchers to document cultural practices, trace the circulation of traditional knowledge, and analyze the transformation of heritage in digital environments. Such methods have also been applied to study processes of appropriation or biopiracy of traditional medicinal knowledge through the analysis of web data and patent databases, contributing to new forms of digital monitoring and documentation of intangible cultural heritage.[29][30][31]

## List of countries with UNESCO Intangible Cultural Heritage elements

Note: Each country may maintain its own cultural heritage lists, items of which are not necessarily inscribed into UNESCO lists.

Rank  | Country  | ICHs[lower-alpha 1]

|
|

1  |  China[33] | 45
2  |  Turkey[34] | 32
3  |  France[35] | 30
4  |  Iran[36] | 27
5  |  Spain[37] | 26
6  |  Azerbaijan[38] | 24
7  |  Croatia,[39] Japan,[40] South Korea[41] | 23
8  |  Belgium,[42] Italy,[43] United Arab Emirates[44] | 21
9  |  Oman,[45] Saudi Arabia,[46] Uzbekistan[47] | 18
10  |  Mongolia,[48] Vietnam[49] | 17
11  |  India,[50] Indonesia,[51] Kyrgyzstan,[52] Morocco[53] | 16
12  |  Colombia,[54] Peru[55] | 15
13  |  Iraq,[56] Kazakhstan[57] | 14
14  |  Algeria,[58] Mexico,[59] Tajikistan[60] | 13
15  |  Austria,[61] Portugal[62] | 12
16  |  Greece,[63] Czech Republic,[64] Egypt,[65] Jordan,[66] Romania,[67] Switzerland,[68] Venezuela[69] | 11
17  |  Bolivia,[70] Brazil,[71] Germany,[72] Hungary,[73] Slovakia,[74] Tunisia,[75] Turkmenistan[76] | 10
18  |  Bulgaria,[77] Malaysia,[78] Mali,[79] Mauritania,[80] Palestine,[81] Syria[82] | 9
19  |  Armenia,[83] Cuba,[84] Cyprus,[85] Nigeria[86] | 8
20  |  Belarus,[87] Cambodia,[88] Estonia,[89] Ethiopia,[90] Kuwait,[91] Philippines,[92] Poland,[93] Qatar,[94] Slovenia,[95] Ukraine[96] | 7
21  |  Bangladesh,[97] Bosnia and Herzegovina,[98] Kenya,[99] Luxembourg,[100] Malawi,[101] North Macedonia,[102] Norway,[103] Serbia,[104] Sudan,[105] Thailand,[106] Uganda,[107] Yemen,[108] Zambia[109] | 6
22  |  Afghanistan,[110] Albania,[111] Bahrain,[112] Dominican Republic,[113] Georgia,[114] Guatemala,[115] Ireland,[116] Ivory Coast,[117] Moldova,[118] Netherlands,[119] North Korea,[120] Panama[121] | 5
23  |  Andorra,[122] Argentina,[123] Botswana,[124] Cameroon,[125] Chile,[126] Ecuador,[127] Finland,[128] Lithuania,[129] Madagascar,[130] Mauritius,[131] Pakistan,[132] Paraguay,[133] Sweden[134] | 4
24  |  Djibouti,[135] Haiti,[136] Jamaica,[137] Latvia,[138] Lebanon,[139] Mozambique,[140] Senegal,[141] Sri Lanka,[142] Togo[143] | 3
27  |  Belize,[144] Denmark,[145] Honduras,[146] Iceland,[147] Ghana,[148] Republic of the Congo,[149] Namibia,[150] Nicaragua,[151] Niger,[152] Russia,[153] Somalia,[154] Uruguay,[155] Zimbabwe[156] | 2
26  |  Angola,[157] Bahamas,[158] Bhutan,[159] Burkina Faso,[160] Burundi,[161] Central African Republic,[162] Chad,[163] Comoros,[164] Democratic Republic of the Congo,[165] El Salvador,[165] Gabon,[166] Gambia,[167] Guinea,[168] Libya,[169] Myanmar,[170] Rwanda,[171] Vanuatu,[172] | 1

## See also

* Living human treasure
* Non-material culture

## Note

1. ↑ Number of intangible cultural heritage elements inscribed by UNESCO[32]

## References

1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 "UNESCO Convention for Safeguarding ICH and the Local Heritages". Tokyo National Research Institute for Cultural Properties. https://www.tobunken.go.jp/ich/publication/kyogikai/english/12th/.
2. ↑ "Intangible Cultural Heritage – a Mirror of Cultural Diversity". 13 September 2002. https://ich.unesco.org/doc/src/00073-EN.pdf.
3. ↑ "Meeting of 2001". UNESCO. http://www.unesco.org/culture/ich/index.php?lg=EN&meeting_id=00057#meet_00057.
4. ↑ "Official website". UNESCO. http://www.unesco.org/culture/ich/index.php?lg=EN&pg=home.
5. ↑ "Intangible Cultural Heritage in Austria: Viennese Coffee House Culture". http://immaterielleskulturerbe.unesco.at/cgi-bin/unesco/element.pl?lang=en&bl=0&cat=3&aufnahmejahr=0&=Search&suchtext=.
6. ↑ "UNESCO". http://www.unesco.org/culture/ich/en/convention.
7. ↑ LOMITKO (1 October 2005). "Definition of Intangible Heritage". http://www.unesco.org/services/documentation/archives/multimedia/?id_page=13.
8. ↑ Vrdoljak, Ana Filipa (2017-12-06), "Indigenous peoples, intangible cultural heritage and participation in the United Nations", Intellectual Property, Cultural Property and Intangible Cultural Heritage (Routledge): pp. 50–66, doi:10.4324/9781315714288-3, ISBN 978-1-315-71428-8
9. ↑ Phillips, Ryan J.; Martin, George (28 July 2020). "Listing and protecting culturally significant events: intangible cultural heritage and policy considerations for hockey broadcasting in Canada, R. J. Phillips & G. Martin, 26(5) (2020)". International Journal of Cultural Policy 26 (5): 584–596. doi:10.1080/10286632.2019.1659786. http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/10286632.2019.1659786. Retrieved 6 June 2024.
10. ↑ Gerold Keusch: Kulturgüterschutz in der Ära der Identitätskriege (German – Protection of cultural property in the era of identity wars). In: Truppendienst – Magazin des Österreichischen Bundesheeres, 24 October 2018.
11. ↑ 11.0 11.1 Cultural Protection Policy in Korea: Intangible Cultural Properties and Living National Treasures. Jimoondang International. 2003. pp. 33ff. ISBN 978-1931897051.
12. ↑ Chiara Bortolotto (27 May 2016). "At the UNESCO feast: introduction". doi:10.58079/ovpf. https://frictions.hypotheses.org/184.
13. ↑ Create Space, ed (2016) (in fr). Le régime UNESCO (Discours et pratiques alimentaires en Méditerranée vol. III). Charleston. ISBN 978-1532997112. https://www.academia.edu/27222415. Retrieved 11 August 2016.
14. ↑ "UNESCO - Ceebu Jën, a culinary art of Senegal" (in en). https://ich.unesco.org/en/RL/ceebu-jen-a-culinary-art-of-senegal-01748.
15. ↑ "Dance as a form of intangible heritage". 24 January 2016. http://www.worlddanceheritage.org/international-heritage/.
16. ↑ Iacono, Valeria Lo; Brown, David H. K. (May 2016). "Lo Iacono, Valeria and Brown, David – Beyond Binarism: Exploring a Model of Living Cultural Heritage for Dance. Dance Research Journal, Vol. 34, April 2016". Dance Research 34 (1): 84–105. doi:10.3366/drs.2016.0147. http://www.euppublishing.com/doi/abs/10.3366/drs.2016.0147. Retrieved 26 June 2017.
17. ↑ Juśkiewicz, Włodzimierz; Jaszewski, Jakub; Brykała, Dariusz; Piotrowski, Robert; Alexander, K. M.; Juśkiewicz, Kacper B. (2025-12-31). "A new and extensive geographical description of supernatural phenomena in Polish and German Pomerania (POMERANIÆ POLONICÆ ET GERMANICÆ PHÆNOMENA SUPERNATURALIA NOVA ET EMPLA DESCRIPTIO GEOGRAPHICA), 1:720,000" (in EN). Journal of Maps. doi:10.1080/17445647.2024.2434015. Bibcode: 2025JMaps..2134015J.
18. ↑ Khan, Muqeem (1 March 2015). "Transmitting Al Ardha: Traditional Arab Sword Dance". International Journal of Heritage in the Digital Era 4 (1): 71–86. doi:10.1260/2047-4970.4.1.71.
19. ↑ Yehuda Kalay, ed (2007). New Heritage: New Media and Cultural Heritage. Routledge. ISBN 978-1-135-97770-2.
20. ↑ Ann Marie Sullivan, Cultural Heritage & New Media: A Future for the Past, 15 J. MARSHALL REV. INTELL. PROP. L. 604 (2016) https://repository.jmls.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1392&context=ripl
21. ↑ Fiona Cameron, ed (2007). Theorizing Digital Cultural Heritage: A Critical Discourse. MIT Press. ISBN 978-0-262-03353-4.
22. ↑ Juśkiewicz, Włodzimierz; Jaszewski, Jakub; Brykała, Dariusz; Piotrowski, Robert; Alexander, K.M.; Juśkiewicz, Kacper B. (2025-12-31). "Supernatural beings of Pomerania: postmodern mapping of folkloristic sources". Journal of Maps 21 (1): 1–15. doi:10.1080/17445647.2024.2434015. Bibcode: 2025JMaps..2134015J.
23. ↑ Farah, Paolo Davide; Tremolada, Riccardo (March 15, 2014). "Desirability of Commodification of Intangible Cultural Heritage: The Unsatisfying Role of Intellectual Property Rights". Transnational Dispute Management 11 (2).
24. ↑ Creative Newfoundland and Labrador: The Blueprint for Development and Investment in Culture. St. John's, NL: Government of Newfoundland and Labrador. 2006. http://www.tcii.gov.nl.ca/artsculture/pdf/culturalplan2006.pdf. Retrieved 9 June 2017.
25. ↑ The Subtle Power of Intangible Heritage: Legal and Financial Instruments for Safeguarding Intangible Heritage. Human Sciences Research Council. 2004. p. 21. ISBN 978-0796920744. http://www.wipo.int/export/sites/www/tk/en/databases/creative_heritage/docs/subtle_power.pdf. Retrieved 9 June 2017.
26. ↑ 26.0 26.1 Kurin, Richard (1 May 2004). "Safeguarding Intangible Cultural Heritage in the 2003 UNESCO Convention: a critical appraisal". Museum International 56 (1–2): 66–77. doi:10.1111/j.1350-0775.2004.00459.x.
27. ↑ Sun, Yi (2024). "Necessitated by Geopolitics: China's Economic and Cultural Initiatives in Central Asia". in Fang, Qiang. China under Xi Jinping: A New Assessment. Leiden University Press. ISBN 9789087284411.
28. ↑ "Farah, Paolo Davide and Tremolada, Riccardo Conflict between Intellectual Property Rights and Human Rights: A Case Study on Intangible Cultural Heritage (December 19, 2015). Oregon Law Review, Vol. 94, No. 1, 2015". http://ssrn.com/abstract=2705698.
29. ↑ Berry, David M. (2012). Understanding Digital Humanities. Palgrave Macmillan.
30. ↑ Schnapp, Jeffrey & Presner, Todd (2009). Digital Humanities Manifesto 2.0.
31. ↑ Torrez-Yepez, Luis (2024). "Étude de l’appropriation du patrimoine culturel immatériel grâce aux méthodes numériques: visualisation et cartographie de la biopiraterie des médecines traditionnelles". PhD thesis, Université Paris 8. Available at: https://theses.fr/2024PA080049
32. ↑ "Map of the Intangible Cultural Heritage". UNESCO Intangible Cultural Heritage. http://www.unesco.org/culture/ich/en/lists?multinational=3&display1=inscriptionID&display=maps#tabs.
33. ↑ "China – intangible heritage". UNESCO Intangible Cultural Heritage. https://ich.unesco.org/en/state/china-CN.
34. ↑ "Turkey – intangible heritage". UNESCO Intangible Cultural Heritage. https://ich.unesco.org/en/state/turkey-TR.
35. ↑ "France – intangible heritage". UNESCO Intangible Cultural Heritage. https://ich.unesco.org/en/state/france-FR.
36. ↑ "Iran – intangible heritage". UNESCO Intangible Cultural Heritage. https://ich.unesco.org/en/state/iran-islamic-republic-of-IR.
37. ↑ "Spain – intangible heritage". UNESCO Intangible Cultural Heritage. https://ich.unesco.org/en/state/spain-ES.
38. ↑ "Azerbaijan – intangible heritage". UNESCO Intangible Cultural Heritage. https://ich.unesco.org/en/state/azerbaijan-AZ.
39. ↑ "Croatia – intangible heritage". https://ich.unesco.org/en/state/croatia-HR.
40. ↑ "Japan – intangible heritage". UNESCO Intangible Cultural Heritage. https://ich.unesco.org/en/state/japan-JP.
41. ↑ "Republic of Korea – intangible heritage". https://ich.unesco.org/en/state/republic-of-korea-KR.
42. ↑ "Belgium – intangible heritage". UNESCO Intangible Cultural Heritage. https://ich.unesco.org/en/state/belgium-BE.
43. ↑ "Italy – intangible heritage". https://ich.unesco.org/en/state/italy-IT.
44. ↑ "United Arab Emirates – intangible heritage". https://ich.unesco.org/en/state/united-arab-emirates-AE.
45. ↑ "Oman – intangible heritage". https://ich.unesco.org/en/state/oman-OM.
46. ↑ "Saudi Arabia – intangible heritage". https://ich.unesco.org/en/state/saudi-arabia-SA.
47. ↑ "Uzbekistan – intangible heritage". https://ich.unesco.org/en/state/uzbekistan-UZ.
48. ↑ "Mongolia – intangible heritage". https://ich.unesco.org/en/state/mongolia-MN.
49. ↑ "Viet Nam – intangible heritage". https://ich.unesco.org/en/state/viet-nam-VN.
50. ↑ "India – intangible heritage". https://ich.unesco.org/en/state/india-IN.
51. ↑ "Indonesia – intangible heritage". https://ich.unesco.org/en/state/indonesia-ID.
52. ↑ "Kyrgyzstan – intangible heritage". https://ich.unesco.org/en/state/kyrgyzstan-KG.
53. ↑ "Morocco – intangible heritage". https://ich.unesco.org/en/state/morocco-MA.
54. ↑ "Colombia – intangible heritage". https://ich.unesco.org/en/state/colombia-CO.
55. ↑ "Peru – intangible heritage". https://ich.unesco.org/en/state/peru-PE.
56. ↑ "Iraq – intangible heritage". https://ich.unesco.org/en/state/iraq-IQ.
57. ↑ "Kazakhstan – intangible heritage". https://ich.unesco.org/en/state/kazakhstan-KZ.
58. ↑ "Algeria – intangible heritage". https://ich.unesco.org/en/state/algeria-DZ.
59. ↑ "Mexico – intangible heritage". https://ich.unesco.org/en/state/mexico-MX.
60. ↑ "Tajikistan – intangible heritage". https://ich.unesco.org/en/state/tajikistan-TJ.
61. ↑ "Austria – intangible heritage". https://ich.unesco.org/en/state/austria-AT.
62. ↑ "Portugal – intangible heritage". https://ich.unesco.org/en/state/portugal-PT.
63. ↑ "Greece – intangible heritage". https://ich.unesco.org/en/state/greece-GR.
64. ↑ "Czech Republic – intangible heritage". https://ich.unesco.org/en/state/czechia-CZ.
65. ↑ "Egypt – intangible heritage". https://ich.unesco.org/en/state/egypt-EG.
66. ↑ "Jordan – intangible heritage". https://ich.unesco.org/en/state/jordan-JO.
67. ↑ "Romania – intangible heritage". https://ich.unesco.org/en/state/romania-RO.
68. ↑ "Switzerland – intangible heritage". https://ich.unesco.org/en/state/switzerland-CH.
69. ↑ "Venezuela – intangible heritage". https://ich.unesco.org/en/state/venezuela-bolivarian-republic-of-VE.
70. ↑ "Bolivia – intangible heritage". https://ich.unesco.org/en/state/bolivia-plurinational-state-of-BO.
71. ↑ "Brazil – intangible heritage". https://ich.unesco.org/en/state/brazil-BR.
72. ↑ "Germany – intangible heritage". https://ich.unesco.org/en/state/germany-DE.
73. ↑ "Hungary – intangible heritage". https://ich.unesco.org/en/state/hungary-HU.
74. ↑ "Slovakia – intangible heritage". https://ich.unesco.org/en/state/slovakia-SK.
75. ↑ "Tunisia – intangible heritage". https://ich.unesco.org/en/state/tunisia-TN.
76. ↑ "Turkmenistan". https://ich.unesco.org/en/state/turkmenistan-TM.
77. ↑ "Bulgaria – intangible heritage". https://ich.unesco.org/en/state/bulgaria-BG.
78. ↑ "Malaysia – intangible heritage". https://ich.unesco.org/en/state/malaysia-MY.
79. ↑ "Mali – intangible heritage". https://ich.unesco.org/en/state/mali-ML.
80. ↑ "Mauritania – intangible heritage". https://ich.unesco.org/en/state/mauritania-MR.
81. ↑ "Palestine – intangible heritage". https://ich.unesco.org/en/state/palestine-PS.
82. ↑ "Syria – intangible heritage". https://ich.unesco.org/en/state/syrian-arab-republic-SY.
83. ↑ "Armenia – intangible heritage". https://ich.unesco.org/en/state/armenia-AM.
84. ↑ "Cuba – intangible heritage". https://ich.unesco.org/en/state/cuba-CU.
85. ↑ "Cyprus – intangible heritage". https://ich.unesco.org/en/state/cyprus-CY.
86. ↑ "Nigeria – intangible heritage". https://ich.unesco.org/en/state/nigeria-NG.
87. ↑ "Belarus – intangible heritage". https://ich.unesco.org/en/state/belarus-BY.
88. ↑ "Cambodia – intangible heritage". https://ich.unesco.org/en/state/cambodia-KH.
89. ↑ "Estonia – intangible heritage". https://ich.unesco.org/en/state/estonia-EE.
90. ↑ "Ethiopia – intangible heritage". https://ich.unesco.org/en/state/ethiopia-ET.
91. ↑ "Kuwait – intangible heritage". https://ich.unesco.org/en/state/kuwait-KW.
92. ↑ "Philippines – intangible heritage". https://ich.unesco.org/en/state/philippines-PH.
93. ↑ "Poland – intangible heritage". https://ich.unesco.org/en/state/poland-PL.
94. ↑ "Qatar – intangible heritage". https://ich.unesco.org/en/state/qatar-QA.
95. ↑ "Slovenia – intangible heritage" (in en). https://ich.unesco.org/en/state/slovenia-SI.
96. ↑ "Ukraine – intangible heritage". https://ich.unesco.org/en/state/ukraine-UA.
97. ↑ "UNESCO - Bangladesh" (in en). https://ich.unesco.org/en/state/bangladesh-BD.
98. ↑ "Bosnia and Herzegovina – intangible heritage". https://ich.unesco.org/en/state/bosnia-and-herzegovina-BA.
99. ↑ "Kenya – intangible heritage". https://ich.unesco.org/en/state/kenya-KE.
100. ↑ "Luxembourg – intangible heritage". https://ich.unesco.org/en/state/luxembourg-LU.
101. ↑ "Malawi – intangible heritage". https://ich.unesco.org/en/state/malawi-MW.
102. ↑ "North Macedonia – intangible heritage". https://ich.unesco.org/en/state/north-macedonia-MK.
103. ↑ "Norway – intangible heritage". https://ich.unesco.org/en/state/norway-NO.
104. ↑ "Serbia – intangible heritage". https://ich.unesco.org/en/state/serbia-RS.
105. ↑ "Sudan – intangible heritage". https://ich.unesco.org/en/state/sudan-SD.
106. ↑ "Thailand – intangible heritage". https://ich.unesco.org/en/state/thailand-TH.
107. ↑ "Uganda – intangible heritage". https://ich.unesco.org/en/state/uganda-UG.
108. ↑ "Yemen – intangible heritage". https://ich.unesco.org/en/state/yemen-YE.
109. ↑ "Zambia – intangible heritage". https://ich.unesco.org/en/state/zambia-ZM.
110. ↑ "Afghanistan – intangible heritage". https://ich.unesco.org/en/state/afghanistan-AF.
111. ↑ "Albania – intangible heritage". https://ich.unesco.org/en/state/albania-AL.
112. ↑ "Bahrain – intangible heritage". https://ich.unesco.org/en/state/bahrain-BH.
113. ↑ "Dominican Republic – intangible heritage". https://ich.unesco.org/en/state/dominican-republic-DO.
114. ↑ "Georgia – intangible heritage". https://ich.unesco.org/en/state/georgia-GE.
115. ↑ "Guatemala – intangible heritage". https://ich.unesco.org/en/state/guatemala-GT.
116. ↑ "Ireland – intangible heritage". https://ich.unesco.org/en/state/ireland-IE.
117. ↑ "Ivory Coast – intangible heritage". https://ich.unesco.org/en/state/cote-d-ivoire-CI.
118. ↑ "Moldova – intangible heritage". https://ich.unesco.org/en/state/republic-of-moldova-MD.
119. ↑ "Netherlands – intangible heritage". https://ich.unesco.org/en/state/netherlands-NL.
120. ↑ "North Korea – intangible heritage". https://ich.unesco.org/en/state/democratic-people-s-republic-of-korea-KP.
121. ↑ "Panama – intangible heritage". https://ich.unesco.org/en/state/panama-PA.
122. ↑ "Andorra – intangible heritage". https://ich.unesco.org/en/state/andorra-AD.
123. ↑ "Argentina – intangible heritage". https://ich.unesco.org/en/state/argentina-AR.
124. ↑ "Botswana – intangible heritage". https://ich.unesco.org/en/state/botswana-BW.
125. ↑ "Cameroon – intangible heritage". https://ich.unesco.org/en/state/cameroon-CM.
126. ↑ "Chile". UNESCO Intangible Cultural Heritage. https://ich.unesco.org/en/state/chile-CL.
127. ↑ "Ecuador – intangible heritage". https://ich.unesco.org/en/state/ecuador-EC.
128. ↑ "Finland – intangible heritage". https://ich.unesco.org/en/state/finland-FI.
129. ↑ "Lithuania – intangible heritage". https://ich.unesco.org/en/state/lithuania-LT.
130. ↑ "Madagascar – intangible heritage". https://ich.unesco.org/en/state/madagascar-MG.
131. ↑ "Mauritius – intangible heritage". https://ich.unesco.org/en/state/mauritius-MU.
132. ↑ "Pakistan – intangible heritage". https://ich.unesco.org/en/state/pakistan-PK.
133. ↑ "Paraguay – intangible heritage". https://ich.unesco.org/en/state/paraguay-PY.
134. ↑ "Sweden – intangible heritage". https://ich.unesco.org/en/state/sweden-SE.
135. ↑ "Djibouti". https://ich.unesco.org/en/state/djibouti-DJ.
136. ↑ "Haiti". https://ich.unesco.org/en/state/haiti-HT.
137. ↑ "Jamaica". https://ich.unesco.org/en/state/jamaica-JM.
138. ↑ "Latvia". https://ich.unesco.org/en/state/latvia-LV.
139. ↑ "Lebanon". UNESCO Intangible Cultural Heritage. https://ich.unesco.org/en/state/lebanon-LB.
140. ↑ "Mozambique – intangible heritage". https://ich.unesco.org/en/state/mozambique-MZ.
141. ↑ "Senegal". UNESCO Intangible Cultural Heritage. https://ich.unesco.org/en/state/senegal-SN.
142. ↑ "Sri Lanka – intangible heritage". https://ich.unesco.org/en/state/sri-lanka-LK.
143. ↑ "Togo". UNESCO Intangible Cultural Heritage. https://ich.unesco.org/en/state/togo-TG.
144. ↑ "Belize". UNESCO Intangible Cultural Heritage. https://ich.unesco.org/en/state/belize-BZ.
145. ↑ "Denmark". UNESCO Intangible Cultural Heritage. https://ich.unesco.org/en/state/denmark-DK.
146. ↑ "Honduras". UNESCO Intangible Cultural Heritage. https://ich.unesco.org/en/state/honduras-HN.
147. ↑ "Iceland". UNESCO Intangible Cultural Heritage. https://ich.unesco.org/en/state/iceland-IS.
148. ↑ "Ghana". UNESCO Intangible Cultural Heritage. https://ich.unesco.org/en/state/ghana-GH.
149. ↑ "Congo". UNESCO Intangible Cultural Heritage. https://ich.unesco.org/en/state/congo-CG.
150. ↑ "Namibia". UNESCO Intangible Cultural Heritage. https://ich.unesco.org/en/state/namibia-NA.
151. ↑ "Nicaragua". UNESCO Intangible Cultural Heritage. https://ich.unesco.org/en/state/nicaragua-NI.
152. ↑ "Niger". UNESCO Intangible Cultural Heritage. https://ich.unesco.org/en/state/niger-NE.
153. ↑ "Russia". UNESCO Intangible Cultural Heritage. https://ich.unesco.org/en/state/russian-federation-RU.
154. ↑ "Somalia". UNESCO Intangible Cultural Heritage. https://ich.unesco.org/en/state/somalia-SO.
155. ↑ "Uruguay". UNESCO Intangible Cultural Heritage. https://ich.unesco.org/en/state/uruguay-UY.
156. ↑ "Zimbabwe". UNESCO Intangible Cultural Heritage. https://ich.unesco.org/en/state/zimbabwe-ZW.
157. ↑ "Angola". UNESCO Intangible Cultural Heritage. https://ich.unesco.org/en/state/angola-AO.
158. ↑ "Bahamas". UNESCO Intangible Cultural Heritage. https://ich.unesco.org/en/state/bahamas-BS.
159. ↑ "Bhutan". UNESCO Intangible Cultural Heritage. https://ich.unesco.org/en/state/bhutan-BT.
160. ↑ "Burkina Faso". UNESCO Intangible Cultural Heritage. https://ich.unesco.org/en/state/burkina-faso-BF.
161. ↑ "Burundi". UNESCO Intangible Cultural Heritage. https://ich.unesco.org/en/state/burundi-BI.
162. ↑ "Central African Republic". UNESCO Intangible Cultural Heritage. https://ich.unesco.org/en/state/central-african-republic-CF.
163. ↑ "Chad". UNESCO Intangible Cultural Heritage. https://ich.unesco.org/en/state/comoros-KM.
164. ↑ "Comoros". UNESCO Intangible Cultural Heritage. https://ich.unesco.org/en/state/comoros-KM.
165. ↑ 165.0 165.1 "Democratic Republic of the Congo". UNESCO Intangible Cultural Heritage. https://ich.unesco.org/en/state/democratic-republic-of-the-congo-CD.
166. ↑ "El Salvador". UNESCO Intangible Cultural Heritage. https://ich.unesco.org/en/state/el-salvador-SV.
167. ↑ "Gambia". UNESCO Intangible Cultural Heritage. https://ich.unesco.org/en/state/gambia-GM.
168. ↑ "Guinea". UNESCO Intangible Cultural Heritage. https://ich.unesco.org/en/state/guinea-GN.
169. ↑ "Libya". UNESCO Intangible Cultural Heritage. https://ich.unesco.org/en/state/libya-LY.
170. ↑ "Myanmar". UNESCO Intangible Cultural Heritage. https://ich.unesco.org/en/state/myanmar-MM.
171. ↑ "Rwanda". UNESCO Intangible Cultural Heritage. https://ich.unesco.org/en/state/rwanda-RW.
172. ↑ "Vanuatu". UNESCO Intangible Cultural Heritage. https://ich.unesco.org/en/state/vanuatu-VU.

## Further reading

* Petrillo Pier Luigi, Biocultural diversity and the Mediterranean Diet, in FAO, Sustainable diets and biodiversity, Rome 2012
* Petrillo Pier Luigi, The Legal Protection of Intangible Cultural Heritage. A comparative Perspective, Springer 2020

## External links

| Wikivoyage has a travel guide for UNESCO Intangible Cultural Heritage.

|

* Official website
* Definitions of Intangible Cultural Heritage as of States, IGOs and NGOs in 2001
* Full text of the Convention
* What Is ICH? document from Newfoundland, Canada
* Exploring a Model of Living Cultural Heritage New model of Intangible heritage
* Culture Quintessence Internationally oriented enterprise dedicated to the protection, appreciation and transmission of Intangible Cultural Heritage
* Dédalo. Open source software for management of Cultural Heritage (tangible and intangible) and Oral History
* Intangible Spanish heritage

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