Executive Order: Restoring Gold Standard Science (Donald Trump, 2025)

Donald Trump's executive orders
(second term)

Recent executive orders:
Continuing the Suspension of Duty-free De Minimis Treatment for All Countries

Ending Certain Tariff Actions

Promoting the National Defense by Ensuring an Adequate Supply of Elemental Phosphorus and Glyphosate-based Herbicides

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Previous executive orders:

Select an order:Executive Order: Strengthening United States National Defense With America’s Beautiful Clean Coal Power Generation Fleet (Donald Trump, 2026)Executive Order: Modifying Duties to Address Threats to the United States By the Government of the Russian Federation (Donald Trump, 2026)Executive Order: Establishing an America First Arms Transfer Strategy (Donald Trump, 2026)Executive Order: Protecting the National Security and Welfare of the United States and Its Citizens From Criminal Actors And Other Public Safety Threats (Donald Trump, 2026)Addressing Threats to the United States By the Government of Iran (February 6, 2026)Celebrating American Greatness With American Motor Racing (January 30, 2026)Addressing Threats to the United States by the Government of Cuba (January 29, 2026)Addressing Addiction Through the Great American Recovery Initiative (January 29, 2026)Addressing State and Local Failures to Rebuild Los Angeles After Wildfire Disasters (January 28, 2026)Continuance of the Federal Emergency Management Agency Review Council (January 26, 2026)Stopping Wall Street From Competing With Main Street Homebuyers (January 20, 2026)Establishing a Second Emergency Board to Investigate Disputes Between the Long Island Rail Road Company and Certain of its Employees Represented by Certain Labor Organizations (January 14, 2026)Safeguarding Venezuelan Oil Revenue for the Good of the American and Venezuelan People (January 9, 2026)Prioritizing the Warfighter in Defense Contracting (January 7, 2026)Regarding the Acquisition of Certain Assets of Emcore Corporation by HieFo Corporation (January 2, 2026)Adjustments of Certain Rates of Pay (December 18, 2025)Ensuring American Space Superiority (December 18, 2025)Providing for the Closing of Executive Departments and Agencies of the Federal Government on December 24, 2025, and December 26, 2025 (December 18, 2025)Increasing Medical Marijuana and Cannabidiol Research (December 18, 2025)Designating Fentanyl as a Weapon of Mass Destruction (December 15, 2025)Protecting American Investors From Foreign-Owned and Politically-Motivated Proxy Advisors (December 11, 2025)Ensuring a National Policy Framework for Artificial Intelligence (December 11, 2025)Addressing Security Risks From Price Fixing and Anti-Competitive Behavior in the Food Supply Chain (December 6, 2025)Launching the Genesis Mission (November 24, 2025)Designation of Certain Muslim Brotherhood Chapters as Foreign Terrorist Organizations and Specially Designated Global Terrorists (November 24, 2025)Modifying the Scope of Tariffs on the Government of Brazil (November 20, 2025)Modifying the Scope of the Reciprocal Tariff With Respect to Certain Agricultural Products (November 17, 2025)Fostering the Future for American Children and Families (November 13, 2025)Modifying Duties Addressing the Synthetic Opioid Supply Chain in the People's Republic of China (November 4, 2025)Modifying Reciprocal Tariff Rates Consistent With the Economic and Trade Arrangement Between the United States and the People's Republic of China (November 4, 2025)Ensuring Continued Accountability in Federal Hiring (October 15, 2025)Unlocking Cures for Pediatric Cancer with Artificial Intelligence (September 30, 2025)Continuance of Certain Federal Advisory Committees (September 29, 2025)Saving TikTok While Protecting National Security (September 25, 2025)Designating Antifa as a Domestic Terrorist Organization (September 22, 2025)The Gold Card (September 19, 2025)Establishing an Emergency Board to Investigate Disputes Between the Long Island Rail Road Company and Certain of its Employees Represented by Certain Labor Organizations (September 16, 2025)Further Extending the TikTok Enforcement Delay (September 16, 2025)Restoring the United States Department of War (September 5, 2025)Modifying the Scope of Reciprocal Tariffs and Establishing Procedures for Implementing Trade and Security Agreements (September 5, 2025)Strengthening Efforts to Protect U.S. Nationals From Wrongful Detention Abroad (September 5, 2025)Implementing the United States-Japan Agreement (September 4, 2025)Further Exclusions From the Federal Labor-Management Relations Program (August 28, 2025)Making Federal Architecture Beautiful Again (August 28, 2025)Taking Steps to End Cashless Bail to Protect Americans (August 25, 2025)Measures to End Cashless Bail and Enforce the Law in the District of Columbia (August 25, 2025)Prosecuting Burning of the American Flag (August 25, 2025)Additional Measures to Address the Crime Emergency in the District of Columbia (August 25, 2025)Improving Our Nation Through Better Design (August 21, 2025)Revocation of Executive Order on Competition (August 13, 2025)Enabling Competition in the Commercial Space Industry (August 13, 2025)Ensuring American Pharmaceutical Supply Chain Resilience by Filling the Strategic Active Pharmaceutical Ingredients Reserve (August 13, 2025)Further Modifying Reciprocal Tariff Rates to Reflect Ongoing Discussions With the People's Republic of China (August 11, 2025)Declaring a Crime Emergency in the District of Columbia (August 11, 2025)Improving Oversight of Federal Grantmaking (August 7, 2025)Guaranteeing Fair Banking for All Americans (August 7, 2025)Democratizing Access to Alternative Assets for 401(k) Investors (August 7, 2025)Addressing Threats to the United States by the Government of the Russian Federation (August 6, 2025)Establishing the White House Task Force on the 2028 Summer Olympics (August 5, 2025)Further Modifying the Reciprocal Tariff Rates (July 31, 2025)President's Council on Sports, Fitness, and Nutrition, and the Reestablishment of the Presidential Fitness Test (July 31, 2025)Amendment to Duties to Address the Flow of Illicit Drugs Across our Northern Border (July 31, 2025)Addressing Threats to the United States by the Government of Brazil (July 30, 2025)Suspending Duty-Free De Minimis Treatment for All Countries (July 30, 2025)Saving College Sports (July 24, 2025)Ending Crime and Disorder on America's Streets (July 24, 2025)Preventing Woke AI in the Federal Government (July 23, 2025)Accelerating Federal Permitting of Data Center Infrastructure (July 23, 2025)Promoting the Export of the American AI Technology Stack (July 23, 2025)Creating Schedule G in the Excepted Service (July 18, 2025)Extending the Modification of the Reciprocal Tariff Rates (July 8, 2025)Ending Market Distorting Subsidies for Unreliable, Foreign Controlled Energy Sources (July 8, 2025)Making America Beautiful Again by Improving Our National Parks (July 3, 2025)Establishing the President's Make America Beautiful Again Commission (July 3, 2025)Providing for the Revocation of Syria Sanctions (June 30, 2025)Further Extending the TikTok Enforcement Delay (June 19, 2025)Implementing the General Terms of the United States of America-United Kingdom Economic Prosperity Deal (June 17, 2025)Regarding the Proposed Acquisition of United States Steel Corporation by Nippon Steel Corporation (June 13, 2025)Empowering Commonsense Wildfire Prevention and Response (June 12, 2025)Leading the World in Supersonic Flight (June 6, 2025)Restoring American Airspace Sovereignty (June 6, 2025)Unleashing American Drone Dominance (June 6, 2025)Sustaining Select Efforts to Strengthen the Nation's Cybersecurity and Amending Executive Order 13694 and Executive Order 14144 (June 6, 2025)Deploying Advanced Nuclear Reactor Technologies for National Security (May 23, 2025)Ordering the Reform of the Nuclear Regulatory Commission (May 23, 2025)Reforming Nuclear Reactor Testing at the Department of Energy (May 23, 2025)Reinvigorating the Nuclear Industrial Base (May 23, 2025)Restoring Gold Standard Science (May 23, 2025)Modifying Reciprocal Tariff Rates to Reflect Discussions With the People's Republic of China (May 13, 2025)Delivering Most-Favored-Nation Prescription Drug Pricing to American Patients (May 13, 2025)Fighting Overcriminalization in Federal Regulations (May 9, 2025)Increasing Efficiency at the Office of the Federal Register (May 9, 2025)Keeping Promises to Veterans and Establishing a National Center for Warrior Independence (May 9, 2025)Improving the Safety and Security of Biological Research (May 5, 2025)Regulatory Relief to Promote Domestic Production of Critical Medicines (May 5, 2025)Establishment of the Religious Liberty Commission (May 1, 2025)Ending Taxpayer Subsidization of Biased Media (May 1, 2025)Addressing Certain Tariffs on Imported Articles (April 29, 2025)Strengthening and Unleashing America's Law Enforcement to Pursue Criminals and Protect Innocent Citizens (April 28, 2025)Protecting American Communities from Criminal Aliens (April 28, 2025)Enforcing Commensense Rules of the Road for America's Truck Drivers (April 28, 2025)Unleashing America's Offshore Critical Minerals and Resources (April 24, 2025)Strengthening Probationary Periods in the Federal Service (April 24, 2025)Advancing Artificial Intelligence Education for American Youth (April 23, 2025)Restoring Equality of Opportunity and Meritocracy (April 23, 2025)Reinstating Common Sense School Discipline Policies (April 23, 2025)Preparing Americans for High-Paying Skilled Trade Jobs of the Future (April 23, 2025)White House Initiative to Promote Excellence and Innovation at Historically Black Colleges and Universities (April 23, 2025)Reforming Accreditation to Strengthen Higher Education (April 23, 2025)Transparency Regarding Foreign Influence at American Universities (April 23, 2025)Restoring American Seafood CompetitivenessEnsuring Commercial, Cost-Effective Solutions in Federal Contracts (April 16, 2025)Restoring Common Sense to Federal Procurement (April 15, 2025)Lowering Drug Prices by Once Again Putting Americans First (April 15, 2025)Ensuring National Security and Economic Resilience Through Section 232 Actions on Processed Critical Minerals and Derivative Products (April 15, 2025)Restoring Common Sense to Federal Office Space Management (April 15, 2025)Modifying Reciprocal Tariff Rates to Reflect Trading Partner Retaliation and Alignment (April 9, 2025)Addressing Risks From Susman Godfrey (April 9, 2025)Modernizing Defense Acquisitions and Spurring Innovation in the Defense Industrial Base (April 9, 2025)Restoring America's Maritime Dominance (April 9, 2025)Reducing Anti-Competitive Regulatory Barriers (April 9, 2025)Zero-Based Regulatory Budgeting To Unleash American Energy (April 9, 2025)Reforming Foreign Defense Sales To Improve Speed and Accountability (April 9, 2025)Maintaining Acceptable Water Pressure in Showerheads (April 9, 2025)Amendment to Reciprocal Tariffs and Updated Duties As Applied to Low-Value Imports From the People's Republic of China (April 8, 2025)Reinvigorating America’s Beautiful Clean Coal Industry and Amending Executive Order 14241 (April 8, 2025)Protecting American Energy From State Overreach (April 8, 2025)Strengthening the Reliability and Security of the United States Electric Grid (April 8, 2025)Extending the TikTok Enforcement Delay (April 4, 2025)Regulating Imports with a Reciprocal Tariff to Rectify Trade Practices that Contribute to Large and Persistent Annual United States Goods Trade Deficits (April 2, 2025)Further Amendment to Duties Addressing the Synthetic Opioid Supply Chain in the People’s Republic of China as Applied to Low-Value Imports (April 2, 2025)Combating Unfair Practices in the Live Entertainment Market (March 31, 2025)Establishing the United States Investment Accelerator (March 31, 2025)Making the District of Columbia Safe and Beautiful (March 28, 2025)Addressing Risks From WilmerHale (March 27, 2025)Exclusions From Federal Labor-Management Relations Programs (March 27, 2025)Restoring Truth and Sanity to American History (March 27, 2025)Modernizing Payments To and From America’s Bank Account (March 25, 2025)Protecting America’s Bank Account Against Fraud, Waste, and Abuse (March 25, 2025)Preserving and Protecting the Integrity of American Elections (March 25, 2025)Addressing Risks from Jenner & Block (March 25, 2025)Imposing Tariffs on Countries Importing Venezuelan Oil (March 24, 2025)Addressing Remedial Action by Paul Weiss (March 21, 2025)Stopping Waste, Fraud, and Abuse by Eliminating Information Silos (March 20, 2025)Eliminating Waste and Saving Taxpayer Dollars by Consolidating Procurement (March 20, 2025)Immediate Measures to Increase American Mineral Production (March 20, 2025)Improving Education Outcomes by Empowering Parents, States, and Communities (March 20, 2025)Achieving Efficiency Through State and Local Preparedness (March 19, 2025)Continuing the Reduction of the Federal Bureaucracy (March 14, 2025)Addressing Risks From Paul Weiss (March 14, 2025)Additional Rescissions of Harmful Executive Orders and Actions (March 14, 2025)Establishing the White House Task Force on the FIFA World Cup 2026 (March 7, 2025)Restoring Public Service Loan Forgiveness (March 7, 2025)Amendment to Duties to Address the Flow of Illicit Drugs Across Our Northern Border (March 6, 2025)Addressing Risks from Perkins Coie LLP (March 6, 2025)Amendment to Duties to Address the Flow of Illicit Drugs Across Our Southern Border (March 6, 2025)Establishment of the Strategic Bitcoin Reserve And United States Digital Asset Stockpile (March 6, 2025)Honoring Jocelyn Nungaray (March 5, 2025)Further Amendment to Duties Addressing the Synthetic Opioid Supply Chain in the People's Republic of China (March 3, 2025)Amendment to Duties to Address the Situation at our Southern Border (March 2, 2025)Amendment to Duties to Address the Flow of Illicit Drugs across our Northern Border (March 2, 2025)Addressing The Threat To National Security from Imports of Timber, Lumber (March 1, 2025)Immediate Expansion of American Timber Production (March 1, 2025)Designating English as the Official Language of The United States (March 1, 2025)Implementing the President's "Department of Government Efficiency" Cost Efficiency Initiative (February 26, 2025)Addressing the Threat to National Security From Imports of Copper (February 25, 2025)Making America Healthy Again by Empowering Patients with Clear, Accurate, and Actionable Healthcare Pricing Information (February 25, 2025)Ending Taxpayer Subsidization of Open Borders (February 19, 2025)Ensuring Lawful Governance and Implementing the President's "Department of Government Efficiency" Deregulatory Initiative (February 19, 2025)Commencing the Reduction of the Federal Bureaucracy (February 19, 2025)Ensuring Accountability for All Agencies (February 18, 2025)Expanding Access to In Vitro Fertilization (February 18, 2025)Keeping Education Accessible and Ending Covid-19 Vaccine Mandates in Schools (February 15, 2025)Establishing the National Energy Dominance Council (February 14, 2025)Establishing the President's Make America Healthy Again Commission (February 13, 2025)One Voice for America’s Foreign Relations (February 12, 2025)Implementing The President’s “Department of Government Efficiency” Workforce Optimization Initiative (February 11, 2025)Pausing Foreign Corrupt Practices Act Enforcement to Further American Economic and National Security (February 10, 2025)Eliminating the Federal Executive Institute (February 10, 2025)Ending Procurement and Forced Use of Paper Straws (February 10, 2025)Addressing Egregious Actions of The Republic of South Africa (February 7, 2025)Establishment of The White House Faith Office (February 7, 2025)Protecting Second Amendment Rights (February 7, 2025)Imposing Sanctions on the International Criminal Court (February 6, 2025)Eradicating Anti-Christian Bias (February 6, 2025)Amendment to Duties Addressing the Synthetic Opioid Supply Chain in the People's Republic of China (February 5, 2025)Keeping Men Out of Women’s Sports (February 5, 2025)Withdrawing the United States From and Ending Funding to Certain United Nations Organizations and Reviewing United States Support to All International Organizations (February 4, 2025)Progress on the Situation at Our Northern Border (February 3, 2025)A Plan For Establishing A United States Sovereign Wealth Fund (February 3, 2025)Progress on the Situation At Our Southern Border (February 3, 2025)Imposing Duties to Address the Flow of Illicit Drugs Across Our Northern Border (February 1, 2025)Imposing Duties to Address the Synthetic Opioid Supply Chain in the People’s Republic of China (February 1, 2025)Unleashing Prosperity Through Deregulation (January 31, 2025)Imposing Duties to Address the Situation at Our Southern Border (February 1, 2025)Additional Measures to Combat Anti-Semitism (January 29, 2025)Celebrating America’s 250th Birthday (January 29, 2025)Ending Radical Indoctrination in K-12 Schooling (January 29, 2025)Expanding Educational Freedom and Opportunity for Families (January 29, 2025)Protecting Children From Chemical And Surgical Mutilation (January 28, 2025)Reinstating Service Members Discharged Under The Military's COVID-19 Vaccination Mandate (January 27, 2025)Restoring America's Fighting Force (January 27, 2025)Prioritizing Military Excellence And Readiness (January 27, 2025)The Iron Dome For America (January 27, 2025)Enforcing The Hyde Amendment (January 24, 2025)Emergency Measures To Provide Water Resources In California And Improve Disaster Response In Certain Areas (January 24, 2025)Council To Assess The Federal Emergency Management Agency (January 24, 2025)Removing Barriers to American Leadership in Artificial Intelligence (January 23, 2025)President's Council of Advisors on Science and Technology (January 23, 2025)Declassification of Records Concerning the Assassinations of President John F. Kennedy, Senator Robert F. Kennedy, and the Reverend Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr. (January 23, 2025)Strengthening American Leadership In Digital Financial Technology (January 23, 2025)Designation of Ansar Allah As A Foreign Terrorist Organization (January 22, 2025)Ending Illegal Discrimination and Restoring Merit-Based Opportunity (January 21, 2025)Revocation of Certain Executive Orders (January 21, 2025)Restoring Names That Honor American Greatness (January 20, 2025)Designating Cartels And Other Organizations As Foreign Terrorist Organizations And Specially Designated Global Terrorists (January 20, 2025)Ending Radical And Wasteful Government DEI Programs And Preferencing (January 20, 2025)Reforming The Federal Hiring Process And Restoring Merit To Government Service (January 20, 2025)Defending Women From Gender Ideology Extremism And Restoring Biological Truth To The Federal Government (January 20, 2025)Establishing And Implementing The President’s “Department Of Government Efficiency” (January 20, 2025)America First Policy Directive To The Secretary Of State (January 20, 2025)Reevaluating And Realigning United States Foreign Aid (January 20, 2025)Protecting The United States From Foreign Terrorists And Other National Security And Public Safety Threats (January 20, 2025)Unleashing Alaska’s Extraordinary Resource Potential (January 20, 2025)Protecting The American People Against Invasion (January 20, 2025)Declaring a National Energy Emergency (January 20, 2025)Securing Our Borders (January 20, 2025)Restoring The Death Penalty And Protecting Public Safety (January 20, 2025)Protecting The Meaning And Value Of American Citizenship (January 20, 2025)Unleashing American Energy (January 20, 2025)Realigning the United States Refugee Admissions Program (January 20, 2025)Holding Former Government Officials Accountable For Election Interference And Improper Disclosure Of Sensitive Governmental Information (January 20, 2025)Clarifying The Military’s Role In Protecting The Territorial Integrity Of The United States (January 20, 2025)Restoring Accountability to Policy-Influencing Positions Within the Federal Workforce (January 20, 2025)Withdrawing the United States from the World Health Organization (January 20, 2025)Application of Protecting Americans from Foreign Adversary Controlled Applications Act to TikTok (January 20, 2025)Putting America First In International Environmental Agreements (January 20, 2025)Restoring Freedom of Speech and Ending Federal Censorship (January 20, 2025)Ending the Weaponization of the Federal Government (January 20, 2025)Initial Rescissions of Harmful Executive Orders and Actions (January 20, 2025)Submit

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Executive Order: Restoring Gold Standard Science is an executive order that President Donald Trump (R) issued on May 23, 2025, during his second term in office.[1]

Executive orders are directives the president writes to officials within the executive branch requiring them to take or stop some action related to policy or management. They are numbered, published in the Federal Register, cite the authority by which the president is making the order, and the Office of Management and Budget issues budgetary impact analyses for each order.[2][3] Click here to read more about executive orders issued during Trump's second term.

## Contents

* 1 Text of the order
* 2 Executive orders in the second term of the Trump administration
* 2.1 March 2026
* 2.2 February 2026
* 2.3 January 2026
* 2.4 December 2025
* 2.5 November 2025
* 2.6 October 2025
* 2.7 September 2025
* 2.8 August 2025
* 2.9 July 2025
* 2.10 June 2025
* 2.11 May 2025
* 2.12 April 2025
* 2.13 March 2025
* 2.14 February 2025
* 2.15 January 2025
* 3 Historical context
* 3.1 Overview, 1789-present
* 3.2 Average number of executive orders issued each year by president, 1921-present
* 3.3 Executive orders issued over time, 2001-present
* 3.4 First day, month, and year executive order totals, 2001-2025
* 4 See also
* 5 Footnotes

## Text of the order[edit]

The section below displays the text of the order. Click here to view the order as published on the White House website.

“  |

By the authority vested in me as President by the Constitution and the laws of the United States of America, including section 7301 of title 5, United States Code, it is hereby ordered:

Section 1. Policy and Purpose. Over the last 5 years, confidence that scientists act in the best interests of the public has fallen significantly. A majority of researchers in science, technology, engineering, and mathematics believe science is facing a reproducibility crisis. The falsification of data by leading researchers has led to high-profile retractions of federally funded research.

Unfortunately, the Federal Government has contributed to this loss of trust. In several notable cases, executive departments and agencies (agencies) have used or promoted scientific information in a highly misleading manner. For example, under the prior Administration, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention issued COVID-19 guidance on reopening schools that incorporated edits by the American Federation of Teachers and was understood to discourage in-person learning. This guidance’s restrictive and burdensome reopening conditions led many schools to remain at least partially closed, resulting in substantial negative effects on educational outcomes — even though the best available scientific evidence showed that children were unlikely to transmit or suffer serious illness or death from the virus, and that opening schools with reasonable mitigation measures would have only minor effects on transmission.

The National Marine Fisheries Service justified a biological opinion by adopting an admitted “worst-case scenario” projection of the North Atlantic right whale population that it believed was “very likely” wrong. The agency’s proposed actions could have destroyed the historic Maine lobster fishery. The D.C. Circuit Court of Appeals subsequently overturned that opinion because the agency’s decision to seek out the worst-case scenario skewed its approach to the evidence.

Similarly, agencies have used Representative Concentration Pathway (RCP) scenario 8.5 to assess the potential effects of climate change in a “higher” warming scenario. RCP 8.5 is a worst-case scenario based on highly unlikely assumptions like end-of-century coal use exceeding estimates of recoverable coal reserves. Scientists have warned that presenting RCP 8.5 as a likely outcome is misleading.

Actions taken by the prior Administration further politicized science, for example, by encouraging agencies to incorporate diversity, equity, and inclusion considerations into all aspects of science planning, execution, and communication. Scientific integrity in the production and use of science by the Federal Government is critical to maintaining the trust of the American people and ensuring confidence in government decisions informed by science.

My Administration is committed to restoring a gold standard for science to ensure that federally funded research is transparent, rigorous, and impactful, and that Federal decisions are informed by the most credible, reliable, and impartial scientific evidence available. We must restore the American people’s faith in the scientific enterprise and institutions that create and apply scientific knowledge in service of the public good. Reproducibility, rigor, and unbiased peer review must be maintained. This order restores the scientific integrity policies of my first Administration and ensures that agencies practice data transparency, acknowledge relevant scientific uncertainties, are transparent about the assumptions and likelihood of scenarios used, approach scientific findings objectively, and communicate scientific data accurately. Agency use of Gold Standard Science, as set forth in this order, will spur innovation, translate discovery to success, and ensure continued American strength and global leadership in technology.

Sec. 2. Definitions. For the purposes of this order:

(a) “Employee” has the meaning given that term in 5 U.S.C. 2105.

(b) “Scientific information” means factual inputs, data, models, analyses, technical information, or scientific assessments related to such disciplines as the behavioral and social sciences, public health and medical sciences, life and earth sciences, engineering, physical sciences, or probability and statistics. This includes any communication or representation of knowledge such as facts or data, in any medium or form, including textual, numerical, graphic, cartographic, narrative, or audiovisual forms.

(c) “Scientific misconduct” means fabrication, falsification, or plagiarism in proposing, performing, reviewing, or reporting the results of scientific research, but does not include honest error or differences of opinion. For the purposes of this definition;

(i) “fabrication” is making up data or results and recording or reporting them;

(ii) “falsification” is manipulating research materials, equipment, or processes, or changing or omitting data or results such that the research is not accurately represented in the research record; and

(iii) “plagiarism” is the appropriation of another person’s ideas, processes, results, or words without giving appropriate credit.

(d) “Senior appointee” means an individual appointed by the President (or an individual performing the functions and duties of an individual appointed by the President) or a non-career member of the Senior Executive Service.

(e) “Weight of scientific evidence” means an approach to scientific evaluation in which each piece of relevant information is considered based on its quality and relevance, and then transparently integrated with other relevant information to inform the scientific evaluation prior to making a judgment about the scientific evaluation. Quality and relevance determinations, at a minimum, should include consideration of study design, fitness for purpose, replicability, peer review, and transparency and reliability of data.

Sec. 3. Restoring Gold Standard Science. (a) Within 30 days of the date of this order, the Director of the Office of Science and Technology Policy (OSTP Director) shall, in consultation with the heads of relevant agencies, issue guidance for agencies on implementation of “Gold Standard Science” in the conduct and management of their respective scientific activities. For the purposes of this order, Gold Standard Science means science conducted in a manner that is:

(i) reproducible;

(ii) transparent;

(iii) communicative of error and uncertainty;

(iv) collaborative and interdisciplinary;

(v) skeptical of its findings and assumptions;

(vi) structured for falsifiability of hypotheses;

(vii) subject to unbiased peer review;

(viii) accepting of negative results as positive outcomes; and

(ix) without conflicts of interest.

(b) Upon publication of the guidance prescribed in subsection (a), each agency head, as necessary and appropriate and in consultation with the Director of the Office of Management and Budget (OMB Director) and the OSTP Director, shall promptly update applicable agency policies governing the production and use of scientific information, including scientific integrity policies, to implement the OSTP Director’s guidance on Gold Standard Science and ensure that agency scientific activities are conducted in accordance with this order.

(c) Each agency head shall, to the extent practicable, incorporate the OSTP Director’s guidance on Gold Standard Science and the requirements of this order into the processes by which their agency conducts, manages, interprets, communicates, and uses scientific or technological information prior to the finalization of the updated policies under this section.

(d) Within 60 days of the publication of the guidance prescribed in section 3(a), agency heads shall report to the OSTP Director on the actions taken to implement Gold Standard Science at their agency.

Sec. 4. Improving the Use, Interpretation, and Communication of Scientific Data. No later than 30 days after the date of this order, agency heads and employees shall adhere to the following rules governing the use, interpretation, and communication of scientific data, unless otherwise provided by law:

(a) Employees shall not engage in scientific misconduct nor knowingly rely on information resulting from scientific misconduct.

(b) Except as prohibited by law, and consistent with relevant policies that protect national security or sensitive personal or confidential business information, agency heads shall in a timely manner and, to the extent practicable and within the agency’s authority:

(i) subject to paragraph (ii), make publicly available the following information within the agency’s possession:

(A) the data, analyses, and conclusions associated with scientific and technological information produced or used by the agency that the agency reasonably assesses will have a clear and substantial effect on important public policies or important private sector decisions (influential scientific information), including data cited in peer-reviewed literature; and

(B) the models and analyses (including, as applicable, the source code for such models) the agency used to generate such influential scientific information. Employees may not invoke exemption 5 to the Freedom of Information Act (5 U.S.C. 552(b)(5)) to prevent disclosure of such models unless authorized in writing to do so by the agency head following prior notice to the OSTP Director.

(ii) risk models used to guide agency enforcement actions or select enforcement targets are not information that must be disclosed under this subsection.

(c) When using scientific information in agency decision-making, employees shall transparently acknowledge and document uncertainties, including how uncertainty propagates throughout any models used in the analysis.

(d) Where employees produce or use scientific information to inform policy or legal determinations they must use science that comports with the legal standards applicable to those determinations, including when agencies evaluate the realistic or reasonably foreseeable effects of an action.

(e) Employees shall be transparent about the likelihood of the assumptions and scenarios used. Highly unlikely and overly precautionary assumptions and scenarios should only be relied upon in agency decision-making where required by law or otherwise pertinent to the agency’s action.

(f) When scientific or technological information is used to inform agency evaluations and subsequent decision-making, employees shall apply a “weight of scientific evidence” approach.

(g) Employees’ communication of scientific information shall be consistent with the results of the relevant analysis and evaluation and, to the extent that uncertainty is present, the degree of uncertainty should be communicated. Communications involving a scientific model or information derived from a scientific model should include reference to any material assumptions that inform the model’s outputs.

(h) Once the guidance on Gold Standard Science is established and promulgated pursuant to section 3 of this order, it shall, among other things, form the basis for employees’ evaluation of all scientific and technological information called for in this order except where otherwise required by law.

Sec. 5. Interim Scientific Integrity Policies. (a) Until the issuance of updated agency scientific integrity policies pursuant to section 3 of this order, and except where required by law:

(i) scientific integrity policies in each agency shall be governed by the scientific integrity policies that existed within the executive branch on January 19, 2021, except that in the event of a conflict between such policies and the policies and requirements of this order, the policies and requirements of this order control; and

(ii) agency heads shall take all necessary actions to reevaluate and, where necessary, revise or rescind scientific integrity policies or procedures, or amendments to such policies or procedures, issued between January 20, 2021, and January 20, 2025.

(iii) each agency head shall promptly revoke any organizational or operational changes, designations, or documents that were issued or enacted pursuant to the Presidential Memorandum of January 27, 2021 (Restoring Trust in Government Through Scientific Integrity and Evidence-Based Policymaking), which was revoked pursuant to Executive Order 14154 and shall conduct applicable agency operations in the manner and revert applicable agency organization to the same form as would have existed in the absence of such changes, designations, or documents.

(b) In updating applicable scientific integrity policies pursuant to section 3 of this order, agencies should ensure they:

(i) encourage the open exchange of ideas;

(ii) provide for consideration of different or dissenting viewpoints; and

(iii) protect employees from efforts to prevent or deter consideration of alternative scientific opinions.

(c) Agencies, unless prohibited by law, shall review agency actions taken between January 20, 2021, and January 20, 2025, including regulations, guidance documents, policies, and scientific evaluations and take all appropriate steps, consistent with law, to ensure alignment with the policies and requirements of this order.

Sec. 6. Scope and Applicability. (a) The policies and rules set forth in this order apply to all employees involved in the generation, use, interpretation, or communication of scientific information, regardless of job classification, and to all agency decision-making, except where precluded by law.

(b) Agency heads and employees shall, to the extent practicable and consistent with applicable law, require agency contractors to adhere to these policies and rules as though they were agency employees.

(c) The policies and rules set forth in this order govern the use of science that informs agency decisions but they are not applicable to non-scientific aspects of agency decision-making.

Sec. 7. Enforcement and Oversight. (a) Each agency head shall establish internal processes to evaluate alleged violations of the requirements of this order and other applicable agency policies governing the generation, use, interpretation, and communication of scientific information. Such processes shall be the responsibility, and administered under the direction, of a senior appointee designated by the agency head and shall provide for taking appropriate measures to correct scientific information in response to violations, consistent with the requirements and procedures of section 515 of the statute commonly known as the Information Quality Act, Public Law 106-554, appendix C (114 Stat. 2763A-153). The designated senior appointee may also forward potential violations to the relevant human resources officials for discipline to the extent the potential violation also violates applicable agency policies and procedures. The designated senior appointee may consult appropriate officials with scientific expertise when establishing such processes.

(b) The processes created under this section are, unless otherwise required by applicable law, the sole and exclusive means of evaluating and, as applicable, addressing alleged violations of this order and other agency policies governing the use, interpretation, and communication of scientific information.

Sec. 8. Waivers. (a) An agency head may request in writing that the OMB Director, in consultation with the OSTP Director, waive any of the requirements of this order for good cause shown. Such request must explain how the requested waiver is consistent with the policies and purposes of this order.

(b) Notwithstanding any other provision of this order, the policies and requirements of this order shall apply to agency actions that pertain to foreign or military affairs, or to a national security or homeland security function of the United States, only to the extent that the applicable agency head, in his or her sole and exclusive discretion, determines they should apply.

Sec. 9. General Provisions. (a) Nothing in this order shall be construed to impair or otherwise affect:

(i) the authority granted by law to an executive department or agency, or the head thereof; or

(ii) the functions of the Director of the Office of Management and Budget relating to budgetary, administrative, or legislative proposals.

(b) This order shall be implemented consistent with applicable law and subject to the availability of appropriations.

(c) This order is not intended to, and does not, create any right or benefit, substantive or procedural, enforceable at law or in equity by any party against the United States, its departments, agencies, or entities, its officers, employees, or agents, or any other person.

(d) The Office of Management and Budget shall provide funding for publication of this order in the Federal Register.[4]

| ”

|
|

## Executive orders in the second term of the Trump administration[edit]

### March 2026[edit]

* Combating Cybercrime, Fraud, And Predatory Schemes Against American Citizens (March 6, 2026)

### February 2026[edit]

* Continuing the Suspension of Duty-free De Minimis Treatment for All Countries (February 20, 2026)
* Ending Certain Tariff Actions (February 20 2026)
* Promoting the National Defense by Ensuring an Adequate Supply of Elemental Phosphorus and Glyphosate-based Herbicides
* Strengthening United States National Defense With America’s Beautiful Clean Coal Power Generation Fleet (February 11, 2026)
* Modifying Duties to Address Threats to the United States By the Government of the Russian Federation (February 6, 2026)
* Establishing an America First Arms Transfer Strategy (February 6, 2026)
* Protecting the National Security and Welfare of the United States and Its Citizens From Criminal Actors And Other Public Safety Threats (February 6, 2026)
* Addressing Threats to the United States By the Government of Iran (February 6, 2026)

Click here to see more of Trump's executive orders organized by month.

### January 2026

* Celebrating American Greatness With American Motor Racing (January 30, 2026)
* Addressing Threats to the United States by the Government of Cuba (January 29, 2026)
* Addressing Addiction Through the Great American Recovery Initiative (January 29, 2026)
* Addressing State and Local Failures to Rebuild Los Angeles After Wildfire Disasters (January 27, 2026)
* Continuance of the Federal Emergency Management Agency Review Council (January 23, 2026)
* Stopping Wall Street From Competing With Main Street Homebuyers (January 20, 2026)
* Establishing a Second Emergency Board to Investigate Disputes Between the Long Island Rail Road Company and Certain of its Employees Represented by Certain Labor Organizations (January 14, 2026)
* Safeguarding Venezuelan Oil Revenue for the Good of the American and Venezuelan People (January 9, 2026)
* Prioritizing the Warfighter in Defense Contracting (January 7, 2026)
* Regarding the Acquisition of Certain Assets of Emcore Corporation by HieFo Corporation (January 2, 2026)

### December 2025

* Adjustments of Certain Rates of Pay (December 18, 2025)
* Ensuring American Space Superiority (December 18, 2025)
* Providing for the Closing of Executive Departments and Agencies of the Federal Government on December 24, 2025, and December 26, 2025 (December 18, 2025)
* Increasing Medical Marijuana and Cannabidiol Research (December 18, 2025)
* Designating Fentanyl as a Weapon of Mass Destruction (December 15, 2025)
* Protecting American Investors From Foreign-Owned and Politically-Motivated Proxy Advisors (December 11, 2025)
* Ensuring a National Policy Framework for Artificial Intelligence (December 11, 2025)
* Addressing Security Risks From Price Fixing and Anti-Competitive Behavior in the Food Supply Chain (December 6, 2025)

### November 2025

* Launching the Genesis Mission (November 24, 2025)
* Designation of Certain Muslim Brotherhood Chapters as Foreign Terrorist Organizations and Specially Designated Global Terrorists (November 24, 2025)
* Modifying the Scope of Tariffs on the Government of Brazil (November 20, 2025)
* Modifying the Scope of the Reciprocal Tariff With Respect to Certain Agricultural Products (November 14, 2025)
* Fostering the Future for American Children and Families (November 13, 2025)
* Modifying Reciprocal Tariff Rates Consistent With the Economic and Trade Arrangement Between the United States and the People's Republic of China (November 4, 2025)
* Modifying Duties Addressing the Synthetic Opioid Supply Chain in the People's Republic of China (November 4, 2025)

### October 2025

* Ensuring Continued Accountability in Federal Hiring (October 15, 2025)

### September 2025

* Unlocking Cures for Pediatric Cancer with Artificial Intelligence (September 30, 2025)
* Continuance of Certain Federal Advisory Committees (September 29, 2025)
* Saving TikTok While Protecting National Security (September 25, 2025)
* Designating Antifa as a Domestic Terrorist Organization (September 22, 2025)
* The Gold Card (September 19, 2025)
* Further Extending the TikTok Enforcement Delay (September 16, 2025)
* Establishing an Emergency Board to Investigate Disputes Between the Long Island Rail Road Company and Certain of its Employees Represented by Certain Labor Organizations (September 16, 2025)
* Restoring the United States Department of War (September 5, 2025)
* Modifying the Scope of Reciprocal Tariffs and Establishing Procedures for Implementing Trade and Security Agreements (September 5, 2025)
* Strengthening Efforts to Protect U.S. Nationals From Wrongful Detention Abroad (September 5, 2025)
* Implementing the United States-Japan Agreement (September 4, 2025)

### August 2025

* Further Exclusions From the Federal Labor-Management Relations Program (August 28, 2025)
* Making Federal Architecture Beautiful Again (August 28, 2025)
* Measures to End Cashless Bail and Enforce the Law in the District of Columbia (August 25, 2025)
* Prosecuting Burning of the American Flag (August 25, 2025)
* Additional Measures to Address the Crime Emergency in the District of Columbia (August 25, 2025)
* Taking Steps to End Cashless Bail to Protect Americans (August 25, 2025)
* Improving Our Nation Through Better Design (August 21, 2025)
* Revocation of Executive Order on Competition (August 13, 2025)
* Enabling Competition in the Commercial Space Industry (August 13, 2025)
* Ensuring American Pharmaceutical Supply Chain Resilience by Filling the Strategic Active Pharmaceutical Ingredients Reserve (August 13, 2025)
* Further Modifying Reciprocal Tariff Rates to Reflect Ongoing Discussions With the People's Republic of China (August 11, 2025)
* Declaring a Crime Emergency in the District of Columbia (August 11, 2025)
* Improving Oversight of Federal Grantmaking (August 7, 2025)
* Guaranteeing Banking for All Americans (August 7, 2025)
* Democratizing Access to Alternative Assets for 401(k) Investors (August 7, 2025)
* Addressing Threats to the United States by the Government of the Russian Federation (August 6, 2025)
* Establishing the White House Task Force on the 2028 Summer Olympics (August 5, 2025)

### July 2025

* Amendment to Duties to Address the Flow of Illicit Drugs Across our Northern Border (July 31, 2025)
* President's Council on Sports, Fitness, and Nutrition, and the Reestablishment of the Presidential Fitness Test (July 31, 2025)
* Further Modifying the Reciprocal Tariff Rates (July 31, 2025)
* Addressing Threats to the United States by the Government of Brazil (July 30, 2025)
* Suspending Duty-Free De Minimis Treatment for All Countries (July 30, 2025)
* Ending Crime and Disorder on America's Streets (July 24, 2025)
* Saving College Sports (July 24, 2025)
* Preventing Woke AI in the Federal Government (July 23, 2025)
* Accelerating Federal Permitting of Data Center Infrastructure (July 23, 2025)
* Promoting the Export of the American AI Technology Stack (July 23, 2025)
* Creating Schedule G in the Excepted Service (July 17, 2025)
* Ending Market Distorting Subsidies for Unreliable, Foreing Controlled Energy Sources (July 7, 2025)
* Extending the Modification of the Reciprocal Tariff Rates (July 7, 2025)
* Establishing the President's Make America Beautiful Again Commission (July 3, 2025)
* Making America Beautiful Again by Improving Our National Parks (July 3, 2025)

### June 2025

* Providing for the Revocation of Syria Sanctions (June 30, 2025)
* Further Extending the TikTok Enforcement Delay (June 19, 2025)
* Implementing the General Terms of the United States of America-United Kingdom Economic Prosperity Deal (June 16, 2025)
* Regarding the Proposed Acquisition of United States Steel Corporation by Nippon Steel Corporation (June 13, 2025)
* Empowering Commonsense Wildfire Prevention and Response (June 12, 2025)
* Leading the World in Supersonic Flight (June 6, 2025)
* Restoring American Airspace Sovereignty (June 6, 2025)
* Unleashing American Drone Dominance (June 6, 2025)
* Sustaining Select Efforts to Strengthen the Nation's Cybersecurity and Amending Executive Order 13694 and Executive Order 14144 (June 6, 2025)

### May 2025

* Deploying Advanced Nuclear Reactor Technologies for National Security (May 23, 2025)
* Ordering the Reform of the Nuclear Regulatory Commission (May 23, 2025)
* Reforming Nuclear Reactor Testing at the Department of Energy (May 23, 2025)
* Reinvigorating the Nuclear Industrial Base (May 23, 2025)
* Restoring Gold Standard Science (May 23, 2025)
* Modifying Reciprocal Tariff Rates to Reflect Discussions With the People's Republic of China (May 12, 2025)
* Delivering Most-Favored-Nation Prescription Drug Pricing to American Patients (May 12, 2025)
* Keeping Promises to Veterans and Establishing a National Center for Warrior Independence (May 9, 2025)
* Increasing Efficiency at the Office of the Federal Register (May 9, 2025)
* Fighting Overcriminalization in Federal Regulations (May 9, 2025)
* Improving the Safety and Security of Biological Research (May 5, 2025)
* Regulatory Relief to Promote Domestic Production of Critical Medicines (May 5, 2025)
* Establishment of the Religious Liberty Commission (May 1, 2025)
* Ending Taxpayer Subsidization of Biased Media (May 1, 2025)

### April 2025

* Addressing Certain Tariffs on Imported Articles (April 29, 2025)
* Enforcing Commensense Rules of the Road for America's Truck Drivers (April 28, 2025)
* Protecting American Communities from Criminal Aliens (April 28, 2025)
* Strengthening and Unleashing America's Law Enforcement to Pursue Criminals and Protect Innocent Citizens (April 28, 2025)
* Strengthening Probationary Periods in the Federal Service (April 24, 2025)
* Unleashing America's Offshore Critical Minerals and Resources (April 24, 2025)
* Transparency Regarding Foreign Influence at American Universities (April 23, 2025)
* Reforming Accreditation to Strengthen Higher Education (April 23, 2025)
* White House Initiative to Promote Excellence and Innovation at Historically Black Colleges and Universities (April 23, 2025)
* Preparing Americans for High-Paying Skilled Trade Jobs of the Future (April 23, 2025)
* Reinstating Common Sense School Discipline Policies (April 23, 2025)
* Restoring Equality of Opportunity and Meritocracy (April 23, 2025)
* Advancing Artificial Intelligence Education for American Youth (April 23, 2025)
* Restoring American Seafood Competitiveness (April 17, 2025)
* Ensuring Commercial, Cost-Effective Solutions in Federal Contracts (April 16, 2025)
* Restoring Common Sense to Federal Procurement (April 15, 2025)
* Lowering Drug Prices by Once Again Putting Americans First (April 15, 2025)
* Ensuring National Security and Economic Resilience Through Section 232 Actions on Processed Critical Minerals and Derivative Products (April 15, 2025)
* Restoring Common Sense to Federal Office Space Management (April 15, 2025)
* Modifying Reciprocal Tariff Rates to Reflect Trading Partner Retaliation and Alignment (April 9, 2025)
* Addressing Risks From Susman Godfrey (April 9, 2025)
* Modernizing Defense Acquisitions and Spurring Innovation in the Defense Industrial Base (April 9, 2025)
* Restoring America's Maritime Dominance (April 9, 2025)
* Reducing Anti-Competitive Regulatory Barriers (April 9, 2025)
* Zero-Based Regulatory Budgeting To Unleash American Energy (April 9, 2025)
* Reforming Foreign Defense Sales To Improve Speed and Accountability (April 9, 2025)
* Maintaining Acceptable Water Pressure in Showerheads (April 9, 2025)
* Strengthening the Reliability and Security of the United States Electric Grid (April 8, 2025)
* Protecting American Energy From State Overreach (April 8, 2025)
* Reinvigorating America’s Beautiful Clean Coal Industry and Amending Executive Order 14241 (April 8, 2025)
* Amendment to Reciprocal Tariffs and Updated Duties As Applied to Low-Value Imports From the People's Republic of China (April 8, 2025)
* Extending the TikTok Enforcement Delay (April 4, 2025)
* Regulating Imports with a Reciprocal Tariff to Rectify Trade Practices that Contribute to Large and Persistent Annual United States Goods Trade Deficits (April 2, 2025)
* Further Amendment to Duties Addressing the Synthetic Opioid Supply Chain in the People’s Republic of China as Applied to Low-Value Imports (April 2, 2025)

### March 2025

* Combating Unfair Practices in the Live Entertainment Market (March 31, 2025)
* Establishing the United States Investment Accelerator (March 31, 2025)
* Making the District of Columbia Safe and Beautiful (March 28, 2025)
* Restoring Truth and Sanity to American History (March 27, 2025)
* Exclusions From Federal Labor-Management Relations Programs (March 27, 2025)
* Addressing Risks From WilmerHale (March 27, 2025)
* Protecting America’s Bank Account Against Fraud, Waste, and Abuse (March 25, 2025)
* Modernizing Payments To and From America’s Bank Account (March 25, 2025)
* Preserving and Protecting the Integrity of American Elections (March 25, 2025)
* Addressing Risks from Jenner & Block (March 25, 2025)
* Imposing Tariffs on Countries Importing Venezuelan Oil (March 24, 2025)
* Addressing Remedial Action by Paul Weiss (March 21, 2025)
* Stopping Waste, Fraud, and Abuse by Eliminating Information Silos (March 20, 2025)
* Eliminating Waste and Saving Taxpayer Dollars by Consolidating Procurement (March 20, 2025)
* Immediate Measures to Increase American Mineral Production (March 20, 2025)
* Improving Education Outcomes by Empowering Parents, States, and Communities (March 20, 2025)
* Achieving Efficiency Through State and Local Preparedness (March 19, 2025)
* Additional Rescissions of Harmful Executive Orders and Actions (March 14, 2025)
* Addressing Risks From Paul Weiss (March 14, 2025)
* Continuing the Reduction of the Federal Bureaucracy (March 14, 2025)
* Establishing the White House Task Force on the FIFA World Cup 2026 (March 7, 2025)
* Restoring Public Service Loan Forgiveness (March 7, 2025)
* Amendment to Duties to Address the Flow of Illicit Drugs Across Our Northern Border (March 6, 2025)
* Addressing Risks from Perkins Coie LLP (March 6, 2025)
* Amendment to Duties to Address the Flow of Illicit Drugs Across Our Southern Border (March 6, 2025)
* Establishment of the Strategic Bitcoin Reserve And United States Digital Asset Stockpile (March 6, 2025)
* Honoring Jocelyn Nungaray (March 5, 2025)
* Further Amendment to Duties Addressing the Synthetic Opioid Supply Chain in the People's Republic of China (March 3, 2025)
* Amendment to Duties to Address the Situation at our Southern Border (March 2, 2025)
* Amendment to Duties to Address the Flow of Illicit Drugs across our Northern Border (March 2, 2025)
* Addressing The Threat To National Security from Imports of Timber, Lumber (March 1, 2025)
* Immediate Expansion of American Timber Production (March 1, 2025)
* Designating English as the Official Language of The United States (March 1, 2025)

### February 2025

* Implementing the President's "Department of Government Efficiency" Cost Efficiency Initiative (February 26, 2025)
* Addressing the Threat to National Security From Imports of Copper (February 25, 2025)
* Making America Healthy Again by Empowering Patients with Clear, Accurate, and Actionable Healthcare Pricing Information (February 25, 2025)
* Commencing the Reduction of the Federal Bureaucracy (February 19, 2025)
* Ensuring Lawful Governance and Implementing the President's "Department of Government Efficiency" Deregulatory Initiative (February 19, 2025)
* Ending Taxpayer Subsidization of Open Borders (February 19, 2025)
* Ensuring Accountability for All Agencies (February 18, 2025)
* Expanding Access to In Vitro Fertilization (February 18, 2025)
* Keeping Education Accessible and Ending Covid-19 Vaccine Mandates in Schools (February 15, 2025)
* Establishing the National Energy Dominance Council (February 14, 2025)
* Establishing the President's Make America Healthy Again Commission (February 13, 2025)
* One Voice for America’s Foreign Relations (February 12, 2025)
* Implementing The President’s “Department of Government Efficiency” Workforce Optimization Initiative (February 11, 2025)
* Pausing Foreign Corrupt Practices Act Enforcement to Further American Economic and National Security (February 10, 2025)
* Eliminating the Federal Executive Institute (February 10, 2025)
* Ending Procurement and Forced Use of Paper Straws (February 10, 2025)
* Addressing Egregious Actions of The Republic of South Africa (February 7, 2025)
* Establishment of The White House Faith Office (February 7, 2025)
* Protecting Second Amendment Rights (February 7, 2025)
* Imposing Sanctions on the International Criminal Court (February 6, 2025)
* Eradicating Anti-Christian Bias (February 6, 2025)
* Amendment to Duties Addressing the Synthetic Opioid Supply Chain in the People's Republic of China (February 5, 2025)
* Keeping Men Out of Women’s Sports (February 5, 2025)
* Withdrawing the United States From and Ending Funding to Certain United Nations Organizations and Reviewing United States Support to All International Organizations (February 4, 2025)
* Progress on the Situation at Our Northern Border (February 3, 2025)
* A Plan For Establishing A United States Sovereign Wealth Fund (February 3, 2025)
* Progress on the Situation At Our Southern Border (February 3, 2025)
* Imposing Duties to Address the Flow of Illicit Drugs Across Our Northern Border (February 1, 2025)
* Imposing Duties to Address the Synthetic Opioid Supply Chain in the People’s Republic of China (February 1, 2025)
* Imposing Duties to Address the Situation at Our Southern Border (February 1, 2025)

### January 2025

* Unleashing Prosperity Through Deregulation (January 31, 2025)
* Additional Measures to Combat Anti-Semitism (January 29, 2025)
* Celebrating America’s 250th Birthday (January 29, 2025)
* Ending Radical Indoctrination in K-12 Schooling (January 29, 2025)
* Expanding Educational Freedom and Opportunity for Families (January 29, 2025)
* Protecting Children From Chemical And Surgical Mutilation (January 29, 2025)
* Reinstating Service Members Discharged Under The Military's COVID-19 Vaccination Mandate (January 27, 2025)
* Restoring America's Fighting Force (January 27, 2025)
* Prioritizing Military Excellence And Readiness (January 27, 2025)
* The Iron Dome For America (January 27, 2025)
* Enforcing The Hyde Amendment (January 24, 2025)
* Emergency Measures To Provide Water Resources In California And Improve Disaster Response In Certain Areas (January 24, 2025)
* Council To Assess The Federal Emergency Management Agency (January 24, 2025)
* Removing Barriers to American Leadership in Artificial Intelligence (January 23, 2025)
* President's Council of Advisors on Science and Technology (January 23, 2025)
* Declassification of Records Concerning the Assassinations of President John F. Kennedy, Senator Robert F. Kennedy, and the Reverend Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr. (January 23, 2025)
* Strengthening American Leadership In Digital Financial Technology (January 23, 2025)
* Designation of Ansar Allah As A Foreign Terrorist Organization (January 22, 2025)
* Ending Illegal Discrimination and Restoring Merit-Based Opportunity (January 21, 2025)
* Revocation of Certain Executive Orders (January 21, 2025)
* Restoring Names That Honor American Greatness (January 20, 2025)
* Designating Cartels And Other Organizations As Foreign Terrorist Organizations And Specially Designated Global Terrorists (January 20, 2025)
* Ending Radical And Wasteful Government DEI Programs And Preferencing (January 20, 2025)
* Reforming The Federal Hiring Process And Restoring Merit To Government Service (January 20, 2025)
* Defending Women From Gender Ideology Extremism And Restoring Biological Truth To The Federal Government (January 20, 2025)
* Establishing And Implementing The President’s “Department Of Government Efficiency” (January 20, 2025)
* America First Policy Directive To The Secretary Of State (January 20, 2025)
* Reevaluating And Realigning United States Foreign Aid (January 20, 2025)
* Protecting The United States From Foreign Terrorists And Other National Security And Public Safety Threats (January 20, 2025)
* Unleashing Alaska’s Extraordinary Resource Potential (January 20, 2025)
* Protecting The American People Against Invasion (January 20, 2025)
* Declaring a National Energy Emergency (January 20, 2025)
* Securing Our Borders (January 20, 2025)
* Restoring The Death Penalty And Protecting Public Safety (January 20, 2025)
* Protecting The Meaning And Value Of American Citizenship (January 20, 2025)
* Unleashing American Energy (January 20, 2025)
* Realigning the United States Refugee Admissions Program (January 20, 2025)
* Holding Former Government Officials Accountable For Election Interference And Improper Disclosure Of Sensitive Governmental Information (January 20, 2025)
* Clarifying The Military’s Role In Protecting The Territorial Integrity Of The United States (January 20, 2025)
* Restoring Accountability to Policy-Influencing Positions Within the Federal Workforce (January 20, 2025)
* Withdrawing the United States from the World Health Organization (January 20, 2025)
* Application of Protecting Americans from Foreign Adversary Controlled Applications Act to TikTok (January 20, 2025)
* Putting America First In International Environmental Agreements (January 20, 2025)
* Restoring Freedom of Speech and Ending Federal Censorship (January 20, 2025)
* Ending the Weaponization of the Federal Government (January 20, 2025)
* Initial Rescissions of Harmful Executive Orders and Actions (January 20, 2025)

## Historical context[edit]

See also: Donald Trump's executive orders and actions, 2025-2026

### Overview, 1789-present[edit]

The following chart shows the number of executive orders and average executive orders per year issued by each president of the United States from 1789 to present.

### Average number of executive orders issued each year by president, 1921-present[edit]

The following chart visualizes the average number of executive orders issued each year between 1921 and present, as noted in the table in the section above. The number of executive orders issued declined during this time period with Presidents Barack Obama (D) and George W. Bush issuing the fewest on average at 35 and 36 each year, respectively.

### Executive orders issued over time, 2001-present[edit]

The chart below displays the number of executive orders issued over time by Biden, Trump, Obama, and Bush.

### First day, month, and year executive order totals, 2001-2025[edit]

The chart below displays the number of executive orders that Biden, Trump, Obama, and Bush issued on their first day in office, first month in office, and first year in office following a presidential transition.

## See also[edit]

* Donald Trump presidential transition, 2024-2025
* Donald Trump's Cabinet, 2025-2026
* Confirmation process for Donald Trump's Cabinet nominees, 2025-2026
* Joe Biden's executive orders and actions
* Presidential election, 2024

## Footnotes[edit]

1. ↑ White House, "Restoring Gold Standard Science," May 23, 2025
2. ↑ Cooper, Phillip. (2014). By Order of the President: The Use and Abuse of Executive Direct Action. Lawrence, KS: University Press of Kansas. (pgs. 21-22)
3. ↑ USA Today, "Presidential memoranda vs. executive orders. What's the difference?" January 24, 2017
4. ↑ Note: This text is quoted verbatim from the original source. Any inconsistencies are attributable to the original source.

v • e

Trump Administration (second term)

Overviews|

Donald Trump presidential transition, 2024-2025 • Donald Trump's Cabinet, 2025-2026 • Confirmation process for Donald Trump's Cabinet nominees, 2025-2026 • Donald Trump's executive orders and actions, 2025-2026 • Tie-breaking votes cast by J.D. Vance in the U.S. Senate • Multistate lawsuits against the federal government during the Trump administration, 2025-2026 • How senators voted on Trump Cabinet nominees, 2025 • Donald Trump: Vetoed legislation, 2025-2026 • Ambassadors appointed by Donald Trump, 2025-2026 • Special envoys by administration • Supreme Court emergency orders related to the Trump administration, 2025-2026 • Trump White House staff, 2025-2026

* * *

Cabinet|

Members not requiring Senate confirmation

* J.D. Vance, vice president
* Susie Wiles, White House chief of staff

Members nominated by the Senate

* Marco Rubio, secretary of state
* Scott Bessent, secretary of the Treasury
* Pete Hegseth, secretary of defense
* Pam Bondi, attorney general
* Howard Lutnick, secretary of commerce
* Lori Chavez-DeRemer, secretary of labor
* Doug Burgum, secretary of the Interior
* Brooke Rollins, secretary of agriculture
* Robert F. Kennedy Jr., secretary of health and human services
* Scott Turner, secretary of housing and urban development
* Linda McMahon, secretary of education
* Sean Duffy, secretary of transportation
* Chris Wright, secretary of energy
* Doug Collins, secretary of veterans affairs
* Jamieson Greer, U.S. trade representative
* Tulsi Gabbard, director of national intelligence
* Michael Waltz, U.S. ambassador to the United Nations
* Lee Zeldin, administrator of the Environmental Protection Agency
* Kelly Loeffler, administrator of the Small Business Administration
* Russell Vought, director of the Office of Management and Budget
* John Ratcliffe, director of the Central Intelligence Agency

* * *

Ballotpedia

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