Paibian

The Paibian is the lowest stage of the Furongian Series of the Cambrian System. The Paibian is also the first age of the Furongian Epoch of the Cambrian Period. It follows the Guzhangian (Miaolingian series of the Cambrian) and is succeeded by the Jiangshanian Stage. The base is defined as the first appearance of the trilobite Glyptagnostus reticulatus around 497 million years ago.[1] The top, or the base of the Jiangshanian is defined as the first appearance of the trilobite Agnostotes orientalis around 494 million years ago.[2]

## Contents

* 1 GSSP
* 2 Major events
* 3 Paleontology
* 4 References
* 5 External links

## GSSP

The name is derived from Paibi, a village in Hunan, China. The GSSP is defined in the "Paibi section" (Wuling Mountains, Huayuan County), an outcrop of the Huaqiao Formation (花桥组). The base is the first occurrence of Glyptagnostus reticulatus which is 396 m above the base of the Huaqiao Formation at the type locality ( [ ⚑ ] 28°23′22″N 109°31′33″E﻿ / ﻿28.3895°N 109.5257°E﻿ / 28.3895; 109.5257).[3]

## Major events

At the turn of the Guzhangian and Paibian ages, an extinction event occurred that reduced the species richness by 45%. This event coincided with Marjuman extinction that can be traced to trilobite and brachiopod assemblages in Laurentia. Two phases of extinction can be traced in the sediments of South China: the first, with a slight decline in species, lasted in Guzhangian, about 1.8 million years; the second, with a sharper decline in richness, lasted 1.2 million years, more in the Paibian. After the extinction, species diversity returned to its previous level.[4]

Steptoean positive carbon isotope excursion (SPICE) began around the Guzhangian-Paibian boundary.[5][4] This event is associated with a global carbon-cycle perturbation. The driving mechanism of this change are not fully understood, but it is believed to be caused by the expansion of anoxic deep water into shallow regions.[6] SPICE event had a noticeable impact on trilobites. A decrease in their diversity is observed at the beginning and at the termination of its interval, which coincides with the Laurentian End-Marjuman Biomere Extinction (EMBE) and the End-Steptoean Biomere Extinction (ESBE), respectively. The SPICE event was accompanied by cooling, which contributed to the recovery of ecosystems after its onset, but the further warming disrupted the circulation of ocean waters and triggered new redox changes that precipitated the ESBE.[7]

## Paleontology

Agnostoid genera, including Glyptagnostus, Homagnostus, Pseudagnostus and Acmarhachis, are known from the Paibian deposits.[8]

## References

1. ↑ Cite error: Invalid `<ref>` tag; no text was provided for refs named `Sanchi2004`
2. ↑ Cite error: Invalid `<ref>` tag; no text was provided for refs named `Peng2011`
3. ↑ "GSSP for the Paibian". https://timescalefoundation.org/gssp/detail.php?periodid=146&top_parentid=77.
4. ↑ 4.0 4.1 Yiying Deng, Junxuan Fan, Shengchao Yang, Yukun Shi, Zhengbo Lu, Huiqing Xu, Zongyuan Sun, Fangqi Zhao, Zhangshuai Hou (2023). "No Furongian Biodiversity Gap: Evidence from South China". Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology 618 (1). doi:10.1016/j.palaeo.2023.111492. Bibcode: 2023PPP...61811492D. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/369096101.
5. ↑ Tin-Wai Ng, Jin-Liang Yuan, Jih-Pai Lin (2014). "The North China Steptoean Positive Carbon Isotope Event: New insights towards understanding a global phenomenon". Geobios 47 (6): 371-387. doi:10.1016/j.geobios.2014.09.003. Bibcode: 2014Geobi..47..371N. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/319469791.
6. ↑ Wenpeng Xia, Karem Azmy, Xu Shenglin, Anqing Chen, Sun Shi, Qian Li, Li Ruixuan, Yixin Dong (2023). "A pilot study of upper Yangtze shallow-water carbonates of the Paibian global marine euxinia: Implications for the late Cambrian SPICE event". Marine and Petroleum Geology 150 (3). doi:10.1016/j.marpetgeo.2023.106146. Bibcode: 2023MarPG.15006146X. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/367968157.
7. ↑ Lei Zhang, Thomas J. Algeo, Laishi Zhao, Tais W. Dahl, Zhong-Qiang Chen, Zihu Zhang, Simon W. Poulton, Nigel C. Hughes, Xueqing Gou, Chao Li (2023). "Environmental and trilobite diversity changes during the middle-late Cambrian SPICE event". Geological Society of America Bulletin 136 (1–2): 810–828. doi:10.1130/B36421.1. https://eprints.whiterose.ac.uk/196063/7/newC-S isotopes-trilobite-SPICE Event_MS_GSAB_B36421R_copy to Simon (1).pdf.
8. ↑ Stephen Westrop, Jennifer Eoff (2012). "Late Cambrian (Furongian; Paibian, Steptoean) Agnostoid Arthropods from the Cow Head Group, Western Newfoundland". Journal of Paleontology 86 (2): 201–237. doi:10.1666/11-034.1. Bibcode: 2012JPal...86..201W. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/261977246.

## External links

* "GSSP of the Furongian Series and Paibian Stage in the Paibi section, Hunan, China". https://timescalefoundation.org/gssp/image.php?periodid=146&top_parentid=77&imageid=435.
* "GSSP Table - Paleozoic Era". https://timescalefoundation.org/gssp/index.php?parentid=77.
* "GSSPs - The Cambrian System 2019". International Commission on Stratigraphy. http://www.palaeontology.geo.uu.se/ISCS/ISCS_GSSPs.html.

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kya = thousands years ago. Mya = millions years ago. Gya = billions years ago.
See also: Geologic time scale

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