Mandala

Buddhist mandala
A Mandala (Sanskrit maṇḍala मंडलः "circle," "completion") refers to sacred geometric device commonly used in the religious practice of Hinduism and Tibetan Buddhism, which serves several religious purposes including establishing a sacred space and as an aid to meditation and trance induction, focusing attention of aspirants and adepts, an abode of a Buddha or bodhisattva, a symbolic map of the universe and pathway to liberation. Mandala has become a generic term for any plan, chart or geometric pattern that represents the cosmos metaphysically or symbolically, a microcosm of the Universe from the human perspective. Its symbolic nature can help one "to access progressively deeper levels of the unconscious, ultimately assisting the meditator to experience a mystical sense of oneness with the ultimate unity from which the cosmos in all its manifold forms arises."[1] The psychoanalyst Carl Jung saw the mandala as "a representation of the unconscious self,"[2] and believed his paintings of mandalas enabled him to identify emotional disorders and work towards wholeness in personality.[3]
Mandals are particularly important in the Tibetan branch of Vajrayana Buddhism, where they are used in Kalachakra initiation ceremonies, and among other things teach impermanence.

Contents

1 Etymology
2 In Hinduism

2.1 Religious use
2.2 Political use


3 In Buddhism

3.1 Theravada Buddhism
3.2 Tibetan Vajrayana

3.2.1 Mandala offering


3.3 Shingon Buddhism
3.4 Nichiren Buddhism
3.5 Pure Land Buddhism


4 In Christianity
5 In Islam
6 Medicine wheel as mandala
7 Other Mandalas
8 Types
9 Notes
10 References
11 Credits


Etymology
The Sanskrit word “Mandala “ is a compound deriving from
manda, which means "essence," and the suffix la, meaning "container" or "possessor."[4] Consequently, "the etymology of the word "mandala" suggests not just a circle but a 'container of essence.'"[5]

In Hinduism
Religious use
 The Sri Yantra.
A Hindu temple's ground floor plan often takes the form of a mandala symbolizing the universe. The lotus is sacred not only because it transcends the darkness of the water and mud where its roots are, but also because of its perfectly symmetrical petals, which resemble a mandala.[6]
Yantra is a Sanskrit word that is derived from the root meaning "to restrain, curb, check".[7][8] Meanings for the noun derived from this root include "that which restrains or fastens, any prop or support," "a fetter," "any instrument or machine," "an amulet, a mystical or astronomical diagram used as an amulet."[9][10]
Some Hindu esoteric practitioners employ yantra, mantra and other items in their sadhana, puja and yajna.[11]
Yantra, or other permutations and cognate phenomena such as Mandala, Rangoli, Kolam, Rangavalli and other sacred geometrical traditions, are endemic throughout Dharmic Traditions.
A Yantra can be viewed as an astronomical map or diagram representing the astronomical position of the planets over a given date and time. It is considered auspicious in Hindu mythology. These yantras are made up on various objects i.e. Paper, Precious stones, Metal Plates and alloys. It is believed that if we, as humans, follow the basic principal of constantly concentrating on the representation, it helps you build Fortunes, as planets above have their peculiar Gravity which governs basic emotions and karma, derived to attain satisfaction. These yantras are basically made on a particular date and time depending on the prescribed procedures defined under vedas.
Yantra in Sanskrit denotes "loom," "instrument" and "machine." Yantra is an aniconic temenos or tabernacle of deva, asura, genius loci or other archetypal entity. Yantra are theurgical device that engender entelecheia. Yantra are realized by sadhu through darshana and samyama. There are numerous yantra. Shri Yantra is often furnished as an example. Yantra contain geometric items and archetypal shapes and patterns, namely—squares, triangles, circles and floral patterns; but may also include bija mantra and more complex and detailed symbols. Bindu is central, core and instrumental to yantra. Yantra function as revelatory conduits of cosmic truths. Yantra, as instrument and spiritual technology, may be appropriately envisioned as prototypical and esoteric concept mapping machines or conceptual looms. Certain yantra are held to embody the energetic signatures of, for example, the Universe, consciousness, ishta-devata. Some Hindu esoteric practitioners employ yantra, mantra and other items of the saṃdhyā-bhāṣā (Bucknell, et al.; 1986: ix) in their sadhana, puja and yajna. Though often rendered in two dimensions through art, yantra are conceived and conceptualised by practitioners as multi-dimensional sacred architecture and in this quality are identical with their correlate the mandala. Meditation and trance induction with Yantra are invested in the various lineages of their transmission as instruments that potentiate the accretion and manifestation of siddhi.
Madhu Khanna, in linking Mantra, Yantra, Ishta-devata, and thoughtforms states:

Mantras, the Sanskrit syllables inscribed on yantras, are essentially 'thought forms' representing divinities or cosmic powers, which exert their influence by means of sound-vibrations.[12]
Political use
 Intersecting mandalas circa 1360: from north to south Lan Xang, Lanna, Sukhothai, Ayutthaya and Angkor.
Mandala means "circle of kings." The mandala is a model for describing the patterns of diffuse political power in early Southeast Asian history. The concept of a mandala counteracts our natural tendency to look for the unified political power of later history, the power of large kingdoms and nation states, in earlier history where local power is more important. In the words of O. W. Wolters who originated the idea in 1982:

"The map of earlier Southeast Asia which evolved from the prehistoric networks of small settlements and reveals itself in historical records was a patchwork of often overlapping mandalas"[13]
In some ways similar to the feudal system of Europe, states were linked in overlord-tributary relationships. Compared to feudalism however, the system gave greater independence to the subordinate states; it emphasised personal rather than official or territorial relationships; and it was often non-exclusive. Any particular area, therefore, could be subject to several powers or none.

In Buddhism
Theravada Buddhism
The mandala can be found in the Atanatiya Sutta[14] in the Digha Nikaya, part of the Pali Canon. This text is frequently chanted.

Tibetan Vajrayana
 Tibetan monks making a temporary "Sand-Mandala" in the City-Hall of Kitzbühel in Austria in 2002
 Details of Sand-Mandala
A kyil khor (Tibetan for mandala) in Vajrayana Buddhism usually depicts a landscape of the Buddha land or the enlightened vision of a Buddha (which are inevitably identified with and represent the nature of experience and the intricacies of both the enlightened and confused mind):
"a microcosm representing various divine powers at work in the universe."[15] Such mandalas consist of an outer circular mandala
and an inner square (or sometimes circular) mandala with an ornately decorated mandala palace[16] placed at the center. Any part of the inner mandala can be occupied by Buddhist glyphs and symbols [17] as well as images of its associated deities, which "symbolise different stages in the process of the realisation of the truth."[18]
Mandalas are commonly used by tantric Buddhists as an aid to meditation. More specifically, a Buddhist mandala is
envisaged as a "sacred space,"[19] a Pure Buddha Realm [20] and also as an abode of fully realised beings or deities. [21] While on the one hand, it is regarded as a place separated and protected from the ever-changing and impure outer world of Samsara, [22] and is thus seen as a Buddhafield[23] or a place of Nirvana and peace, the view of Vajrayana Buddhism sees the greatest protection from samsara being the power to see samsaric confusion as the "shadow" of purity (which then points towards it). By visualizing purelands, one learns to understand experience itself as pure, and the abode of enlightenment. The protection we need, in this view, is from our own minds, as much as from external sources of confusion. In many tantric mandalas, this aspect of separation and protection from the outer samsaric world is depicted by "the four outer circles: the purifying fire of wisdom, the vajra circle, the circle with the eight tombs, the lotus circle."[24] The ring of vajras forms a connected fence-like arrangement running
around the perimeter of the outer mandala circle[25] The mandala is also "a support for the meditating person,"[26] something to be repeatedly contemplated, to the point of saturation, such that the image of the mandala becomes fully internalised in even the minutest detail and which can then be summoned and contemplated at will as a clear and vivid visualised image. With every mandala comes what Tucci calls "its associated liturgy… contained in texts known as tantras,"[27] instructing practitioners on how the mandala should be drawn, built and visualised and indicating the mantras to be recited during its ritual use.
The photograph at right is a good example of a Tibetan sand mandala.[28] This pattern is painstakingly created on the temple floor by several monks who use small tubes and rub another metal object against the tube's notched surface to create a tiny flow of grains.[29] The various aspects of the traditionally fixed design represent symbolically the objects of worship and contemplation of the Tibetan Buddhist cosmology.
To symbolize impermanence (a central teaching of Buddhism), after days or weeks of creating the intricate pattern, the sand is brushed together and is usually placed in a body of running water to spread the blessings of the mandala.
The visualization and concretization of the mandala concept is one of the most significant contributions of Buddhism to Transpersonal Psychology. Mandalas are seen as sacred places which, by their very presence in the world, remind a viewer of the immanence of sanctity in the Universe and its potential in his or her self. In the context of the Buddhist path the purpose of a mandala is to put an end to human suffering, to attain enlightenment and to attain a correct view of Reality. It is a means to discover divinity by the realization that it resides within one's own self.
A mandala can also represent the entire Universe, which is traditionally depicted with Mount Meru as the Axis Mundi in the center, surrounded by the continents. A 'mandala offering'[30] in Tibetan Buddhism is a symbolic offering of the entire Universe. Every intricate detail of these mandalas is fixed in the tradition and has specific symbolic meanings, often on more than one level.
The mandala can be shown to represent in visual form the core essence of the Vajrayana teachings.
In the mandala, the outer circle of fire usually symbolises wisdom. The ring of 8 charnel grounds[31] probably represent the Buddhist exhortation to always be mindful of death and impermanence with which samsara is suffused: "such locations were utilized in order to confront and to realize the transient nature of life."[32] Described elsewhere thus: "within a flaming rainbow nimbus and encircled by a black ring of dorjes, the major outer ring depicts the eight great charnel grounds, to emphasize the dangerous nature of human life."[33]
Inside these rings lie the walls of the mandala palace itself, specifically a place populated by deities and Buddhas.
One well-known type of mandala in Japan is the mandala of the "Five Buddhas," archetypal Buddha forms embodying various aspects of enlightenment, the Buddhas are depicted depending on the school of Buddhism and even the specific purpose of the mandala. A common mandala of this type is that of the Five Wisdom Buddhas (a.k.a. Five Jinas), the Buddhas Vairocana, Aksobhya, Ratnasambhava, Amitabha and Amoghasiddhi. When paired with another mandala depicting the Five Wisdom Kings, this forms the Mandala of the Two Realms.

Mandala offering
Whereas the above mandala represents the pure surroundings of a Buddha, this mandala represents the Universe. This type of mandala is used for the mandala-offerings, during which one symbolically offers the Universe to the Buddhas or one's teacher for example. Within Vajrayana practice, 100,000 of these mandala offerings (to create merit) can be part of the preliminary practices before a student can begin with actual tantric practices.[34] This mandala is generally structured according to the model of the Universe as taught in a Buddhist classic text the Abhidharmakosha, with Mount Meru at the centre, surrounded by the continents, oceans and mountains, etc.

Shingon Buddhism
The Japanese branch of Vajrayana Buddhism, Shingon Buddhism, makes frequent use of mandalas in their rituals as well, though the actual mandalas differ. When Shingon's founder, Kukai returned from his training in China, he brought back two mandalas that became central to Shingon ritual: the Mandala of the Womb Realm and the Mandala of the Diamond Realm.
These two mandalas are engaged in the abhiseka initiation rituals for new Shingon students. A common feature in this ritual is to blindfold the new initiate and have them throw a flower upon either mandala. Where the flower lands assists in the determination of which tutelary deity the initiate should work with.
Sand Mandalas, as found in Tibetan Buddhism, are not practiced in Shingon Buddhism.

Nichiren Buddhism
The mandala in Nichiren Buddhism is called a moji-mandala (文字漫荼羅) and is a hanging paper scroll or wooden tablet whose inscription consists of Chinese characters and medieval-Sanskrit script representing elements of the Buddha's enlightenment, protective Buddhist deities and certain Buddhist concepts. Called the Gohonzon, it was originally inscribed by Nichiren, the founder of this branch of Japanese Buddhism, during the late 13th Century. The Gohonzon is the primary object of veneration in some Nichiren schools and the only one in others, which consider it to be the supreme object of worship as the embodiment of the supreme Dharma and Nichiren's inner enlightenment. The seven characters Nam Myoho Renge Kyo, considered to be the name of the supreme Dharma and the invocation that believers chant, are written down the center of all Nichiren-sect Gohonzons, whose appearance may otherwise vary depending on the particular school and other factors.

Pure Land Buddhism
Like Nichiren, Pure Land Buddhists such as Shinran and his descendent Rennyo sought a way to create objects of reverence, but objects that were readily available to the lower-classes of Japanese society that could not afford the traditional form of mandala. In the case of Shin Buddhism, Shinran designed a mandala using a hanging scroll, and the words of the nembutsu (南無阿彌陀佛) written vertically.
Such mandalas are still often used by Pure Land Buddhists in home altars (shrines) called butsudan today.

In Christianity
Painton Cowen, who dedicated his life to the study of rose windows,[35] states that mandala-esque forms are prevalent throughout Christianity: celtic cross; rosary; halo; aureole; oculi; Crown of Thorns; rose windows; Rosy Cross'; dromenon. [36] on the floor of Chartres Cathedral. The dromenon represents a journey from the outer world to the inner sacred centre where the Divine is found.[37]
Similarly, many of the Illuminations of Hildegard von Bingen can be used as Mandalas, as are many of the images of esoteric Christianity (i.e., Christian Hermeticism, Christian Alchemy & Rosicrucianism).

In Islam
In Islam, sacred art is dominated by geometric shapes in which a segment of the circle, the crescent moon, together with a star, represent the Divine. The entire building of the mosque becomes a mandala as the interior dome of the roof represents the arch of the heavens and turns the worshipper's attention towards Allah.[38]

Medicine wheel as mandala
Medicine wheels are stone structures built by the natives of North America for various spiritual and ritual purposes. Medicine wheels were built by laying out stones in a circular pattern that often resembled a wagon wheel lying on its side. The wheels could be large, reaching diameters of 75 feet. Although archeologists are not definite on the intended purpose of each medicine wheel, it is considered that they had ceremonial and astronomical significance. Medicine wheels are still used today in the Native American spirituality, however most of the meaning behind them is not shared amongst non-Native peoples. Dream catchers are also mandalas.

Other Mandalas
Among Indigenous Australians, Bora is the name given both to an initiation ceremony, and to the site Bora Ring on which the initiation is performed. At such a site, young boys are transformed into men via rites of passage. The word Bora was originally from South-East Australia, but is now often used throughout Australia to describe an initiation site or ceremony. The term "bora" is held to be etymologically derived from that of the belt or girdle that encircles initiated men. The appearance of a Bora Ring varies from one culture to another, but it is often associated with stone arrangements, rock engravings, or other art works. Women are generally prohibited from entering a bora. In South East Australia, the Bora is often associated with the creator-spirit Baiame.
Bora rings, found in South-East Australia, are circles of foot-hardened earth surrounded by raised embankments. They were generally constructed in pairs (although some sites have three), with a bigger circle about 22 metres in diameter and a smaller one of about 14 metres. The rings are joined by a sacred walkway. Matthews (1897)[39] gives an excellent eye-witness account of a Bora ceremony, and explains the use of the two circles.

Types
There are many different types of mandalas that vary according to religious tradition, ritual use, and intended purpose. "Tibetan Mandalas come in a variety of forms, but most are variations on the basic themes outlined above. Broadly speaking, there are two basic types of mandalas:

1) Garbha-dhatu (Sanskrit: “womb world”; Japanese: taizo-kai), in which the movement is from the one to the many
2) Vajra-dhatu (Sanskrit: “diamond world”; Japanese kongo-kai), from the many into one."[40]
Notes


↑ David Fontana. Meditating with Mandalas: 52 New Mandalas to Help You Grow in Peace and Awareness. (London: Duncan Baird Publishers, 2006), 10

↑ "Mandals" Crystal Links: Mandalas Retrieved October 4, 2008.

↑ C. G. Jung. Memories, Dreams, Reflections. (New York: Vintage, 1989), 186-197

↑ Marty Chappell Handout, how to make a mandala. Retrieved October 4, 2008.

↑ Sacred Art and Geometry: Buddhism Mandalas Religion facts. Retrieved October 4, 2008.

↑ Fontana, 12

↑ Vaman Shivram Apte. The Practical Sanskrit Dictionary. (Delhi: Motilal Banarsidass Publishers, 1965), 781. For root यन्त्र् (yantr) meaning "to restrain, curb, check"

↑ David Gordon White. The Alchemical Body: Siddha Traditions in Medieval India. (Chicago: The University of Chicago Press, 1996), 481, note 159. For definition: "A yantra (from the root yam) is that which controls or subdues." 

↑ For definitions for noun यन्त्रं (yantraṃ) including 1) "that which restrains or fastens, any prop or support"; 2) "a fetter," 4) "any instrument or machine," and 7) "an amulet, a mystical or astronomical diagram used as an amulet"; see:  Apte 1965, p. 781.

↑ For definitions for यन्त्रं (yantra) including "any instrument for holding, restraining, or fastening, a prop, support, barrier"; "any instrument or apparatus, mechanical contrivance, engine, machine, implement, appliance"; "restraint, force"; "an amulet, mystical diagram supposed to possess occult powers," see: Monier-Williams. A Sanskrit-English Dictionary. (Delhi: Motilal Banarsidass, 1899), 845.

↑ Roderick Bucknell, & Martin Stuart-Fox. The Twilight Language: Explorations in Buddhist Meditation and Symbolism. (London: Curzon Press, 1986), ix.

↑ Madhu Khanna. Yantra: The Tantric Symbol of Cosmic Unity. (Inner Traditions, 2003. ISBN 0892811323), 21

↑ O. W. Wolters. History, Culture and Region in Southeast Asian Perspectives. (Institute of Southeast Asian Studies, Revised Ed., 1999), 27

↑ Peter Skilling, (translator). Mahasutras: Great Discourses of the Buddha. volume II, parts I & II, Pali Text Society (Wisdom Publications, 1994. ISBN 0860133192), 553ff 

↑ [1]mandala21century.org. Nepal Council for Preservation of Buddhist Religion. Retrieved October 4, 2008.

↑ Jytte Hansen, Albertslund, Denmark Mandala Retrieved October 4, 2008.

↑ Mandala by Jytte Hansen Retrieved October 4, 2008.

↑ BENOY K. BEHL, [http://www.hinduonnet.com/fline/fl2122/stories/20041105000106500.htm TRANS-HIMALAYAN MURALS
] Frontline 21 (22) (2004) online hinduonnet.com Retrieved October 4, 2008.

↑ The Mandala - Sacred Geometry and Art
Article of the Month - September 2000 [2] exoticindiaart.com Retrieved October 4, 2008.

↑ [3]lotsawahouse.org. Retrieved October 4, 2008.

↑ [4]hinduonnet.com. Retrieved October 4, 2008.

↑ [5] angelfire.com Retrieved October 4, 2008.

↑ [6] Retrieved October 4, 2008.

↑ Hansen, [7] Retrieved October 4, 2008.

↑ Hansen, [8] 

↑ Hansen, [9] 

↑ [10] asianart.com. Retrieved October 4, 2008.

↑ Sand Mandala  Retrieved October 4, 2008.

↑ Melitta Tchaicovsky [11] Retrieved October 4, 2008.

↑ Alexander Berzin, December 2003
The Meaning and Use of a Mandala berzinarchives. Retrieved October 4, 2008.

↑ Julie O'Donnell, et al., A Monograph on a Vajrayogini Thanka Painting
[12] Retrieved October 4, 2008.

↑ Of Charnel Grounds, Graveyards and Cremation Groundsthe yoniverse. Retrieved October 4, 2008.

↑ http://www.sootze.com/tibet/mandala.htm

↑ Venerable Thubten Chodron, Preliminary Practice (Ngondro) thubtenchodron.org. Retrieved October 4, 2008. 

↑ Painton Cowen. The Rose Window. (London; and New York: 2005)

↑ It is correctly termed a "dromenon," not a maze nor labyrinth, because there is only one path to the centre.

↑ Fontana, 11, 54, 118

↑ Fontana, 11-12

↑ R.H. Matthews, "The Burbung of the Darkinung Tribes, 1897, online [13] Proceedings of the Royal Society of Victoria 10, 1: 1-12. newcastle.edu.au. Retrieved October 4, 2008.

↑ Mandalas: Sacred Art and Geometry religionfacts.com. Retrieved October 4, 2008.



ReferencesISBN links support NWE through referral fees
Apte, Vaman Shivram. The Practical Sanskrit Dictionary. Delhi: Motilal Banarsidass Publishers, 1965. ISBN 8120805674
Bucknell, Roderick. The Twilight Language: Explorations in Buddhist Meditation and Symbolism. London: Curzon press, 1986. ISBN 0312825404
Brauen, M. The Mandala, Sacred circle in Tibetan Buddhism. London: Serindia Press, 1997.
Bucknell, Roderick & Martin Stuart-Fox. The Twilight Language: Explorations in Buddhist Meditation and Symbolism. London: Curzon Press, 1986. ISBN 0312825404
Cammann, S. "Suggested Origin of the Tibetan Mandala Paintings." The Art Quarterly 8 (1950) Detroit.
Cowen, Painton. The Rose Window. London; and New York: 2005. (offers the most complete overview of the evolution and meaning of the form, accompanied by hundreds of color illustrations.)
Chandler, David. A History of Cambodia. Westview Press, 1983. ISBN 0813335116
Chutintaranond, Sunait, "Mandala, segmentary state, and Politics of Centralization in Medieval Ayudhya," Journal of the Siam Society 78 (1) (1990): 1.
Fontana, David. Meditating with Mandalas: 52 New Mandalas to Help You Grow in Peace and Awareness. London: Duncan Baird Publishers, 2006. ISBN 1844831175
Gold, Peter. Navajo & Tibetan sacred wisdom: the circle of the spirit. Rochester, Vermont: Inner Traditions International, 1994. ISBN 089281411X
Grossman, Sylvie and Jean-Pierre Barou. Tibetan Mandala, Art & Practice. The Wheel of Time, Konecky and Konecky, 1995.
Jung, C.G., Clara Winston and Richard Winston, (Translators), Aniela Jaffe, Ed. Memories, Dreams, Reflections. New York: Vintage, 1989. ISBN 0679723951
Khanna, Madhu. Yantra: The Tantric Symbol of Cosmic Unity. Inner Traditions, 2003. ISBN 0892811323
Lieberman, Victor Strange Parallels: Southeast Asia in Global Context, c. 800-1830, Volume 1: Integration on the Mainland. Cambridge University Press, 2003.
Monier-Williams, Monier. A Sanskrit-English Dictionary. Delhi: Motilal Banarsidass, 1899.
Stuart-Fox, Martin. The Lao Kingdom of Lan Xang: Rise and Decline. White Lotus, 1998.
Tambiah, World Conqueror and World Renouncer, Cambridge, 1976.
Thongchai Winichakul. Siam Mapped. Honolulu: University of Hawaii Press, 1984. ISBN 0824819748
Tucci,Giuseppe. The Theory and Practice of the Mandala, trans. Alan Houghton Brodrick. New York: Samuel Weisner, 1973.
Vitali, Roberto. Early Temples of Central Tibet. London: Serindia Publications, 1990.
Wayman, Alex. "Symbolism of the Mandala Palace" in The Buddhist Tantras. Delhi: Motilal Banarsidass, 1973.
White, David Gordon. The Alchemical Body: Siddha Traditions in Medieval India. Chicago: The University of Chicago Press, 1996. ISBN 0226894991
Wolters, O.W. History, Culture and Region in Southeast Asian Perspectives. Institute of Southeast Asian Studies, 1982. ISBN 0877277257
Wolters, O.W. History, Culture and Region in Southeast Asian Perspectives. Institute of Southeast Asian Studies, Revised Edition, 1999.
Wyatt, David. Thailand: A Short History, 2nd ed. Yale University Press, 2003. ISBN 0300-084757

Credits
New World Encyclopedia writers and editors rewrote and completed the Wikipedia article
in accordance with New World Encyclopedia standards. This article abides by terms of the Creative Commons CC-by-sa 3.0 License (CC-by-sa), which may be used and disseminated with proper attribution. Credit is due under the terms of this license that can reference both the New World Encyclopedia contributors and the selfless volunteer contributors of the Wikimedia Foundation. To cite this article click here for a list of acceptable citing formats.The history of earlier contributions by wikipedians is accessible to researchers here:

Mandala  history
Yantra  history
Mandala-(Southeast_Asian-history)  history
The history of this article since it was imported to New World Encyclopedia:

History of "Mandala"
Note: Some restrictions may apply to use of individual images which are separately licensed.