List of animals by number of neurons

Short description: None

Brief comparisons of number of whole brain neurons (top) and cerebral cortex neurons (bottom) among six mammals.

The following are two lists of animals ordered by the size of their nervous system. The first list shows number of neurons in their entire nervous system. The second list shows the number of neurons in the structure that has been found to be representative of animal intelligence.[1] The human brain contains 86 billion neurons, with 16 billion neurons in the cerebral cortex.[2][1]

Neuron counts constitute an important source of insight on the topic of neuroscience and intelligence: the question of how the evolution of a set of components and parameters (~1011 neurons, ~1014 synapses) of a complex system leads to the phenomenon of intelligence.[3]

## Contents

* 1 Overview
* 2 Whole nervous system
* 3 Forebrain (cerebrum or pallium) only
* 4 See also
* 5 Notes
* 6 References

## Overview

Neurons are the cells that transmit information in an animal's nervous system so that it can sense stimuli from its environment and behave accordingly. Not all animals have neurons; Trichoplax and sponges lack nerve cells altogether.

Neurons may be packed to form structures such as the brain of vertebrates or the neural ganglions of insects.

The number of neurons and their relative abundance in different parts of the brain is a determinant of neural function and, consequently, of behavior.

## Whole nervous system

This is a dynamic list and may never be able to satisfy particular standards for completeness. You can help by expanding it with reliably sourced entries.

All numbers for neurons (except Caenorhabditis and Ciona), and all numbers for synapses (except Ciona) are estimations.

Name | Neurons in the brain & whole nervous system | Synapses | Details | Image | Source

|
|
|
|
|

Sponge | 0 |  |  |  | [4]
Trichoplax | 0 |  | Despite no nervous system, it exhibits coordinated feeding and response behaviors.[5] |  | [6]
Asplanchna brightwellii (rotifer) | ~200 |  | Brain only  |  | [7]
Tardigrade | ~200 |  | Brain only  |  | [8]
Ciona intestinalis larva (sea squirt) | 231 | 8,617 (central nervous system only)  |  |  | [9]

[10]

Caenorhabditis elegans (roundworm) | 302 | ~7,500 | First organism with its whole connectome (neuronal "wiring diagram") completed.[11][12][13] |
Starfish | ~500 |  | ring of neurons surrounding the mouth  |
Hydra vulgaris (fresh-water polyp) | 5,600 |  |  |  | [14]
Megaphragma mymaripenne | 7,400 |  |  | File:Megaphragma mymaripenne-SEM (cropped-B).tif | [15]
Box jellyfish | 8,700–17,500 |  | Adult Tripedalia cystophora (8 mm diameter)
Does not include 1000 neurons in each of the four rhopalia  |  | [16]
Medicinal leech | 10,000 |  |  |  | [17]
Pond snail | 11,000 |  |  |  | [18]
California sea hare | 18,000 |  |  |  | [19]
Amphioxus | 20,000 |  | central nervous system only  |  | [20]

[21]

Leptopilina | 30,000 |  |  | Leptopilina boulardii | [22]
Larval zebrafish | 100,000 |  |  |  | [23]
Fruit fly | 150,000 |  | Another organism with the connectome mapped, 139,255 neurons in the female brain[24] and ~20,000 neurons in the ventral nerve cord.[25] |  | [25][26][27][28]
Wandering spider | 100,000 |  |  |  | [29]
Calliopsis (bee) | 234,000 |  |  |  | [22]
Ant | 250,000 |  | Varies per species  |  | [30]
Perdita (bee) | 275,000 |  |  |  | [22]
Melissodes | 495,000 |  |  |  | [22]
Bombus impatiens | 557,000 |  |  |  | [22]
Western honey bee | 613,000 |  |  |  | [22]
Honey bee | 960,000 | ~1×10 ~~^~~ 9 |  |  | [31]
Cockroach | 1,000,000 |  |  |  | [32]
Coconut crab | >1,000,000 |  | c. 1,000,000 interneurons are dedicated to analysing olfactory input alone.  |  | [33]
California carpenter bee | 1,180,000 |  |  |  | [22]
Steudner's dwarf gecko | 1,771,000 |  |  |  | [34]
Brown anole | 2,792,000 |  |  |  | [34]
Mochlus sundevallii | 3,049,000 |  |  |  | [34]
Peloponnese slowworm | 3,713,000 |  |  |  | [34]
Common house gecko | 3,988,000 |  |  |  | [34]
Takydromus sexlineatus | 4,021,000 |  |  |  | [34]
Anolis cristatellus | 4,270,000 |  |  |  | [35]
Papua snake lizard | 4,271,000 |  |  |  | [34]
Guppy | 4,300,000 |  |  |  | [36]
Natal Midlands dwarf chameleon | 4,305,000 |  |  |  | [34]
Acontias percivali | 4,340,000 |  |  |  | [34]
Sand lizard | 4,341,000 |  |  |  | [34]
Ocelot gecko | 4,420,000 |  |  |  | [37]
Darevskia raddei | 4,765,000 |  |  |  | [34]
Anolis evermanni | 4,920,000 |  |  |  | [35]
Echis carinatus | 4,951,000 |  |  |  | [34]
Cerastes cerastes | 4,996,000 |  |  |  | [34]
Tenerife gecko | 5,001,000 |  |  |  | [34]
Draco sumatranus | 5,174,000 |  |  |  | [34]
Blue-throated keeled lizard | 5,269,000 |  |  |  | [34]
Crested gecko | 5,417,000 |  |  |  | [34]
Lacerta strigata | 5,529,000 |  |  |  | [34]
San Francisco garter snake | 5,663,000 |  |  |  | [34]
Red-eyed crocodile skink | 5,697,000 |  |  |  | [34]
Emoia cyanura | 5,733,000 |  |  |  | [34]
East African spiny-tailed lizard | 5,756,000 |  |  |  | [34]
Chalcides ocellatus | 5,774,000 |  |  |  | [34]
Cylindrophis ruffus | 5,779,000 |  |  |  | [34]
Cat gecko | 5,964,000 |  |  |  | [34]
Aspidoscelis deppii | 5,968,000 |  |  |  | [34]
Brown water snake | 5,995,000 |  |  |  | [34]
Aspidelaps lubricus | 6,020,000 |  |  |  | [34]
Scincus scincus | 6,284,000 |  |  |  | [34]
Montivipera xanthina | 6,677,000 |  |  |  | [34]
Hispaniolan curlytail lizard | 7,063,000 |  |  |  | [34]
Sceloporus malachiticus | 7,149,000 |  |  |  | [34]
Crotalus durissus | 7,263,000 |  |  |  | [34]
Agama agama | 7,455,000 |  |  |  | [34]
Agama aculeata | 7,631,000 |  |  |  | [34]
Gekko kuhli | 7,659,000 |  |  |  | [34]
Leopard gecko | 8,081,000 |  |  |  | [34]
Latastia longicaudata | 8,099,000 |  |  |  | [34]
Razor-backed musk turtle | 8,389,000 |  |  |  | [34]
Greek tortoise | 8,520,000 |  |  |  | [34]
Phelsuma grandis | 8,623,000 |  |  |  | [34]
Acanthocercus atricollis | 8,650,000 |  |  |  | [34]
Tokay gecko | 8,892,000 |  |  |  | [34]
Russian tortoise | 9,008,000 |  |  |  | [34]
Marginated tortoise | 9,074,000 |  |  |  | [34]
Psammophis elegans | 9,170,000 |  |  |  | [34]
Xenopeltis unicolor | 9,293,000 |  |  |  | [34]
Zonosaurus Karsteni | 9,538,000 |  |  |  | [34]
Oplurus quadrimaculatus | 9,565,000 |  |  |  | [34]
Malagasy giant chameleon | 9,751,000 |  |  |  | [34]
Ahaetulla prasina | 9,767,000 |  |  |  | [34]
Dasia olivacea | 9,785,000 |  |  |  | [34]
Adult zebrafish | ~10,000,000 |  | cells (neurons + other)  |  | [38]
Timon tangitanus | 10,619,000 |  |  |  | [34]
Corn snake | 10,629,000 |  |  |  | [34]
Acanthosaura capra | 10,724,000 |  |  |  | [34]
Gallotia galloti | 10,903,000 |  |  |  | [34]
Eutropis multifasciata | 10,944,000 |  |  |  | [34]
Rainbow boa | 11,083,000 |  |  |  | [34]
East African black mud turtle | 11,285,000 |  |  |  | [34]
Indochinese spitting cobra | 11,306,000 |  |  |  | [34]
Cyrtodactylus irianjayaensis | 11,415,000 |  |  |  | [34]
Uromastyx ornata | 11,438,000 |  |  |  | [34]
Yellow-throated plated lizard | 11,847,000 |  |  |  | [34]
Meller's chameleon | 12,035,000 |  |  |  | [34]
Twist-necked turtle | 12,171,000 |  |  |  | [34]
Western whiptail | 12,269,000 |  |  |  | [34]
Gehyra vorax | 12,388,000 |  |  |  | [34]
White-lipped mud turtle | 12,671,000 |  |  |  | [34]
Painted wood turtle | 12,677,000 |  |  |  | [34]
Sheltopusik | 12,830,000 |  |  |  | [34]
Standing's day gecko | 13,223,000 |  |  |  | [34]
Common snapping turtle | 13,681,000 |  |  |  | [34]
Painted turtle | 14,302,000 |  |  |  | [34]
Ocellated lizard | 14,593,000 |  |  |  | [34]
Oplurus cuvieri | 14,627,000 |  |  |  | [34]
African spurred tortoise | 14,986,000 |  |  |  | [34]
Boa imperator | 15,194,000 |  |  |  | [34]
Red-eared slider | 15,388,000 |  |  |  | [34]
Plumed basilisk | 15,536,000 |  |  |  | [34]
Red-bellied short-necked turtle | 15,787,000 |  |  |  | [34]
Frog | 16,000,000 |  |  |  | [39]
Corallus hortulana | 16,303,000 |  |  |  | [34]
Blue-tongued skink | 16,376,000 |  |  |  | [34]
Gran Canaria giant lizard | 18,038,000 |  |  |  | [34]
Chinese water dragon | 18,301,000 |  |  |  | [34]
Chlamydosaurus | 18,641,000 |  |  |  | [34]
Northern snake-necked turtle | 19,040,000 |  |  |  | [34]
Spiny-tailed monitor | 19,771,000 |  |  |  | [34]
Boa constrictor | 19,781,000 |  |  |  | [34]
Ameiva ameiva | 19,835,000 |  |  |  | [34]
Chinese softshell turtle | 20,697,000 |  |  |  | [34]
Amboina box turtle | 21,440,000 |  |  |  | [34]
Alligator snapping turtle | 22,230,000 |  |  |  | [34]
Yellow anaconda | 23,035,000 |  |  |  | [34]
Mexican beaded lizard | 23,681,000 |  |  |  | [34]
Major skink | 24,155,000 |  |  |  | [34]
Sudan plated lizard | 24,434,000 |  |  |  | [34]
Mata mata | 26,105,000 |  |  |  | [34]
Naked mole-rat | 26,880,000 |  |  |  | [40]
Weber's sailfin lizard | 27,245,000 |  |  |  | [34]
Green iguana | 29,098,000 |  |  |  | [34]
Argentine black and white tegu | 29,251,000 |  |  |  | [34]
Cyclura nubila | 30,820,000 |  |  |  | [34]
Gold tegu | 31,335,000 |  |  |  | [34]
Varanus macraei | 33,091,000 |  |  |  | [34]
Little free-tailed bat | 35,000,000 |  |  |  | [41]
Smoky shrew | 36,000,000 |  |  |  | [42]
Sand goanna | 50,253,000 |  |  |  | [34]
Short-tailed shrew | 52,000,000 |  |  |  | [42]
Pig-nosed turtle | 53,027,000 |  |  |  | [34]
Common bent-wing bat | 56,000,000 |  |  |  | [41]
African sheath-tailed bat | 59,000,000 |  |  |  | [41]
Hottentot golden mole | 65,000,000 |  |  |  | [43]
Woermann's bat | 66,000,000 |  |  |  | [41]
Zenker's fruit bat | 66,000,000 |  |  |  | [41]
Commerson's roundleaf bat | 67,000,000 |  |  |  | [41]
Rufous trident bat | 70,000,000 |  |  |  | [41]
House mouse | 71,000,000 | ~1×10 ~~^~~ 12 |  |  | [44]
Asian water monitor | 78,231,000 |  |  |  | [34]
King quail | 80,478,000 |  |  |  | [34]
Nile crocodile | 80,500,000 |  |  |  | [45]
Heart-nosed bat | 81,000,000 |  |  | Heart-nosed bat (Cardioderma cor) in Samburu National Reserve, Kenya. | [41]
Diamond dove | 87,879,000 |  |  |  | [34]
Golden hamster | 90,000,000 |  |  |  | [44]
Short-palated fruit bat | 99,000,000 |  |  |  | [41]
Ansell's mole-rat | 103,000,000 |  |  |  | [46]
Mashona mole-rat | 113,000,000 |  |  |  | [46]
Common quail | 117,760,000 |  |  |  | [34]
Hairy-tailed mole | 124,000,000 |  |  |  | [43]
Eastern rock elephant shrew | 129,000,000 |  |  |  | [43]
Star-nosed mole | 131,000,000 |  |  |  | [42]
Zebra finch | 131,000,000 |  | Brain only  |  | [47]
African collared dove | 139,271,000 |  |  |  | [34]
Silvery mole-rat | 148,000,000 |  |  |  | [46]
Northern bobwhite | 148,399,000 |  |  |  | [34]
Four-toed elephant shrew | 157,000,000 |  |  |  | [43]
Eurasian blackcap | 157,000,000 |  |  |  | [47]
Wahlberg's epauletted fruit bat | 162,000,000 |  |  |  | [41]
Goldcrest | 164,000,000 |  |  |  | [47]
Cape mole-rat | 170,000,000 |  |  |  | [46]
Grey partridge | 170,287,000 |  |  |  | [34]
Egyptian fruit bat | 172,000,000 |  |  |  | [41]
Mechow's mole-rat | 174,000,000 |  |  |  | [46]
Damaraland mole-rat | 178,000,000 |  |  |  | [46]
Franquet's epauletted fruit bat | 186,000,000 |  |  |  | [41]
Brown rat | 200,000,000 | ~4.48×10 ~~^~~ 11 |  |  | [48]
Guyenne spiny rat | 202,000,000 |  |  |  | [43]
Eastern mole | 204,000,000 |  |  |  | [42]
Elegant crested tinamou | 217,768,000 |  |  |  | [34]
Red junglefowl | 221,000,000 |  |  |  | [47]
Great tit | 226,000,000 |  |  |  | [47]
Green-rumped parrotlet | 227,000,000 |  |  |  | [47]
Quebracho crested tinamou | 235,671,000 |  |  |  | [34]
Guinea pig | 240,000,000 |  |  |  | [44]
Chilean tinamou | 241,374,000 |  |  |  | [34]
Gray mouse lemur | 254,710,000 |  |  |  | [49]
Common wood pigeon | 258,681,000 |  |  |  | [34]
Common treeshrew | 261,000,000 |  |  |  | [50]
Hammer-headed bat | 275,000,000 |  |  |  | [41]
Wood duck | 305,816,000 |  |  |  | [34]
Pigeon | 310,000,000 |  | Brain only  |  | [47]
Budgerigar | 322,000,000 |  |  |  | [47]
Pygmy falcon | 350,367,000 |  |  |  | [34]
Cape dune mole-rat | 361,000,000 |  |  |  | [46]
Mallard | 367,000,000 |  |  |  | [34]
Eurasian teal | 375,409,000 |  |  |  | [34]
Common blackbird | 379,000,000 |  |  |  | [47]
Marbled duck | 386,920,000 |  |  |  | [34]
Reeves's pheasant | 387,173,000 |  |  |  | [34]
Eurasian sparrowhawk | 401,751,000 |  |  |  | [34]
Ferret | 404,000,000 |  |  |  | [51]
Cockatiel | 453,000,000 |  |  |  | [47]
Gray squirrel | 453,660,000 |  |  |  | [40]
Banded mongoose | 454,000,000 |  |  |  | [51]
Prairie dog | 473,940,000 |  |  |  | [40]
Red-breasted goose | 482,705,000 |  |  |  | [34]
Common starling | 483,000,000 |  |  |  | [47]
Wild turkey | 492,873,000 |  |  |  | [34]
European rabbit | 494,200,000 |  |  |  | [40]
Octopus | 500,000,000 |  |  |  | [52]
Bigfin reef squid | >500,000,000 |  |  |  | [53]
Western tree hyrax | 505,000,000 |  |  |  | [43]
Eurasian pygmy owl | 533,263,000 |  |  |  | [34]
Indian peafowl | 570,934,000 |  |  |  | [34]
Victoria crowned pigeon | 578,697,000 |  |  |  | [34]
Little owl | 585,923,000 |  |  |  | [34]
Common kestrel | 624,582,000 |  |  |  | [34]
Common marmoset | 636,000,000 |  |  |  | [50]
Eastern rosella | 642,000,000 |  |  |  | [47]
Yellow-knobbed curassow | 652,989,000 |  |  |  | [34]
Barn owl | 690,000,000 |  |  |  | [47]
Monk parakeet | 697,000,000 |  |  |  | [47]
Greylag goose | 738,232,000 |  |  |  | [34]
Azure-winged magpie | 741,000,000 |  |  |  | [47]
Rock hyrax | 756,000,000 |  |  |  | [43]
Cat | 760,000,000 | ~1×10 ~~^~~ 13 |  |  | [54]
Black-rumped agouti | 857,000,000 |  |  |  | [44]
Magpie | 897,000,000 |  |  |  | [47]
Common hill myna | 906,000,000 |  |  |  | [47]
Northern greater galago | 936,000,000 |  |  |  | [50]
Western jackdaw | 968,000,000 |  |  |  | [47]
Long-eared owl | 991,310,000 |  |  |  | [34]
Mute swan | 1.001×10 ~~^~~ 9 |  |  |  | [34]
Common buzzard | 1.001×10 ~~^~~ 9 |  |  |  | [34]
Black vulture | 1.009×10 ~~^~~ 9 |  |  |  | [34]
Greater rhea | 1.03×10 ~~^~~ 9 |  |  |  | [34]
Eurasian jay | 1.085×10 ~~^~~ 9 |  |  |  | [47]
Alexandrine parakeet | 1.096×10 ~~^~~ 9 |  |  |  | [47]
Raccoon dog | 1.16×10 ~~^~~ 9 |  |  |  | [55]
Tanimbar corella | 1.161×10 ~~^~~ 9 |  |  |  | [47]
Saker falcon | 1.204×10 ~~^~~ 9 |  |  |  | [34]
Emu | 1.335×10 ~~^~~ 9 |  |  |  | [47]
Three-striped night monkey | 1.468×10 ~~^~~ 9 |  |  |  | [50]
Rook | 1.509×10 ~~^~~ 9 |  |  |  | [47]
Grey parrot | 1.566×10 ~~^~~ 9 |  |  |  | [47]
Tawny owl | 1.58×10 ~~^~~ 9 |  |  |  | [34]
Capybara | 1.6×10 ~~^~~ 9 |  |  |  | [44]
Common ostrich | 1.62×10 ~~^~~ 9 |  |  |  | [34]
White-tailed eagle | 1.65×10 ~~^~~ 9 |  |  |  | [34]
Jackal | 1.73×10 ~~^~~ 9 |  |  |  | [55]
Snowy owl | 1.807×10 ~~^~~ 9 |  |  |  | [34]
Eurasian eagle-owl | 1.897×10 ~~^~~ 9 |  |  |  | [34]
Fox | 2.11×10 ~~^~~ 9 |  |  |  | [55]
Sulphur-crested cockatoo | 2.122×10 ~~^~~ 9 |  |  |  | [47]
Raccoon | 2.148×10 ~~^~~ 9 |  |  |  | [51]
Kea | 2.149×10 ~~^~~ 9 |  |  |  | [47]
Raven | 2.171×10 ~~^~~ 9 |  | Brain only  |  | [47]
Domestic pig | 2.22×10 ~~^~~ 9 |  |  |  | [56]
Dog | 2.253×10 ~~^~~ 9 |  |  |  | [51]
Dog (Chihuahua) | 2.51×10 ~~^~~ 9 |  |  |  | [55]
Dog (Chow Chow) | 2.61×10 ~~^~~ 9 |  |  |  | [55]
Dog (Yorkshire Terrier) | 2.64×10 ~~^~~ 9 |  |  |  | [55]
Springbok | 2.72×10 ~~^~~ 9 |  |  |  | [56]
Dog (West Highland White Terrier) | 2.83×10 ~~^~~ 9 |  |  |  | [55]
Blesbok | 3.06×10 ~~^~~ 9 |  |  |  | [56]
Blue-and-yellow macaw | 3.136×10 ~~^~~ 9 |  | Brain only  |  | [47]
Common squirrel monkey | 3.246×10 ~~^~~ 9 |  |  |  | [50]
Crab-eating macaque | 3.44×10 ~~^~~ 9 |  |  |  | [49]
Dog (German Shepherd) | 3.53×10 ~~^~~ 9 |  |  |  | [55]
Tufted capuchin | 3.691×10 ~~^~~ 9 |  |  |  | [50]
Bonnet macaque | 3.78×10 ~~^~~ 9 |  |  |  | [49]
Striped hyena | 3.885×10 ~~^~~ 9 |  |  |  | [51]
Dog (Komondor) | 3.99×10 ~~^~~ 9 |  |  |  | [55]
Dog (Transylvanian Hound) | 4.39×10 ~~^~~ 9 |  |  |  | [55]
Lion | 4.667×10 ~~^~~ 9 |  |  |  | [51]
Greater kudu | 4.91×10 ~~^~~ 9 |  |  |  | [56]
Rhesus macaque | 6.376×10 ~~^~~ 9 |  |  |  | [50]
Brown bear | 9.586×10 ~~^~~ 9 |  |  |  | [51]
Giraffe | 1.075×10 ~~^~~ 10 |  |  |  | [56]
Yellow baboon | 1.095×10 ~~^~~ 10 |  |  |  | [49]
Chimpanzee | 2.8×10 ~~^~~ 10 |  |  |  | [57]
Orangutan | 3.26×10 ~~^~~ 10 |  |  |  | [58]
Gorilla | 3.34×10 ~~^~~ 10 |  |  |  | [58]
Common minke whale | 5.7×10 ~~^~~ 10 |  |  | thumb  | [59]
Human | 8.6×10 ~~^~~ 10 | ~1.5×10 ~~^~~ 14 | Neurons for average adult  |  | [60][61][62]
Short-finned pilot whale | 1.28×10 ~~^~~ 11 |  |  | thumb  | [59]
African elephant | 2.57×10 ~~^~~ 11 |  |  |  | [63][64]

## Forebrain (cerebrum or pallium) only

Proxies for animal intelligence have varied over the centuries. One early suggestion was brain size (or weight, which provides the same ordering.) A second proposal was brain-to-body-mass ratio, and a third was encephalization quotient, sometimes referred to as EQ. The current best predictor is number of neurons in the forebrain, based on Herculano-Houzel's improved neuron counts.[1] This accounts for variation in the number of neurons in the rest of the brain, for which no link to intelligence has been established. Elephants, for example, have an exceptionally large cerebellum, while birds make do with a much smaller one.

Differing methods have been used to count neurons, and these may differ in degree of reliability. The primary methods are the optical fractionator, an application of stereology and the isotropic fractionator, a recent methodological innovation. Most numbers in the list are the result of studies using the newer isotropic fractionator.[1][40][22][44][45][47][48][49][50][56][57][58][60][61][63][65] A variation of the optical fractionator was responsible for the previous total human brain neuron count of 100,000,000,000 neurons, which has been revised down to 86,000,000,000 by the use of the isotropic fractionator. This is in part why it may be considered to be less reliable. Finally, some numbers are the result of estimations based on correlations observed between number of cortical neurons and brain mass within closely related taxa.

The following table gives information on the number of neurons estimated to be in the sensory-associative structure: the cerebral cortex (aka pallium) for mammals, the dorsal ventricular ridge ("DVR" or "hypopallium") of the pallium for birds, and the corpora pedunculata ("mushroom bodies") for insects.

Common name | Average number of sensory-associative structure neurons[lower-alpha 1] | Intraspecific variation[lower-alpha 2] | Method[lower-alpha 3] | Sensory-associative structure | Binomial nomenclature | Image | Source

|
|
|
|
|
|
|

Common fruit fly | 2,500*  |  | Optical fractionator  | Corpora pedunculata  | Drosophila melanogaster |  | [66]
House cricket | 50,000*  |  | Optical fractionator  | Corpora pedunculata  | Acheta domesticus |  | [66]
Honey bee | 170,000*  |  | Optical fractionator  | Corpora pedunculata  | Genus: Apis |  | [66]
Common cockroach | 200,000*  |  | Optical fractionator  | Corpora pedunculata  | Genus: Periplaneta |  | [66]
African sheath-tailed bat | 5,000,000  |  | Isotropic fractionator  | Pallium (cortex)  | Coleura afra |  | [41]
Rufous trident bat | 6,000,000  |  | Isotropic fractionator  | Pallium (cortex)  | Triaenops persicus |  | [41]
Naked mole-rat | 6,000,000  | ± 1,065,587[43] | Isotropic fractionator  | Pallium (cortex)  | Heterocephalus glaber |  | [40]
Little free-tailed bat | 6,000,000  |  | Isotropic fractionator  | Pallium (cortex)  | Chaerephon pumilus |  | [41]
Common bent-wing bat | 6,000,000  |  | Isotropic fractionator  | Pallium (cortex)  | Miniopterus schreibersii |  | [41]
Commerson's roundleaf bat | 8,000,000  |  | Isotropic fractionator  | Pallium (cortex)  | Hipposideros commersoni |  | [41]
Heart-nosed bat | 10,000,000  |  | Isotropic fractionator  | Pallium (cortex)  | Cardioderma cor | Heart-nosed bat (Cardioderma cor) in Samburu National Reserve, Kenya. | [41]
Ansell's mole-rat | 10,000,000  |  | Isotropic fractionator  | Pallium (cortex)  | Fukomys anselli |  | [46]
Smoky shrew | 10,000,000  | ± 352,000[43] | Isotropic fractionator  | Pallium (cortex)  | Sorex fumeus |  | [43]
Short-palated fruit bat | 10,000,000  |  | Isotropic fractionator  | Pallium (cortex)  | Casinycteris argynnis |  | [41]
Mashona mole-rat | 12,000,000  |  | Isotropic fractionator  | Pallium (cortex)  | Fukomys darlingi |  | [46]
Woermann's bat | 12,000,000  |  | Isotropic fractionator  | Pallium (cortex)  | Megaloglossus woermanni |  | [41]
Northern short-tailed shrew | 12,000,000  | ± 1,569,000[43] | Isotropic fractionator  | Pallium (cortex)  | Blarina brevicauda |  | [43]
Zenker's fruit bat | 13,000,000  |  | Isotropic fractionator  | Pallium (cortex)  | Scotonycteris zenkeri |  | [41]
House mouse | 14,000,000  | ± 2,242,257[43] | Isotropic fractionator  | Pallium (cortex)  | Mus musculus |  | [43]
Hairy-tailed mole | 16,000,000  | ± 2,611,000[43] | Isotropic fractionator  | Pallium (cortex)  | Parascalops breweri |  | [43]
Star-nosed mole | 17,000,000  | ± 3,105,000[43] | Isotropic fractionator  | Pallium (cortex)  | Condylura cristata |  | [43]
Golden hamster | 17,000,000  | ± 3,619,934[43] | Isotropic fractionator  | Pallium (cortex)  | Mesocricetus auratus |  | [43]
Diamond dove | 18,209,000  |  | Isotropic fractionator  | Pallium (DVR)  | Geopelia cuneata |  | [34]
King quail | 20,523,000  |  | Isotropic fractionator  | Pallium (DVR)  | Synoicus chinensis |  | [34]
Damaraland mole-rat | 21,000,000  |  | Isotropic fractionator  | Pallium (cortex)  | Fukomys damarensis |  | [46]
Hottentot golden mole | 22,000,000  | ± 2,154,000[43] | Isotropic fractionator  | Pallium (cortex)  | Amblysomus hottentotus |  | [43]
Gray mouse lemur | 22,310,000  |  | Isotropic fractionator  | Pallium (cortex)  | Microcebus murinus  |  | [49]
Common quail | 22,568,000  |  | Isotropic fractionator  | Pallium (DVR)  | Coturnix coturnix |  | [34]
Mechow's mole-rat | 23,000,000  |  | Isotropic fractionator  | Pallium (cortex)  | Fukomys mechowii |  | [46]
Franquet's epauletted fruit bat | 23,000,000  |  | Isotropic fractionator  | Pallium (cortex)  | Epomops franqueti |  | [41]
Hammer-headed bat | 24,000,000  |  | Isotropic fractionator  | Pallium (cortex)  | Hypsignathus mostrosus |  | [41]
Hedgehog | 24,000,000^  |  | Estimated  | Pallium (cortex)  | Subfamily Erinaceinae, various species  |  | [67]
Silvery mole-rat | 25,000,000  |  | Isotropic fractionator  | Pallium (cortex)  | Heliophobius argenteocinereus |  | [46]
Wahlberg's epauletted fruit bat | 26,000,000  |  | Isotropic fractionator  | Pallium (cortex)  | Epomophorus wahlbergi |  | [41]
Cape mole-rat | 26,000,000  |  | Isotropic fractionator  | Pallium (cortex)  | Georychus capensis |  | [46]
Guyenne spiny rat | 26,000,000  | ± 2,155,723[43] | Isotropic fractionator  | Pallium (cortex)  | Proechimys cayennensis |  | [43]
Eastern rock elephant shrew | 26,000,000  | ± 4,020,000[43] | Isotropic fractionator  | Pallium (cortex)  | Elephantulus myurus |  | [43]
Eastern mole | 27,000,000  | ± 5,113,000[43] | Isotropic fractionator  | Pallium (cortex)  | Scalopus aquaticus |  | [43]
Opossum | 27,000,000^  |  | Estimated  | Pallium (cortex)  | Didelphis virginiana |  | [67]
Egyptian fruit bat | 29,000,000  |  | Isotropic fractionator  | Pallium (cortex)  | Rousettus aegyptiacus |  | [41]
Brown Rat | 31,000,000  | \+ 3,034,654[43] | Isotropic fractionator  | Pallium (cortex)  | Rattus norvegicus |  | [43]
Four-toed elephant shrew | 34,000,000  | ± 5,840,000[43] | Isotropic fractionator  | Pallium (cortex)  | Petrodromus tetradactylus |  | [43]
Grey partridge | 36,882,000  |  | Isotropic fractionator  | Pallium (DVR)  | Perdix perdix |  | [34]
Ferret | 38,950,000  |  | Isotropic fractionator  | Pallium (cortex)  | Mustela putorius furo |  | [51]
Northern bobwhite | 39,112,000  |  | Isotropic fractionator  | Pallium (DVR)  | Colinus virginianus |  | [34]
African collared dove | 39,997,000  |  | Isotropic fractionator  | Pallium (DVR)  | Streptopelia roseogrisea |  | [34]
Cape dune mole-rat | 43,000,000  |  | Isotropic fractionator  | Pallium (cortex)  | Bathyergus suillus |  | [46]
Guinea pig | 43,510,000  | ± 3,169,924[43] | Isotropic fractionator  | Pallium (cortex)  | Cavia porcellus |  | [40]
Quebracho crested tinamou | 48,292,000  |  | Isotropic fractionator  | Pallium (DVR)  | Eudromia formosa |  | [34]
Common wood pigeon | 51,325,000  |  | Isotropic fractionator  | Pallium (DVR)  | Columba palumbus |  | [34]
Elegant crested tinamou | 51,384,000  |  | Isotropic fractionator  | Pallium (DVR)  | Eudromia elegans |  | [34]
Eurasian blackcap | 52,176,000  |  | Isotropic fractionator  | Pallium (DVR)  | Sylvia atricapilla |  | [47]
Prairie dog | 53,770,000  | ± 6,044,322[43] | Isotropic fractionator  | Pallium (cortex)  | Genus:Cynomys |  | [40]
Zebra finch | 55,226,000  |  | Isotropic fractionator  | Pallium (DVR)  | Taeniopygia guttata |  | [47]
Chilean tinamou | 59,130,000  |  | Isotropic fractionator  | Pallium (DVR)  | Nothoprocta perdicaria |  | [34]
Common treeshrew | 60,000,000  | ± 26,510,000[43] | Isotropic fractionator  | Pallium (cortex)  | Tupaia glis |  | [43]
Red junglefowl | 60,665,000  |  | Isotropic fractionator  | Pallium (DVR)  | Gallus gallus |  | [47]
Goldcrest | 64,210,000  |  | Isotropic fractionator  | Pallium (DVR)  | Regulus regulus |  | [47]
European roller | 67,570,000  |  | Isotropic fractionator  | Pallium (DVR)  | Coracias garrulus |  | [68]
European rabbit | 71,450,000  |  | Isotropic fractionator  | Pallium (cortex)  | Oryctolagus cuniculus |  | [40]
Rock dove | 71,862,000  |  | Isotropic fractionator  | Pallium (DVR)  | Columba livia |  | [47]
Eastern gray squirrel | 77,330,000  | ± 2,634,444[43] | Isotropic fractionator  | Pallium (cortex)  | Sciurius carolinensis |  | [40]
Reeves's pheasant | 80,688,000  |  | Isotropic fractionator  | Pallium (DVR)  | Syrmaticus reevesii |  | [34]
Great tit | 83,011,000  |  | Isotropic fractionator  | Pallium (DVR)  | Parus major |  | [47]
Speckled mousebird | 84,175,000  |  | Isotropic fractionator  | Pallium (DVR)  | Colius striatus |  | [68]
Eurasian wryneck | 85,387,000  |  | Isotropic fractionator  | Pallium (DVR)  | Jynx torquilla |  | [68]
Eurasian sparrowhawk | 87,832,000  |  | Isotropic fractionator  | Pallium (DVR)  | Accipiter nisus |  | [34]
Western tree hyrax | 99,000,000  |  | Isotropic fractionator  | Pallium (cortex)  | Dendrohyrax dorsalis |  | [43]
Green-rumped parrotlet | 103,418,000  |  | Isotropic fractionator  | Pallium (DVR)  | Forpus passerinus |  | [47]
Wild turkey | 105,654,000  |  | Isotropic fractionator  | Pallium (DVR)  | Meleagris gallopavo |  | [34]
Mallard | 112,255,000  |  | Isotropic fractionator  | Pallium (DVR)  | Anas platyrhynchos |  | [34]
Black-rumped agouti | 113,000,000  | ± 2,576,768[43] | Isotropic fractionator  | Pallium (cortex)  | Dasyprocta prymnolopha |  | [1]
Banded mongoose | 115,770,000  |  | Isotropic fractionator  | Pallium (cortex)  | Mungos mungo |  | [51]
Victoria crowned pigeon | 118,445,000  |  | Isotropic fractionator  | Pallium (DVR)  | Goura victoria |  | [34]
Yellow-knobbed curassow | 124,624,000  |  | Isotropic fractionator  | Pallium (DVR)  | Crax daubentoni |  | [34]
Indian peafowl | 129,621,000  |  | Isotropic fractionator  | Pallium (DVR)  | Pavo cristatus |  | [34]
Marbled duck | 130,142,000  |  | Isotropic fractionator  | Pallium (DVR)  | Marmaronetta angustirostris |  | [34]
Pygmy falcon | 131,898,000  |  | Isotropic fractionator  | Pallium (DVR)  | Polihierax semitorquatus |  | [34]
Common blackbird | 136,218,000  |  | Isotropic fractionator  | Pallium (DVR)  | Turdus merula |  | [47]
Eurasian hoopoe | 136,380,000  |  | Isotropic fractionator  | Pallium (DVR)  | Upupa epops |  | [68]
Wood duck | 138,206,000  |  | Isotropic fractionator  | Pallium (DVR)  | Aix sponsa |  | [34]
Red-breasted goose | 148,617,000  |  | Isotropic fractionator  | Pallium (DVR)  | Branta ruficollis |  | [34]
Budgerigar | 148,910,000  |  | Isotropic fractionator  | Pallium (DVR)  | Melopsittacus undulatus |  | [47]
Laughing kookaburra | 164,985,000  |  | Isotropic fractionator  | Pallium (DVR)  | Dacelo novaeguineae |  | [68]
Eurasian teal | 167,287,000  |  | Isotropic fractionator  | Pallium (DVR)  | Anas crecca |  | [34]
Rock hyrax | 198,000,000  | ± 29,082,000[43] | Isotropic fractionator  | Pallium (cortex)  | Procavia capensis |  | [43]
Red-legged Seriema | 219,570,000  |  | Isotropic fractionator  | Pallium (DVR)  | Cariama cristata |  | [69]
Northern greater galago | 226,000,000  | ± 87,570,000[43] | Isotropic fractionator  | Pallium (cortex)  | Otolemur garnettii |  | [43]
Common starling | 226,288,000  |  | Isotropic fractionator  | Pallium (DVR)  | Sturnus vulgaris |  | [47]
Common kestrel | 237,903,000  |  | Isotropic fractionator  | Pallium (DVR)  | Falco tinnunculus |  | [34]
Raccoon dog | 240,180,000  |  | Isotropic fractionator  | Pallium (cortex)  | Nyctereutes procyonoides |  | [55]
Common marmoset | 245,000,000  | ± 81,180,000[43] | Isotropic fractionator  | Pallium (cortex)  | Callithrix jacchus |  | [43]
Muscovy duck | 248,163,000  |  | Isotropic fractionator  | Pallium (DVR)  | Cairina moschata |  | [69]
House cat | 249,830,000  |  | Isotropic fractionator  | Pallium (cortex)  | Felis catus |  | [51]
Brown bear | 250,970,000  |  | Isotropic fractionator  | Pallium (cortex)  | Ursus arctos |  | [51]
Cockatiel | 258,481,000  |  | Isotropic fractionator  | Pallium (DVR)  | Nymphicus hollandicus |  | [47]
Greylag goose | 258,650,000  |  | Isotropic fractionator  | Pallium (DVR)  | Anser anser |  | [34]
Capybara | 306,500,000  | ± 62,726,120[43] | Isotropic fractionator  | Pallium (cortex)  | Hydrochoerus hydrochaeris |  | [40]
Tarsius | 310,000,000  |  | Estimated  | Pallium (cortex)  | Genus: Tarsius, unknown species  |  | [70]
Great spotted woodpecker | 311,900,000  |  | Isotropic fractionator  | Pallium (DVR)  | Dendrocopos major |  | [68]
Mute swan | 323,661,000  |  | Isotropic fractionator  | Pallium (DVR)  | Cygnus olor |  | [34]
Greater rhea | 330,342,000  |  | Isotropic fractionator  | Pallium (DVR)  | Rhea americana |  | [34]
Eastern rosella | 333,274,000  |  | Isotropic fractionator  | Pallium (DVR)  | Platycercus eximius |  | [47]
Common buzzard | 351,700,000  |  | Isotropic fractionator  | Pallium (DVR)  | Buteo buteo |  | [34]
Red-billed hornbill | 354,400,000  |  | Isotropic fractionator  | Pallium (DVR)  | Tockus erythrorhynchus |  | [68]
Red fox | 355,010,000  |  | Isotropic fractionator  | Pallium (cortex)  | Vulpes vulpes |  | [55]
Goeldi's marmoset | 357,130,000  |  | Isotropic fractionator  | Pallium (cortex)  | Callimico goeldii |  | [49]
Eurasian pygmy owl | 364,000,000  |  | Isotropic fractionator  | Pallium (DVR)  | Glaucidium passerinum |  | [34]
Western grey kangaroo | 370,170,000  |  | Isotropic fractionator  | Pallium (cortex)  | Macropus fuliginosus |  | [71]
Swan goose | 381,100,000  |  | Isotropic fractionator  | Pallium (DVR)  | Anser cygnoides |  | [69]
Golden jackal | 393,620,000  |  | Isotropic fractionator  | Pallium (cortex)  | Canis aureus |  | [55]
Monk parakeet | 396,183,000  |  | Isotropic fractionator  | Pallium (DVR)  | Myiopsitta monachus |  | [47]
Springbok | 396,900,000  |  | Isotropic fractionator  | Pallium (cortex)  | Antidorcas marsupialis |  | [56]
Black vulture | 398,899,000  |  | Isotropic fractionator  | Pallium (DVR)  | Coragyps atratus |  | [34]
Azure-winged magpie | 399,695,000  |  | Isotropic fractionator  | Pallium (DVR)  | Cyanopica cyanus |  | [47]
Little owl | 400,822,000  |  | Isotropic fractionator  | Pallium (DVR)  | Athene noctua |  | [34]
Common hill myna | 410,330,000  |  | Isotropic fractionator  | Pallium (DVR)  | Gracula religiosa |  | [47]
European green woodpecker | 424,400,000  |  | Isotropic fractionator  | Pallium (DVR)  | Picus viridis |  | [68]
Domesticated pig | 425,000,000*  |  | Optical fractionator  | Pallium (cortex)  | Sus scrofa domesticus |  | [72]
Emu | 439,300,000  |  | Isotropic fractionator  | Pallium (DVR)  | Dromaius novaehollandiae |  | [47]
West Highland White Terrier | 440,160,000  |  | Isotropic fractionator  | Pallium (cortex)  | Canis lupus familiaris |  | [55]
Three-striped night monkey | 442,000,000  | ± 111,310,000[43] | Isotropic fractionator  | Pallium (cortex)  | Aotus trivirgatus |  | [1]
Saker falcon | 442,946,000  |  | Isotropic fractionator  | Pallium (DVR)  | Falco cherrug |  | [34]
Eurasian magpie | 443,187,000  |  | Isotropic fractionator  | Pallium (DVR)  | Pica pica |  | [47]
Raccoon | 453,000,000  |  | Isotropic fractionator  | Pallium (cortex)  | Procyon lotor |  | [65]
Black woodpecker | 457,400,000  |  | Isotropic fractionator  | Pallium (DVR)  | Dryocopus martius |  | [68]
Chow Chow | 471,500,000  |  | Isotropic fractionator  | Pallium (cortex)  | Canis lupus familiaris |  | [55]
Common ostrich | 479,410,000  |  | Isotropic fractionator  | Pallium (DVR)  | Struthio camelus |  | [34]
Barn owl | 480,670,000  |  | Isotropic fractionator  | Pallium (DVR)  | Tyto alba |  | [69]
Western jackdaw | 491,678,000  |  | Isotropic fractionator  | Pallium (DVR)  | Coloeus monedula |  | [47]
Striped hyena | 495,280,000  |  | Isotropic fractionator  | Pallium (cortex)  | Hyaena hyaena |  | [51]
Chihuahua | 513,330,000  |  | Isotropic fractionator  | Pallium (cortex)  | Canis lupus familiaris |  | [55]
Eurasian jay | 528,770,000  |  | Isotropic fractionator  | Pallium (DVR)  | Garrulus glandarius |  | [47]
White-tailed eagle | 542,926,000  |  | Isotropic fractionator  | Pallium (DVR)  | Haliaeetus albicilla |  | [34]
Lion | 545,240,000  |  | Isotropic fractionator  | Pallium (cortex)  | Panthera leo |  | [51]
Blesbok | 570,670,000  |  | Isotropic fractionator  | Pallium (cortex)  | Damaliscus pygargus phillipsi |  | [56]
Yorkshire Terrier | 572,140,000  |  | Isotropic fractionator  | Pallium (cortex)  | Canis lupus familiaris |  | [55]
Alexandrine parakeet | 574,648,000  |  | Isotropic fractionator  | Pallium (DVR)  | Psittacula eupatria |  | [47]
Tanimbar corella | 599,227,000  |  | Isotropic fractionator  | Pallium (DVR)  | Cacatua goffiniana |  | [47]
Golden Retriever | 627,000,000  |  | Isotropic fractionator  | Pallium (cortex)  | Canis lupus familiaris |  | [51]
Striated caracara | 663,370,000  |  | Isotropic fractionator  | Pallium (DVR)  | Phalcoboenus australis |  | [69]
Long-eared owl | 673,000,000  |  | Isotropic fractionator  | Pallium (DVR)  | Asio otus |  | [34]
Transylvanian Hound | 725,760,000  |  | Isotropic fractionator  | Pallium (cortex)  | Canis lupus familiaris |  | [55]
Greater kudu | 762,570,000  |  | Isotropic fractionator  | Pallium (cortex)  | Tragelaphus strepsiceros |  | [56]
Trumpeter hornbill | 799,932,800  |  | Isotropic fractionator  | Pallium (DVR)  | Bycanistes bucinator |  | [68]
Crab-eating macaque | 800,960,000  |  | Isotropic fractionator  | Pallium (cortex)  | Macaca fascicularis |  | [49]
Rook | 820,305,000  |  | Isotropic fractionator  | Pallium (DVR)  | Corvus frugilegus |  | [47]
Beagle | 844,410,000  |  | Isotropic fractionator  | Pallium (cortex)  | Canis lupus familiaris |  | [55]
Grey parrot | 850,100,000  |  | Isotropic fractionator  | Pallium (DVR)  | Psittacus erithacus |  | [47]
Komondor | 883,380,000  |  | Isotropic fractionator  | Pallium (cortex)  | Canis lupus familiaris |  | [55]
German Shepherd | 885,460,000  |  | Isotropic fractionator  | Pallium (cortex)  | Canis lupus familiaris |  | [55]
Sulphur-crested cockatoo | 1,135,000,000  |  | Isotropic fractionator  | Pallium (DVR)  | Cacatua galerita |  | [47]
Tufted capuchin | 1,140,000,000  |  | Isotropic fractionator  | Pallium (cortex)  | Sapajus apella |  | [43][1]
Tawny owl | 1,153,000,000  |  | Isotropic fractionator  | Pallium (DVR)  | Strix aluco |  | [34]
Harp seal | 1,168,000,000^

6,100,000,000*

|  | Estimated

Optical fractionator

| Pallium (cortex)  | Pagophilus groenlandicus |  | [73][74]
Silvery-cheeked hornbill | 1,177,000,000  |  | Isotropic fractionator  | Pallium (DVR)  | Bycanistes brevis |  | [68]
Horse | 1,200,000,000^  |  | Estimated  | Pallium (cortex)  | Equus ferus caballus |  | [75]
Raven | 1,204,000,000  |  | Isotropic fractionator  | Pallium (DVR)  | Corvus corax |  | [47]
Snowy owl | 1,270,000,000  |  | Isotropic fractionator  | Pallium (DVR)  | Bubo scandiacus |  | [34]
Kea | 1,281,000,000  |  | Isotropic fractionator  | Pallium (DVR)  | Nestor notabilis |  | [47]
Eurasian eagle-owl | 1,328,000,000  |  | Isotropic fractionator  | Pallium (DVR)  | Bubo bubo |  | [34]
Common squirrel monkey | 1,340,000,000  | ± 20,000,000[43] | Isotropic fractionator  | Pallium (cortex)  | Saimiri sciureus |  | [43]
Bonnet macaque | 1,660,000,000  |  | Isotropic fractionator  | Pallium (cortex)  | Macaca radiata |  | [43]
Great grey owl | 1,700,000,000  |  | Isotropic fractionator  | Pallium (cortex)  | Strix nebulosa |  | [69]
Rhesus macaque | 1,710,000,000  |  | Isotropic fractionator  | Pallium (cortex)  | Macaca mulatta |  | [43]
Giraffe | 1,731,000,000  |  | Isotropic fractionator  | Pallium (cortex)  | Giraffa camelopardalis |  | [56]
Blue and yellow macaw | 1,917,000,000  |  | Isotropic fractionator  | Pallium (DVR)  | Ara ararauna |  | [47]
Pygmy sperm whale | 2,020,000,000*  |  | Optical fractionator  | Pallium (cortex)  | Kogia breviceps |  | [76]
Leopard seal | 2,386,000,000^  |  | Estimated  | Pallium (cortex)  | Hydrurga leptonyx |  | [73]
Guenon | 2,500,000,000^  |  | Estimated  | Pallium (cortex)  | Genus: Cercopithecus, unknown species  |  | [70]
Pigtail Macaque | 2,531,000,000^  |  | Estimated  | Pallium (cortex)  | Macaca nemestrina |  | [73]
Gelada baboon | 2,568,000,000^  |  | Estimated  | Pallium (cortex)  | Theropithecus gelada |  | [73]
Red-and-green macaw | 2,646,000,000^  |  | Estimated  | Telencephalon (Pallium + Subpallium)  | Ara chloropterus |  | [73]
Harbor porpoise | 2,750,000,000*  |  | Optical fractionator  | Pallium (cortex)  | Phocoena phocoena |  | [73][74]
Yellow baboon | 2,880,000,000  |  | Isotropic fractionator  | Pallium (cortex)  | Papio cynocephalus |  | [49]
Hyacinth macaw | 2,944,000,000^  |  | Estimated  | Telencephalon (Pallium + Subpallium)  | Anodorhynchus hyacinthinus |  | [73]
Hamadryas baboon | 2,990,000,000^  |  | Estimated  | Pallium (cortex)  | Papio hamadryas |  | [73]
Mandrill | 3,102,000,000^  |  | Estimated  | Pallium (cortex)  | Mandrillus sphinx |  | [73]
Common minke whale | 3,134,000,000

12,800,000,000*

|  | Isotropic fractionator

Optical fractionator

| Pallium (cortex)  | Balaenoptera acutorostrata |  | [59][77]
Walrus | 3,929,000,000^  |  | Estimated  | Pallium (cortex)  | Odobenus rosmarus |  | [73]
Southern elephant seal | 3,994,000,000^  |  | Estimated  | Pallium (cortex)  | Mirounga leonina |  | [73]
Fin whale | 5,000,000,000^

15,000,000,000^

|  | Estimated  | Pallium (cortex)  | Balaenoptera physalus |  | [73][78]
Blue whale | 5,000,000,000^  |  | Estimated  | Pallium (cortex)  | Balaenoptera musculus |  | [73]
African elephant | 5,600,000,000  |  | Isotropic fractionator  | Pallium (cortex)  | Loxodonta africana |  | [63]
Pygmy chimpanzee or bonobo | 6,250,000,000^  |  | Estimated  | Pallium (cortex)  | Pan paniscus |  | [73]
Short-beaked common dolphin | 6,700,000,000*

4,800,000,000^

|  | Optical fractionator

Estimated

| Pallium (cortex)  | Delphinus delphis |  | [73][76][59]
Asian elephant | 6,775,000,000^  |  | Estimated  | Pallium (cortex)  | Elephas maximus |  | [73]
Chimpanzee | 7,400,000,000*  |  | Optical fractionator  | Pallium (cortex)  | Pan troglodytes |  | [79]
Orangutan | 7,704,000,000^ - 8,900,000,000^  |  | Estimated  | Pallium (cortex)  | Genus: Pongo |  | [73][58]
Western gorilla | 9,100,000,000^  |  | Estimated  | Pallium (cortex)  | Gorilla gorilla |  | [73][58]
Cuvier's beaked whale | 9,100,000,000*  |  | Optical fractionator  | Pallium (cortex)  | Ziphius cavirostris |  | [76]
Beluga whale | 10,000,000,000^  |  | Estimated  | Pallium (cortex)  | Delphinapterus leucas |  | [73][59]
Risso's dolphin | 10,000,000,000^  |  | Estimated  | Pallium (cortex)  | Grampus griseus |  | [73][59]
Short-finned pilot whale | 11,850,000,000  |  | Isotropic fractionator  | Pallium (cortex)  | Globicephala macrorhynchus |  | [73][59]
Bottlenose dolphin | 12,700,000,000*

8,700,000,000^

|  | Optical fractionator

Estimated

| Pallium (cortex)  | Tursiops truncatus |  | [73][76][59]
Long-finned pilot whale | 13,966,000,000^

37,200,000,000*

|  | Estimated

Optical fractionator

| Pallium (cortex)  | Globicephala melas |  | [80][73][59]
Human | 16,340,000,000

21,000,000,000*

| ± 2,170,000,000[43] | Isotropic fractionator

Optical fractionator

| Pallium (cortex)  | Homo sapiens |  | [43][60][1][81][82]
Orca | 43,100,000,000*

21,000,000,000^

|  | Optical fractionator

Estimated

| Pallium (cortex)  | Orcinus orca |  | [73][76][59]

## See also

* Lists of animals
* Theory of mind in animals
* Brain size
* Brain–body mass ratio
* Encephalization quotient
* Connectome
* Connectomics
* Cranial capacity
* :fr:Noogenèse
* Neuroscience and intelligence

## Notes

1. ↑ ^ = Estimated
* = Optical fractionator
2. ↑ ± standard deviation
3. ↑ For the estimated values, the numbers of cortical neurons estimated from brain mass for different mammalian and bird orders are based on correlation observed between number of cortical neuron and brain mass per order[43]

Reference 56 cited for all dog neuron numbers on this Wikipedia page is a Univerzita Karlova student review of a single 2017 study by Suzana Herculano-Houzel (a self avowed "dog person"[83]) which has not been independently replicated.

## References

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2. ↑ "How many neurons make a human brain? Billions fewer than we thought". The Guardian. 28 February 2012. https://www.theguardian.com/science/blog/2012/feb/28/how-many-neurons-human-brain.
3. ↑ Eryomin, A. L. (2022). "Biophysics of Evolution of Intellectual Systems". Biophysics 67 (2): 320–326. doi:10.1134/S0006350922020051. PMID 35789557.
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5. ↑ "Coordinated Feeding Behavior in Trichoplax, an Animal without Synapses". PLOS ONE 10 (9). 2015. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0136098. PMID 26333190. Bibcode: 2015PLoSO..1036098S.
* Coordinated Feeding Behavior in Trichoplax, an Animal without Synapses. PLoS ONE. 2015 - via YouTube.
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8. ↑ "The nervous and visual systems of onychophorans and tardigrades: learning about arthropod evolution from their closest relatives". Journal of Comparative Physiology A: Neuroethology, Sensory, Neural & Behavioral Physiology 203 (8): 565–590. August 2017. doi:10.1007/s00359-017-1186-4. PMID 28600600. https://bib-pubdb1.desy.de/record/401705/files/Martin_et_al.pdf.
9. ↑ "The CNS connectome of a tadpole larva of Ciona intestinalis (L.) highlights sidedness in the brain of a chordate sibling". eLife 5. December 2016. doi:10.7554/eLife.16962. PMID 27921996.
10. ↑ "The peripheral nervous system of the ascidian tadpole larva: Types of neurons and their synaptic networks". The Journal of Comparative Neurology 526 (4): 583–608. March 2018. doi:10.1002/cne.24353. PMID 29124768.
11. ↑ "The structure of the nervous system of the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans". Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series B, Biological Sciences 314 (1165): 1–340. November 1986. doi:10.1098/rstb.1986.0056. PMID 22462104. Bibcode: 1986RSPTB.314....1W.
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13. ↑ "The Connectome Debate: Is Mapping the Mind of a Worm Worth It?". Scientific American. 2012-10-02. https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/c-elegans-connectome/. Retrieved 2014-01-18.
14. ↑ "Quantitative analysis of cell types during growth and morphogenesis in Hydra". Wilhelm Roux' Archiv für Entwicklungsmechanik der Organismen 171 (4): 269–285. December 1973. doi:10.1007/BF00577725. PMID 28304608. https://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:19-epub-3350-0.
15. ↑ "The smallest insects evolve anucleate neurons". Arthropod Structure & Development 41 (1): 29–34. January 2012. doi:10.1016/j.asd.2011.09.001. PMID 22078364. Bibcode: 2012ArtSD..41...29P.
16. ↑ "The ring nerve of the box jellyfish Tripedalia cystophora". Cell and Tissue Research 329 (1): 147–57. July 2007. doi:10.1007/s00441-007-0393-7. PMID 17340150.
17. ↑ "Glia in the Leech Central Nervous System: Physiological Properties and Neuron-Glia Relationship". Journal of Neurophysiology 27 (2): 290–320. March 1964. doi:10.1152/jn.1964.27.2.290. PMID 14129773.
18. ↑ "Evolution of the brain and intelligence". Trends in Cognitive Sciences 9 (5): 250–7. May 2005. doi:10.1016/j.tics.2005.03.005. PMID 15866152. as PDF[Usurped!]
19. ↑ "A quantitative analysis of the development of the central nervous system in juvenile Aplysia californica". Journal of Neurobiology 20 (1): 25–47. January 1989. doi:10.1002/neu.480200104. PMID 2921607.
20. ↑ The Long Evolution of Brains and Minds. Springer Science & Business Media. 3 June 2013. p. 121. ISBN 978-94-007-6259-6. https://books.google.com/books?id=LWI_AAAAQBAJ&pg=PA121. Retrieved 9 December 2015.
21. ↑ Alkaloids: Chemistry, Biology, Ecology, and Applications. Elsevier Science. 25 April 2015. p. 316. ISBN 978-0-444-59462-4. https://books.google.com/books?id=tQ6dBAAAQBAJ&pg=PA316. Retrieved 9 December 2015.
22. ↑ 22.0 22.1 22.2 22.3 22.4 22.5 22.6 22.7 "Allometric analysis of brain cell number in Hymenoptera suggests ant brains diverge from general trends". Proceedings. Biological Sciences 288 (1947). March 2021. doi:10.1098/rspb.2021.0199. PMID 33757353.
23. ↑ "Whole-brain functional imaging at cellular resolution using light-sheet microscopy". Nature Methods 10 (5): 413–20. March 2013. doi:10.1038/nmeth.2434. PMID 23524393.
24. ↑ "The FlyWire connectome: neuronal wiring diagram of a complete fly brain". https://www.nature.com/immersive/d42859-024-00053-4/index.html.
25. ↑ 25.0 25.1 Azevedo, Anthony et al. (2024). "Connectomic reconstruction of a female Drosophila ventral nerve cord". Nature 631 (8020): 360–368. doi:10.1038/s41586-024-07389-x. PMID 38926570. Bibcode: 2024Natur.631..360A.
26. ↑ "In a 'tour de force', researchers image an entire fly brain in minute detail". July 19, 2018. https://www.science.org/content/article/tour-de-force-researchers-image-entire-fly-brain-minute-detail.
27. ↑ Dorkenwald, Sven et al. (2024). "Neuronal wiring diagram of an adult brain". Nature 634 (8032): 124–138. doi:10.1038/s41586-024-07558-y. PMID 39358518.
28. ↑ Takemura, Shin-ya; Hayworth, Kenneth J.; Huang, Gary B.; Januszewski, Michal; Lu, Zhiyuan; Marin, Elizabeth C.; Preibisch, Stephan; Xu, C. Shan et al. (2024-05-23). "A Connectome of the Male Drosophila Ventral Nerve Cord" (in en). eLife 13. doi:10.7554/eLife.97769.1. https://elifesciences.org/reviewed-preprints/97769v1.
29. ↑ "Neuroanatomy of the central nervous system of the wandering spider, Cupiennius salei (Arachnida, Araneida)". Zoomorphology 104 (6): 344–359. 1984. doi:10.1007/BF00312185.
30. ↑ John and Sarah Tefl. "Interesting Facts About Ants". https://www.lingolex.com/ants.htm.
31. ↑ "Cognitive architecture of a mini-brain: the honeybee". Trends in Cognitive Sciences 5 (2): 62–71. February 2001. doi:10.1016/S1364-6613(00)01601-6. PMID 11166636.
32. ↑ "A Strange Approach to Social Interaction, and Butterflies". Anthropology.net. January 10, 2007. http://anthropology.net/user/lexis2praxis/blog/2007/01/11/a_strange_approach_to_social_interaction_and_butterflies.
33. ↑ "Brain architecture of the largest living land arthropod, the Giant Robber Crab Birgus latro (Crustacea, Anomura, Coenobitidae): evidence for a prominent central olfactory pathway?". Frontiers in Zoology 7 (1). September 2010. doi:10.1186/1742-9994-7-25. PMID 20831795.
34. ↑ 34.000 34.001 34.002 34.003 34.004 34.005 34.006 34.007 34.008 34.009 34.010 34.011 34.012 34.013 34.014 34.015 34.016 34.017 34.018 34.019 34.020 34.021 34.022 34.023 34.024 34.025 34.026 34.027 34.028 34.029 34.030 34.031 34.032 34.033 34.034 34.035 34.036 34.037 34.038 34.039 34.040 34.041 34.042 34.043 34.044 34.045 34.046 34.047 34.048 34.049 34.050 34.051 34.052 34.053 34.054 34.055 34.056 34.057 34.058 34.059 34.060 34.061 34.062 34.063 34.064 34.065 34.066 34.067 34.068 34.069 34.070 34.071 34.072 34.073 34.074 34.075 34.076 34.077 34.078 34.079 34.080 34.081 34.082 34.083 34.084 34.085 34.086 34.087 34.088 34.089 34.090 34.091 34.092 34.093 34.094 34.095 34.096 34.097 34.098 34.099 34.100 34.101 34.102 34.103 34.104 34.105 34.106 34.107 34.108 34.109 34.110 34.111 34.112 34.113 34.114 34.115 34.116 34.117 34.118 34.119 34.120 34.121 34.122 34.123 34.124 34.125 34.126 34.127 34.128 34.129 34.130 34.131 34.132 34.133 34.134 34.135 34.136 34.137 34.138 34.139 34.140 34.141 34.142 34.143 34.144 34.145 34.146 34.147 34.148 34.149 34.150 34.151 34.152 34.153 34.154 34.155 34.156 34.157 34.158 34.159 34.160 34.161 34.162 34.163 34.164 34.165 34.166 34.167 34.168 34.169 34.170 34.171 34.172 34.173 34.174 34.175 34.176 34.177 34.178 34.179 Kverková, Kristina; Marhounová, Lucie; Polonyiová, Alexandra; Kocourek, Martin; Zhang, Yicheng; Olkowicz, Seweryn; Straková, Barbora; Pavelková, Zuzana et al. (2022-03-15). "The evolution of brain neuron numbers in amniotes" (in en). Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 119 (11). doi:10.1073/pnas.2121624119. ISSN 0027-8424. PMID 35254911. Bibcode: 2022PNAS..11921624K.
35. ↑ 35.0 35.1 "Peeking Inside the Lizard Brain: Neuron Numbers in Anolis and Its Implications for Cognitive Performance and Vertebrate Brain Evolution". Integrative and Comparative Biology 63: 223–237. September 2020. doi:10.1093/icb/icaa129. PMID 33175153.
36. ↑ "Artificial selection on brain size leads to matching changes in overall number of neurons". Evolution; International Journal of Organic Evolution 73 (9): 2003–2012. September 2019. doi:10.1111/evo.13805. PMID 31339177.
37. ↑ "Individual and age-related variation of cellular brain composition in a squamate reptile". Biology Letters 16 (9). September 2020. doi:10.1098/rsbl.2020.0280. PMID 32961085.
38. ↑ "Generation and long-term persistence of new neurons in the adult zebrafish brain: a quantitative analysis". Neuroscience 146 (2): 679–96. May 2007. doi:10.1016/j.neuroscience.2007.01.071. PMID 17395385.
39. ↑ "Frog Brain Neuron Number". http://www.neurocomputing.org/Amphibian.aspx.
40. ↑ 40.00 40.01 40.02 40.03 40.04 40.05 40.06 40.07 40.08 40.09 40.10 "Updated neuronal scaling rules for the brains of Glires (rodents/lagomorphs)". Brain, Behavior and Evolution 78 (4): 302–14. 2011. doi:10.1159/000330825. PMID 21985803.
41. ↑ 41.00 41.01 41.02 41.03 41.04 41.05 41.06 41.07 41.08 41.09 41.10 41.11 41.12 41.13 41.14 41.15 41.16 41.17 41.18 41.19 41.20 41.21 41.22 41.23 41.24 41.25 "Microchiropterans have a diminutive cerebral cortex, not an enlarged cerebellum, compared to megachiropterans and other mammals". The Journal of Comparative Neurology 528 (17): 2978–2993. December 2020. doi:10.1002/cne.24985. PMID 32656795.
42. ↑ 42.0 42.1 42.2 42.3 Evolution of the Primate Brain: From Neuron to Behavior. Elsevier. 2 March 2012. p. 425. ISBN 978-0-444-53860-4. https://books.google.com/books?id=NZ19UiDPosEC&pg=PA425.
43. ↑ 43.00 43.01 43.02 43.03 43.04 43.05 43.06 43.07 43.08 43.09 43.10 43.11 43.12 43.13 43.14 43.15 43.16 43.17 43.18 43.19 43.20 43.21 43.22 43.23 43.24 43.25 43.26 43.27 43.28 43.29 43.30 43.31 43.32 43.33 43.34 43.35 43.36 43.37 43.38 43.39 43.40 43.41 43.42 43.43 43.44 43.45 43.46 43.47 43.48 43.49 43.50 43.51 43.52 43.53 43.54 "Mammalian Brains Are Made of These: A Dataset of the Numbers and Densities of Neuronal and Nonneuronal Cells in the Brain of Glires, Primates, Scandentia, Eulipotyphlans, Afrotherians and Artiodactyls, and Their Relationship with Body Mass". Brain, Behavior and Evolution (S. Karger AG) 86 (3–4): 145–63. 2015. doi:10.1159/000437413. PMID 26418466.
44. ↑ 44.0 44.1 44.2 44.3 44.4 44.5 "Cellular scaling rules for rodent brains". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 103 (32): 12138–43. August 2006. doi:10.1073/pnas.0604911103. PMID 16880386. Bibcode: 2006PNAS..10312138H.
45. ↑ 45.0 45.1 "Continued Growth of the Central Nervous System without Mandatory Addition of Neurons in the Nile Crocodile (Crocodylus niloticus)". Brain, Behavior and Evolution 87 (1): 19–38. 2016. doi:10.1159/000443201. PMID 26914769.
46. ↑ 46.00 46.01 46.02 46.03 46.04 46.05 46.06 46.07 46.08 46.09 46.10 46.11 46.12 46.13 "Sociality does not drive the evolution of large brains in eusocial African mole-rats" (in En). Scientific Reports 8 (1). June 2018. doi:10.1038/s41598-018-26062-8. PMID 29907782. Bibcode: 2018NatSR...8.9203K.
47. ↑ 47.00 47.01 47.02 47.03 47.04 47.05 47.06 47.07 47.08 47.09 47.10 47.11 47.12 47.13 47.14 47.15 47.16 47.17 47.18 47.19 47.20 47.21 47.22 47.23 47.24 47.25 47.26 47.27 47.28 47.29 47.30 47.31 47.32 47.33 47.34 47.35 47.36 47.37 47.38 47.39 47.40 47.41 47.42 47.43 47.44 47.45 47.46 47.47 47.48 47.49 47.50 47.51 47.52 47.53 47.54 47.55 "Birds have primate-like numbers of neurons in the forebrain". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 113 (26): 7255–60. June 2016. doi:10.1073/pnas.1517131113. PMID 27298365. Bibcode: 2016PNAS..113.7255O.
48. ↑ 48.0 48.1 "Isotropic fractionator: a simple, rapid method for the quantification of total cell and neuron numbers in the brain". The Journal of Neuroscience 25 (10): 2518–21. March 2005. doi:10.1523/jneurosci.4526-04.2005. PMID 15758160.
49. ↑ 49.0 49.1 49.2 49.3 49.4 49.5 49.6 49.7 49.8 "Cellular scaling rules for the brains of an extended number of primate species". Brain, Behavior and Evolution 76 (1): 32–44. 2010. doi:10.1159/000319872. PMID 20926854.
50. ↑ 50.0 50.1 50.2 50.3 50.4 50.5 50.6 50.7 "Cellular scaling rules for primate brains". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 104 (9): 3562–7. February 2007. doi:10.1073/pnas.0611396104. PMID 17360682. Bibcode: 2007PNAS..104.3562H.
51. ↑ 51.00 51.01 51.02 51.03 51.04 51.05 51.06 51.07 51.08 51.09 51.10 51.11 51.12 51.13 "Dogs Have the Most Neurons, Though Not the Largest Brain: Trade-Off between Body Mass and Number of Neurons in the Cerebral Cortex of Large Carnivoran Species". Frontiers in Neuroanatomy 11. 2017. doi:10.3389/fnana.2017.00118. PMID 29311850.
52. ↑ "Brain Facts and Figures". https://faculty.washington.edu/chudler/facts.html.
53. ↑ "Toward an MRI-Based Mesoscale Connectome of the Squid Brain". iScience 23 (1). 24 January 2020. doi:10.1016/j.isci.2019.100816. PMID 31972515. Bibcode: 2020iSci...23j0816C.
54. ↑ "The cat is out of the bag: cortical simulations with 109 neurons, 1013 synapses". Proceedings of the Conference on High Performance Computing Networking, Storage and Analysis - SC '09. 2009. pp. 1–12. doi:10.1145/1654059.1654124. ISBN 978-1-60558-744-8.
55. ↑ 55.00 55.01 55.02 55.03 55.04 55.05 55.06 55.07 55.08 55.09 55.10 55.11 55.12 55.13 55.14 55.15 55.16 55.17 55.18 55.19 55.20 Salajková V (2020-02-03). Pravidla buněčného škálování mozku u psů: Efekt domestikace a miniaturizace psích plemen (Thesis) (in čeština). Univerzita Karlova.
56. ↑ 56.00 56.01 56.02 56.03 56.04 56.05 56.06 56.07 56.08 56.09 "Corrigendum: Cellular scaling rules for the brain of Artiodactyla include a highly folded cortex with few neurons". Frontiers in Neuroanatomy 9: 39. 2015. doi:10.3389/fnana.2015.00039. PMID 25859187.
57. ↑ 57.0 57.1 "The remarkable, yet not extraordinary, human brain as a scaled-up primate brain and its associated cost". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 109 (Suppl 1): 10661–8. June 2012. doi:10.1073/pnas.1201895109. PMID 22723358. Bibcode: 2012PNAS..10910661H.
58. ↑ 58.0 58.1 58.2 58.3 58.4 "Gorilla and orangutan brains conform to the primate cellular scaling rules: implications for human evolution". Brain, Behavior and Evolution 77 (1): 33–44. 2011. doi:10.1159/000322729. PMID 21228547.
59. ↑ 59.00 59.01 59.02 59.03 59.04 59.05 59.06 59.07 59.08 59.09 "Plataforma Sucupira". https://sucupira.capes.gov.br/sucupira/public/consultas/coleta/trabalhoConclusao/viewTrabalhoConclusao.jsf?popup=true&id_trabalho=6349577.
60. ↑ 60.0 60.1 60.2 "Equal numbers of neuronal and nonneuronal cells make the human brain an isometrically scaled-up primate brain". The Journal of Comparative Neurology 513 (5): 532–41. April 2009. doi:10.1002/cne.21974. PMID 19226510.
61. ↑ 61.0 61.1 "The remarkable, yet not extraordinary, human brain as a scaled-up primate brain and its associated cost". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 109 Suppl 1 (Supplement_1): 10661–8. June 2012. doi:10.1073/pnas.1201895109. PMID 22723358. Bibcode: 2012PNAS..10910661H.
62. ↑ "Structural and functional organization of mammalian cerebral cortex; the correlation of neurone density with brain size; cortical neurone density in the fin whale (Balaenoptera physalus L.) with a note on the cortical neurone density in the Indian elephant". The Journal of Comparative Neurology 101 (1): 19–51. August 1954. doi:10.1002/cne.901010103. PMID 13211853.
63. ↑ 63.0 63.1 63.2 "The elephant brain in numbers". Frontiers in Neuroanatomy 8: 46. 2014. doi:10.3389/fnana.2014.00046. PMID 24971054.
64. ↑ "Searching For The Elephant's Genius Inside the Largest Brain on Land". Scientificamerica. 26 February 2014. https://blogs.scientificamerican.com/brainwaves/searching-for-the-elephants-genius-inside-the-largest-brain-on-land/.
65. ↑ 65.0 65.1 "Behind the Mask: Neurobiological indicants of emotional resilience and cognitive function in wild raccoons (Procyon lotor)". Society for Neuroscience. 2014. http://www.abstractsonline.com/Plan/ViewAbstract.aspx?sKey=48d9bb42-832e-444b-82b8-8ea903069fa8&cKey=3d5be0a8-3a7b-4c7d-a18c-ce72d34b8b26&mKey=54c85d94-6d69-4b09-afaa-502c0e680ca7.
66. ↑ 66.0 66.1 66.2 66.3 "What do the mushroom bodies do for the insect brain? an introduction". Learning & Memory 5 (1–2): 1–10. May 1998. doi:10.1101/lm.5.1.1. PMID 10454369.
67. ↑ 67.0 67.1 The Theory of Evolution and Its Impact. Springer. 30 November 2011. p. 182. ISBN 978-88-470-1973-7. https://books.google.com/books?id=_zZ20TIownIC&pg=PA182.
68. ↑ 68.00 68.01 68.02 68.03 68.04 68.05 68.06 68.07 68.08 68.09 68.10 Stehlík, Patrik (22 September 2021). "Buněčné složení mozku zoborožců, šplhavců a srostloprstých ptáků" (in cs-CZ). Univerzita Karlova Přírodovědecká fakulta. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11956/151559.
69. ↑ 69.0 69.1 69.2 69.3 69.4 69.5 Sol, Daniel; Olkowicz, Seweryn; Sayol, Ferran; Kocourek, Martin; Zhang, Yicheng; Marhounová, Lucie; Osadnik, Christin; Corssmit, Eva et al. (September 2022). "Neuron numbers link innovativeness with both absolute and relative brain size in birds". Nature Ecology & Evolution 6 (9): 1381–1389. doi:10.1038/s41559-022-01815-x.
70. ↑ 70.0 70.1 The neurosciences. Rockefeller University Press. 1967. p. 732. GGKEY:DF21HXQKLNX. https://books.google.com/books?id=JJLqUvnKGSAC&pg=PA732.
71. ↑ "Cellular Scaling Rules for the Brains of Marsupials: Not as "Primitive" as Expected". Brain, Behavior and Evolution 89 (1): 48–63. 2017. doi:10.1159/000452856. PMID 28125804. Table S1: Cellular composition of the Marsupial brains.
72. ↑ Phillips, Kathryn (2006). "Learning from Pig Brains". Journal of Experimental Biology 209 (8): ii. doi:10.1242/jeb.02215. Bibcode: 2006JExpB.209W...2P. http://jeb.biologists.org/content/209/8/ii.full. Retrieved 15 July 2015.
73. ↑ 73.00 73.01 73.02 73.03 73.04 73.05 73.06 73.07 73.08 73.09 73.10 73.11 73.12 73.13 73.14 73.15 73.16 73.17 73.18 73.19 73.20 73.21 73.22 73.23 "Longevity and sexual maturity vary across species with number of cortical neurons, and humans are no exception". The Journal of Comparative Neurology 527 (10): 1689–1705. July 2019. doi:10.1002/cne.24564. PMID 30350858.
74. ↑ 74.0 74.1 "A neurological comparative study of the harp seal (Pagophilus groenlandicus) and harbor porpoise (Phocoena phocoena) brain". Anatomical Record 293 (12): 2129–35. December 2010. doi:10.1002/ar.21295. PMID 21077171.
75. ↑ "Brain sizes, surfaces, and neuronal sizes of the cortex cerebri: a stereological investigation of man and his variability and a comparison with some mammals (primates, whales, marsupials, insectivores, and one elephant)". The American Journal of Anatomy 180 (2): 126–42. October 1987. doi:10.1002/aja.1001800203. PMID 3673918.
76. ↑ 76.0 76.1 76.2 76.3 76.4 "Higher neuron densities in the cerebral cortex and larger cerebellums may limit dive times of delphinids compared to deep-diving toothed whales". PLOS ONE 14 (12). 2019-12-16. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0226206. PMID 31841529. Bibcode: 2019PLoSO..1426206R. Note:Total number of neurons listed in "S1 Table: Values from the current studies compared to published values", which downloads when you click on the "Click here for additional data file" in the "Supporting information" section.
77. ↑ "Total neocortical cell number in the mysticete brain". Anatomical Record 290 (1): 83–95. January 2007. doi:10.1002/ar.20404. PMID 17441201.
78. ↑ Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations Working Party on Marine Mammals (1978-01-01). Mammals in the Seas: Report. Food & Agriculture Org.. ISBN 978-92-5-100513-2. https://books.google.com/books?id=BKaUpfo2XCUC.
79. ↑ "Cortical cell and neuron density estimates in one chimpanzee hemisphere". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 113 (3): 740–5. January 2016. doi:10.1073/pnas.1524208113. PMID 26729880. Bibcode: 2016PNAS..113..740C.
80. ↑ "Quantitative relationships in delphinid neocortex". Frontiers in Neuroanatomy 8: 132. 2014. doi:10.3389/fnana.2014.00132. PMID 25505387.
81. ↑ Steven M. Platek, ed (2009). Evolutionary Cognitive Neuroscience. MIT Press. p. 139. https://www.physiodigest.com/wp-content/uploads/2009/08/mit-press-evolutionary-cognitive-neuroscience-2007.pdf.
82. ↑ "Neocortical neuron number in humans: effect of sex and age". The Journal of Comparative Neurology (Wiley-Liss, Inc.) 384 (2): 312–20. July 1997. doi:10.1002/(SICI)1096-9861(19970728)384:2<312::AID-CNE10>3.0.CO;2-K. PMID 9215725.
83. ↑ "New Study Shows Dogs Possess Significantly More Neurons Than Cats" (in en-US). 2017-11-29. https://scitechdaily.com/new-study-shows-dogs-possess-significantly-more-neurons-than-cats/.

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