Liquified gas electrolyte

Short description: Chemical compound

A liquified gas electrolyte (LGE) is a battery/capacitor electrolyte made by compressing an ambient pressure gas into liquid form. Candidate gases are those composed of reasonably polar molecules that can be liquified at pressures low enough to be accommodate in a standard battery can.[1]

## Contents

* 1 Research
* 2 See also
* 3 References
* 4 External links

## Research

One study reported on a liquified hydrofluorocarbon (HFC) electrolyte . HFCs features relatively strong chemical bonds and a large electrochemical window that protect them from oxidation/reduction across charge/discharge cycles. It combined a moderate relative permittivity with low viscosity to produce a dielectric-fluidity factor and conductivity higher than existing solvents. Because of its low melting point, it has the potential for improved operation at low temperatures.Difluoromethane (CH2F2)) was able to operate at a range of temperatures from –78° to +65 °C at 3.0 volts. Fluoromethane (CH3F) showed dendrite-free ~97% platting and stripping efficiency on lithium metal over hundreds of cycles It further achieved good cycling and rate performance on a LiCoO2cathode with discharge capacity retention of 60.6% at –60 °C. It reported that conductivity reversibly ended at high temperature as the salt precipitated near the supercritical point (~+40° to 80 °C), reducing the potential for thermal runaway.[2] However, the material's high saturated vapor pressure was a fire risk.[3]

A later study by the same lab reviewed nonflammable 1,1,1,2-tetrafluoroethane and pentafluoroethane and reported >3 mS cm−1 ionic conductivity from −78 to +80 °C. Lithium cycling maintained >99% coulombic efficiency for over 200 cycles at 3 mA cm−2 and 3 mAh cm−2. Li/NMC622 full batteries demonstrated stable cycling from −60 to +55 °C.[3]

## See also

* Lithium ion battery

## References

1. ↑ Casey, Tina (2023-06-08). "US Army Suddenly Obsessed With New Energy Storage System" (in en-US). https://cleantechnica.com/2023/06/08/us-army-suddenly-obsessed-with-liquefied-gas-electrolytes-for-portable-energy-storage-systems/.
2. ↑ Rustomji, Cyrus S.; Yang, Yangyuchen; Kim, Tae Kyoung; Mac, Jimmy; Kim, Young Jin; Caldwell, Elizabeth; Chung, Hyeseung; Meng, Y. Shirley (2017-06-30). "Liquefied gas electrolytes for electrochemical energy storage devices" (in en). Science 356 (6345). doi:10.1126/science.aal4263. ISSN 0036-8075. PMID 28619715. Bibcode: 2017Sci...356L4263R. https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.aal4263.
3. ↑ 3.0 3.1 Yin, Yijie; Yang, Yangyuchen; Cheng, Diyi; Mayer, Matthew; Holoubek, John; Li, Weikang; Raghavendran, Ganesh; Liu, Alex et al. (June 2022). "Fire-extinguishing, recyclable liquefied gas electrolytes for temperature-resilient lithium-metal batteries" (in en). Nature Energy 7 (6): 548–559. doi:10.1038/s41560-022-01051-4. ISSN 2058-7546. Bibcode: 2022NatEn...7..548Y. https://www.nature.com/articles/s41560-022-01051-4.

## External links

* Yang, Yangyuchen; Yin, Yijie; Davies, Daniel M.; Zhang, Minghao; Mayer, Matthew; Zhang, Yihui; Sablina, Ekaterina S.; Wang, Shen et al. (2020-07-15). "Liquefied gas electrolytes for wide-temperature lithium metal batteries" (in en). Energy & Environmental Science 13 (7): 2209–2219. doi:10.1039/D0EE01446J. ISSN 1754-5706. https://pubs.rsc.org/en/content/articlelanding/2020/ee/d0ee01446j.
* Davies, Daniel M.; Yang, Yangyuchen; Sablina, Ekaterina S.; Yin, Yijie; Mayer, Matthew; Zhang, Yihui; Olguin, Marco; Lee, Jungwoo Z. et al. (2021-05-01). "A Safer, Wide-Temperature Liquefied Gas Electrolyte Based on Difluoromethane" (in en). Journal of Power Sources 493: 229668. doi:10.1016/j.jpowsour.2021.229668. ISSN 0378-7753. Bibcode: 2021JPS...49329668D. https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0378775321002123.
* Rustomji, Cyrus. "ARPA E presentation". https://arpa-e.energy.gov/sites/default/files/A6 - UCSD.pdf.

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