Kampala

Capital city

Counter-clockwise; from top: Panoramic view of central Kampala, Bahá'i Temple, Makerere University, panoramic view of Lake Victoria, Kampala Worker's House, Uganda National Mosque

Kampala highlighted in red inside the Republic of Uganda

Kampala

Location of Kampala in Uganda

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Kampala

Location in Africa

Show map of Africa

Coordinates:  [ ⚑ ] : 00°18′49″N 32°34′52″E﻿ / ﻿0.31361°N 32.58111°E﻿ / 0.31361; 32.58111
Country|  Uganda
City| Kampala District
Government

• Lord Mayor| Erias Lukwago
• Executive Director| Hajjat Sharifah Buzeki
Area

• Capital city| 189 km2 (73 sq mi)
• Land| 176 km2 (68 sq mi)
• Water| 13 km2 (5 sq mi)
• Metro

| 8,451.9 km2 (3,263.3 sq mi)
Elevation

| 1,200 m (3,900 ft)
Population

(2024 census)

• Capital city| 1,797,722
• Density| 22,500/km2 (58,000/sq mi)
• Metro

| 6,709,900[1]
Demonyms| Munnakampala
Time zone| UTC+03:00 (EAT)
Website| www.kcca.go.ug

Kampala (UK: /kæmˈpɑːlə/,[2][3] US: /kɑːmˈ-/ (listen))[2][4] is the capital and largest city of Uganda. The city proper has a population of 1,797,722 (2024 census)[5] and is divided into the five political divisions of Kampala Central, Kawempe, Makindye, Nakawa, and Rubaga.[6]

Kampala's metropolitan area consists of the city proper and the neighboring Wakiso District, Mukono District, Mpigi District, Buikwe District and Luweero District. It has a rapidly growing population that is estimated at 6,709,900 people in 2019 by the Uganda Bureau of Statistics[7] in an area of 8,451.9 km2 (3,263.3 square miles). Other estimates put the size of the metropolitan area at around four million people.[8]

In 2015, this metropolitan area generated an estimated nominal GDP of $13.80221 billion (constant US dollars of 2011),[9] which was more than half of Uganda's GDP for that year, indicating the importance of Kampala to Uganda's economy.

Kampala is reported to be among the fastest-growing cities in Africa, with an annual population growth rate of 4.03 percent,[10] by City Mayors. American consulting firm Mercer has regularly ranked Kampala as East Africa's best city to live in,[11][12] ahead of Nairobi and Kigali.

## Contents

* 1 Etymology
* 2 History
* 2.1 19th century
* 2.2 20th century
* 2.3 21st century
* 3 Geography
* 3.1 Topography
* 3.1.1 Hills
* 3.1.2 Swamps and slow rivers
* 3.2 Vegetation
* 3.3 Geology
* 3.4 Climate
* 4 Education
* 5 Demographics
* 6 Culture
* 6.1 Cultural institutions
* 6.2 Shopping and entertainment
* 6.3 Cuisine
* 6.4 Ndere Cultural Centre
* 7 Sport
* 8 Economy
* 9 Transport
* 10 Places of worship
* 11 Health care
* 11.1 Health facilities in Kampala
* 12 Notable people
* 12.1 Politics
* 12.1.1 Heads of state
* 12.1.2 Monarchs
* 12.1.3 Other officials
* 12.2 Activists
* 12.3 Artists
* 12.4 Business
* 12.5 Chess
* 12.6 Fashion
* 12.7 Film and television
* 12.8 Journalists
* 12.9 Law
* 12.10 Music
* 12.11 Public speakers
* 12.12 Religion and spirituality
* 12.13 Scientists and academics
* 12.14 Sport
* 12.15 Writers
* 12.16 Other
* 13 Gallery
* 14 See also
* 15 References
* 16 External links

## Etymology

Kampala originally referred to only the present-day Old Kampala hill, on whose summit Fort Lugard was located, and the initial headquarters of the British colonial authorities in the soon to be Uganda Protectorate.[13]

The natives, in whose territory this British settlement was located, then translated "Hill of the Impala" as Akasozi k’empala. This was then shortened to k'empala and finally, the name ‘Kampala’ was brought to life. Kasozi means "hill", ke "of", and empala the plural of "impala". Hence the name "Kampala" came to refer to this initial British colonial settlement that would later on spread out from the occupied Old Kampala hill near the pre-existing Kibuga (capital) of the Buganda Kingdom.[14]

## History

For a chronological guide to this subject, see Timeline of Kampala.

Kampala, the city from Cathedral Hill in 1936

### 19th century

The first written description of this Kibuga (capital) was by the explorer Sir Richard Burton in his book, The Lake Region of East Africa, published in 1860. In the book, Burton, relying on the information collected by Snay Bin Amir, an Arab trader, described the Kibuga as:

> …the settlement is not less than a day's journey in length, the buildings are of cane and rattan. The sultan's (Kabaka) palace is at least a mile long and the circular huts neatly arranged in a line are surrounded by a strong fence which has only four gates.

In 1862, when explorer John Speke arrived in Buganda, the Kibuga (capital) was at Bandabarogo, present-day Banda Hill, and the reigning Kabaka (King) was Mutesa I.[15]

In 1875, explorer Henry Morton Stanley reported the capital as being at present-day Lubaga Hill, where he met the same Kabaka, Mutesa I. During this visit, Stanley wrote a letter that was published in The Daily Telegraph, inviting missionaries to come to Buganda. He also described the Kibuga in his 1870s dispatches to The New York Herald, thus:

> As we approached the capital, the highway from Usavara [Busabala] increased in width from 20 ft [6 meters] to 150 ft [45 meters]...Arrived at the capital I found the vast collection of huts crowning the eminence were the Royal Quarters, around which ran several palisades and circular courts, between which and the city was a circular road, ranging from 100 ft [30 meters] to 200 ft [60 meters] in width with gardens and huts...

— Bennet, N.R. (ed.) Stanley's Dispatches to the New York Herald, 1871–1872, 1874–1877, Boston, 1970.

In 1890, Frederick Lugard, an agent of the Imperial British East Africa Company, arrived in Buganda during the reign of Kabaka Mwanga II, with whom he signed a treaty of protection by the British government over Buganda, and the Kibuga (capital) was located at Mengo Hill. Captain Lugard would, later on, be allocated the Kampala hill that would soon be known as Old Kampala, and on which he built a fort.[16]

In 1897, Mwanga launched a rebellion but was defeated and was subsequently captured and exiled, in 1899, to the Seychelles alongside Omukama Kabalega, and his 3-year-old son was made Kabaka by the combined forces of the European officers leading Nubian and Baganda colonial soldiers.[17] This state of affairs later culminated in the signing of the Buganda Agreement (1900) that formalised British colonial rule in Buganda. Also in 1897, Kampala's first Western-style health facility, Mengo Hospital, was opened on Namirembe hill by British doctor and missionary Sir Albert Ruskin Cook. In addition, Sir Albert Ruskin Cook founded Mulago Hospital, the current National Referral Hospital, at Mulago hill in 1913.[18]

### 20th century

In 1900, the regents of the infant Kabaka Daudi Cwa II (who were Apolo Kagwa, the Katikiro (Prime Minister) of Buganda, Stanislaus Mugwanya, the Mulamuzi (Chief Judge) of Buganda, and Zakaria Kisingiri, the Muwanika (Chief Treasurer) of Buganda, with Bishop Alfred Tucker), signed the Buganda Agreement on behalf of Buganda with Sir Harry Johnston, who signed on behalf of the British government.[19][20]

To legalise the above changes, the following laws and ordinances were subsequently passed: The Crown lands Ordinance of 1903, The Land Law of 1908, The Registration of Land Titles ordinance of 1922, and the Busulu and Envujo law of 1928.[21][22]

In 1906, the Crown lands consisting of Old Kampala, Nakasero hills etc. and covering 567 hectares (5.67 km2; 1,400 acres) was consolidated and gazetted as Kampala Township. In 1912, Kampala Township received its first land-use plan and had a European and Asian population of 2,850.[23]

In 1922, Kampala's oldest university, Makerere, was founded as the Uganda Technical College at the present Makerere Hill and initially offered carpentry, building construction, mechanics, arts, education, agriculture, and medicine.

In 1930, the first sewerage plan was prepared to target a population of 20,000 people in the Nakasero and Old Kampala areas of the Kampala township. This plan guided sewerage development from 1936 to 1940 in planned urban areas of the Kampala Township and excluded the Kibuga area occupied by the Baganda and other natives.[24]

Kampala. The Imperial Hotel in 1936.

In 1931, the Uganda Railway line reached Kampala, connecting Kampala to Mombasa Port, thirty-five years after the commencement of its construction.[25]

In 1938, The East African Power & Lighting Company was granted a licence for thermal electric power generation and distribution for the towns of Kampala and Entebbe, and in the same year Sir Philip Mitchel, the Governor of Uganda, switched on Kampala and Uganda's first electric street lights.[26][27]

In 1945, Ernst May, a German architect, was commissioned by the Uganda Protectorate Government to design a new physical plan for Kampala. Ernst May's plan of 1947 was intended to extend Kampala eastwards covering Kololo Hill and Naguru Hill, and with the commercial centre on the southern slopes of Nakasero Hill, an industrial zone in the southeast of Kampala, and, for the first time, a planned residential zone for the Ugandan natives.[28] The plan was never fully implemented, and in 1951 the third physical plan by Henry Kendall was instead adopted, though it incorporated some elements of Ernst May's 1947 plan.[29]

Kampala in 1950s

Henry Kendall's 1951 plan expanded Kampala from the 5.67 km2 (2.19 square miles) area of the 1930 plan to an area of 28 km2 (11 square miles) incorporating areas like Kololo Hill, and the Industrial Area. However, like the first two planning schemes, the 1951 plan failed to achieve many of its stated objectives.[29]

In 1968, six years after Uganda attained independence, the boundaries of Kampala were expanded incorporating the Kibuga (then known as Mengo Municipality), Kawempe and Nakawa Townships, and areas including Muyenga and Ggaba.[30] This increased the administrative area of Kampala from 28 km2 (11 square miles) to the current 189 km2 (73 square miles). In 1972, the fourth physical plan for Kampala was made covering the newly incorporated areas of Kampala's boundary extensions of 1968, but the subsequent political and economic turmoil of the 1970s and 1980s meant the plan was never implemented.[30][31]

Similarly, the fifth physical plan for Kampala, made in 1994, like the 1972 plan, was also never implemented.[32]

### 21st century

In 2010, the Kampala Capital City Authority Act was enacted, giving the Ugandan Government more control of the administration of Kampala. The act also created the Kampala Metropolitan Physical Planning Authority with the stated aims of improving the infrastructure of the City of Kampala and the surrounding districts of Wakiso, Mukono, Buikwe, Mpigi and Luwero.[33]

On 11 July 2010, suicide bombers affiliated with al-Shabaab, a Sunni Islamist group based in Somalia, carried out two nearly simultaneous bombings in Kampala, killing 74 people.[34][35] After eleven years of relative calm, on 16 November 2021, the Allied Democratic Forces (ADF), an Islamist group based in eastern Congo with ties to the Islamic State, carried out two suicide bombings near the central police station and parliament, killing three people and injuring 36.[36][37][35]

## Geography

Lake Victoria

### Topography

Apartment block in Kololo

The City of Kampala covers a total area of 189 km2 (73 square miles), comprising 176 km2 (68 square miles) of land and 13 km2 (5.0 square miles) of water.

Kampala is a hilly place with its valleys filled with sluggish rivers/ swamps. The highest point in the city proper is the summit of Kololo hill at 1,311 metres (4,301 ft), located in the center of the city and the lowest point at the shores of Lake Victoria south of the city center at altitude of 1,135 metres (3,724 ft).

#### Hills

The Kasubi Tombs

Kampala was originally built on seven hills, but it has expanded to cover more than the original seven hills.

The original seven hills are:

* Old Kampala Hill on which Fort Lugard was located, the first seat of the British colonial authorities in colonial Uganda.
* The second is Mengo Hill which was the then Kibuga (capital) of Buganda kingdom at the start of British colonial rule.
* The third is Kibuli Hill, that is home to the Kibuli Mosque.
* The fourth is Namirembe Hill, that was home to the Anglican (Wangeleza) faction of the Buganda religious wars of 1888 to 1892 and site of Namirembe Anglican Cathedral.
* The fifth is Lubaga Hill, that was home to the White Fathers Catholic (Wafaransa) faction of the above-mentioned Buganda religious wars and also site of the Rubaga Catholic Cathedral.
* The sixth is Nsambya Hill, site of the former Cathedral of St Peter's Nsambya and allocated to the British Catholic Mill Hill Mission during the signing of the Uganda Agreement (1900).
* The seventh is Nakasero Hill on whose summit was Fort Nakasero, a British military installation built after relocating from Fort Lugard in Old Kampala. The hill was also the site of the European Hospital (the current government analytical laboratory opposite Ministry of Public Service headquarters).

#### Swamps and slow rivers

Due to Kampala's hilly nature and tropical climate, the valleys have slow rivers and swamps that tend to flow southwards towards Lake Victoria or northwards. These swamps cover 15% of Kampala's land area. They include:

* Kinawataka swamp river covering an area of 1.5 km2 (0.58 square miles) flowing southwards into Lake Victoria and is located in Nakawa Division.[38]
* Nakivubo swamp river covering an area of 5.29 km2 (2.04 square miles) flowing southwards to Lake Victoria from the foothills of Makerere and of length 9 kilometres (5.6 mi).[38][39]
* Lubigi swamp covering an area of 2.85 km2 (1.10 square miles) flowing westwards from the foothills of Kisaasi into the Mayanja River.[38]
* Kansanga swamp[40]
* Kyetinda swamp

### Vegetation

Kampala, due to the diversity of habitats that include wetlands and hills, was previously covered with short grasses on the tops of the hills, elephant grass (Pennisetum purpureum Schumach.), Cyperus papyrus, African water lily etc. in the swamps and evergreen forests with trees such as African olive (mpafu) and Natal fig (mutuba).[41]

### Geology

Kampala is located on the East African Plateau between the two arms of the East African Rift and on the northern limits of Tanzania Craton.

360-degree Kampala City panorama from the Old Gaddafi Mosque

### Climate

Kampala has a tropical rainforest climate (Af) under the Köppen-Geiger climate classification system.

A facet of Kampala's weather is that it features two annual wetter seasons. While the city does not have a true dry season month, it experiences heavier precipitation from August to December and from February to June. However, it is between February and June that Kampala sees substantially heavier rainfall per month, with April typically seeing the heaviest amount of precipitation at an average of around 169 millimetres (6.7 in) of rain.

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## Education

Makerere University Makerere University Main building in the pre-independence years

Pre-primary education

Primary and secondary education in Kampala

Kampala has a number of both primary and secondary schools in every parish that are mostly privately owned and a handful that are state-owned and are also lightly regulated by the City Education directorate and Ministry of Education and Sports.[45]

Some of the private institutions:

* Kampala Parents School
* Aga Khan School
* Gayaza High School
* Good Times Primary School
* Global Junior School[3]
* Kawempe Muslim secondary school

Vocational and technical education in Kampala

Kampala has a number of both private and state institutions offering training in a broad range of fields as indicated in the table below:

Vocation/technical

institution

| Speciality | Location  | Ownership | Est

|
|
|
|

Nakawa Vocational Training Institute[46] |

* Electricity/electronic
* Automotive/auto – electrical
* Brick/block laying and concrete practice
* Welding and fabrication
* Sheet metal and plumbing
* Wood working
* Machining and Fitting

| Nakawa  | State owned | 1971
Tiner International School of Beauty[47] |

* Hairdressing
* Beauty therapy

| Wandegeya  | Private | 1995
Jimmy Sekasi Institute of Catering[48] |

* Food and beverage

| Kabalagala  | Private | 1989
St Mbaaga Major Seminary[49] |

* Theology

| Ggaba  | Private  | 1976

The city is also home to various public and private universities in the country including Makerere University, Kyambogo University, Kampala University, African Bible University, International University of East Africa, Ndejje University and many others.

Kyambogo university library

## Demographics

Street map of Kampala View of Kampala from space

The population of Kampala city proper has been rapidly increasing from 62,264 in 1948 to 1,189,142 in 2002, then 1,507,080 in 2014. In 2019, the population was estimated to be 1,650,800.[50][51]

According to the 2024 Uganda Population and Housing Census, Kampala had a population of 1,797,722 residents, consisting of 1,004,884 males and 792,838 females. The average household size in the city was 2.9 persons.[52]

Kampala, being the capital city and economic engine of Uganda, has a diverse ethnic population drawn from all parts of the country and also from neighboring countries such as Democratic Republic of the Congo, Rwanda, South Sudan, Eritrea, Somalia, and even from countries as far away as India and China.[53][54][55][56]

Cross-cultural intimate relations in Kampala and even Uganda as a whole is still unusual. Although many of Kampala's residents live and work in close contact, they still define themselves by their ethnic origins. This is more evident in the native languages (alongside Luganda and English) that are used at home, workplaces, and public spaces. In addition to the Baganda and Banyankole, other large ethnic groups include the Basoga, Bafumbira, Batoro, Bakiga, Alur, Bagisu (better known as Bamasaba), Banyoro, Iteso, Langi, and Acholi.[57]

Historical population data for Kampala

Year  | 1948  | 1959  | 1969  | 1980  | 1991  | 2002  | 2014  | 2019  | 2024

|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|

Kampala (city proper)  | 62,264[58] | 107,058[58] | 330,700[59] | 458,503[59] | 774,241[59] | 1,189,142[59] | 1,507,080[59] | 1,650,800[59] | 1,797,722[52]

## Culture

Ndere Centre in Kampala is a centre where all traditional Ugandan dances are represented. This dance is from the south of Uganda, on the border with Rwanda.

### Cultural institutions

Prominent cultural institutions include the Uganda Museum and the Ugandan National Theatre.

The city also serves as the seat of the Buganda kingdom in Mengo.

Bulange Mengo the headquarters of Buganda kingdom

One of the most notable sites is the Kasubi Tombs, a UNESCO World Heritage Site and the burial grounds of the Buganda kings.[60]

The Independence Monument, located in the heart of Kampala, is a symbol of Uganda's freedom from colonial rule.

### Shopping and entertainment

Kampala is also known for its vibrant shopping scene, offering everything from traditional crafts to modern fashion. Owino market (also known as St Balikuddembe market) is one of the largest and busiest markets in Uganda, where one can find an array of goods including clothes, shoes, and fresh produce.

The city is also filled with a number of shopping malls, such as Acacia Mall in kamwookya, Arena Mall in Nsambya, and Village Mall in bugolobi.[61]

Wandegeya Market is located near Makerere University.[62] There is also Nakasero Market, one of Africa's largest and liveliest.[63]

Kampala's nightlife is another aspect of the city's leisure that cannot be overlooked. The city is alive with music and dance, with numerous bars, clubs, and lounges offering entertainment late into the night. Kabalagala and Kololo are popular areas for nightlife.

### Cuisine

Kampala's cuisine

One dish is called TV Chicken, named because the chicken is roasted in a rotisserie oven with a glass window that customers can watch the chicken through.[64]

Nsenene vendors (nsenene are grasshoppers) set up shop in May and November, during grasshopper season.[65]

Gaba Fish Market, located on Lake Victoria, is the biggest fish market in the city.[66]

Luwombo a special dish in Kampala

### Ndere Cultural Centre

A prominent cultural centre in the Kampala area of Kisasi that aims to promote Ugandan and African cultural expressions through music, dance, and drama. The name Ndere is derived from the noun 'endere', which means flute. As an instrument found in all cultures, it is chosen as a peaceful symbol of the universality of cultural expressions. The Ndere centre is famous for its Ndere troupe, a music and dance troupe that perform several nights every week at the centre showcasing music and dance from all over Uganda as well as Rwanda and Burundi.[67]

Mandela National Stadium

## Sport

Kampala is home to the City Oilers, one of East Africa's top basketball club teams. It is the only East African team that competes in the FIBA Africa Clubs Champions Cup. The Oilers play their home games in the MTN Arena, which is based in Kampala's Lugogo Area.[68]

The city hosted the IAAF World Cross Country Championships in 2017. The city also hosted the Rugby Africa Cup in 2024 at the Mandela National Stadium.

The Mandela National Stadium, commonly known as Namboole Stadium, is the largest and most iconic sports facility in Uganda. Located just outside Kampala in Bweyogerere, this multi-purpose stadium has a seating capacity of over 45,000 and is the primary venue for major sporting events, including football matches, athletics, and concerts. The stadium is home to the Uganda national football team, the Cranes, and hosts various local and international competitions.

Lugogo Sports Complex is a sports hub in Kampala, offering facilities for a range of sports including tennis, cricket, and boxing. The MTN Arena within the complex is a modern indoor arena with a capacity of around 3,000, used for basketball, netball, volleyball, and other indoor sports. The Lugogo Cricket Oval is another highlight, hosting national and international cricket matches, making it the center of cricket in Uganda.

Hamz stadium in Nakivubo

The renewed Hamz Nakivubo Stadium, formerly known as Nakivubo War Memorial Stadium, is in the central business district of Kampala.

The city is home to various football clubs playing in the Uganda Premier League such as Kampala Capital City Authority FC, SC Villa, Police FC, and Express FC There are also a number of teams in Kampala playing in the FUFA Women Super League like Kawempe Muslim LFC, Lady Doves FC and many others

## Economy

The Church House, downtown Kampala

Efforts are underway to relocate heavy industry to the Kampala Business and Industrial Park, located in Namanve, Mukono District, approximately 14 kilometres (8.7 mi) east of the city's central business district,[69] thereby cutting down on city traffic congestion. Some of the businesses that maintain their headquarters in the city center include all of the 25 commercial banks licensed in Uganda; the New Vision Group, the leading news media conglomerate and majority owned by the government; and the Daily Monitor publication, a member of the Kenya-based Nation Media Group. Air Uganda maintained its headquarters in an office complex on Kololo Hill in Kampala.[70] Crown Beverages Limited, the sole Pepsi-Cola franchise bottler in the country, is situated in Nakawa, a division of Kampala, about 5 kilometres (3 mi) east of the city centre.[71]

The informal sector is a large contributor to Kampala's GDP. Citizens who work in the formal sector also participate in informal activities to earn more income for their families. A public servant in Kampala, for example, may engage in agriculture in addition to working in the formal sector. Other informal fields include owning taxis and urban agriculture. The use of Kampala's wetlands for urban farming has increased over the past few decades. It connects the informal rural settlements with the more industrialized parts of the city. The produce grown in the wetlands is sold in markets in the urban areas.[72]

In December 2015, Google launched its first Wi-Fi network in Kampala.[73]

While more than 30 percent of Kampala's inhabitants practice urban agriculture, the city of Kampala donated 13 hectares (32 acres) to promote urban agriculture in the northeastern parish of Kyanja, in Nakawa Division.[74]

## Transport

Kampala is served by Entebbe International Airport, which is the largest airport in Uganda.

Taxi station in Kampala Bodaboda in Kampala

Boda-bodas (local motorbike transport) are a popular mode of transport that gives access to many areas within and outside the city. Standard fees for these range from USh:1,000 to 2,000 or more. Boda-bodas are useful for passing through rush-hour traffic, although many are poorly maintained and dangerous.[75]

In early 2007, it was announced that Kampala would remove commuter taxis from its streets and replace them with a comprehensive city bus service. (In Kampala, the term "taxi" refers to a 15-seater minibus used as public transport.) The bus service was expected to cover the greater Kampala metropolitan area including Mukono, Mpigi, Bombo, Entebbe, Wakiso and Gayaza. As of December 2011[update] the service had not yet started.[76] Having successfully completed the Northern Bypass, the government, in collaboration with its stakeholders, now plans to introduce the bus rapid transit (BRT) system in Kampala by 2014. On 12 March 2012, Pioneer Easy Bus Company, a private transport company, started public bus service in Kampala with an estimated 100 buses each with a 60-passenger capacity (30 seated and 30 standing), acquired from China. Another 422 buses were expected in the country in 2012. The buses operate 24 hours daily. The company has a concession to provide public transport in the city for the next five years.[77][78] The buses were impounded for back taxes in December 2013. The company expected to resume operation in February 2015.[79]

In 2014, Uganda's President Yoweri Museveni and China Civil Engineering Construction Corporation signed a Memorandum of Understanding, to embark on building a light rail system, the Greater Kampala Light Rail,[80] similar to the one in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia.

On 11 April 2011, the pressure group Activists for Change (A4C) held its first Walk to Work protest near Kampala, in response to a comment by President Museveni on the increased cost of fuel, which had risen by 50 percent between January and April 2011. He said: "What I call on the public to do is to use fuel sparingly. Don't drive to bars."[81][82] The protest, which called on workers to walk to work to highlight the increased cost of transport in Uganda,[81] was disrupted by police, who fired tear gas and arrested three-time presidential candidate Kizza Besigye and Democratic Party leader Norbert Mao.[83] In the course of the protest, Besigye was shot in the right arm by a rubber bullet. The government blamed the violence on protesters.[82]

In 2016, the Rift Valley Railways Consortium (RVR) and Kampala Capital City Authority established passenger rail service between Namanve and Kampala and between Kampala and Kyengera. Those services were temporarily discontinued after RVR lost its concession in Uganda in October 2017.[84] However, when Uganda Railways Corporation took over the operations of the metre gauge railway system in Uganda in 2018, the service was restored in February that year.[85] A new Kampala to Port Bell route is being planned to be added in the 2018/2019 financial year.[84]

## Places of worship

* Baha'i House of Worship in Kampala

* St. Paul's Anglican Cathedral located on Namirembe Hill

* Rubaga Cathedral, the seat for the Roman Catholic Church

* Uganda National Mosque (Islam)

Among the places of worship are predominantly Christian churches and temples: Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Kampala (Catholic Church), Church of Uganda (Anglican Communion), Presbyterian Church in Uganda (World Communion of Reformed Churches), Baptist Union of Uganda (Baptist World Alliance), and Assemblies of God.[86] There are also Muslim mosques.

Kampala hosts a Bahá'í House of Worship known as the Mother Temple of Africa which is situated on Kikaya Hill in the outskirts of the city. The temple was inaugurated in January 1961.[87]

## Health care

Kampala is the country's main hub for health care services. It offers a mix of public hospitals, private clinics, and specialized medical centers that serve both locals and international visitors. The quality of care varies depending on the type of facility, but in general, Kampala provides the best medical options in the country.[88]

Public health care in Kampala is overseen by the Ministry of Health. The city hosts key government hospitals such as Mulago National Referral Hospital, Uganda's largest and most advanced public hospital. Mulago serves as a teaching hospital for Makerere University's College of Health Sciences and provides a wide range of services, including surgery, maternal health, pediatrics, and specialized care. While public hospitals are often affordable or free, they face challenges like overcrowding, long waiting times, limited medical supplies, and under-staffing.[89]

Kampala also has a growing number of private hospitals and clinics offering higher standards of care, often preferred by the middle class, expats, and medical tourists. Some notable private institutions include: Nakasero Hospital – a modern private hospital known for advanced diagnostics and surgery. International Hospital Kampala (IHK) – a leading facility offering general and specialized care. Kampala Hospital – known for quality services and patient-focused care. Case Hospital – provides both inpatient and outpatient services among many others. Private facilities tend to be better equipped and offer faster service but come at a higher cost. Many accept international health insurance, though it's important to confirm in advance.

### Health facilities in Kampala

* Old Mulago Hospital in Uganda

* Mengo hospital

* Kawempe General Hospital

* IHK Namuwongo.jpg

## Notable people

### Politics

#### Heads of state

* Idi Amin (Dada)
* Yoweri Kaguta Museveni, one of Africa's longest ruling presidents[90]
* Mutesa II of Buganda, the 1st president. Kabaka of Buganda
* Paulo Muwanga, former president and prime minister
* Apollo Milton Obote, led Uganda to independence in 1962[91]
* Tito Okello

#### Monarchs

* Muteesa I, the 30th Kabaka of Buganda
* Muwenda Mutebi II of Buganda, the 36th Kabaka of Buganda

#### Other officials

* Salma Lakhani, Lieutenant Governor for the province of Alberta, Canada
* Erias Lukwago, Ugandan lawyer and politician and the Lord Mayor of Kampala City
* Zohran Mamdani, Mayor of New York City
* Bobi Wine (Robert Kyagulanyi Ssentamu), Ugandan politician, businessman, entrepreneur, philanthropist and musician

### Activists

* Sandra Kwikiriza, feminist, LBQ rights and digital rights activist
* Esther Nakajjigo, humanitarian and human rights activist
* Pepe Julian Onziema, human rights activist

### Artists

* Alex Mukulu

### Business

* Maggie Kigozi
* James Mulwana
* Sudhir Ruparelia, Ugandan entrepreneur and builder, Founder Chairman of Ruparelia Group
* Hasmukh Dawda

### Chess

* Robert Katende
* Phiona Mutesi, chess prodigy and subject of the 2012 book and 2016 Disney film Queen of Katwe

### Fashion

* Santa Anzo
* Stella Atal
* Anita Beryl
* Aamito Lagum, fashion model, winner of the first season of Africa's Next Top Model
* Sylvia Owori

### Film and television

* Shimit Amin, Uganda-born Indian filmmaker
* Mathew Nabwiso, Ugandan actor
* Whitney Peak, Uganda-born Canadian actress

### Journalists

* Yasmin Alibhai-Brown, British journalist and author
* Nancy Kacungira
* Maurice Mugisha
* Rajat Neogy, Ugandan-Indian journalist, writer, poet and founder and editor of Transition Magazine
* Solomon Serwanjja

### Law

* Julia Sebutinde (born 1954), jurist on the International Court of Justice

### Music

* Rachael Kungu (born 1978), DJ and recording artist

### Public speakers

* Derreck Kayongo

### Religion and spirituality

* Robert Kayanja
* Martin Ssempa
* John Sentamu, Archbishop of York

### Scientists and academics

* Kwatsi Alibaruho
* Ash Amin, British academic and geographer
* Venansius Baryamureeba
* Alex Coutinho
* Ellinor Catherine Cunningham van Someren, scientist
* Ivan Edwards
* Sebastian Kyalwazi
* Joshua Sikhu Okonya
* Samuel Sejjaaka, professor
* Robert Ssentongo (surgeon)

### Sport

* Micheal Azira, Ugandan footballer, who plays for the New Mexico United in the USL Championship
* Cornelius Boza-Edwards, former boxer
* Moses Magogo Hassim, FUFA President who took Uganda Cranes to AFCON after 39 years and first Ugandan on CAF Executive
* Mandy Juruni, basketball coach
* John Mugabi, world champion boxer[92]
* Martin Kayongo-Mutumba
* Denis Onyango, footballer
* Wasswa Serwanga, American football player
* Pione Sisto, footballer, Ugandan born Danish footballer
* Stephen Kiprotich, long-distance runner, Gold medallist at the 2012 Olympics
* Joshua Cheptegei, long-distance runner, world-record holder in the 10,000 metres and 5000 metres
* Jacob Kiplimo, long-distance runner, world-record holder in the Half marathon

### Writers

* Marcel Theroux, British novelist

### Other

* Allen Kagina, executive director, Uganda National Roads Authority, UNRA
* Julius Kakeeto, Bank executive and CEO of PostBank Uganda
* Jennifer Musisi, former execute Director of Kampala Capital City Authority

People awarded the honorary citizenship of Kampala are:

Date  | Name  | Notes

|
|

16 June 2017 | Aga Khan IV (1936–2025) | British humanitarian and Imam of Nizari-Ismaili Shia Islam[93][94]

## Gallery

* Mengo Palace

* Kampala skyline

* Entrance to the Parliament building

* Stride monument

* Kampala City by night

* Nelson Mandela National Stadium, the home of the national football team, the Uganda Cranes

* Independence Monument

* Namugongo Martyrs Shrine

* Uganda Museum

* National Theatre

* Uganda House – Kampala / Jinja Road

## See also

* List of banks in Uganda
* List of tallest buildings in Kampala
* Timeline of Kampala#Bibliography
* Wakaliwood – A film studio based in Kampala

## References

1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 "Table 1.1 : Estimated Land Area and Projected Population by Sex by Lower Local Government". https://www.ubos.org/wp-content/uploads/publications/09_2019Final_2020_21_LLG_IPFs_Sept_2019.pdf.
2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 "Kampala". Collins English Dictionary. HarperCollins. https://www.collinsdictionary.com/dictionary/english/kampala.
3. ↑ 3.0 3.1 "Kampala". Kampala. Oxford University Press. http://www.lexico.com/definition/Kampala.
4. ↑ "Kampala". Boston: Houghton Mifflin Harcourt. 2014. https://www.ahdictionary.com/word/search.html?q=Kampala.
5. ↑ "Kampala (City, Uganda) - Population Statistics, Charts, Map and Location". https://citypopulation.de/en/uganda/admin/12__kampala/.
6. ↑ "About the Authority - KAMPALA CAPITAL CITY AUTHORITY | For a better City". https://www.kcca.go.ug/about-the-authority.
7. ↑ Kampala Population 2019
8. ↑ "Kampala, Uganda Metro Area Population 1950-2023". https://www.macrotrends.net/cities/22744/kampala/population.
9. ↑ Wang, Xuantong; Rafa, Mickey; Moyer, Jonathan D.; Li, Jing; Scheer, Jennifer; Sutton, Paul (16 January 2019). "Estimation and Mapping of Sub-National GDP in Uganda Using NPP-VIIRS Imagery". Remote Sensing 11 (2): 163. doi:10.3390/rs11020163. Bibcode: 2019RemS...11..163W.
10. ↑ "City Mayors: World's fastest-growing urban areas (1)". http://www.citymayors.com/statistics/urban_growth1.html.
11. ↑ Muhindo, Clare (2016-02-26). "Kampala Ranked Best City In East Africa". New Vision. https://www.newvision.co.ug/new_vision/news/1418082/kampala-ranked-city-east-Africa.
12. ↑ "Quality of Living City Ranking". https://mobilityexchange.mercer.com/insights/quality-of-living-rankings.
13. ↑ "Visit Kampala, Uganda". https://visitafrica.site/kampala.html.
14. ↑ "Kampala: Origin of The Name". Myetymology.com. http://www.myetymology.com/encyclopedia/Kampala.html.
15. ↑ "Journal of the Discovery of the Source of the Nile". Harper. 1864. https://archive.org/details/journaldiscover02spekgoog/page/n280.
16. ↑ Monteith, William (11 December 2017). "Markets and monarchs: indigenous urbanism in postcolonial Kampala". Settler Colonial Studies 9 (2): 247–265. doi:10.1080/2201473X.2017.1409402. https://doi.org/10.1080/2201473X.2017.1409402.
17. ↑ "The betrayal and capture of Mwanga and Kabalega". https://www.monitor.co.ug/SpecialReports/ugandaat50/1370466-1379638-14dfxax/index.html.
18. ↑ "MULAGO NATIONAL REFERRAL HOSPITAL -". https://mulagohospital.go.ug/#:~:text=Mulago National Referral Hospital (MNRH,for tertiary healthcare in Uganda..
19. ↑ "The great Buganda land grab of 1900". https://www.monitor.co.ug/SpecialReports/ugandaat50/1370466-1387958-14e15y2/index.html.
20. ↑ Gutkind, P.C.W; Southall, A.W (1957). Townsmen In The Making, Kampala and its suburbs. Kampala: East African Institute Of Social Research. pp. 4. ISBN 978-0013388883.
21. ↑ Mukwaya, A.B (1953). "The Land Tenure System in Buganda: Present day Tendencies". The Eagle Press. pp.1–22.
22. ↑ Mukwaya, A.B (1953). "Land Tenure in Buganda: Present Day Practices". http://makir.mak.ac.ug/bitstream/handle/10570/2733/Land-tenure-in-Buganda.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y.
23. ↑ Nyakwebara, C (2010). "Chronology of Planning in Kampala: Implications for Future Structure Planning". The Urban Planning Magazine. No. 1. pp. 3–6.
24. ↑ Nilsson, David (2006). "A heritage of unsustainability? Reviewing the origin of the large-scale water and sanitation system in Kampala, Uganda". Environment and Urbanization (SAGE Publications) 18 (2): 369–385. doi:10.1177/0956247806069618. ISSN 0956-2478. Bibcode: 2006EnUrb..18..369N.
25. ↑ Lubega, Henry (2015-04-18). "History of Uganda Railway". https://www.monitor.co.ug/Magazines/PeoplePower/History--Uganda--Railway/689844-2689814-ojyae0z/index.html.
26. ↑ Gore, Christopher D. (2017). Electricity in Africa: The Politics of Transformation in Uganda. Boydell & Brewer. p. 34. ISBN 978-1-84701-168-8. https://books.google.com/books?id=5bM4DwAAQBAJ&pg=PA34.
27. ↑ Mugabe, Faustin (2018-04-20). "110 years of electricity in Uganda". https://www.monitor.co.ug/SpecialReports/110-years-electricity-Uganda/688342-4491242-pdxww5z/index.html.
28. ↑ Pinther, Kerstin; Förster, Larissa; Hanussek, Christian (2012). Afropolis: City Media Art. Jacana Media. p. 59. ISBN 978-1-4314-0325-7. https://books.google.com/books?id=9lcn62brtGQC&pg=PA59.
29. ↑ 29.0 29.1 Folkers, Antoni S. et al. (2019). "Modern Architecture in Africa: Practical Encounters with Intricate African Modernity". Springer. 1st Ed. p. 61.
30. ↑ 30.0 30.1 Situation Analysis of Informal Settlements in Kampala. United Nations Human Settlements Programme. 2007. http://www.rrojasdatabank.info/kampala.pdf.
31. ↑ Omolo-Okalebo, Fredrick; Sengendo, Hannington (Jan–Feb 2011). "Perspectives on City Planning of Post Independence Kampala: The Emergence of the Metropolitan Growth Model and the Hexagonal Cell". Second International Conference on Advances in Engineering and Technology. pp. 64–71. https://news.mak.ac.ug/documents/Makfiles/aet2011/Omolo.pdf. Retrieved 2019-08-26.
32. ↑ Lawino, Miriam (June 2012). Participatory physical planning in Uganda: investigation on public participation processes during the preperation [sic] of the 1994 Kampala structure plan (Thesis thesis). Makerere University.
33. ↑ "Kampala Capital City Act, 2010". 2010-12-28. https://ulii.org/ug/legislation/act/2015/1-8.
34. ↑ Boyle, Emma Leonard (2023-03-30), "Eleven years since the Kampala world cup bombings: what we remember and why", 9/11 Twenty Years On (London: Routledge): pp. 94–97, doi:10.4324/9781003377863-23, ISBN 978-1-003-37786-3, http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781003377863-23, retrieved 2024-01-12
35. ↑ 35.0 35.1 "Jihadists in Congo are extending their reach in the region". The Economist. ISSN 0013-0613. https://www.economist.com/middle-east-and-africa/2023/06/22/jihadists-in-congo-are-extending-their-reach-in-the-region.
36. ↑ Ntale, Tim Lister, Ruba Alhenawi, Hande Atay Alam, Samson (2021-11-17). "Islamic State claims responsibility for Uganda bombings". https://www.cnn.com/2021/11/17/africa/uganda-islamic-state-bombing-intl-hnk/index.html.
37. ↑ "Uganda Police Say Three Killed, 33 Injured in Twin Suicide Bombings". 2021-11-16. https://www.voanews.com/a/deadly-explosions-near-uganda-s-parliament-central-police-station/6315067.html.
38. ↑ 38.0 38.1 38.2 Gumm, Emily (2011-04-01). "The Use and Misuse of Wetlands in Kampala". Independent Study Project (ISP) Collection. https://digitalcollections.sit.edu/isp_collection/1022.
39. ↑ "Nakivubo Channel, where good and bad meet". https://www.monitor.co.ug/artsculture/Reviews/Nakivubo-Channel--where-good-and-bad-meet/691232-1737368-p4nbyc/index.html.
40. ↑ "Wetlands on verge of extinction". 2020-07-19. https://www.monitor.co.ug/uganda/lifestyle/reviews-profiles/wetlands-on-verge-of-extinction-1652336.
41. ↑ Thomas, A. S. (July 1946). "The Vegetation of Some Hillsides in Uganda: Illustrations of Human Influence in Tropical Ecology. II". The Journal of Ecology 33 (2): 153–172. doi:10.2307/2256463. Bibcode: 1946JEcol..33..153T.
42. ↑ "World Weather Information Service: Kampala". http://worldweather.wmo.int/en/city.html?cityId=1328.
43. ↑ "Kampala Climate". https://en.climate-data.org/africa/uganda/central-region/kampala-5578/.
44. ↑ "Kampala". https://www.bbc.com/weather/232422.
45. ↑ "Education – KAMPALA CAPITAL CITY AUTHORITY | for a better City". https://www.kcca.go.ug/Education.
46. ↑ "Nakawa Vocational training Institute — Uganda BTVET – Business Technical Vocational Education and Training". http://www.btvet-uganda.org/training-provider/homepages/nakawa-vocational-training-institute/view.
47. ↑ "Tiner International School of Beauty Hairdressing Art & Fashion Designing — Uganda BTVET – Business Technical Vocational Education and Training". http://www.btvet-uganda.org/training-provider/homepages/tiner-international-school-of-beauty.
48. ↑ "Jimmy Sekasi Institute of Catering — Uganda BTVET – Business Technical Vocational Education and Training". http://www.btvet-uganda.org/training-provider/homepages/jimmy-ssekasi-institute.
49. ↑ "100 seminarians graduate at St. Mbaaga Seminary". http://www.newvision.co.ug/new_vision/news/1425216/100-seminarians-graduate-st-mbaaga-seminary.
50. ↑ "Uganda: Regions, Major Cities & Towns". 18 January 1980. http://citypopulation.de/Uganda-Cities.html.
51. ↑ "National Population and Housing Census 2014 Main Report". Uganda Bureau of Statistics. http://www.ubos.org/onlinefiles/uploads/ubos/NPHC/2014 National Census Main Report.pdf.
52. ↑ 52.0 52.1 "Kampala City | NPHC 2024". Uganda Bureau of Statistics. 11 June 2025. https://statistics.ubos.org/nphc/drilldown?subregion=12&district=102.
53. ↑ "More than 10,000 Chinese migrants in Uganda illegally". 2 January 2021. https://www.monitor.co.ug/Business/Markets/10-000-Chinese-migrants-Uganda-illegally/688606-3810216-tog18lz/index.html.
54. ↑ "Press Statement: 28 Suspected Illegal Immigrants Arrested". 25 July 2016. https://www.immigration.go.ug/media/press-statement-28-suspected-illegal-immigrants-arrested.
55. ↑ "Kisenyi slum: The Little Mogadishu of Kampala". 6 July 2020. https://www.theeastafrican.co.ke/magazine/Why-Somalis-feel-at-home-in-Kisenyi-slum-Uganda/434746-2522790-rixv60z/index.html.
56. ↑ "UNDERSTANDING THE NEEDS OF URBAN REFUGEES AND HOST COMMUNITIES RESIDING IN VULNERABLE NEIGHBORHOODS OF KAMPALA". https://www.kcca.go.ug/media/docs/Kampala Urban Refugees And Host Community Needs Report.pdf.
57. ↑ "Africa :: Uganda". 21 August 2019. https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/uganda/.
58. ↑ 58.0 58.1 Parkin, David (2013-11-05). Neighbours and Nationals in an African City Ward. Routledge. ISBN 9781136532412. https://books.google.com/books?id=6Sv-AQAAQBAJ&pg=PA4.
59. ↑ 59.0 59.1 59.2 59.3 59.4 59.5 "Statistical – Page 20 – Uganda Bureau of Statistics". https://www.ubos.org/publications/statistical/20/.
60. ↑ "Kasubi Tombs Ruins" (in en). http://www.atlasobscura.com/places/the-ruins-kasubi-tombs-of-uganda.
61. ↑ "Kampala Population 2025" (in en). https://worldpopulationreview.com/cities/uganda/kampala.
62. ↑ "Wandegeya Market, Kampala, Uganda - Reviews, Ratings, Tips and Why You Should Go" (in en). https://wanderlog.com/place/details/10182902/wandegeya-market.
63. ↑ Yam (2024-12-21). "Visiting the Overcrowded Nakasero Market in Kampala: A Thrilling Experience Worth the Risk - Kosupa Travel" (in en-US). https://en.kosupatravel.com/entry/2024/12/21/uganda-visiting-the-overcrowded-nakasero-market-a-thrilling-experience-worth-the-risk.
64. ↑ "Uganda's 'TV Chicken' Is Dinner and a Show" (in en). https://www.atlasobscura.com/foods/tv-chicken-uganda.
65. ↑ "Fried Grasshopper Is a Popular Bar Snack In Uganda" (in en). https://www.atlasobscura.com/foods/nsenene-grasshopper-uganda.
66. ↑ Paul, Julie Syl and (2018-03-05). "How to Eat Like a Local in Kampala Uganda, East Africa!" (in en-US). https://pkjulesworld.com/eat-like-a-local-in-kampala/.
67. ↑ Kakembo, Titus (2014-03-05). "Ndere Centre, Where African Culture Is Very Alive". New Vision. https://www.newvision.co.ug/new_vision/news/1338374/ndere-centre-african-culture-alive.
68. ↑ Mutebi, Charles (2013-05-17). "Juruni Eyes 2013 Basketball Crown". New Vision. https://www.newvision.co.ug/new_vision/news/1319958/juruni-eyes-2013-basketball-crown.
69. ↑ "Distance between Kampala Road and Namanve Industrial Park, Mukono, Central Region, Uganda". https://distancecalculator.globefeed.com/Uganda_Distance_Result.asp?dt1=ChIJCacTwgW5fRcRPuJJw9VOeWU&dt2=ChIJjakXW0K4fRcR3RiO3ljyJ0Q.
70. ↑ "Air Uganda Increases Flights To Dar". New Vision. 2009-02-23. https://www.newvision.co.ug/new_vision/news/1249387/air-uganda-increases-flights-dar.
71. ↑ "Two decades of positive growth for Crown Beverages". Kampala. 14 October 2013. http://www.independent.co.ug/supplement/117-supplement/8335-two-decades-of-positive-growthfor-crownbeverages.
72. ↑ Isunju, John Bosco; Orach, Christopher Garimoi; Kemp, Jaco (2015-12-14). "Hazards and vulnerabilities among informal wetland communities in Kampala, Uganda". Environment and Urbanization (SAGE Publications) 28 (1): 275–293. doi:10.1177/0956247815613689. ISSN 0956-2478.
73. ↑ "Google launches wi-fi network in Kampala, Uganda". BBC News. 2015-12-04. https://www.bbc.com/news/technology-35000544.
74. ↑ Wolfe, Jeanne M.; McCans, Sarah (June 2009). "Designing for Urban Agriculture in an African City: Kampala, Uganda.". Open House International 34 (2): 25–35. doi:10.1108/OHI-02-2009-B0004. ISSN 0168-2601. OCLC 311401512. Bibcode: 2009OHIng..34...25W. https://www.mcgill.ca/mchg/files/mchg/06-wolfe.pdf.
75. ↑ Kagolo, Francis; Kariuki, Joseph (2008-08-24). "Deadly Ride: Boda Bodas Leading Cause of Hospital Casualties". New Vision. http://www.newvision.co.ug/new_vision/news/1182601/deadly-ride-boda-bodas-leading-cause-hospital-casualties.
76. ↑ Semakula, John (2011-12-28). "Pioneer Easy Buses To Offer 24 Hour Service". New Vision. https://www.newvision.co.ug/new_vision/news/1004456/pioneer-easy-buses-offer-hour-service.
77. ↑ Muhairwe, Priscilla (5 April 2011). "Pioneer Easy Bus Set to Introduce Electronic Pay Buses". The Independent (Uganda). http://www.independent.co.ug/ugandatalks/2011/04/pioneer-easy-bus-set-to-introduce-electronic-pay-buses/?Itemid=410.
78. ↑ "Pioneer Buses Start Service, Taxi Strike Flops". Welcometokampala.com. 12 March 2012. http://welcometokampala.com/kampala/2012/pioneer-buses-start-service-taxi-strike-flops.
79. ↑ "Pioneer buses back: What has changed?". 5 January 2021. http://www.monitor.co.ug/artsculture/Reviews/Pioneer-buses-back--what-has-changed-/-/691232/2589412/-/n6taurz/-/index.html.
80. ↑ Barrow, Keith (2015-12-16). "Uganda and China sign Kampala light rail MoU" (in en-GB). https://www.railjournal.com/news/uganda-and-china-sign-kampala-light-rail-agreement/.
81. ↑ 81.0 81.1 "Deadly Crackdown on Uganda's Walk-to-Work Protests". Time. 23 April 2011. http://content.time.com/time/world/article/0,8599,2067136,00.html. Retrieved 25 May 2015.
82. ↑ 82.0 82.1 Musaazi Namiti. "Uganda walk-to-work protests kick up dust". http://www.aljazeera.com/indepth/features/2011/04/201142831330647345.html.
83. ↑ "Kizza Besigye held over Uganda 'Walk to Work' protest". BBC News. 12 April 2011. https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-13033279.
84. ↑ 84.0 84.1 Ngwomwoya, Amos (23 February 2018). "Passenger train services to resume on Monday". Kampala. http://www.monitor.co.ug/News/National/Passenger-train-services-resume-Monday/688334-4316028-5l40lxz/index.html.
85. ↑ Ochwo, Alfred; Ahukana, Mercy (27 February 2018). "Kampalans welcome revamped passenger train services". Kampala. http://observer.ug/news/headlines/57044-ugandans-welcome-revamped-passenger-train-services.html.
86. ↑ Melton, J. Gordon; Baumann, Martin (2010). Religions of the World: A Comprehensive Encyclopedia of Beliefs and Practices (2nd ed.). ABC-CLIO. p. 2920. ISBN 978-1-59884-204-3. OCLC 764567612. https://books.google.com/books?id=v2yiyLLOj88C&pg=PA2920.
87. ↑ "Fifty years on, Uganda's Baha'i temple stands as a symbol of unity and progress – Bahá'í World News Service (BWNS)". 18 January 2011. http://news.bahai.org/story/806.
88. ↑ "Best Hospitals in Uganda". 18 May 2021. https://ghealth121.com/top_hospitals/uganda/.
89. ↑ "Huge population choking Kampala hospitals". 5 June 2021. https://www.monitor.co.ug/uganda/magazines/healthy-living/huge-population-choking-kampala-hospitals-3427132.
90. ↑ "Uganda's Museveni clings on as one of Africa's longest serving leaders". 19 January 2021. https://www.theeastafrican.co.ke/tea/news/east-africa/uganda-s-museveni-clings-on-as-one-of-africa-s-longest-serving-leaders-3261728.
91. ↑ Milton Obote, 2020-04-25
92. ↑ "John Mugabi". 1960-03-04. https://boxrec.com/media/index.php/John_Mugabi.
93. ↑ Semakula, John (2017-06-16). "KCCA To Award Aga Khan With Honorary Citizenship". New Vision. http://www.newvision.co.ug/new_vision/news/1455722/kcca-award-aga-khan-honorary-citizenship.
94. ↑ URN (2017-06-15). "Aga Khan granted Honorary Citizenship of Kampala". https://observer.ug/news/headlines/53364-aga-khan-granted-honorary-citizenship-of-kampala.

## External links

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