Color space

Short description: Standard that defines a specific range of colors

This article is about color spaces. For the YCbCr to RGB conversion matrices, see YCbCr.

Comparison of some RGB and CMYK chromaticity gamuts on a CIE 1931 xy chromaticity diagram A comparison of the chromaticities enclosed by some color spaces

A color space is a specific organization of colors. In combination with color profiling supported by various physical devices, it supports reproducible representations of color - whether such representation entails an analog or a digital representation. A color space may be arbitrary, i.e. with physically realized colors assigned to a set of physical color swatches with corresponding assigned color names (including discrete numbers in - for example - the Pantone collection), or structured with mathematical rigor (as with the NCS System, Adobe RGB and sRGB). A "color space" is a useful conceptual tool for understanding the color capabilities of a particular device or digital file. When trying to reproduce color on another device, color spaces can show whether shadow/highlight detail and color saturation can be retained, and by how much either will be compromised.

A "color model" is an abstract mathematical model describing the way colors can be represented as tuples of numbers (e.g. triples in RGB or quadruples in CMYK); however, a color model with no associated mapping function to an absolute color space is a more or less arbitrary color system with no connection to any globally understood system of color interpretation. Adding a specific mapping function between a color model and a reference color space establishes within the reference color space a definite "footprint", known as a gamut, and for a given color model, this defines a color space. For example, Adobe RGB and sRGB are two different absolute color spaces, both based on the RGB color model. When defining a color space, the usual reference standard is the CIELAB or CIEXYZ color spaces, which were specifically designed to encompass all colors the average human can see.[1]

Since "color space" identifies a particular combination of the color model and the mapping function, the word is often used informally to identify a color model. However, even though identifying a color space automatically identifies the associated color model, this usage is incorrect in a strict sense. For example, although several specific color spaces are based on the RGB color model, there is no such thing as the singular RGB color space.

## Contents

* 1 History
* 2 Examples
* 3 Conversion
* 4 RGB density
* 5 Lists
* 5.1 Generic
* 5.2 Commercial
* 5.3 Special-purpose
* 5.4 Obsolete
* 6 Absolute color space
* 6.1 Conversion errors
* 6.2 Arbitrary spaces
* 7 See also
* 8 References
* 9 External links

## History

Thomas Young and Hermann Helmholtz assumed that the eye's retina consists of three different kinds of light receptors for red, green and blue.

In 1802, Thomas Young postulated the existence of three types of photoreceptors (now known as cone cells) in the eye, each of which was sensitive to a particular range of visible light.[2] Hermann von Helmholtz developed the Young–Helmholtz theory further in 1850: that the three types of cone photoreceptors could be classified as short-preferring (blue), middle-preferring (green), and long-preferring (red), according to their response to the wavelengths of light striking the retina. The relative strengths of the signals detected by the three types of cones are interpreted by the brain as a visible color. But it is not clear that they thought of colors as being points in color space.

The color-space concept was likely due to Hermann Grassmann, who developed it in two stages. First, he developed the idea of vector space, which allowed the algebraic representation of geometric concepts in n-dimensional space.[3] Fearnley-Sander (1979) describes Grassmann's foundation of linear algebra as follows:[4]

“  | The definition of a linear space (vector space)... became widely known around 1920, when Hermann Weyl and others published formal definitions. In fact, such a definition had been given thirty years previously by Peano, who was thoroughly acquainted with Grassmann's mathematical work. Grassmann did not put down a formal definition—the language was not available—but there is no doubt that he had the concept.  | ”

|
|

With this conceptual background, in 1853, Grassmann published a theory of how colors mix; it and its three color laws are still taught, as Grassmann's law.[5]

“  | As noted first by Grassmann... the light set has the structure of a cone in the infinite-dimensional linear space. As a result, a quotient set (with respect to metamerism) of the light cone inherits the conical structure, which allows color to be represented as a convex cone in the 3- D linear space, which is referred to as the color cone.[6] | ”

|
|

## Examples

A comparison of CMYK and RGB color models. This image demonstrates the difference between how colors will look on a computer monitor (RGB) compared to how they might reproduce in a particular CMYK print process.

Colors can be created in printing with color spaces based on the CMYK color model, using the subtractive primary colors of pigment (cyan, magenta, yellow, and key [black]). To create a three-dimensional representation of a given color space, we can assign the amount of magenta color to the representation's X axis, the amount of cyan to its Y axis, and the amount of yellow to its Z axis. The resulting 3-D space provides a unique position for every possible color that can be created by combining those three pigments.

Colors can be created on computer monitors with color spaces based on the RGB color model, using the additive primary colors (red, green, and blue). A three-dimensional representation would assign each of the three colors to the X, Y, and Z axes. Colors generated on a given monitor will be limited by the reproduction medium, such as the phosphor (in a CRT monitor) or filters and backlight (LCD monitor).

Another way of creating colors on a monitor is with an HSL or HSV color model, based on hue, saturation, brightness (value/lightness). With such a model, the variables are assigned to cylindrical coordinates.

Many color spaces can be represented as three-dimensional values in this manner, but some have more, or fewer dimensions, and some, such as Pantone, cannot be represented in this way at all.

## Conversion

Color space conversion is the translation of the representation of a color from one basis to another. This typically occurs in the context of converting an image that is represented in one color space to another color space, the goal being to make the translated image look as similar as possible to the original.

## RGB density

The RGB color model is implemented in different ways, depending on the capabilities of the system used. The most common incarnation in general use as of 2021[update] is the 24-bit implementation, with 8 bits, or 256 discrete levels of color per channel.[7] Any color space based on such a 24-bit RGB model is thus limited to a range of 256×256×256 ≈ 16.7 million colors. Some implementations use 16 bits per component for 48 bits total, resulting in the same gamut with a larger number of distinct colors. This is especially important when working with wide-gamut color spaces (where most of the more common colors are located relatively close together), or when a large number of digital filtering algorithms are used consecutively. The same principle applies for any color space based on the same color model, but implemented at different bit depths.

## Lists

Main article: List of color spaces and their uses

CIE 1931 XYZ color space was one of the first attempts to produce a color space based on measurements of human color perception (earlier efforts were by James Clerk Maxwell, König & Dieterici, and Abney at Imperial College)[8] and it is the basis for almost all other color spaces. The CIERGB color space is a linearly-related companion of CIE XYZ. Additional derivatives of CIE XYZ include the CIELUV, CIEUVW, and CIELAB.

### Generic

Main article: Color model

Additive color mixing: Three overlapping light bulbs in a vacuum, adding together to create white. Subtractive color mixing: Three splotches of paint on white paper, subtracting together to turn the paper black.

RGB uses additive color mixing, because it describes what kind of light needs to be emitted to produce a given color. RGB stores individual values for red, green and blue. RGBA is RGB with an additional channel, alpha, to indicate transparency. Common color spaces based on the RGB model include sRGB, Adobe RGB, ProPhoto RGB, scRGB, and CIE RGB.

CMYK uses subtractive color mixing used in the printing process, because it describes what kind of inks need to be applied so the light reflected from the substrate and through the inks produces a given color. One starts with a white substrate (canvas, page, etc.), and uses ink to subtract color from white to create an image. CMYK stores ink values for cyan, magenta, yellow and black. There are many CMYK color spaces for different sets of inks, substrates, and press characteristics (which change the dot gain or transfer function for each ink and thus change the appearance).

YIQ was formerly used in NTSC (North America, Japan and elsewhere) television broadcasts for historical reasons. This system stores a luma value roughly analogous to (and sometimes incorrectly identified as)[9][10] luminance, along with two chroma values as approximate representations of the relative amounts of blue and red in the color. It is similar to the YUV scheme used in most video capture systems[11] and in PAL (Australia, Europe, except France, which uses SECAM) television, except that the YIQ color space is rotated 33° with respect to the YUV color space and the color axes are swapped. The YDbDr scheme used by SECAM television is rotated in another way.

YPbPr is a scaled version of YUV. It is most commonly seen in its digital form, YCbCr, used widely in video and image compression schemes such as MPEG and JPEG.

xvYCC is a new international digital video color space standard published by the IEC (IEC 61966-2-4). It is based on the ITU BT.601 and BT.709 standards but extends the gamut beyond the R/G/B primaries specified in those standards.

HSV (hue, saturation, value), also known as HSB (hue, saturation, brightness) is often used by artists because it is often more natural to think about a color in terms of hue and saturation than in terms of additive or subtractive color components. HSV is a transformation of an RGB color space, and its components and colorimetry are relative to the RGB color space from which it was derived.

HSL (hue, saturation, lightness/luminance), also known as HLS or HSI (hue, saturation, intensity) is quite similar to HSV, with "lightness" replacing "brightness". The difference is that the brightness of a pure color is equal to the brightness of white, while the lightness of a pure color is equal to the lightness of a medium gray.

### Commercial

* Munsell color system
* Pantone Matching System (PMS)
* Natural Color System (NCS)

### Special-purpose

* The RG Chromaticity space is used in computer vision applications. It shows the color of light (red, yellow, green etc.), but not its intensity (dark, bright).
* The TSL color space (Tint, Saturation and Luminance) is used in face detection.

### Obsolete

Early color spaces had two components. They largely ignored blue light because the added complexity of a 3-component process provided only a marginal increase in fidelity when compared to the jump from monochrome to 2-component color.

* RG for early Technicolor film
* RGK for early color printing

## Absolute color space

In color science, there are two meanings of the term absolute color space:

* A color space in which the perceptual difference between colors is directly related to distances between colors as represented by points in the color space, i.e. a uniform color space.[12][13]
* A color space in which colors are unambiguous, that is, where the interpretations of colors in the space are colorimetrically defined without reference to external factors.[14][15]

In this article, we concentrate on the second definition.

CIEXYZ, sRGB, and ICtCp are examples of absolute color spaces, as opposed to a generic RGB color space.

A non-absolute color space can be made absolute by defining its relationship to absolute colorimetric quantities. For instance, if the red, green, and blue colors in a monitor are measured exactly, together with other properties of the monitor, then RGB values on that monitor can be considered as absolute. The CIE 1976 L*, a*, b* color space is sometimes referred to as absolute, though it also needs a white point specification to make it so.[16]

A popular way to make a color space like RGB into an absolute color is to define an ICC profile, which contains the attributes of the RGB. This is not the only way to express an absolute color, but it is the standard in many industries. RGB colors defined by widely accepted profiles include sRGB and Adobe RGB. The process of adding an ICC profile to a graphic or document is sometimes called tagging or embedding; tagging, therefore, marks the absolute meaning of colors in that graphic or document.

### Conversion errors

A color in one absolute color space can be converted into another absolute color space, and back again, in general; however, some color spaces may have gamut limitations, and converting colors that lie outside that gamut will not produce correct results. There are also likely to be rounding errors, especially if the popular range of only 256 distinct values per component (8-bit color) is used.

One part of the definition of an absolute color space is the viewing conditions. The same color, viewed under different natural or artificial lighting conditions, will look different. Those involved professionally with color matching may use viewing rooms, lit by standardized lighting.

Occasionally, there are precise rules for converting between non-absolute color spaces. For example, HSL and HSV spaces are defined as mappings of RGB. Both are non-absolute, but the conversion between them should maintain the same color. However, in general, converting between two non-absolute color spaces (for example, RGB to CMYK) or between absolute and non-absolute color spaces (for example, RGB to L*a*b*) is almost a meaningless concept.

### Arbitrary spaces

A different method of defining absolute color spaces is familiar to many consumers as the swatch card, used to select paint, fabrics, and the like. This is a way of agreeing a color between two parties. A more standardized method of defining absolute colors is the Pantone Matching System, a proprietary system that includes swatch cards and recipes that commercial printers can use to make inks that are a particular color.

## See also

* Color model - Mathematical model describing colors as tuples of numbers
* List of color spaces and their uses - None
* Color theory - Principles to describe the practical behavior of colors
* Lists of colors
* Primary color - Fundamental color in color mixing
* Color solid - Three-dimensional representation of a color space

## References

1. ↑ Gravesen, Jens (November 2015). "The Metric of Color Space". Graphical Models 82: 77–86. doi:10.1016/j.gmod.2015.06.005. http://www2.mat.dtu.dk/people/J.Gravesen/pub/48-2015-colour.pdf. Retrieved 28 November 2023.
2. ↑ Young, T. (1802). "Bakerian Lecture: On the Theory of Light and Colours". Phil. Trans. R. Soc. Lond. 92: 12–48. doi:10.1098/rstl.1802.0004.
3. ↑ Hermann Grassmann and the Creation of Linear Algebra
4. ↑ Fearnley-Sander, Desmond (December 1979). "Hermann Grassmann and the Creation of Linear Algebra" (in en). The American Mathematical Monthly 86 (10): 809–817. doi:10.1080/00029890.1979.11994921. ISSN 0002-9890. https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/00029890.1979.11994921.
5. ↑ Grassmann H (1853). "Zur Theorie der Farbenmischung". Annalen der Physik und Chemie 89 (5): 69–84. doi:10.1002/andp.18531650505. Bibcode: 1853AnP...165...69G. https://zenodo.org/record/1423628.
6. ↑ Logvinenko A. D. (2015). "The geometric structure of color". Journal of Vision 15 (1): 16. doi:10.1167/15.1.16. PMID 25589300.
7. ↑ Kyrnin, Mark (2021-08-26). "Why You Need to Know What Color Bit Depth Your Display Supports" (in en). https://www.lifewire.com/lcd-displays-and-bit-color-depth-833083.
8. ↑ William David Wright, 50 years of the 1931 CIE Standard Observer. Die Farbe, 29:4/6 (1981).
9. ↑ Charles Poynton, "YUV and 'luminance' considered harmful: a plea for precise terminology in video", online, author-edited version of Appendix A of Charles Poynton, Digital Video and HDTV: Algorithms and Interfaces, Morgan–Kaufmann, 2003. online
10. ↑ Charles Poynton, Constant Luminance, 2004
11. ↑ Dean Anderson. "Color Spaces in Frame Grabbers: RGB vs. YUV". http://www.sensoray.com/support/frame_grabber_capture_modes.htm.
12. ↑ Hans G. Völz (2001). Industrial Color Testing: Fundamentals and Techniques. Wiley-VCH. ISBN 3-527-30436-3. https://books.google.com/books?id=-0jl6ai59MMC&q="absolute+color+space"&pg=PA40.
13. ↑ Gunter Buxbaum; Gerhard Pfaff (2005). Industrial Inorganic Pigments. Wiley-VCH. ISBN 3-527-30363-4. https://books.google.com/books?id=_OrB0ew_HgAC&q="absolute+color+space"&pg=PA24.
14. ↑ Jonathan B. Knudsen (1999). Java 2D Graphics. O'Reilly. p. 172. ISBN 1-56592-484-3. https://archive.org/details/java2dgraphics0000knud. "absolute color space."
15. ↑ Bernice Ellen Rogowitz; Thrasyvoulos N Pappas; Scott J Daly (2007). Human Vision and Electronic Imaging XII. SPIE. ISBN 978-0-8194-6605-1. https://books.google.com/books?id=Ne9RAAAAMAAJ&q="absolute+color+space".
16. ↑ Yud-Ren Chen; George E. Meyer; Shu-I. Tu (2005). Optical Sensors and Sensing Systems for Natural Resources and Food Safety and Quality. SPIE. ISBN 0-8194-6020-6. https://books.google.com/books?id=7IxTAAAAMAAJ&q="absolute+color+space"+l-a-b.

## External links

* Color FAQ, Charles Poynton
* Color Science, Dan Bruton
* Color Spaces, Rolf G. Kuehni (October 2003)
* Colour spaces – perceptual, historical and applicational background, Marko Tkalčič (2003)
* Color formats for image and video processing – Color conversion between RGB, YUV, YCbCr and YPbPr.
* PixFC-SSE - C library of SSE-optimized color format conversions.
* Konica Minolta Sensing: Precise Color Communication
* Higham, Nicholas J., Color Spaces and Digital Imaging, from The Princeton Companion to Applied Mathematics

* v
* t
* e

Color space

* List of color spaces
* Color models

CAM|

* CIECAM02
* iCAM

CIE|

* XYZ (1931)
* RGB (1931)
* CAM (2002)
* YUV (1960)
* UVW (1964)
* LAB (1976)
* LUV (1976)

RGB|

* RGB color space
* sRGB
* rg chromaticity
* Adobe
* Wide-gamut
* ProPhoto
* scRGB
* DCI-P3
* Rec. 709
* Rec. 2020
* Rec. 2100

YUV|

* YUV
* PAL
* YDbDr
* SECAM
* PAL-N
* YIQ
* NTSC
* YCbCr
* Rec. 601
* Rec. 709
* Rec. 2020
* Rec. 2100
* ICtCp
* Rec. 2100
* YPbPr
* xvYCC
* YCoCg

Other|

* CcMmYK
* CMYK
* Coloroid
* LMS
* Hexachrome
* HSL, HSV
* HCL
* Imaginary color
* OSA-UCS
* PCCS
* RG
* RYB

Color systems
and standards|

* ACES
* ANPA
* Colour Index International
* CI list of dyes
* DIC
* Federal Standard 595
* HKS
* ICC profile
* ISCC–NBS
* Munsell
* NCS
* Ostwald
* Pantone
* RAL
* list

For the vision capacities of organisms or machines, see  Color vision.

* v
* t
* e

Color topics

* Red
* Orange
* Yellow
* Green
* Cyan
* Blue
* Indigo
* Violet
* Purple
* Magenta
* Pink
* Brown
* White
* Gray
* Black

Color science|

| Color physics|

* Electromagnetic spectrum
* Light
* Rainbow
* Visible
* Spectral colors
* Chromophore
* Structural coloration
* Animal coloration
* On Vision and Colors
* Metamerism
* Spectral power distribution

|

Color perception|

* Color vision
* Color blindness
* Achromatopsia
* test
* Tetrachromacy
* Color constancy
* Color term
* Color depth
* Color photography
* Spot color
* Color printing
* Web colors
* Color mapping
* Color code
* Color management
* Chrominance
* False color
* Chroma key
* Color balance
* Color cast
* Color temperature
* Eigengrau
* The dress

Color psychology|

* Color symbolism
* Color preferences
* Lüscher color test
* Kruithof curve
* Political color
* National colors
* Chromophobia
* Chromotherapy

Color
philosophy|

| Color space|

* Color model
* additive
* subtractive
* Color mixing
* Primary color
* Secondary color
* Tertiary color (intermediate)
* Quaternary color
* Quinary color
* Aggressive color (warm)
* Receding color (cool)
* Pastel colors
* Color gradient

|

Color scheme|

* Color tool
* Monochromatic colors
* Complementary colors
* Analogous colors
* Achromatic colors (Neutral)
* Polychromatic colors
* Impossible colors
* Light-on-dark
* Tinctures in heraldry

Color theory|

* Chromaticity diagram
* Color solid
* Color wheel
* Color triangle
* Color analysis (art)
* Color realism (art style)

Color terms|

| Basic terms|

* Blue
* Green
* Red
* Yellow
* Pink
* Purple
* Orange
* Black
* Gray
* White
* Brown

|

Cultural differences|

* Linguistic relativity and the color naming debate
* Blue–green distinction in language
* Color history
* Color in Chinese culture
* Traditional colors of Japan
* Human skin color

Color dimensions|

* Hue
* Dichromatism
* Colorfulness (chroma and saturation)
* Tints and shades
* Lightness (tone and value)
* Grayscale

Color
organizations|

* Pantone
* Color Marketing Group
* The Color Association of the United States
* International Colour Authority
* International Commission on Illumination (CIE)
* International Color Consortium
* International Colour Association

Lists|

* A–F
* G–M
* N–Z
* List of colors (compact)
* List of colors by shade
* List of color palettes
* List of color spaces
* List of Crayola crayon colors
* history
* Color chart
* List of fictional colors
* List of RAL colors
* List of web colors

Related|

* Vision
* Image processing
* Multi-primary color display
* Quattron
* Qualia
* Lighting
* Local color (visual art)

* Category
* Index of color-related articles

* v
* t
* e

Photography

Terminology|

* 35 mm equivalent focal length
* Angle of view
* Aperture
* Black and white
* Chromatic aberration
* Circle of confusion
* Color balance
* Color temperature
* Depth of field
* Depth of focus
* Exposure
* Exposure compensation
* Exposure value
* Zebra patterning
* F-number
* Film format
* Large
* Medium
* Film speed
* Focal length
* Guide number
* Hyperfocal distance
* Metering mode
* Orb (optics)
* Perspective distortion
* Photograph
* Photographic printing
* Photographic processes
* Reciprocity
* Red-eye effect
* Science of photography
* Shutter speed
* Sync
* Zone System

Genres|

* Abstract
* Aerial
* Aircraft
* Architectural
* Astrophotography
* Banquet
* Conceptual
* Conservation
* Cloudscape
* Documentary
* Ethnographic
* Erotic
* Fashion
* Fine-art
* Fire
* Forensic
* Glamour
* High-speed
* Landscape
* Lomography
* Nature
* Neues Sehen
* Nude
* Photojournalism
* Pornography
* Portrait
* Post-mortem
* Selfie
* Social documentary
* Sports
* Still life
* Stock
* Street
* Vernacular
* Underwater
* Wedding
* Wildlife

Techniques|

* Afocal
* Bokeh
* Brenizer
* Burst mode
* Contre-jour
* Cyanotype
* ETTR
* Fill flash
* Fireworks
* Harris shutter
* HDRI
* High-speed
* Holography
* Infrared
* Intentional camera movement
* Kirlian
* Kite aerial
* Long-exposure
* Macro
* Mordançage
* Multiple exposure
* Night
* Panning
* Panoramic
* Photogram
* Print toning
* Redscale
* Rephotography
* Rollout
* Scanography
* Schlieren photography
* Sabattier effect
* Slow motion
* Stereoscopy
* Stopping down
* Strip
* Slit-scan
* Sun printing
* Tilt–shift
* Miniature faking
* Time-lapse
* Ultraviolet
* Vignetting
* Xerography

Composition|

* Diagonal method
* Framing
* Headroom
* Lead room
* Rule of thirds
* Simplicity
* Golden triangle (composition)

Equipment|

* Camera
* light-field
* field
* instant
* pinhole
* press
* rangefinder
* SLR
* still
* TLR
* toy
* view
* Darkroom
* enlarger
* safelight
* Film
* base
* format
* holder
* stock
* available films
* discontinued films
* Filter
* Flash
* beauty dish
* cucoloris
* gobo
* hood
* hot shoe
* monolight
* Reflector
* snoot
* Softbox
* Lens
* Wide-angle lens
* Zoom lens
* Telephoto lens
* Manufacturers
* Monopod
* Movie projector
* Slide projector
* Tripod
* head
* Zone plate

History|

* Timeline of photography technology
* Analog photography
* Autochrome Lumière
* Box camera
* Calotype
* Camera obscura
* Daguerreotype
* Dufaycolor
* Heliography
* Painted photography backdrops
* Photography and the law
* Glass plate
* Visual arts

Digital
photography|

* Digital camera
* D-SLR
* comparison
* MILC
* camera back
* Digiscoping
* Digital versus film photography
* Film scanner
* Image sensor
* CMOS APS
* CCD
* Three-CCD camera
* Foveon X3 sensor
* Image sharing
* Pixel

Color
photography|

* Color
* Print film
* Chromogenic print
* Reversal film
* Color management
* color space
* primary color
* CMYK color model
* RGB color model

Photographic
processing|

* Bleach bypass
* C-41 process
* Cross processing
* Developer
* Digital image processing
* Dye coupler
* E-6 process
* Fixer
* Gelatin silver process
* Gum printing
* Instant film
* K-14 process
* Print permanence
* Push processing
* Stop bath

Lists|

* Most expensive photographs
* Photographers
* Norwegian
* Polish
* street
* women

* Category
* Portal
* Outline

* v
* t
* e

Data compression methods

Lossless|

| Entropy type|

* Arithmetic
* Asymmetric numeral systems
* Golomb
* Huffman
* Adaptive
* Canonical
* Modified
* Range
* Shannon
* Shannon–Fano
* Shannon–Fano–Elias
* Tunstall
* Unary
* Universal
* Exp-Golomb
* Fibonacci
* Gamma
* Levenshtein

|

Dictionary type|

* Byte pair encoding
* Lempel–Ziv
* Brotli
* DEFLATE
* LZ4
* LZFSE
* LZJB
* LZMA
* LZO
* LZRW
* LZS
* LZSS
* LZW
* LZWL
* LZX
* Snappy
* Zstandard

Other types|

* BWT
* CTW
* Delta
* DMC
* DPCM
* LDCT
* MTF
* PAQ
* PPM
* RLE

Lossy|

| Transform type|

* Discrete cosine transform
* DCT
* MDCT
* DST
* FFT
* Wavelet
* Daubechies
* DWT
* SPIHT

|

Predictive type|

* DPCM
* ADPCM
* LPC
* ACELP
* CELP
* LAR
* LSP
* WLPC
* Motion
* Compensation
* Estimation
* Vector
* Psychoacoustic

Audio|

| Concepts|

* Bit rate
* ABR
* CBR
* VBR
* Companding
* Convolution
* Dynamic range
* Latency
* Nyquist–Shannon theorem
* Sampling
* Sound quality
* Speech coding
* Sub-band coding

|

Codec parts|

* A-law
* μ-law
* DPCM
* ADPCM
* FT
* FFT
* LPC
* ACELP
* CELP
* LAR
* LSP
* WLPC
* MDCT
* Psychoacoustic model

Image|

| Concepts|

* Chroma subsampling
* Coding tree unit
* Color space
* Compression artifact
* Image resolution
* Macroblock
* Pixel
* PSNR
* Quantization
* Standard test image

|

Methods|

* Chain code
* DCT
* DEFLATE
* Fractal
* KLT
* LP
* RLE
* Wavelet
* Daubechies
* DWT
* EZW
* SPIHT

Video|

| Concepts|

* Bit rate
* ABR
* CBR
* VBR
* Display resolution
* Frame
* Frame rate
* Frame types
* Interlace
* Video characteristics
* Video quality

|

Codec parts|

* DCT
* DPCM
* Deblocking filter
* Lapped transform
* Motion
* Compensation
* Estimation
* Vector
* Wavelet
* Daubechies
* DWT

Theory|

* Entropy
* Information theory
* Timeline
* Kolmogorov complexity
* Quantization
* Rate–distortion
* Redundancy

* Compression formats
* Compression software (codecs)

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Original source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Color space. Read more

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