Movement disorders

Movement disorder

Specialty| Neurology
Psychiatry

Movement disorders are clinical syndromes with either an excess of movement or a paucity of voluntary and involuntary movements, unrelated to weakness or spasticity.[1] Movement disorders are synonymous with basal ganglia or extrapyramidal diseases.[2] Movement disorders are conventionally divided into two major categories- hyperkinetic and hypokinetic.

Hyperkinetic movement disorders refer to dyskinesia, or excessive, often repetitive, involuntary movements that intrude upon the normal flow of motor activity.

Hypokinetic movement disorders refer to akinesia (lack of movement), hypokinesia (reduced amplitude of movements), bradykinesia (slow movement), and rigidity. In primary movement disorders, the abnormal movement is the primary manifestation of the disorder. In secondary movement disorders, the abnormal movement is a manifestation of another systemic or neurological disorder.[3]

## Contents

* 1 Classification
* 2 Diagnosis
* 3 Treatment
* 4 History
* 5 References
* 6 External links

## Classification

Movement Disorders[4] | ICD-9-CM  | ICD-10-CM

|
|

Hypokinetic Movement disorders |  |
Parkinson's disease (Primary or Idiopathic Parkinsonism)  | 332  | G20
Secondary Parkinsonism  |  | G21
Parkinson plus syndromes |  |
Hallevorden-Spatz Disease  |  | G23.0
Progressive Supranuclear Ophthalmoplegia |  | G23.1
Striatonigral deneneration |  | G23.2
Hyperkinetic Movement disorders |  |
Dystonia |  | G24
Drug induced dystonia  |  | G24.0
Idiopathic familial dystonia  | 333.6  | G24.1
Idiopathic nonfamilial dystonia  | 333.7  | G24.2
Spasmodic torticollis | 333.83  | G24.3
Ideopathic orofacial dystonia |  | G24.4
Blepharospasm  | 333.81  | G24.5
Other dystonias  |  | G24.8
Other extrapyramidal movement disorders  |  | G25
Essential tremor  | 333.1  | G25.0
Drug induced tremor  |  | G25.1
Other specified form of tremor  |  | G25.2
Tremor unspecified  |  | R25.1
Myoclonus | 333.2  | G25.3
Opsoclonus | 379.59  | H57
Chorea (rapid, involuntary movement)  |  |
Drug induced chorea  |  | G25.4
Rheumatic chorea (Sydenham's chorea)  |  | I02
Huntington's Chorea | 333.4  | G10
Ballismus (violent involuntary rapid and irregular movements)  |  | G25.85
Hemiballismus (affecting only one side of the body)  |  | G25.85
Athetosis (contorted torsion or twisting)  | 333.71  | R25.8
Dyskinesia (abnormal, involuntary movement)  |  |
Tardive dyskinesia |  |
Tic disorders (involuntary, compulsive, repetitive, stereotyped)  |  | F95
Tourette's syndrome |  | F95.2
Drug-induced tics and tics of organic origin  | 333.3  | G25.6
Stereotypic movement disorder |  | F98.5
Paroxysmal nocturnal limb movement  |  | G25.80
Painful legs (or arms), moving toes (or fingers) syndrome  |  | G25.81
Sporadic restless leg syndrome |  | G25.82
Familial restless leg syndrome  |  | G25.83
Stiff-person syndrome  | 333.91  | G25.84
Abnormal head movements  |  | R25.0
Cramp and spasm  |  | R25.2
Fasciculation  |  | R25.3

## Diagnosis

Step I : Decide the dominant type of movement disorder[5]

Step II : Make differential diagnosis of the particular disorder[citation needed]

Step II: Confirm the diagnosis by lab tests[citation needed]

* Metabolic screening
* Microbiology
* Immunology
* CSF examination
* Genetics
* Imaging
* Neurophysiological tests
* Pharmacological tests

## Treatment

Treatment depends upon the underlying disorder.[6] Movement disorders have been known to be associated with a variety of autoimmune diseases.[7]

## History

Vesalius and Piccolomini in 16th century distinguished subcortical nuclei from cortex and white matter. However Willis' conceptualized the corpus striatum as the seat of motor power in the late 17th century. In mid-19th-century movement disorders were localized to striatum by Choreaby Broadbent and Jackson, and athetosis by Hammond. By the late 19th century, many movement disorders were described but for most no pathologic correlate was known.[8]

## References

1. ↑ Fahn, Stanley; Jankovic, Joseph; Hallett, Mark (2011-08-09) (in en). Principles and Practice of Movement Disorders. Elsevier Health Sciences. ISBN 1437737706. https://books.google.com/books?id=OkXsXr2HKPwC.
2. ↑ Bradley, Walter George (2004-01-01) (in en). Neurology in Clinical Practice: Principles of diagnosis and management. Taylor & Francis. ISBN 9789997625885. https://books.google.com/books?id=vOQqyNhTDl0C.
3. ↑ Flemming, Kelly; Jones, Lyell (2015-06-15) (in en). Mayo Clinic Neurology Board Review: Clinical Neurology for Initial Certification and MOC. Oxford University Press. ISBN 9780190244934. https://books.google.com/books?id=FMPNCQAAQBAJ.
4. ↑ Singer, Harvey S.; Mink, Jonathan; Gilbert, Donald L.; Jankovic, Joseph (2015-10-27) (in en). Movement Disorders in Childhood. Academic Press. ISBN 9780124115804. https://books.google.com/books?id=bdGcBAAAQBAJ.
5. ↑ Poewe, Werner; Jankovic, Joseph (2014-02-20) (in en). Movement Disorders in Neurologic and Systemic Disease. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 9781107024618. https://books.google.com/books?id=2VytAgAAQBAJ.
6. ↑ "MedlinePlus: Movement Disorders". https://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/movementdisorders.html.
7. ↑ Baizabal-Carvallo, JF; Jankovic J. (2012-07-18). "Movement disorders in autoimmune diseases.". Movement Disorders 27 (8): 935–46. doi:10.1002/mds.25011. PMID 22555904.
8. ↑ Lanska, Douglas J. (2010-01-01). "Chapter 33: the history of movement disorders". Handbook of Clinical Neurology 95: 501–546. doi:10.1016/S0072-9752(08)02133-7. ISSN 0072-9752. PMID 19892136.

## External links

Classification|

* ICD-10: F44.4, F98.4, G25.8-G25.9, R25
* ICD-9-CM: 333.9, 781.0
* MeSH: D009069

|

* v
* t
* e

Emotional and behavioral disorders (F90–F98, 312–314)

Emotional/behavioral|

* ADHD
* Conduct disorder
* Oppositional defiant disorder
* Emotional/behavioral disorder (EBD)
* Separation anxiety
* Social functioning
* Selective mutism
* RAD
* DAD
* Tic disorders
* Tourette syndrome
* Speech disorders
* Stuttering
* Cluttering
* Stereotypic movement disorder
* Elimination disorders
* Enuresis
* Encopresis

* v
* t
* e

Diseases of the nervous system, primarily CNS (G04–G47, 323–349)

Inflammation|

| Brain|

* Encephalitis
* Viral encephalitis
* Herpesviral encephalitis
* Limbic encephalitis
* Encephalitis lethargica
* Cavernous sinus thrombosis
* Brain abscess
* Amoebic

|

Spinal cord|

* Myelitis: Poliomyelitis
* Demyelinating disease
* Transverse myelitis
* Tropical spastic paraparesis
* Epidural abscess

Both/either|

* Encephalomyelitis
* Acute disseminated
* Myalgic
* Meningoencephalitis

Brain/
encephalopathy|

| Degenerative|

| Extrapyramidal and
movement disorders|

* Basal ganglia disease
* Parkinsonism
* PD
* Postencephalitic
* NMS
* PKAN
* Tauopathy
* PSP
* Striatonigral degeneration
* Hemiballismus
* HD
* OA

* Dyskinesia
* Dystonia
* Status dystonicus
* Spasmodic torticollis
* Meige's
* Blepharospasm
* Athetosis
* Chorea
* Choreoathetosis
* Myoclonus
* Myoclonic epilepsy
* Akathisia

* Tremor
* Essential tremor
* Intention tremor
* Restless legs
* Stiff-person

|

Dementia|

* Tauopathy
* Alzheimer's
* Early-onset
* Primary progressive aphasia
* Frontotemporal dementia/Frontotemporal lobar degeneration
* Pick's
* Dementia with Lewy bodies
* Posterior cortical atrophy

* Vascular dementia

Mitochondrial disease|

* Leigh syndrome

Demyelinating|

* autoimmune
* Multiple sclerosis
* Neuromyelitis optica
* Schilder's disease
* hereditary
* Adrenoleukodystrophy
* Alexander
* Canavan
* Krabbe
* ML
* PMD
* VWM
* MFC
* CAMFAK syndrome
* Central pontine myelinolysis
* Marchiafava–Bignami disease
* Alpers' disease

Episodic/
paroxysmal|

| Seizure/epilepsy|

* Focal
* Generalised
* Status epilepticus
* Myoclonic epilepsy

|

Headache|

* Migraine
* Familial hemiplegic
* Cluster
* Tension

Cerebrovascular|

* TIA
* Amaurosis fugax
* Transient global amnesia
* Acute aphasia

* Stroke
* MCA
* ACA
* PCA
* Foville's
* Millard–Gubler
* Lateral medullary
* Medial medullary
* Weber's
* Lacunar stroke

Sleep disorders|

* Insomnia
* Hypersomnia
* Sleep apnea
* Obstructive
* Congenital central hypoventilation syndrome
* Narcolepsy
* Cataplexy
* Kleine–Levin
* Circadian rhythm sleep disorder
* Advanced sleep phase disorder
* Delayed sleep phase disorder
* Non-24-hour sleep–wake disorder
* Jet lag

CSF|

* Intracranial hypertension
* Hydrocephalus/NPH
* Choroid plexus papilloma
* Idiopathic intracranial hypertension
* Cerebral edema
* Intracranial hypotension

Other|

* Brain herniation
* Reye's
* Hepatic encephalopathy
* Toxic encephalopathy
* Hashimoto's encephalopathy

Spinal cord/
myelopathy|

* Syringomyelia
* Syringobulbia
* Morvan's syndrome
* Vascular myelopathy
* Foix–Alajouanine syndrome
* Spinal cord compression

Both/either|

| Degenerative|

| SA|

* Friedreich's ataxia
* Ataxia–telangiectasia

|

MND|

* UMN only:
* Primary lateral sclerosis
* Pseudobulbar palsy
* Hereditary spastic paraplegia

* LMN only:
* Distal hereditary motor neuronopathies
* Spinal muscular atrophies
* SMA
* SMAX1
* SMAX2
* DSMA1
* Congenital DSMA
* SMA-PCH
* SMA-LED
* SMA-PME
* Progressive muscular atrophy
* Progressive bulbar palsy
* Fazio–Londe
* Infantile progressive bulbar palsy

* both:
* Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis

* v
* t
* e

Neuroscience

Outline of neuroscience

Basic
science|

* Behavioral epigenetics
* Behavioral genetics
* Cellular neuroscience
* Computational neuroscience
* Connectomics
* Imaging genetics
* Integrative neuroscience
* Molecular neuroscience
* Neural engineering
* Neuroanatomy
* Neurochemistry
* Neuroendocrinology
* Neurogenetics
* Neuroinformatics
* Neurometrics
* Neuromorphology
* Neurophysics
* Neurophysiology
* Systems neuroscience

Clinical
neuroscience|

* Behavioral neurology
* Clinical neurophysiology
* Neurocardiology
* Neuroepidemiology
* Neurogastroenterology
* Neuroimmunology
* Neurointensive care
* Neurology
* Neurooncology
* Neuro-ophthalmology
* Neuropathology
* Neuropharmacology
* Neuroprosthetics
* Neuropsychiatry
* Neuroradiology
* Neurorehabilitation
* Neurosurgery
* Neurotology
* Neurovirology
* Nutritional neuroscience
* Psychiatry

Cognitive
neuroscience|

* Affective neuroscience
* Behavioral neuroscience
* Chronobiology
* Molecular cellular cognition
* Motor control
* Neurolinguistics
* Neuropsychology
* Sensory neuroscience
* Social cognitive neuroscience

Interdisciplinary
fields|

* Consumer neuroscience
* Cultural neuroscience
* Educational neuroscience
* Evolutionary neuroscience
* Neuroanthropology
* Neurobioengineering
* Neurobiotics
* Neurocriminology
* Neuroeconomics
* Neuroepistemology
* Neuroesthetics
* Neuroethics
* Neuroethology
* Neurohistory
* Neurolaw
* Neuromarketing
* Neuromorphics
* Neurophenomenology
* Neurophilosophy
* Neuropolitics
* Neurorobotics
* Neurotheology
* Paleoneurobiology
* Social neuroscience

Concepts|

* Brain–computer interface
* Neural development
* Neural network (artificial)
* Neural network (biological)
* Detection theory
* Intraoperative neurophysiological monitoring
* Neurochip
* Neurodegeneration
* Neurodevelopmental disorder
* Neurodiversity
* Neurogenesis
* Neuroimaging
* Neuroimmune system
* Neuromanagement
* Neuromodulation
* Neuroplasticity
* Neurotechnology
* Neurotoxin

* Book
* Category

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