Prices of chemical elements

Short description: none

See also: Chemistry:Diamonds as an investment, Scandium § Price, Rhodium § Mining and price, Palladium as an investment, Silver as an investment, Tin § Price and exchanges, Iridium § Production, Platinum as an investment, Gold as an investment, Bismuth § Price, and Uranium market

This is a list of prices of chemical elements. Listed here are mainly average market prices for bulk trade of commodities. Data on elements' abundance in Earth's crust is added for comparison.

As of 2025[update], the most expensive non-synthetic element by mass is rhodium, and by volume, iridium. It is followed by rhodium, caesium, iridium and palladium by mass and iridium, gold and platinum by volume. Carbon in the form of diamond can be more expensive than rhodium. Per-kilogram prices of some synthetic radioisotopes range to trillions of dollars. While the difficulty of obtaining macroscopic samples of synthetic elements in part explains their high value, there has been interest in converting base metals to gold (chrysopoeia) since ancient times, but only deeper understanding of nuclear physics has allowed the actual production of a tiny amount of gold from other elements for research purposes as demonstrated by Glenn Seaborg.[1][2] However, both this and other routes of synthesis of precious metals via nuclear reactions is orders of magnitude removed from economic viability.

Chlorine, sulfur and carbon (as coal) are cheapest by mass. Hydrogen, nitrogen, oxygen and chlorine are cheapest by volume at atmospheric pressure.

When there is no public data on the element in its pure form, price of a compound is used, per mass of element contained. This implicitly puts the value of compounds' other constituents, and the cost of extraction of the element, at zero. For elements whose radiological properties are important, individual isotopes and isomers are listed. The price listing for radioisotopes is not exhaustive.

## Contents

* 1 Chart
* 2 See also
* 3 Notes
* 4 References

## Chart

A pink background means that the element is significantly radioactive.[3]

Bismuth is not highlighted because its radioactivity is considered negligible here. (Bismuth is stable enough to be used for the production of cosmetics.[4])

Z | Symbol | Name  | Density[lower-alpha 1] (⁠kg/L⁠) | Abundance and total mass in Earth's crust[lower-alpha 2] (⁠mg/kg⁠) | Price[9] | Year  | Source  | Notes

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USD/kg  | USD/L[lower-alpha 3]
1 | H | Hydrogen | 0.00008988 | 1400 (3.878×1019 kg) | 1.39 | 0.000125 | 2012 | DOE Hydrogen[10] | [lower-alpha 4]
1 | 2H (D) | Deuterium | 0.0001667[12] |  | 13400 | 2.23 | 2020 | CIL[13] | [lower-alpha 5]
2 | He | Helium | 0.0001785 | 0.008 (2.216×1014 kg) | 24.0 | 0.00429 | 2018 | USGS MCS[16] | [lower-alpha 6]
3 | Li | Lithium | 0.534 | 20 (5.54×1017 kg) | 81.4–85.6 | 43.4–45.7 | 2020 | SMM[18][lower-alpha 7] | [lower-alpha 8]
4 | Be | Beryllium | 1.85 | 2.8 (7.756×1016 kg) | 857 | 1590 | 2020 | ISE 2020[19][lower-alpha 9] | [lower-alpha 10]
5 | B | Boron | 2.34 | 10 (2.77×1017 kg) | 3.68 | 8.62 | 2019 | CEIC Data[20][lower-alpha 11] | [lower-alpha 12]
6 | C | Carbon | 2.267 | 200 (5.54×1018 kg) | 0.122 | 0.28 | 2018 | EIA Coal[21] | [lower-alpha 13]
7 | N | Nitrogen | 0.0012506 | 19 (5.263×1017 kg) | 0.140 | 0.000175 | 2001 | Hypertextbook[26] | [lower-alpha 14]
8 | O | Oxygen | 0.001429 | 461000 (1.277×1022 kg) | 0.154 | 0.000220 | 2001 | Hypertextbook[26] | [lower-alpha 15]
9 | F | Fluorine | 0.001696 | 585 (1.62×1019 kg) | 1.84–2.16 | 0.00311 – 0.00365 | 2017 | Echemi[27] | [lower-alpha 16]
10 | Ne | Neon | 0.0008999 | 0.005 (1.385×1014 kg) | 240 | 0.21 | 1999 | Ullmann[28] | [lower-alpha 17]
11 | Na | Sodium | 0.971 | 23600 (6.537×1020 kg) | 2.57–3.43 | 2.49–3.33 | 2020 | SMM[29][lower-alpha 7] | [lower-alpha 18]
12 | Mg | Magnesium | 1.738 | 23300 (6.454×1020 kg) | 2.32 | 4.03 | 2019 | Preismonitor[22][lower-alpha 19] | [lower-alpha 20]
13 | Al | Aluminium | 2.698 | 82300 (2.28×1021 kg) | 1.79 | 4.84 | 2019 | Preismonitor[22][lower-alpha 19] | [lower-alpha 21]
14 | Si | Silicon | 2.3296 | 282000 (7.811×1021 kg) | 1.70 | 3.97 | 2019 | Preismonitor[22][lower-alpha 19] | [lower-alpha 22]
15 | P | Phosphorus | 1.82 | 1050 (2.909×1019 kg) | 2.69 | 4.90 | 2019 | CEIC Data[20][lower-alpha 11] | [lower-alpha 23]
16 | S | Sulfur | 2.067 | 350 (9.695×1018 kg) | 0.0926 | 0.191 | 2019 | CEIC Data[20][lower-alpha 11] |
17 | Cl | Chlorine | 0.003214 | 145 (4.075×1018 kg) | 0.082 | 0.00026 | 2013 | CnAgri[31] | [lower-alpha 24]
18 | Ar | Argon | 0.0017837 | 3.5 (9.695×1016 kg) | 0.931 | 0.00166 | 2019 | UNLV[33] | [lower-alpha 25]
19 | K | Potassium | 0.862 | 20900 (5.789×1020 kg) | 12.1–13.6 | 10.5–11.7 | 2020 | SMM[34][lower-alpha 7] | [lower-alpha 26]
20 | Ca | Calcium | 1.54 | 41500 (1.15×1021 kg) | 2.21–2.35 | 3.41–3.63 | 2020 | SMM[35][lower-alpha 7] | [lower-alpha 27]
21 | Sc | Scandium | 2.989 | 22 (6.094×1017 kg) | 3460 | 10300 | 2020 | ISE 2020[36][lower-alpha 28] | [lower-alpha 29]
22 | Ti | Titanium | 4.54 | 5650 (1.565×1020 kg) | 11.1–11.7 | 50.5–53.1 | 2020 | SMM[37][lower-alpha 7] | [lower-alpha 30]
23 | V | Vanadium | 6.11 | 120 (3.324×1018 kg) | 357–385 | 2180–2350 | 2020 | SMM[38][lower-alpha 7] | [lower-alpha 31]
24 | Cr | Chromium | 7.15 | 102 (2.825×1018 kg) | 9.40 | 67.2 | 2019 | Preismonitor[22][lower-alpha 19] | [lower-alpha 32]
25 | Mn | Manganese | 7.44 | 950 (2.632×1019 kg) | 1.82 | 13.6 | 2019 | Preismonitor[22][lower-alpha 19] | [lower-alpha 33]
26 | Fe | Iron | 7.874 | 56300 (1.565×1021 kg) | 0.424 | 3.34 | 2020 | SMM[39][lower-alpha 7] | [lower-alpha 34]
27 | Co | Cobalt | 8.86 | 25 (6.925×1017 kg) | 32.8 | 291 | 2019 | Preismonitor[22][lower-alpha 19] | [lower-alpha 35]
28 | Ni | Nickel | 8.912 | 84 (2.327×1018 kg) | 13.9 | 124 | 2019 | Preismonitor[22][lower-alpha 19] | [lower-alpha 36]
29 | Cu | Copper | 8.96 | 60 (1.662×1018 kg) | 6.00 | 53.8 | 2019 | Preismonitor[22][lower-alpha 19] | [lower-alpha 37]
30 | Zn | Zinc | 7.134 | 70 (1.939×1018 kg) | 2.55 | 18.2 | 2019 | Preismonitor[22][lower-alpha 19] | [lower-alpha 38]
31 | Ga | Gallium | 5.907 | 19 (5.263×1017 kg) | 148 | 872 | 2019 | Preismonitor[22][lower-alpha 19] | [lower-alpha 39]
32 | Ge | Germanium | 5.323 | 1.5 (4.155×1016 kg) | 914–1010 | 4860–5390 | 2020 | SMM[41][lower-alpha 7] | [lower-alpha 40]
33 | As | Arsenic | 5.776 | 1.8 (4.986×1016 kg) | 0.999–1.31 | 5.77–7.58 | 2020 | SMM[42][lower-alpha 7] | [lower-alpha 41]
34 | Se | Selenium | 4.809 | 0.05 (1.385×1015 kg) | 21.4 | 103 | 2019 | Preismonitor[22][lower-alpha 19] | [lower-alpha 42]
35 | Br | Bromine | 3.122 | 2.4 (6.648×1016 kg) | 4.39 | 13.7 | 2019 | CEIC Data[20][lower-alpha 11] |
36 | Kr | Krypton | 0.003733 | .0001 1×10−4

(2.77×1012 kg) || 290 || 1.1 || 1999 || Ullmann[28] || [lower-alpha 43]

37 | Rb | Rubidium | 1.532 | 90 (2.493×1018 kg) | 15500 | 23700 | 2018 | USGS MCS[16] | [lower-alpha 44]
38 | Sr | Strontium | 2.64 | 370 (1.025×1019 kg) | 6.53–6.68 | 17.2–17.6 | 2019 | ISE 2019[43] | [lower-alpha 45]
39 | Y | Yttrium | 4.469 | 33 (9.141×1017 kg) | 31.0 | 139 | 2019 | Preismonitor[22][lower-alpha 19] | [lower-alpha 46]
40 | Zr | Zirconium | 6.506 | 165 (4.571×1018 kg) | 35.7–37.1 | 232–241 | 2020 | SMM[44][lower-alpha 7] | [lower-alpha 47]
41 | Nb | Niobium | 8.57 | 20 (5.54×1017 kg) | 61.4–85.6 | 526–734 | 2020 | SMM[45][lower-alpha 7] | [lower-alpha 48]
42 | Mo | Molybdenum | 10.22 | 1.2 (3.324×1016 kg) | 40.1 | 410 | 2019 | Preismonitor[22][lower-alpha 19] | [lower-alpha 49]
43 | Tc | Technetium | 11.5 | .000000003 ~ 3×10−9

[lower-alpha 50] (8.31×107 kg) || 100000 || 1200000 || 2004[lower-alpha 51] || CRC Handbook[lower-alpha 52] ||

43 | 99mTc | Technetium-99m | 11.5 |  | 1.9×1012 | 22×1012 | 2008 | NRC[48] | [lower-alpha 53]
44 | Ru | Ruthenium | 12.37 | 0.001 (2.77×1013 kg) | 10400 – 10600 | 129000 – 131000 | 2020 | SMM[49][lower-alpha 7] | [lower-alpha 54]
45 | Rh | Rhodium | 12.41 | 0.001 (2.77×1013 kg) | 147000 | 1820000 | 2019 | Preismonitor[22][lower-alpha 19] | [lower-alpha 55]
46 | Pd | Palladium | 12.02 | 0.015 (4.155×1014 kg) | 49500 | 595000 | 2019 | Preismonitor[22][lower-alpha 19] | [lower-alpha 56]
47 | Ag | Silver | 10.501 | 0.075 (2.0775×1015 kg) | 521 | 5470 | 2019 | Preismonitor[22][lower-alpha 19] | [lower-alpha 57]
48 | Cd | Cadmium | 8.69 | 0.159 (4.4043×1015 kg) | 2.73 | 23.8 | 2019 | Preismonitor[22][lower-alpha 19] | [lower-alpha 58]
49 | In | Indium | 7.31 | 0.25 (6.925×1015 kg) | 167 | 1220 | 2019 | Preismonitor[22][lower-alpha 19] | [lower-alpha 59]
50 | Sn | Tin | 7.287 | 2.3 (6.371×1016 kg) | 18.7 | 136 | 2019 | Preismonitor[22][lower-alpha 19] | [lower-alpha 60]
51 | Sb | Antimony | 6.685 | 0.2 (5.54×1015 kg) | 5.79 | 38.7 | 2019 | Preismonitor[22][lower-alpha 19] | [lower-alpha 61]
52 | Te | Tellurium | 6.232 | 0.001 (2.77×1013 kg) | 63.5 | 396 | 2019 | Preismonitor[22][lower-alpha 19] | [lower-alpha 62]
53 | I | Iodine | 4.93 | 0.45 (1.2465×1016 kg) | 35 | 173 | 2019 | Industrial Minerals[50] | [lower-alpha 63]
54 | Xe | Xenon | 0.005887 | .00003 3×10−5

(8.31×1011 kg) || 1800 || 11 || 1999 || Ullmann[28] || [lower-alpha 64]

55 | Cs | Caesium | 1.873 | 3 (8.31×1016 kg) | 61800 | 116000 | 2018 | USGS MCS[16] | [lower-alpha 65]
56 | Ba | Barium | 3.594 | 425 (1.177×1019 kg) | 0.246–0.275 | 0.886–0.990 | 2016 | USGS MYB 2016[51] | [lower-alpha 66]
57 | La | Lanthanum | 6.145 | 39 (1.08×1018 kg) | 4.78–4.92 | 29.4–30.3 | 2020 | SMM[53][lower-alpha 7] | [lower-alpha 67]
58 | Ce | Cerium | 6.77 | 66.5 (1.84205×1018 kg) | 4.57–4.71 | 30.9–31.9 | 2020 | SMM[54][lower-alpha 7] | [lower-alpha 68]
59 | Pr | Praseodymium | 6.773 | 9.2 (2.5484×1017 kg) | 103 | 695 | 2019 | Preismonitor[22][lower-alpha 19] | [lower-alpha 69]
60 | Nd | Neodymium | 7.007 | 41.5 (1.14955×1018 kg) | 57.5 | 403 | 2019 | Preismonitor[22][lower-alpha 19] | [lower-alpha 70]
61 | 147Pm | Promethium-147 | 7.26 |  | 460000 | 3400000 | 2003 | Radiochemistry Society[55] | [lower-alpha 71]
62 | Sm | Samarium | 7.52 | 7.05 (1.95285×1017 kg) | 13.9 | 104 | 2019 | Preismonitor[22][lower-alpha 19] | [lower-alpha 72]
63 | Eu | Europium | 5.243 | 2 (5.54×1016 kg) | 31.4 | 165 | 2020 | ISE 2020[36][lower-alpha 28] | [lower-alpha 73]
64 | Gd | Gadolinium | 7.895 | 6.2 (1.7174×1017 kg) | 28.6 | 226 | 2020 | ISE 2020[36][lower-alpha 28] | [lower-alpha 74]
65 | Tb | Terbium | 8.229 | 1.2 (3.324×1016 kg) | 658 | 5410 | 2019 | Preismonitor[22][lower-alpha 19] | [lower-alpha 75]
66 | Dy | Dysprosium | 8.55 | 5.2 (1.4404×1017 kg) | 307 | 2630 | 2019 | Preismonitor[22][lower-alpha 19] | [lower-alpha 76]
67 | Ho | Holmium | 8.795 | 1.3 (3.601×1016 kg) | 57.1 | 503 | 2020 | ISE 2020[36][lower-alpha 28] | [lower-alpha 77]
68 | Er | Erbium | 9.066 | 3.5 (9.695×1016 kg) | 26.4 | 240 | 2020 | ISE 2020[36][lower-alpha 28] | [lower-alpha 78]
69 | Tm | Thulium | 9.321 | 0.52 (1.4404×1016 kg) | 3000 | 28000 | 2003 | IMAR[56][lower-alpha 79] | [lower-alpha 80]
70 | Yb | Ytterbium | 6.965 | 3.2 (8.864×1016 kg) | 17.1 | 119 | 2020 | ISE 2020[36][lower-alpha 28] | [lower-alpha 81]
71 | Lu | Lutetium | 9.84 | 0.8 (2.216×1016 kg) | 643 | 6330 | 2020 | ISE 2020[36][lower-alpha 28] | [lower-alpha 82]
72 | Hf | Hafnium | 13.31 | 3 (8.31×1016 kg) | 900 | 12000 | 2017 | USGS MCS[16] | [lower-alpha 83]
73 | Ta | Tantalum | 16.654 | 2 (5.54×1016 kg) | 298–312 | 4960–5200 | 2019 | ISE 2019[43] | [lower-alpha 84]
74 | W | Tungsten | 19.25 | 1.3 (3.601×1016 kg) | 35.3 | 679 | 2019 | Preismonitor[22][lower-alpha 19] | [lower-alpha 85]
75 | Re | Rhenium | 21.02 | .0007 7×10−4

(1.939×1013 kg) || 3010–4150 || 63300 – 87300 || 2020 || SMM[57][lower-alpha 7] || [lower-alpha 86]

76 | Os | Osmium | 22.61 | 0.002 (5.54×1013 kg) | 30000 | 678000 | 2025 | elementsales.com[58] |
77 | Ir | Iridium | 22.56 | 0.001 (2.77×1013 kg) | 144000 | 3276000 | 2025 | Umicore[59] |
78 | Pt | Platinum | 21.46 | 0.005 (1.385×1014 kg) | 27800 | 596000 | 2019 | Preismonitor[22][lower-alpha 19] | [lower-alpha 87]
79 | Au | Gold | 19.282 | 0.004 (1.108×1014 kg) | 75430 | 1454441 | 2024 | London gold fix | [lower-alpha 88]
80 | Hg | Mercury | 13.5336 | 0.085 (2.3545×1015 kg) | 30.2 | 409 | 2017 | USGS MCS[16] | [lower-alpha 89]
81 | Tl | Thallium | 11.85 | 0.85 (2.3545×1016 kg) | 4200 | 49800 | 2017 | USGS MCS[16] |
82 | Pb | Lead | 11.342 | 14 (3.878×1017 kg) | 2.00 | 22.6 | 2019 | Preismonitor[22][lower-alpha 19] | [lower-alpha 90]
83 | Bi | Bismuth | 9.807 | 0.009 (2.493×1014 kg) | 6.36 | 62.4 | 2019 | Preismonitor[22][lower-alpha 19] | [lower-alpha 91]
84 | 209Po | Polonium-209 | 9.32 |  | 49.2×1012 | 458×1012 | 2004[lower-alpha 51] | CRC Handbook (ORNL)[lower-alpha 92] |
85 | At | Astatine | 7 | 0.000000000000000000003 3×10−20

[lower-alpha 50] (8.31×10−4 kg) || colspan="4" align="center" data-sort-value="" | Not traded. || [lower-alpha 93]

86 | Rn | Radon | 0.00973 | .0000000000004 4×10−13

[lower-alpha 50] (1.108×104 kg) || colspan="4" align="center" data-sort-value="" | Not traded. || [lower-alpha 94]

87 | Fr | Francium | 1.87 | 0.000000000000000001 ~ 1×10−18

[lower-alpha 50] (2.77×10−2 kg) || colspan="4" align="center" data-sort-value="" | Not traded. || [lower-alpha 95]

88 | Ra | Radium | 5.5 | .0000009 9×10−7

[lower-alpha 50] (2.493×1010 kg) || colspan="4" align="center" data-sort-value="" | Negative price. || [lower-alpha 96]

89 | 225Ac | Actinium-225 | 10.07 |  | 29×1012 | 290×1012 | 2004[lower-alpha 51] | CRC Handbook (ORNL)[lower-alpha 92] |
90 | Th | Thorium | 11.72 | 9.6 (2.6592×1017 kg) | 287 | 3360 | 2010 | USGS MYB 2012[64] | [lower-alpha 97]
91 | Pa | Protactinium | 15.37 | .0000014 1.4×10−6

[lower-alpha 50] (3.878×1010 kg) || colspan="4" align="center" data-sort-value="" | No reliable price available. || [lower-alpha 98]

92 | U | Uranium | 18.95 | 2.7 (7.479×1016 kg) | 101 | 1910 | 2018 | EIA Uranium Marketing[66] | [lower-alpha 99]
93 | Np | Neptunium | 20.45 | 0.000000000003 ≤ 3×10−12

[lower-alpha 50] (8.31×104 kg) || 660000 || 13500000 || 2003[lower-alpha 51] || Pomona[67] || [lower-alpha 100]

94 | 239Pu | Plutonium-239 | 19.84 |  | 6490000 | 129000000 | 2019 | DOE OSTI[68] | [lower-alpha 101]
95 | 241Am | Americium-241 | 13.69 | 0 0  | 728000 | 9970000 | 1998 | NWA[69][lower-alpha 102] | [lower-alpha 103]
95 | 243Am | Americium-243 | 13.69 | 0 0  | 750000 | 10300000 | 2004[lower-alpha 51] | CRC Handbook (ORNL)[lower-alpha 92] |
96 | 244Cm | Curium-244 | 13.51 | 0 0  | 185000000 | 2.50×109 | 2004[lower-alpha 51] | CRC Handbook (ORNL)[lower-alpha 92] |
96 | 248Cm | Curium-248 | 13.51 | 0 0  | 160×109 | 2.16×1012 | 2004[lower-alpha 51] | CRC Handbook (ORNL)[lower-alpha 92] |
97 | 249Bk | Berkelium-249 | 14.79 | 0 0  | 185×109 | 2.74×1012 | 2004[lower-alpha 51] | CRC Handbook (ORNL)[lower-alpha 92] |
98 | 249Cf | Californium-249 | 15.1 | 0 0  | 185×109 | 2.79×1012 | 2004[lower-alpha 51] | CRC Handbook (ORNL)[lower-alpha 92] |
98 | 252Cf | Californium-252 | 15.1 | 0 0  | 60.0×109 | 906×109 | 2004[lower-alpha 51] | CRC Handbook (ORNL)[lower-alpha 92] |
99 | Es | Einsteinium | 8.84 | 0 0  | colspan="4" align="center" data-sort-value="" | Not traded. | [lower-alpha 104]
100 | Fm | Fermium | 9.7 (9.7)  | 0 0  | colspan="4" align="center" data-sort-value="" | Not traded. | [lower-alpha 105]
101 | Md | Mendelevium | 10.3 (10.3)  | 0 0  | colspan="4" align="center" data-sort-value="" | Not traded. | [lower-alpha 106]
102 | No | Nobelium | 9.9 (9.9)  | 0 0  | colspan="4" align="center" data-sort-value="" | Not traded. | [lower-alpha 107]
103 | Lr | Lawrencium | 15.6 (15.6)  | 0 0  | colspan="4" align="center" data-sort-value="" | Not traded. | [lower-alpha 108]
104 | Rf | Rutherfordium | 23.2 (23.2)  | 0 0  | colspan="4" align="center" data-sort-value="" | Not traded. | [lower-alpha 109]
105 | Db | Dubnium | 29.3 (29.3)  | 0 0  | colspan="4" align="center" data-sort-value="" | Not traded. | [lower-alpha 110]
106 | Sg | Seaborgium | 35.0 (35.0)  | 0 0  | colspan="4" align="center" data-sort-value="" | Not traded. | [lower-alpha 111]
107 | Bh | Bohrium | 37.1 (37.1)  | 0 0  | colspan="4" align="center" data-sort-value="" | Not traded. | [lower-alpha 112]
108 | Hs | Hassium | 40.7 (40.7)  | 0 0  | colspan="4" align="center" data-sort-value="" | Not traded. | [lower-alpha 113]
109 | Mt | Meitnerium | 37.4 (37.4)  | 0 0  | colspan="4" align="center" data-sort-value="" | Not traded. | [lower-alpha 114]
110 | Ds | Darmstadtium | 34.8 (34.8)  | 0 0  | colspan="4" align="center" data-sort-value="" | Not traded. | [lower-alpha 115]
111 | Rg | Roentgenium | 28.7 (28.7)  | 0 0  | colspan="4" align="center" data-sort-value="" | Not traded. | [lower-alpha 116]
112 | Cn | Copernicium | 14.0 (14.0)  | 0 0  | colspan="4" align="center" data-sort-value="" | Not traded. | [lower-alpha 117]
113 | Nh | Nihonium | 16 (16)  | 0 0  | colspan="4" align="center" data-sort-value="" | Not traded. | [lower-alpha 118]
114 | Fl | Flerovium | 9.928 (9.928)  | 0 0  | colspan="4" align="center" data-sort-value="" | Not traded. | [lower-alpha 119]
115 | Mc | Moscovium | 13.5 (13.5)  | 0 0  | colspan="4" align="center" data-sort-value="" | Not traded. | [lower-alpha 120]
116 | Lv | Livermorium | 12.9 (12.9)  | 0 0  | colspan="4" align="center" data-sort-value="" | Not traded. | [lower-alpha 121]
117 | Ts | Tennessine | 7.2 (7.2)  | 0 0  | colspan="4" align="center" data-sort-value="" | Not traded. | [lower-alpha 122]
118 | Og | Oganesson | 7 (7)  | 0 0  | colspan="4" align="center" data-sort-value="" | Not traded. | [lower-alpha 123]

## See also

* 2000s commodities boom
* Precious metal

## Notes

1. ↑ Density for 0 °C, 101.325 kPa.[5] For individual isotopes except deuterium, density of base element is used. Values in parentheses are theoretical predictions.
2. ↑ Unless otherwise indicated, elements are primordial – they occur naturally, and not through decay.
3. ↑ Price per volume for 0 °C, 101.325 kPa, pure element. For individual isotopes except deuterium, density of base element is used.
4. ↑ Prices of hydrogen produced by distributed steam methane reforming, as predicted by H2A Production Model from United States Department of Energy,[11] assuming price of natural gas of US$3/MMBtu (US$10/MWh; US$0.10/m3). Does not include cost of storage and distribution.
5. ↑ 99.8% pure compressed deuterium gas, in lot size of 850 L (142 g). Also sold by same supplier in the form of heavy water at price of 3940 USD per kg deuterium.[14] In 2016, Iran sold 32 tons of heavy water to United States for 1336 USD per kg deuterium.[15]
6. ↑ Crude helium sold to non-government users in United States in 2018. In the same year, stockpiles of US government helium were sold on auctions for average price of US$0.00989/L.[17]
7. ↑ 7.00 7.01 7.02 7.03 7.04 7.05 7.06 7.07 7.08 7.09 7.10 7.11 7.12 7.13 7.14 Spot market price range on 3 February 2020.
8. ↑ Min. 99% pure.
9. ↑ Market price on 5 February 2020
10. ↑ Min. 99% pure.
11. ↑ 11.0 11.1 11.2 11.3 Average price in November 2019. Data from China Petroleum and Chemical Industry Federation.
12. ↑ In the form of boric acid, price per boron contained. Min. 99% pure.
13. ↑ In the form of anthracite, price per carbon contained, assuming 90% carbon content. There is a wide variation of price of carbon depending on its form. Lower ranks of coal can be less expensive, for example sub-bituminous coal can cost around US$0.038/kg carbon.[21] Graphite flakes can cost around US$0.9/kg carbon.[22] Price of synthetic industrial diamond for grinding and polishing can range from 1200 to 13300 USD/kg, while cost per weight of large synthetic diamonds for industrial applications can be on the order of million dollars per kilogram.[23]
14. ↑ As liquid nitrogen.
15. ↑ As liquid oxygen.
16. ↑ In the form of anhydrous hydrofluoric acid, price per fluorine contained. Range of prices on Chinese market, week of 1–7 December 2017.
17. ↑ Approximate European price for buying small quantities.
18. ↑ Min 99.7% pure industrial grade sodium.
19. ↑ 19.00 19.01 19.02 19.03 19.04 19.05 19.06 19.07 19.08 19.09 19.10 19.11 19.12 19.13 19.14 19.15 19.16 19.17 19.18 19.19 19.20 19.21 19.22 19.23 19.24 19.25 19.26 19.27 19.28 19.29 Price average for entire year 2019.
20. ↑ Min 99.9% pure.
21. ↑ High-grade primary aluminium, at London Metal Exchange warehouse.
22. ↑ Min. 99.1% pure, max. 0.4% iron, 0.4% aluminium, 0.1% calcium.[30] 10–100 mm.
23. ↑ Min. 99.9% pure yellow phosphorus.
24. ↑ As chlorine is manufactured together with sodium hydroxide in chloralkali process, relative demand for one product changes the price for the other. When demand for sodium hydroxide is relatively high, chlorine price can fall to arbitrarily low levels, even to zero.[32]
25. ↑ Liquid argon supply contract for University of Nevada, Las Vegas.
26. ↑ Min 98.5% pure industrial grade potassium.
27. ↑ Blocks of 98.5% pure calcium obtained by reduction process.
28. ↑ 28.0 28.1 28.2 28.3 28.4 28.5 28.6 Market price on 4 February 2020
29. ↑ Min. 99.99% pure.
30. ↑ Min. 99.6% pure titanium sponge.
31. ↑ Min. 99.5% pure.
32. ↑ Min. 99.2% pure.
33. ↑ Electrolytic manganese, min. 99.7% pure.
34. ↑ L8-10 pig iron. At Tangshan, China.
35. ↑ Spot price. Min. 99.8% pure. At London Metal Exchange warehouse.
36. ↑ Primary nickel. Spot price. Min. 99.8% pure. At London Metal Exchange warehouse.
37. ↑ Spot price. Grade A.[40] At London Metal Exchange warehouse.
38. ↑ Min. 99.995% pure special high grade zinc metal. Spot price. At London Metal Exchange warehouse.
39. ↑ Min. 99.99% pure. Free on Board China.
40. ↑ Ingot. 50 Ω/cm.
41. ↑ Min. 99.5% pure.
42. ↑ Selenium powder, min. 99.9% pure.
43. ↑ Approximate European price for buying small quantities.
44. ↑ 100 g ampoules of 99.75% pure rubidium metal.
45. ↑ Min. 99% pure, Ex Works China.
46. ↑ Min. 99% pure, Free on Board China.
47. ↑ Zirconium sponge, min. 99% pure.
48. ↑ Min. 99.9% pure.
49. ↑ Min. 99.95% pure.
50. ↑ 50.0 50.1 50.2 50.3 50.4 50.5 50.6 This element is transient – it occurs only through decay (and in the case of plutonium, also in traces deposited from supernovae onto Earth).
51. ↑ 51.00 51.01 51.02 51.03 51.04 51.05 51.06 51.07 51.08 51.09 or earlier
52. ↑ The values reported are present in 85th edition of CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics[46] (and possibly earlier) and remain unchanged to at least 97th edition.[47]
53. ↑ In the form of medical doses of sodium pertechnetate made on-site in technetium-99m generators. Price per technetium contained. Range of prices for medical doses available in the United States. Technetium-99m has half-life of 6 hours, which limits its ability to be directly traded.
54. ↑ 99.95% pure.
55. ↑ 99.95% pure.
56. ↑ 99.95% pure. London bullion market afternoon fix. In warehouse.
57. ↑ 99.5% pure. Spot price. At London Metal Exchange warehouse.
58. ↑ Ingot, min. 99.99% pure.
59. ↑ Min. 99.99% pure.
60. ↑ Min. 99.85% pure. Spot price. At London Metal Exchange warehouse.
61. ↑ Ingot, min. 99.65% pure.
62. ↑ Min. 99.99% pure. Europe.
63. ↑ Min 99.5% pure. Spot market price on 2 August 2019.
64. ↑ Approximate European price for buying small quantities.
65. ↑ 1 g ampoules of 99.8% pure caesium.
66. ↑ In the form of chemical-grade barite (barium sulfate) exported from China to United States. Price per barium contained, includes cost, insurance, and freight. Barium sulfate is the primary feedstock for production of barium chemicals.[52]
67. ↑ Min. 99% pure.
68. ↑ Min. 99% pure.
69. ↑ Min. 99% pure, Free on Board China.
70. ↑ Min. 99% pure, Free on Board China.
71. ↑ From Periodic Table of the Elements published on website of Radiochemistry Society. There is no further information as to source or specifics of this price.
72. ↑ Min. 99% pure, Free on Board China.
73. ↑ Min. 99.999% pure.
74. ↑ Min. 99.5% pure.
75. ↑ Min. 99% pure, Free on Board China.
76. ↑ Min. 99% pure, Free on Board China.
77. ↑ Min. 99.5% pure.
78. ↑ Min. 99.5% pure.
79. ↑ Source lists prices of other rare earth elements (some of which are significantly different than the ones presented in table above):
* lanthanum – 25 USD/kg
* cerium – 30 USD/kg
* praseodymium – 70 USD/kg
* neodymium – 30 USD/kg
* samarium – 80 USD/kg
* europium – 1600 USD/kg
* gadolinium – 78 USD/kg
* terbium – 630 USD/kg
* dysprosium – 120 USD/kg
* holmium – 350 USD/kg
* erbium – 180 USD/kg
* thulium – 3000 USD/kg
* ytterbium – 484 USD/kg
* lutetium – 4000 USD/kg
* yttrium – 96 USD/kg
80. ↑ Price quotes from Canadian producer, for 1 kg order. 99.5–99.99% purity, Free on Board Vancouver, Canada.
81. ↑ Min. 99.99% pure.
82. ↑ Min. 99.99% pure.
83. ↑ Unwrought hafnium.
84. ↑ Min. 99.95% pure. Ex Works China.
85. ↑ Powder, particle size 2–10 μm, 99.7% pure. Free on Board China.
86. ↑ 99.99% pure.
87. ↑ 99.95% pure. London bullion market morning fix. In warehouse.
88. ↑ 99.9% pure. Afternoon London gold fix.
89. ↑ Average European Union price of 99.99% pure mercury.
90. ↑ Min. 99.97% pure. Spot price. At London Metal Exchange warehouse.
91. ↑ Refined bismuth, min. 99.99% pure.
92. ↑ 92.0 92.1 92.2 92.3 92.4 92.5 92.6 92.7 Available from Oak Ridge National Laboratory as reported in CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics. Price does not include packing costs. The values reported are present in Handbook's 85th edition[46] (and possibly earlier) and remain unchanged to at least 97th edition.[47]
93. ↑ Only under a tenth of microgram of astatine has ever been produced.[46] Most stable isotope has half-life of 8.1 hours.
94. ↑ Used in brachytherapy until 1960s,[60] currently radon is not used commercially.[61]
95. ↑ Only quantities of the order of millions of atoms have been obtained for research.[62] Most stable isotope, 223Fr, has half-life of 22 minutes. Francium has no commercial or medical uses.[61]
96. ↑ Radium was historically used in the treatment of cancer, but stopped being used when more effective treatments were introduced. As medical facilities had to pay for its disposal, its price can be considered negative.[63]
97. ↑ As 99.9% pure thorium oxide, price per thorium contained. Free on Board port of entry, duty paid.
98. ↑ In 1959–1961 Great Britain Atomic Energy Authority produced 125 g of 99.9% pure protactinium at a cost of $500000, giving the cost of 4000000 USD per kg.[46] Periodic Table of Elements at Los Alamos National Laboratory website at one point listed protactinium-231 as available from Oak Ridge National Laboratory at a price of 280000 USD/kg.[65]
99. ↑ Mainly as triuranium octoxide, price per uranium contained.
100. ↑ Periodic Table published by Pomona College Chemistry Department lists neptunium-237 as available from Oak Ridge National Laboratory at 660 USD/g plus packing costs.
101. ↑ Certified reference material sample in the form of plutonium(IV) oxide, price per plutonium-239 contained.
102. ↑ This source also lists price of Americium-243 as 180 USD/mg, which is much higher than reported in CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics and used in this table.
103. ↑ Available from Oak Ridge National Laboratory as reported in Nuclear Weapons FAQ.
104. ↑ Only microgram quantities have ever been produced.[46] Most stable known isotope has half-life of 471.7 days.
105. ↑ Only tracer amounts have ever been produced.[46][70]: 13.2.6. Most stable known isotope has half-life of 100.5 days.
106. ↑ Only around 106 atoms have been produced in experiments.[70]: 13.3.6. Most stable known isotope has half-life of 51 days.
107. ↑ Only around 105 atoms have been produced in experiments.[70]: 13.4.6. Most stable known isotope has half-life of 58 minutes.
108. ↑ Only around 1000 atoms have been produced in experiments.[70]: 13.5.6. Most stable known isotope has half-life of 11 hours.
109. ↑ Only a few thousand atoms have been produced in experiments.[46] Most stable known isotope has half-life of 2.5 hours.
110. ↑ Atoms of dubnium have been prepared experimentally at a rate of at most one per minute.[71] Most stable known isotope has half-life of 29 hours.
111. ↑ Only tens of atoms have been produced in experiments.[72] The most stable known isotope has half-life of 14 minutes.
112. ↑ Only tens of atoms have been produced in experiments.[73] Most stable known isotope has half-life of 1 minute.
113. ↑ Only tens of atoms have been produced in experiments.[73] Most stable known isotope has half-life of 16 seconds.
114. ↑ Only produced in experiments on a per-atom basis.[74] Most stable known isotope has half-life of 8 seconds.
115. ↑ Only produced in experiments on a per-atom basis.[74] Most stable known isotope has half-life of 9.6 seconds.
116. ↑ Only produced in experiments on a per-atom basis.[74] Most stable known isotope has half-life of 2.1 minutes.
117. ↑ Only tens of atoms have been produced in experiments.[73] Most stable known isotope has half-life of 29 seconds.
118. ↑ As of 2015, less than 100 atoms have been produced in experiments.[75] Most stable known isotope has half-life of 8 seconds.
119. ↑ As of 2015, less than 100 atoms have been produced in experiments.[75] Most stable known isotope has half-life of 1.9 seconds.
120. ↑ As of 2015, less than 100 atoms have been produced in experiments.[75] Most stable known isotope has half-life of 0.65 seconds.
121. ↑ As of 2015, less than 100 atoms have been produced in experiments.[75] Most stable known isotope has half-life of 53 ms.
122. ↑ As of 2015, less than 100 atoms have been produced in experiments.[75] Most stable known isotope has half-life of 51 ms.
123. ↑ As of 2015, less than ten atoms have been produced in experiments.[75] Most stable known isotope has half-life of 0.7 ms.

## References

1. ↑ Aleklett, K.; Morrissey, D.; Loveland, W.; McGaughey, P.; Seaborg, G. (1981). "Energy dependence of 209Bi fragmentation in relativistic nuclear collisions". Physical Review C 23 (3): 1044. doi:10.1103/PhysRevC.23.1044. Bibcode: 1981PhRvC..23.1044A.
2. ↑ Matthews, Robert (December 2, 2001). "The Philosopher's Stone". The Daily Telegraph. https://www.telegraph.co.uk/education/4791069/The-Philosophers-Stone.html.
3. ↑ https://www.thoughtco.com/list-of-radioactive-elements-608644
4. ↑ "Bismuth - An element you didn't know was radioactive". April 14, 2021. https://allradioactive.com/bismuth-an-element-you-didnt-know-was-radioactive/.
5. ↑ See: Densities of the elements (data page)
6. ↑ Antweiler, Werner. "Foreign Currency Units per 1 European Euro, 1999-2018". University of British Columbia. https://fx.sauder.ubc.ca/etc/EURpages.pdf.
7. ↑ 7.0 7.1 7.2 Antweiler, Werner. "Database Retrieval System". University of British Columbia. https://fx.sauder.ubc.ca/data.html.
8. ↑ "USD / RMB". Shanghai Metals Market. 3 February 2020. https://price.metal.com/spots/Other-Rates/201102250100.
9. ↑ Values used for currency conversion:
* Euro: 1999 – 1.0654 USD/EUR[6]
* Renminbi: September 2013 – 0.16340 USD/CNY,[7] December 2017 – 0.15159 USD/CNY,[7] November 2019 – 0.14241 USD/CNY,[7] 3 February 2019 – 0.14273 USD/CNY[8]
10. ↑ Dillich, Sara; Ramsden, Todd; Melaina, Marc (19 September 2012). Satyapal, Sunita. ed. ﻿DOE Hydrogen and Fuel Cells Program Record #12024: Hydrogen Production Cost Using Low-Cost Natural Gas﻿ (Report). United States Department of Energy. p. 5. https://www.hydrogen.energy.gov/pdfs/12024_h2_production_cost_natural_gas.pdf.
11. ↑ "DOE Hydrogen and Fuel Cells Program: DOE H2A Production Analysis". United States Department of Energy. https://www.hydrogen.energy.gov/h2a_production.html.
12. ↑ "Physical Properties for Deuterium". Air Products & Chemicals. https://www.airproducts.com/products/Gases/gas-facts/physical-properties/physical-properties-deuterium.aspx.
13. ↑ "DEUTERIUM (D, 99.8%) (D2,99.6%+HD,0.4%)". Cambridge Isotope Laboratories. https://shop.isotope.com/productdetails.aspx?itemno=DLM-408-PK.
14. ↑ "DEUTERIUM OXIDE (D, 99%)". Cambridge Isotope Laboratories. https://shop.isotope.com/productdetails.aspx?itemno=DLM-4-99-PK.
15. ↑ Stone, Richard (2016-04-22). "U.S. goes shopping in Iran's nuclear bazaar, will buy heavy water for science". Science. doi:10.1126/science.aaf9962. ISSN 0036-8075. https://www.science.org/content/article/us-goes-shopping-iran-s-nuclear-bazaar-will-buy-heavy-water-science.
16. ↑ 16.0 16.1 16.2 16.3 16.4 16.5 ﻿Mineral Commodity Summaries﻿ (Report). United States Geological Survey. 2019. doi:10.3133/70202434. ISBN 978-1-4113-4283-5.
17. ↑ Kornbluth, Phil (31 August 2018). "BLM reaps surprising windfall from FY 2019 Crude Helium Auction". https://www.gasworld.com/blm-reaps-windfall-from-fy-2019-helium-auction/2015344.article.
18. ↑ "Lithium Metal". Shanghai Metals Market. 3 February 2020. https://price.metal.com/spots/Cobalt-Lithium/201102250219.
19. ↑ "Strategic metals prices in February 2020". Institute of Rare Earths and Metals. 5 February 2020. https://en.institut-seltene-erden.de/prices-for-strategic-metals-in-february-2020/.
20. ↑ 20.0 20.1 20.2 20.3 "China Petroleum & Chemical Industry Association: Petrochemical Price: Inorganic Chemical Material". https://www.ceicdata.com/en/china/china-petroleum--chemical-industry-association-petrochemical-price-inorganic-chemical-material.
21. ↑ 21.0 21.1 "Coal prices and outlook". U.S. Energy Information Administration. 12 November 2019. https://www.eia.gov/energyexplained/coal/prices-and-outlook.php.
22. ↑ 22.00 22.01 22.02 22.03 22.04 22.05 22.06 22.07 22.08 22.09 22.10 22.11 22.12 22.13 22.14 22.15 22.16 22.17 22.18 22.19 22.20 22.21 22.22 22.23 22.24 22.25 22.26 22.27 22.28 22.29 22.30 (in de) ﻿Preismonitor﻿ (Report). Federal Institute for Geosciences and Natural Resources. 22 January 2020. https://www.bgr.bund.de/DE/Themen/Min_rohstoffe/Produkte/Preisliste/pm_19_12.pdf.
23. ↑ Olson, Donald W. (January 2020). "﻿Diamond, Industrial﻿". Minerals Yearbook 2016 (United States Geological Survey) I: 21.3. doi:10.3133/mybvi. https://www.usgs.gov/centers/nmic/industrial-diamond-statistics-and-information.
24. ↑ Salerno, Louis J.; Gaby, J.; Johnson, R.; Kittel, Peter; Marquardt, Eric D. (2002). "Terrestrial Applications of Zero-Boil-Off Cryogen Storage". in Ross, R. G. (in en). Cryocoolers 11. Kluwer Academic Publishers. pp. 810. doi:10.1007/0-306-47112-4_98. ISBN 978-0-306-46567-3. https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/0-306-47112-4_98.
25. ↑ Fan, Karen (2007). "Price of Liquid Nitrogen". in Elert, Glenn. The Physics Factbook. https://hypertextbook.com/facts/2007/KarenFan.shtml.
26. ↑ 26.0 26.1 In Cryocoolers 11,[24] cited in Hypertextbook[25]
27. ↑ "Hydrofluoric Acid Market Remained Largely Stable This Week (Dec 1-7, 2017)". 7 December 2017. https://www.echemi.com/cms/9883.html.
28. ↑ 28.0 28.1 28.2 Häussinger, Peter; Glatthaar, Reinhard; Rhode, Wilhelm; Kick, Helmut; Benkmann, Christian; Weber, Josef; Wunschel, Hans-Jörg; Stenke, Viktor et al. (15 March 2001). Elvers, Barbara. ed (in en). Ullmann's Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry. 24 (7th ed.). Wiley-VCH. sec. 9.. doi:10.1002/14356007.a17_485. ISBN 978-3-527-32943-4.
29. ↑ "Sodium". Shanghai Metals Market. 3 February 2020. https://price.metal.com/spots/Other-Minor-Metals/201102250465.
30. ↑ "Silicon Metal Yunnan (441#)". Shanghai Metals Market. 6 February 2020. https://price.metal.com/spots/Silicon/201102250629.
31. ↑ "Liquid Chlorine Demands Goes Up with Substantial Price Hike". Beijing Orient Agribusiness Consultant. 15 October 2013. http://en.cnagri.com/news/insight/20131015/297722.html.
32. ↑ Schmittinger, Peter; Florkiewicz, Thomas; Curlin, L. Calvert; Lüke, Benno; Scannell, Robert; Navin, Thomas; Zelfel, Erich; Bartsch, Rüdiger (15 January 2006). Elvers, Barbara. ed (in en). Ullmann's Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry (release 2008, 7th ed.). Wiley-VCH. 2008. sec. 15.. doi:10.1002/14356007.a06_399.pub2. ISBN 978-3-527-31965-7.
33. ↑ "Agreement Information 6238". University of Nevada, Las Vegas. 12 August 2011. https://www.unlv.edu/purchasing/agreements6238.
34. ↑ "Potassium". Shanghai Metals Market. 3 February 2020. https://price.metal.com/spots/Other-Minor-Metals/201102250280.
35. ↑ "Calcium 98.5%". Shanghai Metals Market. 3 February 2020. https://price.metal.com/spots/Other-Minor-Metals/201102250322.
36. ↑ 36.0 36.1 36.2 36.3 36.4 36.5 36.6 "Rare earth prices in February 2020". Institute of Rare Earths and Metals. 4 February 2020. https://en.institut-seltene-erden.de/rare-earth-prices-in-february-2020/.
37. ↑ "Titanium Sponge". Shanghai Metals Market. 3 February 2020. https://price.metal.com/spots/Other-Minor-Metals/201211080001.
38. ↑ "Vanadium". Shanghai Metals Market. 3 February 2020. https://price.metal.com/spots/Other-Minor-Metals/201102250299.
39. ↑ "Tang Shan(Pig Iron)". Shanghai Metals Market. 3 February 2020. https://price.metal.com/spots/Pig-Iron/201808140002.
40. ↑ "LME Copper Physical". https://www.lme.com/en-GB/Metals/Non-ferrous/Copper/Physical.
41. ↑ "Germanium Ingot". Shanghai Metals Market. 3 February 2020. https://price.metal.com/spots/Indium-Germanium-Gallium/201102250090.
42. ↑ "Arsenic Metal". Shanghai Metals Market. 3 February 2020. https://price.metal.com/spots/Other-Minor-Metals/201102250593.
43. ↑ 43.0 43.1 "Current prices of strategic metals". Institute of Rare Earths and Metals. July 2019. https://en.institut-seltene-erden.de/current-prices-of-strategic-metals/.
44. ↑ "Zirconium Sponge". Shanghai Metals Market. 3 February 2020. https://price.metal.com/spots/Other-Minor-Metals/201102250232.
45. ↑ "Niobium". Shanghai Metals Market. 3 February 2020. https://price.metal.com/spots/Other-Minor-Metals/201102250606.
46. ↑ 46.0 46.1 46.2 46.3 46.4 46.5 46.6 Hammond, C. R. (2004). "The Elements". in Lide, David R.. Properties of the Elements and Inorganic Compounds (85th ed.). CRC Press. pp. 4-3–4-36. ISBN 978-0849304859.
47. ↑ 47.0 47.1 Hammond, C. R. (2016). "The Elements". in Haynes, W. M.. Properties of the Elements and Inorganic Compounds (97th ed.). CRC Press. pp. 4-3–4-42. ISBN 978-1498754286.
48. ↑ National Research Council (2009). "6. Molybdenum-99/Technetium-99m Production Costs". Medical Isotope Production without Highly Enriched Uranium. Washington, D.C.: The National Academies Press. doi:10.17226/12569. ISBN 978-0-309-13039-4. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK215132/.
49. ↑ "Ruthenium". Shanghai Metals Market. 3 February 2020. https://price.metal.com/spots/Precious-Metals/201102250083.
50. ↑ Greenfield, Michael (2 August 2019). "Iodine prices hold firm although sellers' report higher deal values". https://www.indmin.com/Article/3887037/Iodine/Iodine-prices-hold-firm-although-sellers-report-higher-deal-values.html.
51. ↑ McRae, Michele E. (December 2019). "﻿Barite﻿". Minerals Yearbook 2016 (United States Geological Survey) I: 9.3. doi:10.3133/mybvi. https://www.usgs.gov/centers/nmic/barite-statistics-and-information.
52. ↑ Kresse, Robert; Baudis, Ulrich; Jäger, Paul; Riechers, H. Hermann; Wagner, Heinz; Winkler, Jochen; Wolf, Hans Uwe (15 July 2007). Elvers, Barbara. ed (in en). Ullmann's Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry. 4 (7th ed.). Wiley-VCH. 2011. sec. 1.7.. doi:10.1002/14356007.a03_325.pub2. ISBN 978-3-527-32943-4.
53. ↑ "Lanthanum". Shanghai Metals Market. 3 February 2020. https://price.metal.com/spots/Rare-Earth/201102250302.
54. ↑ "Cerium". Shanghai Metals Market. 3 February 2020. https://price.metal.com/spots/Rare-Earth/201102250153.
55. ↑ "Promethium". 2003. https://www.radiochemistry.org/periodictable/elements/61.html.
56. ↑ Castor, Stephen B.; Hedrick, James B. (2006). "Rare Earth Elements". in Kogel, Jessica Elzea. Industrial Minerals & Rocks: Commodities, Markets, and Uses (7th ed.). Society for Mining, Metallurgy, and Exploration. p. 785. ISBN 978-0-87335-233-8. OCLC 62805047.
57. ↑ "Rhenium". Shanghai Metals Market. 3 February 2020. https://price.metal.com/spots/Other-Minor-Metals/201102250036.
58. ↑ "Element Sales" (in EN). https://www.elementsales.com/pl_element.htm.
59. ↑ "Iridium price | Umicore Precious Metals Management" (in en). https://pmm.umicore.com/en/prices/iridium/.
60. ↑ "Seeds (ca. 1940s - 1960s)". Oak Ridge Associated Universities. 2021. https://www.orau.org/health-physics-museum/collection/brachytherapy/seeds.html.
61. ↑ 61.0 61.1 Keller, Cornelius; Wolf, Walter; Shani, Jashovam (15 October 2011). Elvers, Barbara. ed (in en). Ullmann's Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry. 31 (7th ed.). Wiley-VCH. sec. 1.5.. doi:10.1002/14356007.o22_o15. ISBN 978-3-527-32943-4.
62. ↑ Orozco, Luis A. (2014-09-30). ﻿Project Closeout Report Francium trapping facility at TRIUMF﻿ (Report). United States Department of Energy. doi:10.2172/1214938.
63. ↑ Lubenau, J. O.; Mould, R. F. (2009). "The roller coaster price of radium". IAEA. https://inis.iaea.org/search/searchsinglerecord.aspx?recordsFor=SingleRecord&RN=40106016.
64. ↑ Gambogi, Joseph (August 2016). "﻿Thorium﻿". Minerals Yearbook 2012 (United States Geological Survey) I: 76.3. doi:10.3133/mybvi. https://www.usgs.gov/centers/nmic/thorium-statistics-and-information.
65. ↑ "Periodic Table of Elements: Protactinium". Los Alamos National Laboratory. https://periodic.lanl.gov/91.shtml.
66. ↑ ﻿2018 Uranium Marketing Annual Report﻿ (Report). U.S. Energy Information Administration. May 2019. p. 1. https://www.eia.gov/uranium/marketing/.
67. ↑ "Neptunium: The Facts". Chemistry Department of Pomona College. https://www.chemistry.pomona.edu/chemistry/periodic_table/elements/neptunium/the facts.htm.
68. ↑ "Plutonium Certified Reference Materials Price Lists" (in en-US). U.S. Department of Energy, Office of Scientific and Technical Information. 20 June 2019. https://science.osti.gov/nbl/Certified-Reference-Materials/Prices-and-Certificates/Plutonium-CRMs.
69. ↑ Sublette, Carey (20 February 1999). "Nuclear Weapons Frequently Asked Questions: Section 6.0 Nuclear Materials". https://nuclearweaponarchive.org/Nwfaq/Nfaq6.html.
70. ↑ 70.0 70.1 70.2 70.3 Silva, Robert J. (2006). "Fermium, Mendelevium, Nobelium, and Lawrencium". in Morss, Lester R.; Edelstein, Norman M.; Fuger, Jean et al. (in en). The Chemistry of the Actinide and Transactinide Elements (3 ed.). Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands. pp. 1621–1651. doi:10.1007/1-4020-3598-5_13. ISBN 978-1-4020-3555-5. OCLC 262685616.
71. ↑ Öhrström, Lars (October 2016). "Brief encounters with dubnium". Nature Chemistry 8 (10): 986. doi:10.1038/nchem.2610. ISSN 1755-4330. PMID 27657876. Bibcode: 2016NatCh...8..986O.
72. ↑ Even, J.; Yakushev, A.; Düllmann, C. E.; Haba, H.; Asai, M.; Sato, T. K.; Brand, H.; Di Nitto, A. et al. (19 September 2014). "Synthesis and detection of a seaborgium carbonyl complex" (in en). Science 345 (6203): 1493. doi:10.1126/science.1255720. ISSN 0036-8075. PMID 25237098. Bibcode: 2014Sci...345.1491E.
73. ↑ 73.0 73.1 73.2 Gäggeler, H. W. (2005). "Chemical properties of transactinides". The European Physical Journal A 25 (S1): 583–587. doi:10.1140/epjad/i2005-06-202-2. ISSN 1434-6001. Bibcode: 2005EPJAS..25..583G. https://boris.unibe.ch/117633/1/10050_2005_Article_506202.pdf.
74. ↑ 74.0 74.1 74.2 Le Naour, Claire; Hoffman, Darleane C.; Trubert, Didier (2014). Schädel, Matthias; Shaughnessy, Dawn. eds (in en). Fundamental and Experimental Aspects of Single Atom-at-a-Time Chemistry. Springer-Verlag. p. 241. doi:10.1007/978-3-642-37466-1. ISBN 978-3-642-37465-4. https://www.springer.com/gp/book/9783642374654.
75. ↑ 75.0 75.1 75.2 75.3 75.4 75.5 Roberto, J. B.; Alexander, Charles W.; Boll, Rose Ann; Burns, J. D.; Ezold, Julie G.; Felker, Leslie Kevin; Hogle, Susan L.; Rykaczewski, Krzysztof Piotr (December 2015). "Actinide targets for the synthesis of super-heavy elements" (in en). Nuclear Physics A 944: Table 1. doi:10.1016/j.nuclphysa.2015.06.009. Bibcode: 2015NuPhA.944...99R. https://www.osti.gov/pages/biblio/1240523.

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