Bible translations into Geʽez

Short description: None

"Ethiopic Bible" redirects here. For the canon of the Ethiopian and Eritrean churches, see Orthodox Tewahedo biblical canon.

Two pages from the Garima Gospels Genesis in Geʽez

Bible translations into Geʽez, an ancient Ethio-Semitic language, date back to the 6th century at least, making them one of the world's oldest Bible translations.[1][2]

Translations of the Bible in Geʽez, in a predecessor of the Geʽez script which did not possess vowels, were created between the 5th and 7th century,[2] soon after the Christianization of Ethiopia in the 4th century.[3] This took place in a period of time alongside which other canonical and liturgical texts were being translated into Geʽez, as is indicated by the Aksumite Collection.[4][5]

The Garima Gospels are the oldest translation of the Bible in Geʽez and the world's earliest complete illustrated Christian manuscript.[6] Monastic tradition holds that they were composed close to the year 500,[7] a date supported by recent radiocarbon analysis; samples from Garima 2 proposed a date of

Short description: Latin loanword meaning "approximately, around"

CA|other uses of "Cca"|CCA (disambiguation)|CCA|other uses of "Circa"|Circa (disambiguation)}}Template:TWCleanup2Circa (from la 'around, about, roughly, approximately') - frequently abbreviated ca. or c. and less frequently circ., cca. or cc. - signifies "approximately" in several European languages and is used as a loanword in English, usually in reference to a date.[8] Circa is widely used in historical writing when the dates of events are not accurately known.

When used in date ranges, circa is applied before each approximate date, while dates without circa immediately preceding them are generally assumed to be known with certainty.

## Contents

* 1 Examples
* 2 See also
* 3 References
* 4 External links
* 5 Examples
* 6 See also
* 7 References
* 8 External links
* 9 References
* 10 Further reading
* 11 External links

## Examples

* 1732–1799: Both years are known precisely.
* c. 1732 – 1799: The beginning year is approximate; the end year is known precisely.
* 1732 – c. 1799: The beginning year is known precisely; the end year is approximate.
* c. 1732 – c. 1799: Both years are approximate.

## See also

* Floruit

## References

1. ↑ "A New Translation for one of the World's Oldest Scriptures" (in en-GB). 2017-12-08. https://scottishbiblesociety.org/2017/12/geez-new-testament-ethiopia-new-translation-one-worlds-oldest-scriptures/.
2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 "Geʿez language" (in en). https://www.britannica.com/topic/Geez-language.
3. ↑ "African Christianity in Ethiopia". https://www.metmuseum.org/toah/hd/acet/hd_acet.htm.
4. ↑ Bausi, Alessandro; Brita, Antonella; Marco Di Bella; Nosnitsin, Denis; Rabin, Ira; Sarris, Nikolas (2020). "The Aksumite Collection or Codex Σ (Sinodos of Qǝfrǝyā, MS C3-IV-71/C3-IV-73, Ethio-SPaRe UM-039): Codicological and Palaeographical Observations. With a Note on Material Analysis of Inks.". Comparative Oriental Manuscript Studies Bulletin 6: 127–171. doi:10.25592/uhhfdm.8470. https://flore.unifi.it/handle/2158/1239688.
5. ↑ Hatke, Georg (2022). "Religious Ideology in the Gəʿəz Epigraphic Corpus from Yemen" (in English). Rocznik Orientalistyczny 75 (2): 73. ISSN 0080-3545. https://www.ceeol.com/search/article-detail?id=1089523.
6. ↑ "Ethiopian Bible is the oldest and complete bible on earth.". 31 August 2016. http://www.ancient-origine.com/ethiopian-bible-oldest-complete-bible-earth/.
7. ↑ Taylor, Jerome (6 July 2010). "Unearthed, the ancient texts that tell story of Christianity". The Independent. https://www.independent.co.uk/arts-entertainment/books/features/unearthed-the-ancient-texts-that-tell-story-of-christianity-2019188.html.
8. ↑ "circa". Dictionary.com. http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/circa.

## External links

* v
* t
* e

Chronology

Key topics|

* Archaeology
* Astronomy
* Geology
* History
* Big History
* Paleontology
* Time

* Periods
* Eras
* Epochs

| Calendar eras|

* Human Era
* Ab urbe condita
* Anno Domini / Common Era
* Anno Mundi
* Byzantine era
* Seleucid era
* Spanish era
* Before Present
* Hijri
* Egyptian
* Sothic cycle
* Hindu units of time (Yuga)
* Mesoamerican
* Long Count
* Short Count
* Tzolk'in
* Haab'

|

Regnal year|

* Canon of Kings
* Lists of kings
* Limmu

Era names|

* Chinese
* Japanese
* Korean
* Vietnamese

Calendars|

| Pre-Julian / Julian|

* Pre-Julian Roman
* Original Julian
* Proleptic Julian
* Revised Julian

|

Gregorian|

* Gregorian
* Proleptic Gregorian
* Old Style and New Style dates
* Adoption of the Gregorian calendar
* Dual dating

Astronomical|

* Lunisolar
* Solar
* Lunar
* Astronomical year numbering

Others|

* Chinese sexagenary cycle
* Geologic Calendar
* Hebrew
* Iranian
* Islamic
* ISO week date
* Mesoamerican
* Maya
* Aztec
* Winter count (Plains Indians)

Astronomic time|

* Cosmic Calendar
* Ephemeris
* Galactic year
* Metonic cycle
* Milankovitch cycles

Geologic time|

| Concepts|

* Deep time
* Geological history of Earth
* Geological time units

|

Standards|

* Global Standard Stratigraphic Age (GSSA)
* Global Boundary Stratotype Section and Point (GSSP)

Methods|

* Chronostratigraphy
* Geochronology
* Isotope geochemistry
* Law of superposition
* Luminescence dating
* Samarium–neodymium dating

Chronological
dating|

| Absolute dating|

* Amino acid racemisation
* Archaeomagnetic dating
* Dendrochronology
* Ice core
* Incremental dating
* Lichenometry
* Paleomagnetism
* Radiometric dating
* Radiocarbon
* Uranium–lead
* Potassium–argon
* Tephrochronology
* Luminescence dating
* Thermoluminescence dating

|

Relative dating|

* Fluorine absorption
* Nitrogen dating
* Obsidian hydration
* Seriation
* Stratigraphy

Genetic methods|

* Molecular clock

Linguistic methods|

* Glottochronology

Related topics|

* Chronicle
* New Chronology
* Synchronoptic view
* Timeline
* Year zero
* Circa
* Floruit
* Terminus post quem
* ASPRO chronology

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390–570, while counterpart dating of samples from Garima 1 proposed a date of

Short description: Latin loanword meaning "approximately, around"

CA|other uses of "Cca"|CCA (disambiguation)|CCA|other uses of "Circa"|Circa (disambiguation)}}Template:TWCleanup2Circa (from la 'around, about, roughly, approximately') - frequently abbreviated ca. or c. and less frequently circ., cca. or cc. - signifies "approximately" in several European languages and is used as a loanword in English, usually in reference to a date.[1] Circa is widely used in historical writing when the dates of events are not accurately known.

When used in date ranges, circa is applied before each approximate date, while dates without circa immediately preceding them are generally assumed to be known with certainty.

## Examples

* 1732–1799: Both years are known precisely.
* c. 1732 – 1799: The beginning year is approximate; the end year is known precisely.
* 1732 – c. 1799: The beginning year is known precisely; the end year is approximate.
* c. 1732 – c. 1799: Both years are approximate.

## See also

* Floruit

## References

1. ↑ "circa". Dictionary.com. http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/circa.

## External links

* v
* t
* e

Chronology

Key topics|

* Archaeology
* Astronomy
* Geology
* History
* Big History
* Paleontology
* Time

* Periods
* Eras
* Epochs

| Calendar eras|

* Human Era
* Ab urbe condita
* Anno Domini / Common Era
* Anno Mundi
* Byzantine era
* Seleucid era
* Spanish era
* Before Present
* Hijri
* Egyptian
* Sothic cycle
* Hindu units of time (Yuga)
* Mesoamerican
* Long Count
* Short Count
* Tzolk'in
* Haab'

|

Regnal year|

* Canon of Kings
* Lists of kings
* Limmu

Era names|

* Chinese
* Japanese
* Korean
* Vietnamese

Calendars|

| Pre-Julian / Julian|

* Pre-Julian Roman
* Original Julian
* Proleptic Julian
* Revised Julian

|

Gregorian|

* Gregorian
* Proleptic Gregorian
* Old Style and New Style dates
* Adoption of the Gregorian calendar
* Dual dating

Astronomical|

* Lunisolar
* Solar
* Lunar
* Astronomical year numbering

Others|

* Chinese sexagenary cycle
* Geologic Calendar
* Hebrew
* Iranian
* Islamic
* ISO week date
* Mesoamerican
* Maya
* Aztec
* Winter count (Plains Indians)

Astronomic time|

* Cosmic Calendar
* Ephemeris
* Galactic year
* Metonic cycle
* Milankovitch cycles

Geologic time|

| Concepts|

* Deep time
* Geological history of Earth
* Geological time units

|

Standards|

* Global Standard Stratigraphic Age (GSSA)
* Global Boundary Stratotype Section and Point (GSSP)

Methods|

* Chronostratigraphy
* Geochronology
* Isotope geochemistry
* Law of superposition
* Luminescence dating
* Samarium–neodymium dating

Chronological
dating|

| Absolute dating|

* Amino acid racemisation
* Archaeomagnetic dating
* Dendrochronology
* Ice core
* Incremental dating
* Lichenometry
* Paleomagnetism
* Radiometric dating
* Radiocarbon
* Uranium–lead
* Potassium–argon
* Tephrochronology
* Luminescence dating
* Thermoluminescence dating

|

Relative dating|

* Fluorine absorption
* Nitrogen dating
* Obsidian hydration
* Seriation
* Stratigraphy

Genetic methods|

* Molecular clock

Linguistic methods|

* Glottochronology

Related topics|

* Chronicle
* New Chronology
* Synchronoptic view
* Timeline
* Year zero
* Circa
* Floruit
* Terminus post quem
* ASPRO chronology

0.00

(0 votes)

|

530–660.[1] The Garima Gospels is also thought to be the oldest surviving Geʽez manuscript.[2][3]

The milestones of the modern editions were the Roman edition of the New Testament in 1548 edited by Tasfa Seyon, which is the editio princeps,[4] and the critical edition of the New Testament by Thomas P. Platt in 1830 (his edition of the Geʽez four Gospels was first published in 1826[4]).[5]

Biblical manuscripts in Geʽez existed until at least the late 17th century.[6]

In 2009, the Ethiopian Catholic Church and the Ethiopian Orthodox Tewahedo Church associated themselves with the Bible Society of Ethiopia to produce a printed version of the Bible in Geʽez. The New Testament was released in 2017.[7]

## References

1. ↑ Bausi, Alessandro (5 November 2013). "Ethiopia and the Mediterranean World in Late Antiquity: The Garimā Gospels in Context" (Summary of conference proceedings). Ethiopian Heritage Fund. p. 2. http://www.ethiopianheritagefund.org/document-page-2.
2. ↑ Bailey, Martin (2010-07-14). "Discovery of earliest illustrated manuscript". Theartnewspaper.com. https://archaeologynewsnetwork.blogspot.com/2010/07/discovery-of-earliest-illuminated.html.
3. ↑ "The Arts Newspaper June 2010 – Abuna Garima Gospels". Ethiopianheritagefund.org. http://ethiopianheritagefund.org/artsNewspaper.html.
4. ↑ 4.0 4.1 Zuurmond, Rochus (2013). "Chapter Nine - Ethiopic version of the New Testament". in Ehrman, Bart D. (in en). The Text of the New Testament in Contemporary Research: Essays on the Status Quaestionis.. New Testament Tools, Studies and Documents, volume 42 (2nd ed.). BRILL. pp. 249. doi:10.1163/9789004236554. ISBN 978-90-04-23604-2. https://books.google.com/books?id=guYq9rohFQ8C&q=Testamentum+Novum+1548+tasfa&pg=PA249.
5. ↑ "Information and Notes". https://www.tau.ac.il/~hacohen/NT/Information.html.
6. ↑ "Ethiopic Bible". https://www.bl.uk/collection-items/ethiopic-bible.
7. ↑ Cite error: Invalid `<ref>` tag; no text was provided for refs named `:0`

## Further reading

* Piovanelli, Pierluigi. "Aksum and the Bible: Old Assumptions and New Perspectives." Aethiopica 21 (2018): 7-27. Open access
* Mikre-Sellassie, G.A. (2000-07-01). "The Early Translation of the Bible into Ethiopic/Geez" (in en). The Bible Translator 51 (3): 302–316. doi:10.1177/026009350005100302. ISSN 2051-6770.
* Bausi, Alessandro (1999). "Un nuovo studio sulla versione etiopica della Bibbia" (in it). Rassegna di Studi Etiopici XLIII: 5–19. https://www.academia.edu/1613058.
* Hannah, Darrell. "The Vorlage of the Ethiopic Version of the Epistula Apostolorum: Greek or Arabic?." Beyond Canon: Early Christianity and the Ethiopic Textual Tradition (2020): 97ff.
* LEFEVRE, RENATO (1969). "Documenti e Notizie Su Tasfā Ṣeyon e la Sua Attività Romana Nel Sec. Xvi" (in it). Rassegna di Studi Etiopici 24: 74–133. ISSN 0390-0096.
* Knibb, Michael A. 2000. Translating the Bible: The Ethiopic Version of the Old Testament, by Michael A. Knibb. The Schweich Lectures for 1995. New York: Oxford University Press for the British Academy.
* Ullendorff, Edward, Ethiopia and the Bible: The Schweich Lectures (Oxford: British Academy, 1968) ISBN 0-19-726076-4
* Zuurmond, Rochus. "The Ethiopic Version of the New Testament." The Text of the New Testament in Contemporary Research: Essays on the Status Quaestionis (1995): 142–56.

## External links

* (in gez) Testamentum Nouum cum epistola Pauli ad Hebreos tantum, cum concordantijs euangelistarum Eusebij & numeratione omnium verborum eorundem. Missale cum benedictione incensi ceræ ... Chaldea, quæ omnia frater Petrus Ethyops ... imprimi curauit. National Central Library of Rome. 1548. https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_KPNa9Mc5gjYC.
* Platt, Thomas Pell, ed (1830) (in gez). Novum Testamentum Domini Nostri et Servatoris Jesu Christi aethiopice. University of Michigan. Impressit R. Watts. https://archive.org/details/novumtestamentu00platgoog.
* VETERIS TESTAMENTI AETHIOPICA, Ran HaCohen's text digitization of Augustus Dillmann's edited OT

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