Statistics

As referring to Jews, statistics deal mainly with populations, their ages and distribution, Migration, Morbidity, Mortality, Occupations, Criminality, Births, and Marriages. Most of these topics have already been treated in articles in The Jewish Encyclopedia; it remains to deal here only with the Jewish population as a whole and its distribution.

Ancient Times.

The Pentateuch contains a number of statements as to the number of Jews that left Egypt, the descendants of the seventy sons and grandsons of Jacob who took up their residence in that country. Altogether, including Levites, there were 611,730 males over twenty years of age, and therefore capable of bearing arms; this would imply a population of about 3,154,000. The Census of David is said to have recorded 1,300,000 males over twenty years of age, which would imply a population of over 5,000,000. The number of exiles who returned from Babylon is given at 42,360. Tacitus declares that Jerusalem at its fall contained 600,000 persons; Josephus, that there were as many as 1,100,000, of whom 97,000 were sold as slaves. It is from the latter that most European Jews are descended. These appear to be all the figures accessible for ancient times, and their trustworthiness is a matter of dispute. The difficulties of commissariat in the Sinaitic desert for such a number as 3,000,000 have been pointed out by Colenso; and the impossibility of the area of Jerusalem containing much more than 80,000 persons with any comfort has been referred to as proving the exaggeration of the figures of Josephus and Tacitus.

In the Hadrianic war 580,000 Jews were slain, according to Dion Cassius (lxix. 14). According to Mommsen, in the first century C.E. there were no less than 1,000,000 Jews in Egypt, in a total of 8,000,000inhabitants; of these 200,000 lived in Alexandria, whose total population was 500,000. Harnack ("Ausbreitung des Christentums," Leipsic, 1902) reckons that there were 1,000,000 Jews in Syria at the time of Nero, and 700,000 in Palestine, and he allows for an additional 1,500,000 in other places, thus estimating that there were in the first century 4,200,000 Jews in the world. This estimate is probably excessive.

As regards the number of Jews in the Middle Ages, Benjamin of Tudela, about 1170, enumerates altogether 1,049,565; but of these 100,000 are attributed to Persia and India, 100,000 to Arabia, and 300,000 to Thanaim (?), obviously mere guesses with regard to the Eastern Jews, with whom he did not come in contact. There were at that time probably not many more than 500,000 in the countries he visited, and probably not more than 750,000 altogether. The only real data for the Middle Ages are with regard to special Jewish communities, of which the following is a list, mainly derived from I. Loeb ("R. E. J." vol. xiv.):

Jewish Populations of Medieval Cities.City.| Date.| Population.| Source.  
---|---|---|---  
Aix| 1341| (203| families)| "R. E. J." xiv. 170.  
1,207|   
Amalfi| 1170| 20| | Benjamin of Tudela.  
Amsterdam| 1620| (400| families)| Grätz, "Gesch." ix. 503.  
"| 1671| (4,000| " )| Grätz, "Gesch." x. 257.  
Arles| 1170| 200| | Benjamin of Tudela.  
Ascoli| 1170| 40| | "| "|   
Austerlitz| 1523| 445| | Jew. Encyc.  
(34| houses)  
Avignon| 1358| (210| families)| De Maulde.  
Barcelona| 1391| 900| (?)| "R. E. J." xiv. 170.  
Benevento| 1170| 200| | Benjamin of Tudela.  
Blois| 1171| 40| | Joseph Cohen, "'Emeḳ ha-Baka."  
Bourg St. Gilles.| 1170| 100| | Benjamin of Tudela.  
Brindisi| 1170| 10| | "| "|   
Capua| 1170| 300| | "| "|   
Carpentras.| 1277-1600| (12-119 families)| "R. E. J." xii. 190.  
"| 1742| (168| families)| "| "| "  
752| | | |   
Castellon de la Plana| 1450| (31| families)| Loeb, l.c.  
Castrogiovanni.| 1400| (80| " )| Zunz, "Z. G."  
Ceuta| 1785| 381| | Cassel, p. 155b.  
"| 1840| 150| | "| "| "  
Cologne| 1348| (58| nouses)| Weyden.  
Dyon| 1384| 52| | Cassel, p. 111b.  
Estella| 1366| (89| families)| Kayserling, "Die Juden in Navarra," p. 45.  
Falces| 1366| (18| families)| Kayserling, l.c.  
Ferrara| 1601| 1,530| | Cassel, p. 155b.  
"| 1785| 1,066| | "| "| "  
"| 1840| 1,800| | "| "| "  
Frankfort-on-the-Main.| 1241| 200| (? families)| Bücher.  
Genoa| 1170| 2| | Benjamin of Tudela.  
Granada| 1688| (1,500| houses)| Usque.  
Hamburg| 1612| (230| adults)| Grätz, l.c. x. 18.  
Lucca| 1170| 40| | Benjamin of Tudela.  
Lugo| 1785| 600| | Cassel, p. 155b.  
Lunel| 1170 (?)| 300| (? families)| Benjamin of Tudela.  
Manresa| 1294| (45| families)| Loeb, l.c.  
Marseilles| 1170| 300| | "| "|   
Melfi| 1170| 200| (? families)| Benjamin of Tudela.  
Messina| 1170| 200| | Zunz, "Z. G."; Benjamin of Tudela.  
"| 1543| (180| families)| | |   
Metz| 1657| (96| " )| Cassel, p. 113a.  
Naples| 1170| 500| | Benjamin of Tudela.  
Nuremberg.| 1338| (212| adults)| Ziemlich; Loeb, in "R. E. J." xiv. 170-M 173.  
Otranto| 1170| 500| | Benjamin of Tudela.  
Palermo| 1170| 1,500| | "| "|   
"| 1490| (850| families)| Grätz, "Gesch." viii.  
| | | | 260.| |   
Palma| 1391| 1,540| (?)| "R. E. J." xiv. 171.  
Paris| 1296-97| (82| families)| "| i. 63.  
Perpignan| 1413-14| (180| " )| "| xiv. 65.  
Peralta| 1366| (10| " )| Kayserling, l.c.  
Pisa| 1170| 2| | Benjamin of Tudela.  
Posquières| 1170| 40| (400 ?)| "| "|   
Rome| 1170| 200| | "| "|   
"| 1550| 3,000| | Cassel, p. 155a.  
Salerno| 1170| 600| | Benjamin of Tudela.  
San Marco| 1492| 350| | Zunz, "Z. G."  
Sanguesa| 1366| (25| families)| Kayserling, l.c.  
Strasburg| 1349| 2,000| | Loeb, l.c.  
"| 1369| (6| families; killed)| Cassel, p. 113a.  
"| 1383| (15| families; killed)| "| "| "  
Tafalla| 1366| (10| families)| Kayserling, l.c.  
Talavera de la Reyna.| 1477| (168| " )| Loeb, l.c.  
Tarento| 1170| 200| | Benjamin of Tudela.  
Trani| 1170| 200| | "| "|   
Trapani| 1439| 200| | Zunz, "Z. G."  
Trevoux| 1429| (15| families)| "R. E. J." x. 35.  
Tudela| 1366| (270| " )| Rios, "Hist." ii. 285.  
"| 1386| (200| " )| Loeb, l.c.  
Venice| 1152| 1,300| | Cassel, p. 158b.  
"| 1170| 1,300| | Benjamin of Tudela.  
"| 1500| 933| | Cassel, p. 159a.  
Worms| 1096| 434| | Stern.  
"| 1438| 400| | Grätz, l.c. vii. 371.  
[Where authors' names only are given, the works referred to are Cassel, s.v. "Juden"; Benjamin of Tudela, "Itinerary," ed. Asher; Weyden, "Gesh. der Juden zu Cöln," Cologne, 1867; Bücher, "Bevölkerungen von Frankfort," Tübingen, 1886; Usque, "Consolacão"; Ziemlich, "Machsor Nürnberg," Berlin, 1886; Stern, "Analecten zur Gesch. der Juden."]

The Middle Ages were mainly a period of expulsions. In 1290, 16,000 Jews were expelled from England; in 1396, 100,000 from France; and in 1492, about 200,000 from Spain. Smaller but more frequent expulsions occurred in Germany, so that at the commencement of the sixteenth century only four great Jewish communities remained: Frankfort-on-the-Main, 2,000; Worms, 1,400; Prague, 10,000; and Vienna, 3,000 (Grätz, "Gesch." x. 29). It has been estimated that during the five centuries from 1000 to 1500, 380,000 Jews were killed during the persecutions, reducing the total number in the world to about 1,000,000. In the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries the main centers of Jewish population were in Poland and the Mediterranean countries, Spain excepted.

According to the estimate of Basnage, at the beginning of the eighteenth century the total number of European Jews was 1,360,000, and the Jews of the kingdom of Poland (including Lithuania), according to a census at the first division in 1772, numbered 308,500. As these formed the larger part of the European Jews, it is doubtful whether the total number was more than 400,000 at the middle of the eighteenth century; and, counting those in the lands of Islam, the entire number in the world at that time could not have been much more than 1,000,000.

But since then the increase has been remarkably rapid. It was checked in Germany by the laws limiting the number of Jews in special towns, and perhaps still more by overcrowding, regarding which a few details may be given:

Place.| Date.| Jews.| Houses.| Average.| Authority.  
---|---|---|---|---|---  
Prague| 1786| 7,951| 266| 29.3| Ficker, "Bevolk. Böhmen," p. 55.  
Frankfort.| 1811| 2,214| 159| 13.9| "The Times" (London), Aug. 8, 1884.  
Prague| 1843| 5,646| 279| 20.3| Ficker, l.c.  
  
Tchubinsky reports that in 1840 the Jews of southern Russia were accustomed to dwell thirteen in a house, whereas among the general population the average was only four to five ("Globus," 1880, p. 340). The rapid increase has undoubtedly been due to the early age of marriage and the small number of deaths of infants in the stable communities (see Generation, Length of). The chief details known for any length of time are for Holland, Hungary, Poland, and Württemberg:

Holland.  
---  
Date.| Population.  
| 1829| 46,408  
| 1839| 52,245  
| 1849| 58,626  
| 1859| 63,790  
| 1869| 68,003  
| 1879| 81,693  
Hungary.  
| 1720| 12,656  
| 1785| 75,089  
| 1786| 77,647  
| 1804| 124,128  
| 1805| 127,816  
| 1829| 202,328  
| 1842| 241,632  
| 1850| 352,400  
| 1857| 413,118  
| 1869| 516,658  
| 1880| 624,737  
| 1890| 725,222  
Poland.  
*| 16th century| † 200,000  
*| 1659| 100,000  
*| 1764| 315,298  
| 1816| 212,000  
| 1825| 341,125  
| 1826| 368,773  
| 1828| 384,263  
| 1856| 563,000  
| 1868| 764,947  
| 1875| 860,327  
| 1882| 1,045,000  
| 1893| 1,229,000  
| 1897| 1,333,000  
Württemberg.  
| 1832| 10,670  
| 1846| 12,356  
| 1858| 11,088  
| 1864| 11,610  
| 1871| 12,245  
| 1880| 13,331  
| 1890| 12,639  
| 1900| 11,916  
* From Reclus, "Nouvelle Géographie," v. 397.  
† Of these, 16,580 paid taxes.  
  
There is also a certain amount of evidence as to the Jewish increase in proportion to that of adherents of other creeds. The following table is taken from Haushofer, "Lehrbuch," p. 510, and from Oettingen, "Moralstatistik."

Country.| Years.| Catholic.| Protestant.| Jews.  
---|---|---|---|---  
Austria| 1851-57| 8.20| 5.40| 19.60  
"| | ......| 0.76| 0.76| 3.35  
"| Western| 1861-70| 2.86| 2.86| 3.08  
Baden| 1846-64| 1.50| 5.00| 3.60  
"| | 1857-63| 0.85| 1.06| 1.04  
Bavaria| 1852-64| 4.50| 4.50| 4.20  
France| 1861-66| 0.36| 1.10| 2.27  
Hanover| 1852-64| 3.30| 5.00| 8.60  
Netherlands| 1849-59| 1.20| 1.60| 0.30  
Prussia| 1831-49| 0.85| 0.94| 1.26  
"| | 1852-64| 11.40| 11.10| 12.90  
Saxony| 1854-64| 27.10| 15.30| 68.10  
Switzerland| 1850-60| 5.30| 4.20| 34.00  
Württemberg| 1846-64| 0.20| 0.40| 3.40  
  
But the figures of increase are often very deceptive, as they may indicate, not the natural increase by surplus of births over deaths, but accession by immigration. This applies especially to Germany during the early part of the nineteenth century, when Jews from Galicia and Poland seized every opportunity of moving westward. On the other hand, Ruppin has shown that within recent years, when forcible measures have been taken to prevent Russian Jews from settling in Germany, the growth of the Jewish population there has almost entirely ceased, owing to the falling off in the number of births, and, possibly, to emigration. The increase of the Jews of England and the United States during the last quarter of a century has, however, been exceptional, owing to extensive immigration.

There is only one further point to be considered in connection with the increase of Jewish population, and that is the losses by conversion which have occurred during the nineteenth century and which are still occurring in the lands where the Jews are persecuted. Leroy ("Judentaufen," im 19. Jahrhundert: Ein Statistischer Versuch," in "Nathanael," iii. and iv., Berlin, 1899) has made the following estimate for the nineteenth century:

| Became Protestant.| Became Roman Catholic.| Became Greek Catholic.| Total Loss.  
---|---|---|---|---  
Bavaria| 330| 5,000| ......| 22,520  
Prussia| 13,128  
Saxony| 770  
Württemberg| 115  
Others parts of Germany| 3,177  
Denmark| 100| ......| ......| 100  
France| 600| 1,800| ......| 2,400  
Great Britain| 28,830| ......| ......| 28,830  
Holland| 1,800| ......| ......| 1,800  
Norway and Sweden| 500| ......| ......| 500  
Switzerland| 100| ......| ......| 100  
Austria| 6,300| 28,200| 200| 44,756  
Hungary| 2,056| 8,000  
Italy| ......| 300| ......| 300  
Rumania| ......| ......| 1,500| 1,500  
Russia| 3,136| 1,000| 69,400| 84,536  
Turkey| ......| ......| 3,300| 3,300  
Other parts of the Balkan Peninsula.| ......| ......| 100| 100  
Asia and Africa| 100| 500| ......| 600  
Australia| 200| ......| ......| 200  
North America| 11,500| 1,500| ......| 13,000  
| Totals| 72,742| 57,300| 74,500| 204,542  
  
This would give an average of only 2,000 per annum throughout the century, but the number has largely increased of recent years. A rough estimate made ten years ago placed the number of conversions at about 3,000 per annum—1,000 in Austria-Hungary, 1,000 in Russia, 500 in Germany, and the remainder in the Anglo-Saxon world. A slight reduction, about 500 a year, must be made in the figures regarding the total losses, because of the converts to Judaism, such conversions resulting mainly through the marriage of Christian women to Jews.

The difficulty of ascertaining to which cause any increase is due—whether to immigration or to natural augmentation—consequent upon the fact that accurate statistics with regard to Jews are available for comparatively few countries, formerly caused the widest diversity to exist as to the total number of Jews in the world, as can be seen from the list of estimates given in the table on page 531.

The approximation of the latest estimates shows that the foundations for enumeration are becoming more sure and the variations possible less wide. The basis of modern estimates is that of I. Loeb, given in 1879, the chief errors of which were theomission of the 1,000,000 Jewish inhabitants of Poland and the estimate of the Falashas at 200,000. Andree gives details founded upon actual censuses, and he has been followed by Jacobs, Harris, and Ruppin. Of the earlier estimates, that of Jost, in the tenth volume of his history, is the most noteworthy, and was founded on a set of careful figures and enumerations derived mainly from censuses taken about 1840. He does not estimate the total, but an addition of his figures results in 3,143,000, a figure probably not far from the truth. Of recent years very much fuller and more accurate details have been obtained as to the number of Jews, especially in Europe, where the majority of countries consider the religious creeds of their inhabitants as part of the census returns.

Authority.| Time.| Estimated Number.  
---|---|---  
"French-Jewish Almanac."| 1828| 4,947,000  
Balbi| 1829| 4,000,000  
Hörschelman| 1833| 6,598,000  
Jost| 1846| 3,143,000  
Berghaus| 1854| 4,000,000  
Boudin| 1857| 3,900,000  
Legoyt| 1868| 4,550,000  
Alexander| 1870| 6,798,029  
I. Loeb| 1879| 6,276,957  
Andree| 1881| 6,193,662  
"Encyc. Brit."| 1881| 6,200,000  
Heckler| 1883| 6,136,662  
A. Nossig| 1887| 6,582,500  
J. Jacobs| 1896| 9,066,534  
I. Harris| 1902| 10,319,402  
"American Jewish Year-Book."| 1904-5| 10,932,777  
A. Ruppin| 1904| 10,456,000  
Methods of Estimating Population.

In the English-speaking world, especially in England and America, where no religious census is taken, recourse must be had to estimates instead of enumerations. These are mainly derived from three sources: (a) the death-rate, (b) the marriage-rate, (c) school statistics. As regards the first source, the burials in Jewish cemeteries are almost always a sure indication of the number of Jewish inhabitants. If the population is a stable one, an estimate based on the ordinary death-rate of the country would give too small a figure (see Mortality); where much migration has occurred the error would be still greater, owing to the fact that migrants are chiefly of the most viable ages. The estimate deduced from the marriage-rate is generally much above the true figures, if the ordinary marriage-rate is taken, as, owing to the nubile ages of migrants, a larger proportion of Jews marry in the Western countries. It is usual to assume that the children of school age, whose numbers can be very frequently ascertained, are one-fifth of the population. Here, again, Jewish statistics vary somewhat from general statistics, owing to the eagerness of Jewish parents to send their children to school. In cases where no actual enumeration of the number of Jewish children is possible, an estimate can at times be made by finding the number of children absent from school on the Day of Atonement, which, as a rule, corresponds almost exactly to the number of Jewish children attending the schools. See London.

The following list, taken from various sources, gives the numbers of Jews in each country, together with the ratio to its entire population. The cities having a large Jewish population are given under the head of the country to which they belong, their proportion to the general population being given also. As far as possible, the date at which the census was made is given; and where the city estimate is of later or earlier date, this also is mentioned. When no date is given, the census of 1900-1 is meant. Estimates are indicated by asterisks.

Table of Ratios of Jewish to Total Population in the Principal Countries and Cities of the World.| Jewish Population.| Percentage of Jewish to Total Population.| Total Population.  
---|---|---|---  
Europe.| | |   
| Austria| 1,224,899| 4.68| 26,150,708  
| Brody| 15,050| 75.00| 20,071  
| Cracow| 25,430| 29.13| 87,274  
| Czernowitz| 22,000| 32.53| 67,622  
| Lemberg| 40,000| 25.00| 159,875  
| Prague| 20,000| 9.92| 201,589  
| Triest| 5,100| 3.22| 158,344  
| Vienna| 150,000| 8.95| 1,687,954  
Belgium*| 12,000| .18| 6,687,651  
| Antwerp| 4,500| 1.58| 285,600  
| Brussels| 6,500| 1.16| 561,782  
Bosnia and Herzegovina| 8,213| .58| 1,404,000  
British Isles*| 250,000| .57| 41,454,573  
| England| 235,000| .85| 27,483,490  
| | Birmingham| 4,000| .77| 522,182  
| | Leeds| 15,000| 3.50| 428,953  
| | Liverpool| 7,000| 1.04| 684,947  
| | London (1902)| 150,000| 2.27| 6,581,327  
| | Manchester| 28,000| 5.15| 543,969  
| Ireland| 3,769| .08| 4,704,750  
| Scotland*| 10,000| .24| 4,025,647  
| | Glasgow| 6,500| .86| 760,468  
| Wales| 500| .03| 1,519,035  
Bulgaria| 33,663| .90| 3,733,189  
| Rustchuk| 3,075| 10.92| 28,121  
| Sofia| 7,000| 14.89| 47,000  
Crete| 728| .24| 294,192  
Cyprus and Malta| 130| .03| 376,175  
Denmark| 5,000| .20| 2,464,770  
| Copenhagen| 3,500| 1.11| 313,000  
France| 86,885| .22| 38,595,500  
| Bordeaux| 3,000| 1.17| 257,471  
| Lyons| 2,636| .58| 453,145  
| Marseilles| 5,500| 1.11| 494,769  
| Paris| 58,000| 2.18| 2,660,000  
Germany (1901)| 586,948| 1.04| 56,367,178  
| Berlin| 86,152| 4.56| 1,844,151  
| Breslau| 18,440| 4.36| 422,738  
| Cologne| 8,400| 2.40| 372,229  
| Dresden| 38,700| 9.00| 289,844  
| Frankfort-on-the-Main| 22,000| 7.63| 289,489  
| Hamburg| 17,308| 2.76| 625,552  
| Hanover| 4,151| 1.76| 235,666  
| Königsberg| 4,076| 2.16| 187,897  
| Leipsic| 4,844| 1.06| 455,089  
| Mayence| 4,300| 5.10| 84,500  
| Munich| 9,500| 1.90| 498,503  
| Nuremberg| 6,500| 2.49| 261,000  
| Posen| 5,810| 5.00| 117,014  
Greece| 8,350| .34| 2,433,806  
| Athens| 300| .27| 111,486  
| Larissa| 1,500| 10.00| 15,000  
Holland| 103,988| 2.00| 5,179,100  
| Amsterdam| 60,000| 11.30| 530,718  
| Rotterdam| 12,000| 4.00| 222,233  
Hungary| 851,378| 4.43| 19,207,103  
| Budapest| 168,985| 23.08| 732,322  
| Grosswardein| 12,294| 31.85| 38,557  
| Miskolez| 8,551| 28.08| 30,444  
| Szegedin| 5,863| 6.93| 87,410  
| Temesvar| 8,916| 22.37| 39,850  
Italy| 34,653| .10| 34,000,000  
| Leghorn| 4,050| 4.12| 98,321  
| Rome| 7,800| 1.17| 663,000  
| Turin| 4,300| 1.27| 335,639  
| Venice| 3,800| 2.50| 151,840  
Luxemburg*| 1,200| .50| 236,543  
Norway and Sweden*| 5,000| .07| 7,376,321  
Poland (1897)| 1,316,776| 16.25| 8,000,000  
| Czenstochow| 12,000| 26.66| 45,130  
| Lodz (1903)| 74,999| 24.38| 307,570  
| Lomza| 10,380| 39.42| 26,075  
| Lublin| 22,495| 44.90| 50,152  
| Warsaw (1902)| 262,824| 41.18| 638,209  
Portugal*| 1,200| .02| 5,428,659  
| Lisbon| 250| .08| 308,000  
Rumania (1900)| 269,015| 4.99| 5,408,743  
| Bakau| 7,850| 60.38| 13,000  
| Botoshani| 16,660| 47.60| 35,000  
| Braila| 10,811| 23.14| 46,715  
| Bucharest| 43,274| 15.34| 282,071  
| Galatz| 12,970| 20.85| 62,678  
| Jassy| 30,441| 38.99| 78,067  
| Monastir| 6,000| .90| 664,379  
Russia (1897)| 3,872,625| 3.29| 117,668,000  
| Berdychev| 47,000| 87.52| 53,000  
| Biela Zerkow| 16,000| 48.48| 33,000  
| Bobrinsk| 19,125| 54.33| 35,177  
| Brest-Litovsk| 36,650| 78.81| 46,502  
| Byelostok| 42,000| 65.62| 63,925  
| Dvinsk| 32,369| 44.83| 72,231  
| Grodno| 24,611| 52.45| 46,871  
| Homel| 23,000| 62.16| 36,846  
| Jitomir| 22,000| 33.61| 65,452  
| Kherson| 18,967| 27.14| 62,219  
| Kiev| 16,000| 6.46| 247,432  
| Kishinef| 50,000| 49.95| 108,796  
| Kovno| 28,403| 38.60| 73,543  
| Libau| 9,700| 15.04| 64,505  
| Minsk| 49,957| 54.60| 91,494  
| Moghilef| 25,000| 58.14| 43,106  
| Nikolaief| 16,000| 17.39| 92,060  
| Odessa| 150,000| 37.03| 405,041  
| Pinsk| 22,000| 80.10| 27,938  
| Riga| 18,000| 7.02| 256,197  
| Rostof| 15,000| 12.50| 119,889  
| St. Petersburg (1900)| 20,385| 1.41| 1,439,616  
| Wilna| 63,986| 40.00| 159,568  
| Yekaterinoslav| 36,000| 29.54| 121,216  
| Yelisavetgrad| 24,340| 39.26| 61,841  
Servia| 5,102| .20| 2,493,770  
Spain*| 5,000| .02| 18,089,500  
| Gibraltar| 3,000| 10.90| 27,460  
| Madrid| 300| .06| 498,000  
Switzerland| 12,551| .38| 3,315,443  
Turkey and Eastern Rumelia*| 282,277| 4.91| 5,746,986  
| Adrianople (1904)| 17,000| 20.98| 81,000  
| Bagdad| 35,000| 24.14| 145,000  
| Constantinople| 44,361| 3.94| 1,125,000  
| Philippopolis| 3,800| 8.86| 42,849  
| Salonica| 60,000| 57.14| 105,000  
Asia.| | |   
Arabia*| 30,000| .42| 7,000,000  
| Aden| 3,059| 7.42| 41,222  
Asia Minor and Syria*| 65,000| .55| 11,800,432  
| Aleppo| 10,000| 8.54| 117,000  
| Brusa| 3,500| 4.58| 76,303  
| Corfu| 3,500| 19.00| 17,918  
| Damascus| 10,000| 4.44| 225,000  
| Smyrna| 25,000| 12.44| 201,000  
Caucasus| 58,471| .77| 7,536,828  
| Baku| 11,650| 11.31| 103,000  
China and Japan*| 2,000| .0004| 427,663,231  
| Hongkong| 143| .06| 221,441  
India| 18,228| .06| 231,899,507  
| Bombay| 5,357| .67| 776,000  
| Calcutta| 1,889| .17| 1,125,400  
Palestine*| 78,000| 12.00| 650,000  
| Haifa| 1,800| 13.84| 13,000  
| Hebron| 1,500| 7.50| 18,000  
| Jaffa| 3,500| 8.75| 40,000  
| Jerusalem| 41,000| 68.33| 60,000  
| Safed| 6,870| 27.48| 25,000  
| Tiberias| 2,600| 65.00| 4,000  
Persia*| 35,000| .39| 9,000,000  
| Shiraz| 5,000| 16.66| 30,000  
| Teheran| 5,100| 2.42| 210,000  
Russian Central Asia| 12,729| .16| 7,740,394  
| Samarcand| 4,379| .51| 859,123  
Siberia| 34,477| .60| 5,666,659  
Turkestan and Afghanistan| 18,435| .22| 8,241,913  
Africa.| | |   
Abyssinia (Falashas)*| 50,000| 1.00| 5,000,000  
Algeria (1902)| 51,044| 1.07| 4,729,331  
| Algiers| 10,800| 14.44| 74,792  
| Constantine| 7,200| 15.47| 46,581  
| Oran| 10,636| 14.27| 74,510  
| Tlemcen| 4,909| 16.61| 29,554  
Egypt (1897)| 30,678| .31| 9,734,405  
| Alexandria| 12,433| 3.89| 319,000  
| Cairo| 14,362| 2.51| 570,062  
Morocco*| 109,712| 2.11| 5,000,000  
| Fez| 10,000| 6.88| 145,000  
| Mogador| 8,676| 45.66| 19,000  
| Morocco| 15,700| 31.40| 50,000  
| Sfax| 5,000| 7.14| 70,000  
| Tangier| 12,000| 40.00| 30,000  
| Tetuan| 6,500| 29.54| 22,000  
Tripoli| 18,680| 2.33| 800,000  
Tunis| 62,545| 4.16| 1,500,000  
| Tunis| 12,000| 8.96| 135,000  
South Africa*| 50,000| 4.54| 1,100,000  
| Cape Colony| 20,000| 1.27| 1,527,224  
| Natal| 1,700| .31| 543,983  
| | Durban| 1,250| 2.08| 60,046  
| Orange River Colony| 1,500| .72| 207,503  
| | Bloemfontein| 800| 11.94| 6,760  
| Portuguese Territory| 200| |   
| Rhodesia| 600| |   
| Transvaal| 25,000| 5.12| 487,457  
| | Johannesburg| 10,000| 9.80| 102,078  
America. (North America.)| | |   
Canada| 22,500| .42| 5,369,666  
| Montreal| 10,000| 3.75| 266,826  
| Toronto| 3,500| 1.68| 207,971  
| Winnipeg| 2,500| 59.52| 42,000  
Central America*| 4,035| .12| 3,143,968  
Mexico*| 1,000| .008| 11,642,720  
United States*| 1,500,000| 1.97| 76,085,794  
| Baltimore| 30,000| 7.90| 434,439  
| Boston| 40,000| 8.91| 448,477  
| Chicago| 60,000| 3.53| 1,698,575  
| Cincinnati| 18,000| 5.52| 325,902  
| New York| 672,776| 19.56| 3,437,202  
| Philadelphia| 75,000| 5.80| 1,293,697  
| St. Louis| 45,000| 9.96| 451,770  
| San Francisco| 20,000| 6.68| 298,997  
(South America.*)| | |   
Argentine Republic| 20,000| .42| 4,659,214  
| Buenos Ayres| 10,000| 1.25| 800,000  
Brazil| 2,000| .01| 14,002,335  
| Rio de Janeiro| 300| .03| 800,000  
Dutch Guiana| 1,121| 1.97| 57,388  
Ecuador, Bolivia, Peru, Chile, and Uruguay| 1,000| .01| 9,318,033  
Guiana, Venezuela and Colombia| 2,000| .03| 6,345,539  
Australasia.| | |   
Australia| 15,122| .49| 3,036,570  
| New South Wales| 6,447| .56| 1,132,234  
| | Sydney| 6,000| 1.33| 451,000  
| Queensland| 733| .18| 406,658  
| South Australia| 786| .24| 320,431  
| Victoria| 5,897| .51| 1,140,405  
| | Melbourne| 5,500| 1.11| 493,956  
| Western Australia| 1,259| 2.54| 49,782  
| | Perth| 500| 1.38| 36,274  
New Zealand| 1,611| .20| 772,719  
Tasmania| 107| .07| 146,667  
  
From this it will be seen that the total number of Jews in the various continents is 11,273,076, distributed as follows:

Europe| 8,977,581  
---|---  
Asia| 352,340  
Africa| 372,659  
North America| 1,527,535  
South America| 26,121  
Australasia| 16,840  
  
The accuracy of these figures is doubtful since, as stated above, England and the United States have no religious statistics. With respect to the lands of Islam, an attempt has recently been made by the Alliance Israélite Universelle to obtain some definite data; the result is given below:

Mohammedan Countries.Algeria| 63,000  
---|---  
Bulgaria| 31,064  
Egypt| 30,578  
Morocco| 109,712  
Persia| 49,500  
Tripoli| 18,660  
Tunis| 62,540  
Turkey in Europe| 188,896  
(Turkey in Asia.)  
Archipelago (Turkish)| 4,557  
Asia Minor| 77,458  
Crete| 646  
Mesopotamia| 59,235  
Syria and Palestine| 79,234  
Yemen| 35,000  
| _________  
| Total| 810,080  
  
With some of these results may be compared those of Cuinet ("La Turquie d'Asie," Paris, 1892-95): 121,381 for Turkey in Asia, and 70,382 for Syria and Palestine.

The difficulty in securing trustworthy results from Asiatic and Islamic countries may be illustrated by reproducing the various estimates made of the Jewish population of Jerusalem—a subject which is, of course, interesting in itself:

Estimate.| Authority.| Year.  
---|---|---  
7,100| Prussian consul| 1867  
7,120| Zochokke| 1868  
8,000| Lemisse| 1873  
9,000| English consul Moore| 1887  
14,000| Lortel| 1881  
16,000| Ritter| 1895  
21,000| Luncz ("Luaḥ")| 1898  
25,000-30,000| "New International Encyclopedia"| 1903  
28,000| Meyer's tours| 1893  
29,000| M. A. Meyer (Jew. Encyc. vii. 151)| 1904  
30,000| W. W. Wilson ("Encye. Brit.")| 1902  
30,774| Cuinet| 1896  
41,000| Baedeker and Brockhaus| 1902  
55,000| Wilson ("Encye. Brit.")| 1902  
  
Probably 95 per cent of the persons included in these estimates of Jewish populations are Ashkenazim. As far as can be ascertained, the numbers of Sephardim are as follows:

Turkey| in| Europe| 90,000  
---|---|---|---  
"| "| Asia| 45,000  
Egypt, etc.| 10,000  
Algeria| 40,000  
Morocco| 50,000  
France| 6,000  
Italy| 18,000  
Holland, etc.| 50,000  
America| 5,000  
| _______  
| Total| 314,000  
  
But there are others, besides these two groups, who may be included under the heading "Jews"; the following classes may be enumerated:

| Nativity.| Number.| Per cent of Whole.  
---|---|---|---  
A. Jews both by religion and by birth| .....................| 11,000,000| 98.9  
| Ashkenazim| Teutonic and Slavonic| 10,475,000| 92.8  
| Sephardim| Romance, Levantine, African.| 314,000| 5.1  
| Samaritans (?)| Nablus| 150|   
B. Jews by religion, but not by birth| .....................| 75,000| 1.1  
| Falashas| Abyssinian| 50,000|   
| Karaites| Crimean| 6,000|   
| Daggatouns, etc.| Saharic| 10,000|   
| Beni-Israel| Bombay| 6,500|   
| Cochin| Cochin| 1,600|   
C. Jews by birth, but not by religion| .....................| 12,000| 0.2  
| Chuetas| Belearic Isles| 6,000|   
| Maiminim| Salonica| 4,000|   
| Gedid al Islam| Khorasan| 2,000|   
  
The following list summarizes the proportion of Jews to general population in the several countries:

| Per cent.  
---|---  
Poland| 16.25  
Palestine| 12.00  
Rumania| 4.99  
Austria| 4.68  
Hungary| 4.43  
Russian Empire| 3.29  
Morocco| 2.11  
Holland| 2.00  
United States| 1.97  
Prussia| 1.11  
Algeria| 1.07  
Germany| 1.04  
Bulgaria| .90  
United Kingdom| .57  
Luxemburg| .50  
Argentine Republic| .42  
Canada| .42  
Persia| .39  
Switzerland| .38  
Australasia| .38  
Greece| .34  
Egypt| .31  
France| .22  
New Zealand| .20  
Servia| .20  
Denmark| .20  
Belgium| .18  
Italy| .10  
Norway and Sweden| .07  
India| .06  
Portugal| .02  
Spain| .02  
Town and Country.

Turning from distribution to social characteristics, the most marked one is the preference for living in towns, though this tendency, of course, is now common. A few figures with regard to this point may be here inserted. Dr. S. Neumann ("Die Fabel von der Jüd. Masseneinwanderung," p. 65) gives the following percentage of Jews living in the open country in Prussia, to which has been added, after Jannasch, the proportion of the general population:

Year.| Older Parts.| New Possessions.| Together.| Proportion.  
---|---|---|---|---  
1849| 20.85| .......| .......| 73.48  
1858| 21.75| .......| .......| 70.39  
1867| 19.73| 39.38| 22.88| 68.70  
1871| 18.41| 34.89| 21.90| 67.67  
  
Here the decrease in the rural population is not so very marked, but the small proportion to the general population is noteworthy. In countries in which the Jewish population is smaller the contrast is more striking. Thus, in Saxony, in 1880, while 72 per cent of the general population dwelt in the country, only 3 per cent of Jews lived outside of towns ("Statist. Jahrb. für Sachsen," 1883, p. 5). At the last census of Victoria, in 1881, the percentages of the population were as follows ("Religions of the People," part iii.):

| Towns, etc.| Shires.| Outside Local Jurisdiction.  
---|---|---|---  
General| 50| 49| 1  
Jews| 93| 7| 0  
  
The following table, taken from Ruppin, "Die Juden der Gegenwart," gives the number of Jews in large cities in the countries named for the year 1900:

Country.| Percentage of Jews in Large Cities.| Percentage of Christians in Large Cities.| Percentage of Inhabitants of Large Cities Who Are Jews.  
---|---|---|---  
Austria| 23.33| 10.60| 9.76  
Holland| 42.72| 15.90| 2.75  
Hungary| 26.11| 6.39| 15.89  
Prussia| 49.21| 16.55| 3.30  
  
The same writer gives an equally interesting table of the proportion of Jews in the following important cities:

Map of the Western Hemisphere, Showing Chief Centers of Jewish Population.Map of the Eastern Hemisphere, Showing Chief Centers of Jewish Population.City.| Percentage of Jews in City.| Permillage of Jews of Country.| Permillage of Others.  
---|---|---|---  
Amsterdam| 13.40| 560| 80  
Berlin| 4.88| 235| 53  
Bucharest| 13.30| 161| 50  
Budapest| 23.08| 199| 31  
Copenhagen| 1.04| 800| 143  
London| 1.59| 585| 157  
New York| 17.46| 528| 45  
Rome| 1.18| 179| 20  
St. Petersburg| 35.77| 193| 57  
Vienna| 8.77| 123| 61  
  
In this connection it is interesting to give a list of the chief cities having more than 10,000 Jews:

Adrianople| 17,000  
---|---  
Aleppo| 10,000  
Alexandria| 12,433  
Amsterdam| 60,000  
Bagdad| 35,000  
Baku| 11,650  
Baltimore| 30,000  
Berdychev| 47,000  
Berlin| 86,152  
Biela Zerkow| 16,000  
Bobrinsk| 19,125  
Boston| 40,000  
Botoshani| 16,660  
Braila| 10,811  
Breslau| 18,440  
Brest-Litovsk| 36,650  
Brody| 15,050  
Bucharest| 43,274  
Budapest| 168,985  
Buenos Ayres| 10,000  
Byelostok| 42,000  
Cairo| 14,362  
Chicago| 60,000  
Cincinnati| 18,000  
Constantinople| 44,361  
Cracow| 25,430  
Czenstochow| 12,000  
Czernowitz| 22,000  
Damascus| 10,000  
Dresden| 38,700  
Dvinsk| 32,369  
Fez| 10,000  
Frankfort-on-the-Main.| 22,000  
Galatz| 12,970  
Grodno| 24,611  
Grosswardein| 12,294  
Hamburg| 17,308  
Homel| 23,000  
Jassy| 30,441  
Jerusalem| 41,000  
Jitomir| 22,000  
Johannesburg| 10,000  
Kherson| 18,967  
Kiev| 16,000  
Kishinef| 50,000  
Kovno| 28,403  
Lemberg| 40,000  
Lodz| 74,999  
Lomza| 10,380  
London| 150,000  
Lublin| 22,495  
Minsk| 49,957  
Moghilef| 25,000  
Montreal| 10,000  
Morocco| 15,700  
New York| 672,776  
Nikolaief| 16,000  
Odessa| 150,000  
Paris| 58,000  
Philadelphia| 75,000  
Pinsk| 22,000  
Prague| 20,000  
Riga| 18,000  
Rostof| 15,000  
Rotterdam| 12,000  
St. Louis| 45,000  
St. Petersburg| 20,385  
Salonica| 60,000  
San Francisco| 20,000  
Smyrna| 25,000  
Tangier| 12,000  
Tunis| 12,000  
Vienna| 150,000  
Warsaw| 262,824  
Wilna| 63,986  
Winnipeg| 25,000  
Yekaterinoslav| 36,000  
Yelisavetgrad| 24,340  
  
Owing to the large dispersion of the Jews of Russia, Galicia, and Rumania during the past twenty-five years, amounting probably to 1,000,000, a somewhat peculiar statistical condition occurs in the Jewish population of the English-speaking world, where for the most part the emigrants have been received (see Migration). The latter are largely of the most viable ages—between fifteen and forty-five—and therefore the death-rate is very low and the marriage-rate very high. The absence of the aged from the stream of immigration also tends to reduce the death-rate, though it increases the proportion of deaths under the age of five to an abnormal degree. This, for example, is the reason why in London such deaths are more than 50 per cent of the total number of deaths.

Another example of the result of the Russian emigration is the distribution of males and females in the Jewish as compared with the general population; this can be seen from the following table:

Number Of Women To 100 Men.| Jews.| General.  
---|---|---  
Bavaria| 106| 105  
Denmark| 110| 103  
France| 99| 101  
Holland| 105| 102  
Hungary| 103| 103  
Ireland| 89| 105  
Italy| 101| 99  
Prussia| 108| 103  
Russia| 104| 102  
Sweden| 103| 109  
  
Notwithstanding the fact that the number of male births among Jews is larger than among other races, the proportion of Jewesses to Jews is greater than that of females to males in the general population. This is due in large measure to the frequent emigration of young men to seek their fortunes in other lands; hence, in America and England there is a much larger proportion of young men to young women, which again leads to a higher marriage-rate.

Bibliography:

  * L. Zunz, Grundlinien zu einer Kunftigen Statistik der Juden, in G. S. i. 134-141;
  * R. Andree, Zur Volkskunde der Juden, pp. 287-296;
  * Boudin, Traité de Géographie et Statistique Medicale, ii. 128-142, Paris, 1857;
  * Langeau, in Académie des Sciences Politiques et Morales, April 4, 1882;
  * Loeb, in Vivien de St. Martin, Dictionnaire de Géographie, s.v. Juifs;
  * Jacobs, Studies in Jewish Statistics, 1885;
  * idem, in Jewish Year Book, 1896;
  * I. Harris, ib. 1900 et seq.;
  * Jüdische Statistik, pp. 430-552;
  * Ruppin, Die Juden der Gegenwart, pp. 26-44;
  * Bulletin de l'Alliance Israélite Universelle, 1904, pp. 149-170.



J.