Cobalt(II) chloride

Cobalt(II) chloride  |

Anhydrous

Hexahydrate

|

Structure of anhydrous compound

Structure of hexahydrate

Names
IUPAC name

Cobalt(II) chloride

Other names

Cobaltous chloride
Cobalt dichloride
Muriate of cobalt[1]

Identifiers

CAS Number

* 7646-79-9 Y
* 16544-92-6 (dihydrate) N
* 7791-13-1 (hexahydrate) Y

3D model (JSmol)

* Interactive image

ChEBI |

* CHEBI:35696 Y

ChemSpider |

* 22708 Y

EC Number |

* 231-589-4

PubChem CID

* 3032536

RTECS number |

* GF9800000

UNII |

* EVS87XF13W Y
* 17AVG63ZBC (hexahydrate) Y

UN number | 3288

InChI

* InChI=1S/2ClH.Co/h2*1H;/q;;+2/p-2 Y

Key: GVPFVAHMJGGAJG-UHFFFAOYSA-L Y

* InChI=1/2ClH.Co/h2*1H;/q;;+2/p-2

Key: GVPFVAHMJGGAJG-NUQVWONBAU

SMILES

* Cl[Co]Cl

Properties

Chemical formula

| CoCl2
Molar mass | 129.839 g/mol (anhydrous)
165.87 g/mol (dihydrate)
237.93 g/mol (hexahydrate)
Appearance  | blue crystals (anhydrous)
violet-blue (dihydrate)
rose red crystals (hexahydrate)
Density | 3.356 g/cm3 (anhydrous)
2.477 g/cm3 (dihydrate)
1.924 g/cm3 (hexahydrate)
Melting point |  726 °C (1,339 °F; 999 K) ±2 (anhydrous)[2]
140 °C (monohydrate)
100 °C (dihydrate)
86 °C (hexahydrate)
Boiling point |  1,049 °C (1,920 °F; 1,322 K)

Solubility in water

| 43.6 g/100 mL (0 °C)
45 g/100 mL (7 °C)
52.9 g/100 mL (20 °C)
105 g/100 mL (96 °C)
Solubility | 38.5 g/100 mL (methanol)
8.6 g/100 mL (acetone)
soluble in ethanol, pyridine, glycerol

Magnetic susceptibility (χ)

| +12,660·10−6 cm3/mol
Structure

Crystal structure

| CdCl2 structure

Coordination geometry

| hexagonal (anhydrous)
monoclinic (dihydrate)
Octahedral (hexahydrate)
Hazards
Safety data sheet | ICSC 0783
GHS pictograms |
NFPA 704 (fire diamond)  |

[3]

Flash point | Non-flammable
Lethal dose or concentration (LD, LC):

LD50 (median dose)

| 80 mg/kg (rat, oral)
Related compounds

Other anions

| Cobalt(II) fluoride
Cobalt(II) bromide
Cobalt(II) iodide

Other cations

| Rhodium(III) chloride
Iridium(III) chloride

Except where otherwise noted, data are given for materials in their standard state (at 25 °C [77 °F], 100 kPa).

N verify (what is YN ?)
Infobox references

Cobalt(II) chloride is an inorganic compound of cobalt and chlorine, with the formula CoCl2. The compound forms several hydrates CoCl2·nH2O, for n = 1, 2, 6, and 9. Claims of the formation of tri- and tetrahydrates have not been confirmed.[4] The anhydrous form is a blue crystalline solid; the dihydrate is purple and the hexahydrate is pink. Commercial samples are usually the hexahydrate, which is one of the most commonly used cobalt compounds in the lab.[5]

## Contents

* 1 Properties
* 1.1 Anhydrous
* 1.2 Solutions
* 1.3 Hydrates
* 2 Preparation
* 3 Reactions
* 3.1 Complexed chlorides
* 3.2 Reduction
* 3.3 Oxidation to cobalt(III)
* 3.4 Oxidation to cobalt(IV)
* 4 Moisture indication
* 5 Health issues
* 6 Other uses
* 7 References
* 8 External links

## Properties

### Anhydrous

At room temperature, anhydrous cobalt chloride has the cadmium chloride structure (CdCl2) (R3m) in which the cobalt(II) ions are octahedrally coordinated. At about 706 °C (20 degrees below the melting point), the coordination is believed to change to tetrahedral.[2] The vapor pressure has been reported as 7.6 mmHg at the melting point.[6]

### Solutions

Cobalt chloride is fairly soluble in water. Under atmospheric pressure, the mass concentration of a saturated solution of CoCl2 in water is about 54% at the boiling point, 120.2 °C; 48% at 51.25 °C; 35% at 25 °C; 33% at 0 °C; and 29% at −27.8 °C.[4]

Diluted aqueous solutions of CoCl2 contain the species [Co(H2O)6]2+, besides chloride ions. Concentrated solutions are red at room temperature but become blue at higher temperatures.[7]

### Hydrates

The crystal unit of the solid hexahydrate CoCl2•6H2O contains the neutral molecule trans-CoCl2(H2O)4 and two molecules of water of crystallization.[8] This species dissolves readily in water and alcohol.

The anhydrous salt is hygroscopic and the hexahydrate is deliquescent. The dihydrate, CoCl2(H2O)2, is a coordination polymer. Each Co center is coordinated to four doubly bridging chloride ligands. The octahedron is completed by a pair of mutually trans aquo ligands.[9]

Subunit of CoCl2(H2O)2 lattice.

## Preparation

Cobalt chloride can be prepared in aqueous solution from cobalt(II) hydroxide or cobalt(II) carbonate and hydrochloric acid:

CoCO3 \+ 2 HCl(aq) → CoCl2(aq) \+ CO2 \+ H2O

Co(OH)2 \+ 2 HCl(aq) → CoCl2(aq) \+ 2H2O

The solid dihydrate and hexahydrate can be obtained by evaporation. Cooling saturated aqueous solutions yields the dihydrate between 120.2 °C and 51.25 °C, and the hexahydrate below 51.25 °C. Water ice, rather than cobalt chloride, will crystallize from solutions with concentration below 29%. The monohydrate and the anhydrous forms can be obtained by cooling solutions only under high pressure, above 206 °C and 335 °C, respectively.[4]

The anhydrous compound can be prepared by heating the hydrates.[10]

On rapid heating or in a closed container, each of the 6-, 2-, and 1- hydrates partially melts into a mixture of the next lower hydrate and a saturated solution—at 51.25 °C, 206 °C, and 335 °C, respectively.[4] On slow heating in an open container, so that the water vapor pressure over the solid is practically zero, water evaporates out of each of the solid 6-, 2-, and 1- hydrates, leaving the next lower hydrate, at about 40°C, 89°C, and 125°C, respectively. If the partial pressure of the water vapor is in equilibrium with the solid, as in a confined but not pressurized contained, the decomposition occurs at about 115°C, 145°C, and 195°C, respectively.[4]

Dehydration can also be effected with trimethylsilyl chloride:[11]

CoCl2•6H2O \+ 12 (CH3)3SiCl → CoCl2 \+ 6[(CH3)3SiCl]2O \+ 12 HCl

The anhydrous compound can be purified by sublimation in vacuum.[2]

## Reactions

In the laboratory, cobalt(II) chloride serves as a common precursor to other cobalt compounds. Generally, diluted aqueous solutions of the salt behave like other cobalt(II) salts since these solutions consist of the [Co(H2O)6]2+ ion regardless of the anion. For example, such solutions give a precipitate of cobalt sulfide CoS upon treatment with hydrogen sulfide H2S.

### Complexed chlorides

The hexahydrate and the anhydrous salt are weak Lewis acids. The adducts are usually either octahedral or tetrahedral. It forms an octahedral complex with pyridine (C5H5N):[12]

CoCl2·6H2O \+ 4 C5H5N → CoCl2(C5H5N)4 \+ 6 H2O

With triphenylphosphine (P(C6H5)3), a tetrahedral complex results:

CoCl2·6H2O \+ 2 P(C6H5)3 → CoCl2[P(C6H5)3]2 \+ 6 H2O

Salts of the anionic complex CoCl42− can be prepared using tetraethylammonium chloride:[13]

CoCl2 \+ 2 [(C2H5)4N]Cl → [(C2H5)4N)]2[CoCl4]

The tetracolbaltate ion [CoCl4]2− is the blue ion that forms upon addition of hydrochloric acid to aqueous solutions of hydrated cobalt chloride, which are pink.

### Reduction

The structure of a cobalt(IV) coordination complex with the norbornyl anion

Reaction of the anhydrous compound with sodium cyclopentadienide gives cobaltocene Co(C5H5)2. This 19-electron species is a good reducing agent, being readily oxidised to the yellow 18-electron cobaltacenium cation [Co(C5H5)2]+.

### Oxidation to cobalt(III)

Compounds of cobalt in the +3 oxidation state exist, such as cobalt(III) fluoride CoF3, nitrate Co(NO3)3, and sulfate Co2(SO4)3; however, cobalt(III) chloride CoCl3 is not stable in normal conditions, and would decompose immediately into CoCl2 and chlorine.[14]

On the other hand, cobalt(III) chlorides can be obtained if the cobalt is bound also to other ligands of greater Lewis basicity than chloride, such as amines. For example, in the presence of ammonia, cobalt(II) chloride is readily oxidised by atmospheric oxygen to hexamminecobalt(III) chloride:

4 CoCl2·6H2O \+ 4 NH4Cl + 20 NH3 \+ O2 → 4 [Co(NH3)6]Cl3 \+ 26 H2O

Similar reactions occur with other amines. These reactions are often performed in the presence of charcoal as a catalyst, or with hydrogen peroxide H2O2 substituted for atmospheric oxygen. Other highly basic ligands, including carbonate, acetylacetonate, and oxalate, induce the formation of Co(III) derivatives. Simple carboxylates and halides do not.

Unlike Co(II) complexes, Co(III) complexes are very slow to exchange ligands, so they are said to be kinetically inert. The German chemist Alfred Werner was awarded the Nobel prize in 1913 for his studies on a series of these cobalt(III) compounds, work that led to an understanding of the structures of such coordination compounds.

### Oxidation to cobalt(IV)

Reaction of 1-norbornyllithium with the CoCl2·THF in pentane produces the brown, thermally stable cobalt(IV) tetralkyl[15][16] — a rare example of a stable transition metal/saturated alkane compound,[5] different products are obtained in other solvents.[17]

## Moisture indication

The deep blue colour of this moisture indicating silica gel is due to cobalt chloride. When hydrated the colour changes to a light pink/purple.

Cobalt chloride is a common visual moisture indicator due to its distinct colour change when hydrated. The colour change is from some shade of blue when dry, to a pink when hydrated, although the shade of colour depends on the substrate and concentration. It is impregnated into paper to make test strips for detecting moisture in solutions, or more slowly, in air/gas. Desiccants such as silica gel can incorporate cobalt chloride to indicate when it is "spent" (i.e. hydrated).[18]

## Health issues

Cobalt is essential for most higher forms of life, but more than a few milligrams each day is harmful. Although poisonings have rarely resulted from cobalt compounds, their chronic ingestion has caused serious health problems at doses far less than the lethal dose. In 1966, the addition of cobalt compounds to stabilize beer foam in Canada led to a peculiar form of toxin-induced cardiomyopathy, which came to be known as beer drinker's cardiomyopathy.[19][20][21]

Furthermore, cobalt(II) chloride is suspected of causing cancer (i.e., possibly carcinogenic, IARC Group 2B) as per the International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) Monographs.[22]

In 2005–06, cobalt chloride was the eighth-most-prevalent allergen in patch tests (8.4%).[23]

## Other uses

* Invisible ink: when suspended in solution, cobalt(II) chloride can be made to appear invisible on a surface; when that same surface is subsequently exposed to significant heat (such as from a handheld heat gun or lighter) the ink permanently/ irreversibly changes to blue.
* Cobalt chloride is an established chemical inducer of hypoxia-like responses such as erythropoiesis. Cobalt supplementation is not banned and therefore would not be detected by current anti-doping testing.[24] Cobalt chloride is a banned substance under the Australian Thoroughbred Racing Board.[25]
* Cobalt chloride is one method used to induce pulmonary arterial hypertension in animals for research and evaluation of treatment efficacy.

## References

1. ↑ "Cobalt muriate, CAS Number: 7646-79-9". http://www.chemindustry.com/chemicals/0519906.html..
2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 2.2 Wojakowska, A., Krzyżak, E. and Plińska, S. (2007): "Melting and high-temperature solid state transitions in cobalt(II) halides". Journal of Thermal Analysis and Calorimetry, volume 88, issue 2, pages 525-530. doi:10.1007/s10973-006-8000-9
3. ↑ Santa Cruz Biotechnology: Cobalt(II) chloride
4. ↑ 4.0 4.1 4.2 4.3 4.4 M. T. Saugier, M. Noailly, R. Cohen-Adad, F. Paulik, and J. Paulik (1977): "Equilibres solide ⇄ liquide ⇆ vapeur du systeme binaire CoCl2-H2O" Journal of Thermal Analysis, volume 11, issue 1, pages 87–100. doi:10.1007/BF02104087 Note: the lowest point of fig.6 is inconsistent with fig.7; probably should be at -27.8 C instead of 0 C.
5. ↑ 5.0 5.1 Greenwood, Norman N.; Earnshaw, Alan (1997). Chemistry of the Elements (2nd ed.). Butterworth-Heinemann. ISBN 978-0-08-037941-8.
6. ↑ Yuzo Saeki, Ryoko Matsuzaki, Naomi Aoyama (1977): "The vapor pressure of cobalt dichloride". Journal of the Less Common Metals, volume 55, issue 2, pages 289-291. doi:10.1016/0022-5088(77)90204-1
7. ↑ The Merck Index, 7th edition, Merck & Co, Rahway, New Jersey, USA, 1960.
8. ↑ Wells, A. F. (1984), Structural Inorganic Chemistry (5th ed.), Oxford: Clarendon Press, ISBN 0-19-855370-6
9. ↑ Morosin, B.; Graeber, E. J. (1965). "Crystal structures of manganese(II) and iron(II) chloride dihydrate". Journal of Chemical Physics 42 (3): 898–901. doi:10.1063/1.1696078. Bibcode: 1965JChPh..42..898M.
10. ↑ John Dallas Donaldson, Detmar Beyersmann, "Cobalt and Cobalt Compounds" in Ullmann's Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry, Wiley-VCH, Weinheim, 2005. doi:10.1002/14356007.a07_281.pub2
11. ↑ Philip Boudjouk, Jeung-Ho So (1992). "Solvated and Unsolvated Anhydrous Metal Chlorides from Metal Chloride Hydrates". Inorganic Syntheses. Inorganic Syntheses. 29. 108–111. doi:10.1002/9780470132609.ch26. ISBN 9780470132609.
12. ↑ Long, Gary J.; Clarke, Peter J. (1978). "Crystal and Molecular Structures of trans-Tetrakis(pyridine)dichloroiron(II), -Nickel(II), and -Cobalt(II) and trans-Tetrakis(pyridine)dichloroiron(II) Monohydrate". Inorganic Chemistry 17 (6): 1394–1401. doi:10.1021/ic50184a002.
13. ↑ Gill, N. S.; Taylor, F. B. (1967). Tetrahalo Complexes of Dipositive Metals in the First Transition Series. Inorganic Syntheses. 9. 136–142. doi:10.1002/9780470132401.ch37. ISBN 9780470132401.
14. ↑ Handbook of Chemistry and Physics, 71st edition, CRC Press, Ann Arbor, Michigan, 1990.
15. ↑ Barton K. Bower; Howard G. Tennent (1972). "Transition metal bicyclo[2.2.1]hept-1-yls". J. Am. Chem. Soc. 94 (7): 2512–2514. doi:10.1021/ja00762a056.
16. ↑ Erin K. Byrne; Darrin S. Richeson; Klaus H. Theopold (1986). "Tetrakis(1-norbornyl)cobalt, a low spin tetrahedral complex of a first row transition metal". J. Chem. Soc., Chem. Commun. (19): 1491–1492. doi:10.1039/C39860001491.
17. ↑ Erin K. Byrne; Klaus H. Theopold (1989). "Synthesis, characterization, and electron-transfer reactivity of norbornyl complexes of cobalt in unusually high oxidation states". J. Am. Chem. Soc. 111 (11): 3887–3896. doi:10.1021/ja00193a021.
18. ↑ Solomon, M. E. (February 1945). "The use of cobalt salts as indicators of humidity and moisture" (in en). Annals of Applied Biology 32 (1): 75–85. doi:10.1111/j.1744-7348.1945.tb06763.x. ISSN 0003-4746. https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1744-7348.1945.tb06763.x.
19. ↑ Morin Y; Tětu A; Mercier G (1969). "Quebec beer-drinkers' cardiomyopathy: Clinical and hemodynamic aspects". Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences 156 (1): 566–576. doi:10.1111/j.1749-6632.1969.tb16751.x. PMID 5291148. Bibcode: 1969NYASA.156..566M.
20. ↑ Barceloux, Donald G.; Barceloux, Donald (1999). "Cobalt". Clinical Toxicology 37 (2): 201–216. doi:10.1081/CLT-100102420. PMID 10382556.
21. ↑ 11.1.5 The unusual type of myocardiopathy recognized in 1965 and 1966 in Quebec (Canada), Minneapolis (Minnesota), Leuven (Belgium), and Omaha (Nebraska) was associated with episodes of acute heart failure (e/g/, 50 deaths among 112 beer drinkers).
22. ↑ [PDF
23. ↑ Zug KA, Warshaw EM, Fowler JF Jr, Maibach HI, Belsito DL, Pratt MD, Sasseville D, Storrs FJ, Taylor JS, Mathias CG, Deleo VA, Rietschel RL, Marks J. Patch-test results of the North American Contact Dermatitis Group 2005–2006. Dermatitis. 2009 May–Jun;20(3):149-60.
24. ↑ "Cobalt chloride administration in athletes: a new perspective in blood doping?". Br J Sports Med 39 (11): 872–3. November 2005. doi:10.1136/bjsm.2005.019232. PMID 16244201.
25. ↑ Bartley, Patrick (6 February 2015). "Cobalt crisis turns the eyes of the world onto Australian racing". The Sydney Morning Herald. https://www.smh.com.au/sport/racing/cobalt-crisis-turns-the-eyes-of-the-world-onto-australian-racing-20150206-137w22.html.

## External links

* International Chemical Safety Card 0783
* National Pollutant Inventory – Cobalt fact sheet
* IARC Monograph "Cobalt and Cobalt Compounds"

* v
* t
* e

Cobalt compounds

* CoBr2
* Co(CN)2
* CoCO3
* CoC2O4
* CoCl2
* CoCl3
* Co(ClO3)2
* CoF2
* CoF3
* CoI2
* Co(NO3)2
* Co(NO3)3
* CoO
* Co(OH)2
* CoS
* CoSO4
* CoSe
* Co2O3
* Co2P
* Co3O4
* Co3(PO4)2
* Co(Ac)2

* v
* t
* e

Salts and covalent derivatives of the chloride ion

HCl |  |  |  | He

|
|
|
|

LiCl | BeCl2 | BCl3
B2Cl4 | CCl4 | NCl3
ClN3 | Cl2O
ClO2
Cl2O7 | ClF
ClF3
ClF5 | Ne
NaCl | MgCl2 | AlCl
AlCl3 | SiCl4 | P2Cl4
PCl3
PCl5 | S2Cl2
SCl2
SCl4 | Cl2 | Ar
KCl | CaCl
CaCl2 | ScCl3 | TiCl2
TiCl3
TiCl4 | VCl2
VCl3
VCl4
VCl5 | CrCl2
CrCl3
CrCl4 | MnCl2 | FeCl2
FeCl3 | CoCl2
CoCl3 | NiCl2 | CuCl
CuCl2 | ZnCl2 | GaCl2
GaCl3 | GeCl2
GeCl4 | AsCl3
AsCl5 | Se2Cl2
SeCl4 | BrCl | KrCl
RbCl | SrCl2 | YCl3 | ZrCl3
ZrCl4 | NbCl4
NbCl5 | MoCl2
MoCl3
MoCl4
MoCl5
MoCl6 | TcCl4 | RuCl3 | RhCl3 | PdCl2 | AgCl | CdCl2 | InCl
InCl2
InCl3 | SnCl2
SnCl4 | SbCl3
SbCl5 | Te3Cl2
TeCl4 | ICl
ICl3 | XeCl
XeCl2
CsCl | BaCl2 |  | HfCl4 | TaCl5 | WCl2
WCl3
WCl4
WCl5
WCl6 | Re3Cl9
ReCl4
ReCl5
ReCl6 | OsCl4 | IrCl2
IrCl3
IrCl4 | PtCl2
PtCl4 | AuCl
AuCl3 | Hg2Cl2,
HgCl2 | TlCl | PbCl2,
PbCl4 | BiCl3 | PoCl2,
PoCl4 | AtCl  | RnCl2
FrCl | RaCl2 |  | Rf  | Db  | Sg  | Bh  | Hs  | Mt  | Ds  | Rg  | Cn  | Nh  | Fl  | Mc  | Lv  | Ts  | Og
| ↓  |  |
LaCl3 | CeCl3 | PrCl3 | NdCl2,
NdCl3 | PmCl3 | SmCl2,
SmCl3 | EuCl2,
EuCl3 | GdCl3 | TbCl3 | DyCl2,
DyCl3 | HoCl3 | ErCl3 | TmCl2
TmCl3 | YbCl2
YbCl3 | LuCl3
AcCl3 | ThCl4 | PaCl5 | UCl3
UCl4
UCl5
UCl6 | NpCl4 | PuCl3 | AmCl2
AmCl3 | CmCl3 | BkCl3 | CfCl3 | EsCl3 | Fm  | Md  | No  | LrCl3

0.00

(0 votes)

Original source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cobalt(II) chloride. Read more

|

Retrieved from "https://handwiki.org/wiki/index.php?title=Chemistry:Cobalt(II)_chloride&oldid=2211947"
*[CID]: Compound ID
*[v]: View this template
*[t]: Discuss this template
*[e]: Edit this template