Panama (cryptography)

Short description: Cryptography primitive

Panama (cipher)General

Designers| Joan Daemen,
Craig Clapp
First published| December 1998[1]
Derived from| StepRightUp
Successors| MUGI, RadioGatún, SHA-3
Cipher detail
Key sizes| 256 bits

Panama is a cryptographic primitive which can be used both as a hash function and a stream cipher, but its hash function mode of operation has been broken and is not suitable for cryptographic use. Based on StepRightUp, it was designed by Joan Daemen and Craig Clapp and presented in the paper Fast Hashing and Stream Encryption with PANAMA on the Fast Software Encryption (FSE) conference 1998. The cipher has influenced several other designs, for example MUGI and SHA-3.[2][3]

The primitive can be used both as a hash function and a stream cipher. The stream cipher uses a 256-bit key and the performance of the cipher is very good reaching 2 cycles per byte.

## Contents

* 1 Hash function
* 2 See also
* 3 References
* 4 External links

## Hash function

Panama (hash)Cipher detail

Digest sizes| 256 bits
Security claims| 2128 (collision resistance)
Block sizes| 256 bits
State size| 8736 bits
Best public cryptanalysis
Panama hash collisions can be generated in 26 time.[4]

As a hash function, collisions have been shown by Vincent Rijmen et al. in the paper Producing Collisions for PANAMA presented at FSE 2001. The attack shows a computational complexity of 282 and with negligible memory requirements.[5]

At FSE 2007, Joan Daemen and Gilles Van Assche presented a practical attack on the Panama hash function that generates a collision in 26 evaluations of the state updating function.[4]

Guido Bertoni, Joan Daemen, Michaël Peeters, and Gilles Van Assche, at NIST's 2006 Second Cryptographic Hash Workshop, unveiled a Panama variant called RadioGatún. The hash function workings of RadioGatún does not have the known weaknesses that Panama's hash function has. In turn, RadioGatún inspired the new cryptographic standard SHA-3.[2]

## See also

* Hash function security summary

## References

1. ↑ Daemen, Joan; Clapp, Craig. "The Panama Cryptographic Function". http://www.drdobbs.com/security/the-panama-cryptographic-function/184410745.
2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 http://csrc.nist.gov/groups/ST/hash/sha-3/documents/Keccak-slides-at-NIST.pdf On slide 5, it states the "starting point: fixing Panama"
3. ↑ Bertoni, Guido; Daemen, Joan; Peeters, Michaël; Van Assche, Gilles (2009). The Road from Panama to Keccak via RadioGatún. Dagstuhl Seminar Proceedings (DagSemProc). 9031. pp. 1–9. doi:10.4230/DagSemProc.09031.17. http://drops.dagstuhl.de/opus/volltexte/2009/1958/. Retrieved 2009-10-20.
4. ↑ 4.0 4.1 Joan Daemen; Gilles Van Assche (2007-04-04). "Producing Collisions for Panama, Instantaneously". FSE 2007. http://radiogatun.noekeon.org/panama/.
5. ↑ Vincent Rijmen; Bart Van Rompay; Bart Preneel; Joos Vandewalle (2001). "Producing Collisions for PANAMA". FSE 2001. https://www.cosic.esat.kuleuven.be/publications/article-81.ps.

## External links

* John Savard's page on Panama

* v
* t
* e

Cryptographic hash functions & message authentication codes

* List
* Comparison
* Known attacks

Common functions|

* MD5
* SHA-1
* SHA-2
* SHA-3
* BLAKE2

SHA-3 finalists|

* BLAKE
* Grøstl
* JH
* Skein
* Keccak (winner)

Other functions|

* CubeHash
* ECOH
* FSB
* GOST
* HAS-160
* HAVAL
* Kupyna
* LM hash
* MD2
* MD4
* MD6
* MDC-2
* N-Hash
* RIPEMD
* RadioGatún
* SM3
* SWIFFT
* Snefru
* Streebog
* Tiger
* VSH
* Whirlpool

Key derivation functions|

* Argon2
* Balloon
* bcrypt
* crypt
* Lyra2
* PBKDF2
* scrypt

MAC functions|

* DAA
* CBC-MAC
* GMAC
* HMAC
* NMAC
* OMAC/CMAC
* PMAC
* VMAC
* UMAC
* Poly1305
* SipHash

Authenticated
encryption modes|

* CCM
* CWC
* EAX
* GCM
* IAPM
* OCB

Attacks|

* Collision attack
* Preimage attack
* Birthday attack
* Brute-force attack
* Rainbow table
* Side-channel attack
* Length extension attack

Design|

* Avalanche effect
* Hash collision
* Merkle–Damgård construction
* Sponge function
* HAIFA construction

Standardization|

* CRYPTREC
* NESSIE
* NIST hash function competition

Utilization|

* Hash-based cryptography
* Key stretching
* Merkle tree
* Message authentication
* Proof of work
* Salt
* Pepper

* v
* t
* e

Stream ciphers

Widely used ciphers|

* RC4
* block ciphers in stream mode
* ChaCha

eSTREAM Portfolio|

| Software|

* HC-256
* Rabbit
* Salsa20
* SOSEMANUK

|

Hardware|

* Grain
* MICKEY
* Trivium

Other ciphers|

* A5/1
* A5/2
* Achterbahn
* E0
* F-FCSR
* FISH
* ISAAC
* MUGI
* ORYX
* Panama
* Phelix
* Pike
* Py
* QUAD
* Scream
* SEAL
* SNOW
* SOBER
* SOBER-128
* VEST
* VMPC
* WAKE

Theory|

* shift register
* LFSR
* NLFSR
* shrinking generator
* T-function
* IV

Attacks|

* correlation attack
* correlation immunity
* stream cipher attacks

* v
* t
* e

Cryptography

* History of cryptography
* Cryptanalysis
* Outline of cryptography

* Symmetric-key algorithm
* Block cipher
* Stream cipher
* Public-key cryptography
* Cryptographic hash function
* Message authentication code
* Random numbers
* Steganography

* Category

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