Populus deltoides

Short description: Species of tree

Eastern cottonwood

Foliage

Conservation status

Least Concern (IUCN 3.1)[1]

Scientific classification
Kingdom:  | Plantae
Clade:  | Tracheophytes
Clade:  | Angiosperms
Clade:  | Eudicots
Clade:  | Rosids
Order:  | Malpighiales
Family:  | Salicaceae
Genus:  | Populus
Section:  | Populus sect. Aigeiros
Species:  |

P. deltoides

Binomial name
Populus deltoides

W.Bartram ex Marshall

Native range, subsp. wislizeni not shown

Populus deltoides, the eastern cottonwood[2] or necklace poplar,[3] is a cottonwood poplar native to North America, growing throughout the eastern, central, and southwestern United States as well as the southern Canadian prairies, the southernmost part of eastern Canada , and northeastern Mexico.[4]

## Contents

* 1 Description
* 2 Variation
* 3 Ecology
* 4 Uses
* 5 Oldest and largest
* 6 Symbolism
* 7 See also
* 8 References
* 9 External links

## Description

Populus deltoides is a large tree growing to 20–30 m (65–100 ft) tall and with a trunk up to 2.8 m (9 ft 2 in) diameter, one of the largest North American hardwood trees. The bark is silvery-white, smooth or lightly fissured when young, becoming dark gray and deeply fissured on old trees.

Bark of a mature tree

The twigs are grayish-yellow and stout, with large triangular leaf scars. The winter buds are slender, pointed, 1–2 cm (1⁄2–3⁄4 in) long, yellowish brown, and resinous. It is one of the fastest growing trees in North America. In Mississippi River bottoms, height growth of 3–5 m (10–15 ft) per year for a few years has been seen. Sustained height growth of 1.5-meter (5 ft) height growth and 2.5-centimeter (1 in) diameter growth per year for 25 years is common.

The leaves are large, deltoid (triangular), 4–10 cm (1 1⁄2–4 in) long and 4–11 cm (1 1⁄2–4 1⁄4 in) broad with a truncated (flattened) base and a petiole 3–12 cm (1 1⁄4–4 3⁄4 in) long. The leaf is very coarsely toothed, the teeth are curved and gland tipped, and the petiole is flat; they are dark green in the summer and turn yellow in the fall (but many cottonwoods in dry locations drop their leaves early from the combination of drought and leaf rust, making their fall color dull or absent). Due to the flat stem of the leaf, the leaf has the tendency to shake from even the slightest breeze. This is one of the identifying characteristics.[5]

It is dioecious, with the flowers (catkins) produced on single-sex trees in early spring. The male (pollen) catkins are reddish-purple and 8–10 cm (3 1⁄4–4 in) long; the female catkins are green, 7–13 cm (2 3⁄4–5 in) long at pollination, maturing 15–20 cm (6–7 3⁄4 in) long with several 6-to-15-millimeter (1⁄4-to-9⁄16-inch) seed capsules (samaras) in early summer, which split open to release the numerous small seeds attached to cotton-like strands. A single tree may release 40 million seeds a season.[6][7][8]

## Variation

The species is divided into three subspecies[4][9] or up to five varieties.[10] The subspecies classification is as follows:

* Populus deltoides subsp. deltoides, eastern cottonwood is found in southeastern Canada (the south of Ontario and Quebec) and the eastern United States (throughout, west to North Dakota to Texas ).
* P. d. monilifera (Aiton) Eckenw., the plains cottonwood (syn. P. deltoides var. occidentalis Rydb.; P. sargentii Dode) ranges from southcentral Canada (southern Alberta, Saskatchewan, and Manitoba) to the central United States and south to northern New Mexico and Texas . It is the state tree of Wyoming.
* P. d. wislizeni (S.Watson) Eckenw., the Rio Grande cottonwood (syn. P. wislizeni (S.Watson) Sarg.; P. fremontii var. wislizeni S.Watson) grows from southern Colorado south through Texas to northeastern Mexico (Chihuahua, San Luis Potosi), and west to Arizona (presence in California , listed by GRIN,[4] is doubtful, not included in the Jepson Flora of California[11]). (Note: Some sources mistakenly spell the epithet "wislizenii". Correct spelling is with one "i", per ICN article 60C.2.[12])

## Ecology

It needs bare soil and full sun for successful germination and establishment; in natural conditions, it usually grows near rivers, with mud banks left after floods providing ideal conditions for seedling germination; human soil cultivation has allowed it to increase its range away from such habitats.[8]

Unlike related species such as quaking aspen, it does not propagate through clonal colonies, but will resprout readily when cut down.

The leaves serve as food for caterpillars of various Lepidoptera.

## Uses

The wood of eastern cottonwood is typical of the Populus family in its softness, weighing just 0.45 g/cm3 (28 pounds per cubic foot). It is utilized for things like plywood and interior parts of furniture.

General Custer fed his horses and mules the bark during the 1868–69 winter campaign against Native American tribes south of Arkansas. According to Charles Goodnight, cowboys afflicted with gastric disorders would make an astringent tea from the inner bark.[13]

## Oldest and largest

Seeds and seed hairs from an eastern cottonwood

Eastern cottonwoods typically live 70–100 years, but they have the potential to live 200–400 years in ideal conditions.

The Balmville Tree (felled in 2015 at approximately 316 years old) was the oldest eastern cottonwood in the United States.[14]

* The US national champion Populus deltoides var. deltoides is located in Beatrice, Nebraska and measures 27 m (88 ft) tall, 33 m (108 ft) wide.[15]
* The US national champion Populus deltoides var. monilifera is located in Ravalli County, Montana and measures 34 m (112 ft) tall, 29 m (94 ft) wide.[16]
* The US national champion Populus deltoides var. wislizeni is located in Bernalillo County, New Mexico and measures 26 m (84 ft) tall, 25 m (83 ft) wide.[17]

The largest recorded cottonwood tree in the world is the Frimley Park tree located in Hastings, New Zealand and measures 42 m (138 ft) tall, 34 m (111 ft) wide and 10.2 m (33.4 ft) in girth.[18] This cottonwood was planted in the 1870s.

## Symbolism

Calling the cottonwood tree "the pioneer of the prairie", the Kansas state legislature designated the cottonwood the official state tree of Kansas in 1937.[19] It became the state tree of Wyoming in 1947,[20] and that of Nebraska since 1972.[21]

## See also

* Populus section Aigeiros

## References

1. ↑ Stritch, L. (2018). "Populus deltoides". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2018: e.T61959821A61959828. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2018-2.RLTS.T61959821A61959828.en. https://www.iucnredlist.org/species/61959821/61959828. Retrieved 19 November 2021.
2. ↑ "Populus deltoides". Natural Resources Conservation Service PLANTS Database. USDA. https://plants.usda.gov/core/profile?symbol=PODE3.
3. ↑ (xls) BSBI List 2007, Botanical Society of Britain and Ireland, https://bsbi.org/download/3542/, retrieved 2014-10-17
4. ↑ 4.0 4.1 4.2 {{citation | mode = cs1 | title = Populus deltoides | work = Germplasm Resources Information Network (GRIN) | url = https://npgsweb.ars-grin.gov/gringlobal/taxonomydetail.aspx?29382 | publisher = [[Organization:Agricultural Research ServAgricultural Research Service (ARS), United States Department of Agriculture (USDA) | access-date = }}
5. ↑ Barnes and Wagner, Michigan Trees, University of Michigan Press, 2004
6. ↑ USGS Aquatic and Wetland Vascular Plants of the Northern Great Plains: A successful, simple, reproducible, high frequency micropropagation protocol has been described by Yadav Rakesh et al., 2009 [1] Populus deltoides
7. ↑ v-Plants (Chicago Herbarium): Populus deltoides
8. ↑ 8.0 8.1 Van Haverbeke, David F. (1990), Hardwoods, 2, Washington, D.C.: United States Forest Service (USFS), United States Department of Agriculture (USDA), https://srs.fs.usda.gov/pubs/misc/ag_654/volume_2/populus/deltoides.htm
9. ↑ Eckenwalder, J.E. (1977). "North American cottonwoods (Populus, Salicaceae) of sections Abaso and Aigeiros". Journal of the Arnold Arboretum 58 (3): 193–208. doi:10.5962/bhl.part.29239.
10. ↑ The Plant List: A working list of all plant species, Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew and Missouri Botanical Garden, http://www.theplantlist.org/tpl/record/tro-50295598
11. ↑ Jepson Flora: Populus; clicking 'next taxon' through the genus shows no entry for this taxon)
12. ↑ J. McMeill et al. (eds). 2012. International Code of Nomenclature for algae, fungi, and plants. Regnum Vegetabile 154. Koeltz Scientific Books. ISBN:978-3-87429-425-6
13. ↑ Peattie, Donald Culross (1953). A Natural History of Western Trees. New York: Bonanza Books. pp. 335–36.
14. ↑ Sparks, Leonard (August 6, 2015). "Sad farewell to Balmville Tree". Times-Herald Record. http://www.recordonline.com/article/20150805/NEWS/150809658. Retrieved August 5, 2015.
15. ↑ American Forests (2013). "Eastern Cottonwood (Populus deltoides ssp. deltoides)". http://www.americanforests.org/bigtree/eastern-cottonwood-populus-deltoides-ssp-deltoides-3/.
16. ↑ American Forests (2012). "Plains Cottonwood (Populus deltoides ssp. monilifera)". http://www.americanforests.org/bigtree/plains-cottonwood-populus-deltoides-ssp-monilifera-3/.
17. ↑ American Forests (2012). "Rio grande Cottonwood (Populus deltoides ssp. wislizeni)". http://www.americanforests.org/bigtree/rio-grande-cottonwood-populus-deltoides-ssp-wislizeni-3/.
18. ↑ "Tree Information". The Zealand Tree Register. http://register.notabletrees.org.nz/tree/view/210.
19. ↑ "Tidbits". Ludington Daily News: pp. 33. Aug 4, 2001. https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=Q_lOAAAAIBAJ&pg=5320,4181963.
20. ↑ Wyoming facts and symbols, State of Wyoming, http://www.wyo.gov/about-wyoming/wyoming-facts-and-symbols, retrieved 6 December 2019
21. ↑ "Nebraska Secretary of State". 3 October 2019. https://sos.nebraska.gov/symbols/tree.html.

## External links

* Video footage of Eastern Cottonwood

Wikidata ☰ Q149319 entry

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