Waste treatment technologies

There are a number of different waste treatment technologies for the disposal, recycling, storage, or energy recovery from different waste types. Each type has its own associated methods of waste management.

## Contents

* 1 Landfill
* 2 Incineration
* 3 Bioremediation
* 4 Pyrolysis
* 5 References
* 6 See also

## Landfill

Municipal solid waste consists mainly of household and commercial waste which is disposed of by or on behalf of a local authority. Landfills waste are categorized by either being hazardous, non-hazardous or inert waste. In order for a landfill design to be considered it must abide by the following requirements: final landforms profile, site capacity, settlement, waste density, materials requirements and drainage.

## Incineration

The advantages of the incineration are reduction of volume and mass by burning, reduction to a percentage of sterile ash, source of energy, increase of income by selling bottom ash, and is also environmentally acceptable.
The disadvantages of incineration are the following:[1]

* higher cost and longer payback period due to high capital investment
* since incineration is design on the basis of a certain calorific value removing paper and plastics for recycling lowers the overall calorific value that may affect the incinerator performance[1]
* the process still produces a solid waste residue at the end which still requires treatment and management[1]

Emissions from incinerators consist of particulates, heavy metals, pollutant gases, odor dust and litter. Due to incomplete combustion, products such as dioxins and furans are formed.

## Bioremediation

The examples and perspective in this article may not represent a worldwide view of the subject. You may improve this article, discuss the issue on the talk page, or create a new article, as appropriate. (December 2014) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)

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The human sewage and the process waste from the manufacturing industries are the two major sources of the waste water. In Thailand, the total volume of the wastewater from industries is much greater than that of the domestic sewage.[2] As a result, an effective method is needed. Microbial remediation of xenobiotics has shown to be effective and the low-cost technology, but it still has several limitations. Consequently, the genetic engineering approaches are used to create the new strain of microbes (Genetically engineered microorganisms, GEMS) which have better catabolic potential than the wild type species for bioremediation.[3] There are four major approaches to GEM development for the bioremediation application which include the modification of enzyme specificity and affinity, pathway construction and regulation, bioprocess development, monitoring and control and lastly, bio-affinity bio-receptor sensor application for chemical sensing, toxicity reduction and end point analysis.[4] These allow the extensive use of genetically engineered microorganism.[5] In the far future, the genetically engineered microorganisms could possibly be used to control the green house gases, convert the waste to the value-added product as well as to reduce and capture the carbon dioxide gases from the atmosphere (carbon sequestration),[6] but much research is still required to realise the potential.[7] There is a concern regarding the use of genetically engineered microbes for the remediation of pollutants. Once the genetically microorganisms has been added, it may disperse uncontrollably and hard to be removed.[8]

## Pyrolysis

Pyrolysis is thermochemical conversion process in which the feeding material is converted into char, oil and combustible gas in an inert atmosphere (complete absence of oxidizing agent).[9]

## References

1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 Williams, Paul (2005). Waste Treatment and Disposal. Chichester, UK: John Wiley & Sons Ltd. ISBN 978-0-470-84912-5.
2. ↑ Chokewinyoo, Pariyada; Khanayai, Pornsiri. "Wastewater Production, Treatment, and Use in Thailand". 5th Regional Workshop on Safe Use of Wastewater in Agriculture Bali, Indonesia. http://www.ais.unwater.org/ais/pluginfile.php/501/mod_page/content/83/report_thailand.pdf. Retrieved 23 November 2014.
3. ↑ Wrobleski, Christopher M. "Bioremediation and Genetic Modification". Department of Biological Sciences, Davidson College. http://www.bio.davidson.edu/people/kabernd/seminar/2004/grp3/GM Bioremediation.doc. Retrieved 23 November 2014.
4. ↑ EASTER, JAMES; SAYLER, GARY. "21 Genetically Engineered Microorganisms and Bioremediation". http://www.envismadrasuniv.org/pdf/Genetically Engineered Microorganisms.pdf. Retrieved 23 November 2014.
5. ↑ Das, Nilanjana; Chandran, Preethy (2011). "Microbial Degradation of Petroleum Hydrocarbon Contaminants: An Overview". Biotechnology Research International 2011: 13. doi:10.4061/2011/941810. PMID 21350672.
6. ↑ "What Is CO2 Sequestration?". Plain CO2 Reduction Partnership. http://www.undeerc.org/pcor/sequestration/whatissequestration.aspx. Retrieved 23 November 2014.
7. ↑ Sayler, Gary; Ripp, Steven (2000). "Field applications of genetically engineered microorganisms for bioremediation processes". Current Opinion in Biotechnology (Center for Environmental Biotechnology, University of Tennessee) 11 (3): 286–9. doi:10.1016/s0958-1669(00)00097-5. PMID 10851144. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/12467700. Retrieved 23 November 2014.
8. ↑ Papinazath, Taniya; Sasikumar, C.Sheela. "ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT:- BIOREMEDIATION OF POLLUTED ENVIRONMENT". Proceedings of the Third International Conference on Environment and Health, Chennai, India. http://www.yorku.ca/bunchmj/ICEH/proceedings/Sasikumar_CS_ICEH_papers_465to469.pdf. Retrieved 23 November 2014.
9. ↑ Demirbas, Ayhan; Arin, Gönenç (2002). "An Overview of Biomass Pyrolysis". Energy Sources 24 (5): 471–482. doi:10.1080/00908310252889979. https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/00908310252889979.

## See also

* List of radioactive waste treatment technologies
* List of solid waste treatment technologies
* List of wastewater treatment technologies
* Waste-to-energy

* v
* t
* e

Biosolids, waste, and waste management

Major types|

* Agricultural wastewater
* Biodegradable waste
* Biomedical waste
* Brown waste
* Chemical waste
* Construction waste
* Demolition waste
* Electronic waste
* by country
* Food waste
* Green waste
* Hazardous waste
* Heat waste
* Industrial waste
* Litter
* Marine debris
* Mining waste
* Municipal solid waste
* Open defecation
* Packaging waste
* Post-consumer waste
* Radioactive waste
* Scrap metal
* Sewage
* Sharps waste
* Toxic waste
* Wastewater

Processes|

* Anaerobic digestion
* Biodegradation
* Composting
* Garden waste dumping
* Illegal dumping
* Incineration
* Landfill
* Landfill mining
* Mechanical biological treatment
* Mechanical sorting
* Open dump
* Photodegradation
* Recycling
* Resource recovery
* Sewage treatment
* Waste collection
* Waste picking
* Waste sorting
* Waste trade
* Waste treatment
* Waste-to-energy

Countries|

* Armenia
* Australia
* Bangladesh
* Brazil
* Hong Kong
* India
* Kazakhstan
* New Zealand
* Russia
* South Korea
* Switzerland
* Taiwan
* Thailand
* Turkey
* UK
* US

Agreements|

* Bamako Convention
* Basel Convention
* EU directives
* batteries
* framework
* incineration
* landfills
* RoHS
* vehicles
* waste water
* WEEE
* London Convention
* Oslo Convention
* OSPAR Convention

Other topics|

* Blue Ribbon Commission on America's Nuclear Future
* Cleaner production
* Downcycling
* Eco-industrial park
* Extended producer responsibility
* High-level radioactive waste management
* History of waste management
* Landfill fire
* Sewage regulation and administration
* Upcycling
* Waste hierarchy
* Waste legislation
* Waste minimisation
* Zero waste

*   * Category: Waste
* Concepts
* Index
* Journals
* Lists
* Organizations

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* t
* e

Environmental technology

* Appropriate technology
* Clean technology
* Environmental design
* Environmental impact assessment
* Sustainable development
* Sustainable technology

Pollution|

* Air pollution (control
* dispersion modeling)
* Industrial ecology
* Solid waste treatment
* Waste management
* Water (agricultural wastewater treatment
* industrial wastewater treatment
* sewage treatment
* waste-water treatment technologies
* water purification)

Renewable energy|

* Alternative energy
* Efficient energy use
* Energy development
* Energy recovery
* Fuel (alternative fuel
* biofuel
* carbon negative fuel
* hydrogen technologies)
* List of energy storage projects
* Renewable energy (commercialization)
* Sustainable energy
* Transportation (electric vehicle
* hybrid vehicle)

Conservation|

* Birth control
* Building (green
* natural
* sustainable architecture
* New Urbanism
* New Classical)
* Conservation biology
* Conservation ethic
* Ecoforestry
* Environmental preservation
* Environmental remediation
* Green computing
* Permaculture
* Recycling

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