Lattice confinement fusion

Short description: Type of nuclear fusion

Lattice confinement fusion (LCF) is a type of nuclear fusion in which deuteron-saturated metals are exposed to gamma radiation or ion beams, such as in an IEC fusor, avoiding the confined high-temperature gasses used in other methods of fusion.[1][2]

## Contents

* 1 History
* 2 Technique
* 2.1 Screened fusion
* 2.2 Stripping reaction
* 2.3 Palladium-silver
* 3 Comparison to other fusion techniques
* 4 See also
* 5 References

## History

In 2020, a team of NASA researchers seeking a new energy source for deep-space exploration missions published the first paper describing a method for triggering nuclear fusion in the space between the atoms of a metal solid, an example of screened fusion.[3] The experiments did not produce self-sustaining reactions, and the electron source itself was energetically expensive.[1]

## Technique

The reaction is fueled with deuterium, a widely available non-radioactive hydrogen isotope composed of one proton, one neutron, and one electron. The deuterium is confined in the space between the atoms of a metal solid such as erbium or titanium. Erbium can indefinitely maintain 1023 cm−3 deuterium atoms (deuterons) at room temperature. The deuteron-saturated metal forms an overall neutral plasma. [dubious - discuss] The electron density of the metal reduces the likelihood that two deuterium nuclei will repel each other as they get closer together.[1]

A dynamitron electron-beam accelerator generates an electron beam that hits a tantalum target and produces gamma rays, irradiating titanium deuteride or erbium deuteride. A gamma ray of about 2.2 megaelectron volts (MeV) strikes a deuteron and splits it into proton and neutron. The neutron collides with another deuteron. This second, energetic deuteron can experience screened fusion or a stripping reaction.[1]

Although the lattice is notionally at room temperature, LCF creates an energetic environment inside the lattice where individual atoms achieve fusion-level energies.[3] Heated regions are created at the micrometer scale.

### Screened fusion

The energetic deuteron fuses with another deuteron, yielding either a 3helium nucleus and a neutron or a 3hydrogen nucleus and a proton. These fusion products may fuse with other deuterons, creating an alpha particle, or with another 3helium or 3hydrogen nucleus. Each releases energy, continuing the process.[1]

### Stripping reaction

In a stripping reaction, the metal strips a neutron from accelerated deuteron and fuses it with the metal, yielding a different isotope of the metal.[1] If the produced metal isotope is radioactive, it may decay into another element, releasing energy in the form of ionizing radiation in the process.

### Palladium-silver

A related technique pumps deuterium gas through the wall of a palladium-silver alloy tubing. The palladium is electrolytically loaded with deuterium. In some experiments this produces fast neutrons that trigger further reactions.[1] Other experimenters (Fralick et al.) also made claims of anomalous heat produced by this system.

## Comparison to other fusion techniques

Pyroelectric fusion has previously been observed in erbium hydrides. A high-energy beam of deuterium ions generated by pyroelectric crystals was directed at a stationary, room-temperature ErD
2 or ErT
2 target, and fusion was observed.[2]

In previous fusion research, such as inertial confinement fusion (ICF), fuel such as the rarer tritium is subjected to high pressure for a nano-second interval, triggering fusion. In magnetic confinement fusion (MCF), the fuel is heated in a plasma to temperatures much higher than those at the center of the Sun. In LCF, conditions sufficient for fusion are created in a metal lattice that is held at ambient temperature during exposure to high-energy photons.[3] ICF devices momentarily reach densities of 1026 cc−1, while MCF devices momentarily achieve 1014.

Lattice confinement fusion requires energetic deuterons and is therefore not cold fusion.[1]

Lattice confinement fusion is used as a method to increase the cathode fuel density of inertial electrostatic fusion devices such as a Farnsworth-Hirsch fusor. This increases the probability of fusion events occurring and therefore the radiation output produced. In applications where fusors are used as X-ray, neutron, or proton radiation source, lattice confinement fusion improves the energy efficiency of the device. [citation needed]

## See also

* Inertial confinement fusion
* Magnetized target fusion
* Pyroelectric fusion
* Inertial electrostatic confinement

## References

1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.5 1.6 1.7 Baramsai, Bayardadrakh; Benyo, Theresa; Forsley, Lawrence; Steinetz, Bruce (February 27, 2022). "NASA's New Shortcut to Fusion Power". https://spectrum.ieee.org/lattice-confinement-fusion.
2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 Steinetz, Bruce M.; Benyo, Theresa L.; Chait, Arnon; Hendricks, Robert C.; Forsley, Lawrence P.; Baramsai, Bayarbadrakh; Ugorowski, Philip B.; Becks, Michael D. et al. (April 20, 2020). "Novel nuclear reactions observed in bremsstrahlung-irradiated deuterated metals". Physical Review C 101 (4): 044610. doi:10.1103/physrevc.101.044610. Bibcode: 2020PhRvC.101d4610S. http://dx.doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevC.101.044610.
3. ↑ 3.0 3.1 3.2 "Lattice Confinement Fusion". NASA Glenn Research Center. https://www1.grc.nasa.gov/space/science/lattice-confinement-fusion/. This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain.

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Fusion power, processes and devices

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International Fusion Materials Irradiation Facility

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