Bodybuilding woo

Potentially edible!
Food woo

Fabulous food!

* Fasting
* Salt
* Konstantin Monastyrsky
* Jason Fung
* Toxin

Delectable diets!

* Paleo diet
* Creatine
* Agave nectar
* Jeanette Winterson

Bodacious bods!

* Ephedrine
* Anti-Gym
* Shawn Baker

v \- t \- e

Bodybuilding is a field of endeavor filled with woo. Many bodybuilders don't understand science, and consider anecdotal evidence and personal recommendation good enough to try something out and then advocate it to others if they gained while on it.

Bodybuilders understand "no pain, no gain" and have no problem working hard. The trouble is how to work smart as well.

## Contents

* 1 Dietary supplements
* 1.1 Nonsense
* 1.2 Dangerous
* 1.3 Effective
* 2 Gadgets
* 3 All Gain No Pain
* 3.1 Five Minute Workouts
* 3.2 Burn Fat and Build Muscle Now!
* 3.3 More Is Better
* 4 Competitive bodybuilding
* 5 See also
* 6 References

## Dietary supplements[edit]

Dietary supplements are a lucrative industry and include substances like creatine, amino acids and protein supplements, plant sterols (sold as legal purported alternatives to anabolic steroids, which are illegal), packets of high-dosage vitamin pills claimed to have "anabolic" or "metabolic" abilities, anti-oxidants, and (before their inclusion in bodybuilding supplements was banned) mixes containing ephedrine (often as an "ECA stack").

As a general principle, anything sold OTC at the mall promising to deliver results in line with or exceeding drugs is suspect. Besides speed (see ECA above), most lack proven or even plausible mechanism. Some are happily pitching megadose broscience, while others are hazardous levels of a stimulant, and still others would be royally hazardous if their mechanism did work (such as telomerase activators or edible "low T" treatments). These categories will overlap. Do not expect much help from the hourly employee at GNC whose job is to sell you stuff.

### Nonsense[edit]

Megadose vitamin pills have their own page. Most are simply useless, but some specific mixes really should not be taken above RDA.

Another problem with bodybuilding supplements is that they are often adulterated with anabolic steroids or aromatase inhibitors, which are not listed on the labels because they are illegal without a prescription.[1] These random, uncontrolled contaminants may cause temporary changes in a metric or you to fail a drug test, since they are drugs. Taking random quantities of random stuff isn't exactly something to train off of, though. As below, actual use of dope for athletic doping purposes is far more complex.

Pre-workout drinks are quite popular now, and often claim numerous benefits such as "SKIN RIPPING PUMP" and "INCREASED TESTOSTERONE." More often than not, the only really effective ingredient in these drinks is the high doses of caffeine, which is an effective stimulant. The other stuff is almost always of dubious, at best, effectiveness. The ingredients purported to give a pump (i.e., increased blood flow and vascularity of muscle tissue), do no such thing, and any results people notice are likely because they're working harder due to ingesting huge amounts of caffeine. If you want to get hyped up before the gym, the cheapest solution is to drink a big cup of coffee. If you absolutely can't stand that, a reasonable substitute can be made with some sort of pre-workout loaded with caffeine and Gatorade mix.

A number of people use an ECA stack (ephedrine:caffeine:aspirin) in the order of 1:10:10 or 1:10:15 stack to lose weight faster; however, the effects are often small and not much evidence is out there to confirm that it can help you lose fat. It is banned in many countries because too much ephedrine explodes your heart.[2]

Chemicals like clenbuterol and albuterol are quite popular weight loss drugs now, as they can be bought as grey-market "research chemicals" or through foreign "prescription" websites (While many of these are havens for bodybuilders, it is worth noting that both clenbuterol and albuterol have legitimate therapeutic uses, primarily in the treatment of asthma), have anti-catabolic and mildly anabolic (in layman's terms, muscle preserving and muscle building) properties and are even more powerful than ephedrine. These are powerful stimulants and come with the general side effects associated with such. Both are banned for any semi-serious sporting competition, and both can be very dangerous if mishandled. While dangerous, they do work as advertised, causing huge increases in metabolic function and quantifiable increases in physical endurance, albeit both at a price. Long-term use can easily nuke the thyroid, and overdoses can be lethal. The biggest problems with these sorts of things for bodybuilding or fitness use, however, is that once you go off, the weight comes back, because you're not teaching yourself how to lose weight in a safe, natural manner with diet and exercise, but rather resorting to dangerous chemical stimulants. This means the fat loss seen with these drugs is rarely permanent.

Taking creatine supplements does result in temporarily increased muscle size, but does not add any actual muscle mass. Creatine has this effect because it enables the muscles to retain more water, which leads to a temporary increase in size, an effect which goes away as the creatine is excreted. Creatine supplementation can also give small increases to anaerobic performance, allowing more intense workouts which in theory should accelerate weight and strength gains (see the "Effective" section). Most discussion and marketing of it are however unsupported woo.

On the illegal side as it has no approved use in healthy adults, human growth hormone (HGH) may be effective in achieving modest gains in muscle mass and reductions in body fat. There is little if any published evidence it otherwise improves physical performance. [3] Use as an "anti-aging" drug is pure off-label quackery and while benefits are uncertain the side effects across 31 high quality studies were common and annoying at best, potentially carcinogenic at worst. It is reputed to be a commonly used (and thus banned) substance in professional athletics, which raises its appeal. Any doctors assisting athletes doing this aren't publishing (or talking).

HGH is often speculated to be or admitted to be used by high-level bodybuilders who show far larger muscle gains. This does not contradict the less clear research evidence due to a major confounding problem. With its expense and relative difficulty in acquisition, illicit HGH is never the only or first active supplement being used and it is almost always taken in combination with different mixes of known steroids and even insulin.

High dose anti-oxidant pills appear to be worse than useless. Yes, that's right, anti-oxidants hinder muscle strength. This appears to be because muscles require a certain level of oxidative stress in order to build over time.[4]

Most of the other supplements might as well be as good as flushing your money down the toilet.

### Dangerous[edit]

2,4-Dinitrophenol

"Fat burners", which are widely available on the black and gray markets, are sometimes taken by bodybuilders looking for extra definition in the weeks before a show. They are often completely ineffective, but sometimes are both effective and potentially deadly. The danger of these differs from that of anabolic steroids, in that fat burners can kill through acute overdoses rather than as the result of chronic overuse.

2,4-dinitrophenol (DNP) is one of the most famous such substances. It works by increasing the proton-permeability of the mitochondrial membrane, thus uncoupling oxidative phosphorylation and limiting the body's ability to turn food into energy, forcing it in turn to burn through fat stores. Common side effects are fatigue and high fevers. DNP enjoyed a brief heyday as a slimmer in the 1930s before being banned after being linked to a number of cases of blindness. It is still used for industrial purposes, and drug dealers often acquire the stuff, package it in underground labs, and sell it to bodybuilders or people with eating disorders. In theory, if it were administered in carefully-titrated doses under controlled conditions, DNP might be safe; in practice, people often take it in high doses as part of "binge and purge" cycles, or else eat sugary carbohydrate-rich foods while on it under the assumption that the drug will prevent them from gaining weight. Overdoses lead to severe hyperthermia, sometimes as high as 43.1° C (109.6° F), tissue necrosis, and often, death.[5] It is also an explosive,[6] making it illegal for most people to possess in the United States.[7]

Probably a bit less dangerous than DNP (and certainly less potent—notice a pattern here?) is yohimbine. It is a stimulant alkaloid derived from the bark of the yohimbe plant (Pausinystalia johimbe) of West Africa, where it is used as a folk remedy for erectile dysfunction. There is some clinical evidence that isolated yohimbine might help with fat loss in already-fit, highly-active individuals.[8][9] All studies to date, however, have had serious limitations, such as: using small cohorts; only assessing professional athletes (read: hardly a representative sample); studying soccer players, i.e. people whose workouts are primarily aerobic rather than resistance-based; and/or analyzing yohimbine as just one component in a cocktail of purportedly-active ingredients. Side effects can include tremors, hypertension, racing heartbeat, irritability, and anxiety. As with DNP, yohimbine has been known to cause fatal overdoses.[10] As such, it is restricted or outright banned in many jurisdictions, including much of the EU, Canada, New Zealand, Australia, Hong Kong, and Japan.[11][12][13] In places where it is legal, be aware that supplements routinely contain far less or far more yohimbine than is claimed on the label.[14]

At the opposite end of the "Dangerous, Stupid Stuff to Avoid Like the Plague" spectrum from fat burners lie site enhancement oils, the most common of which is called "synthol." Synthol is a cocktail consisting of 85% oil (normally medium-length MTC chains), 7.5% lidocaine, and 7.5% ethanol.[15] It is a purely cosmetic doping agent taken by people who want to look bigger right now, dammit. Like anabolic steroids, synthol can give its user the appearance of bigger muscles. Unlike anabolic steroids (which do truly cause muscular hypertrophy), synthol gives the appearance of bigger muscles, and nothing but the appearance. Its method of administration is (unfortunately) so simple that any impatient fool with a syringe can figure it out: you just inject the oil directly into the muscle that you wish were bigger, and voilà, that muscle will look puffier. Synthol users gain no strength whatsoever from the drug, since it doesn't actually give you more muscle fibers, and may actually lose strength as the substance is known to cause nerve damage, scarification, oil-filled intramuscular cysts, and muscle fibrosis.[16] Oh, and it also has been linked to multi-organ failure, pulmonary embolisms and strokes.[17][18][19] As if all of that weren't bad enough, the aesthetic effects of synthol are short-lived and may actually be worse in the long run: because oil-enhanced muscles aren't actually stronger, they may start to droop over time, thanks to the combined effects of gravity and all of the dead weight they're carrying.

### Effective[edit]

Anabolic steroids are highly effective at increasing muscle mass and performance, but could have serious side effects if abused or if a course of PCT (post cycle therapy) is not followed. Steroids are the only substances that actually will do what most others claim. Some of the side effects of steroids include irritability, cystic acne, gynecomastia (breast enlargement) in men, and clitoral hypertrophy in women. Long-term abuse has more serious consequences, including death from cardiovascular problems. See "Competitive Bodybuilding" below.

Because they are powerful, potentially hazardous drugs, steroids are considered controlled substances, Schedule III in the United States. Besides being dangerous and illegal without a prescription, steroids are universally banned from anything besides bodybuilding magazine covers. The illegality of steroids adds in other issues, as their black market nature means that ascertaining the authenticity and purity of the drugs is nearly impossible, and without the supervision of a doctor, dosages are generally based around best guesses instead of hard science. A form of anabolic steroids (indeed, the same Barry Bonds was famously caught using) are commonly available via prescription for treatment for low testosterone, and in that role under strict medical supervision aren't terribly dangerous. While the loopholes are mostly closed now, this was a popular and safe way for athletes to legally take steroids before.

In general, protein powders are the most effective legal supplement, in that they do contain high levels of easily consumed protein and calories, which helps in building muscle. Protein (whey, casein, soy, etc.) powders are used for lots of other purposes besides bodybuilding. Mountain climbers carry them, since they are easy to pack and high in calories and protein for their weight. They're also used for the treatment of starvation, as starving people cannot usually digest solid food. However, the claims of these products are often wildly exaggerated, if not outright false. Simply taking a shake a day will not turn you into the Incredible Hulk, but they are cheaper than peanut butter or tuna; two scoops of powder can easily equal the same daily protein consumption of the average person, and a few additives (sugars) can be beneficial in adding quick calories post-workout. It's worth noting that protein powders are made of regular foods and their byproducts, and therefore the nutritional and physiological benefits are well understood. The same cannot be said about many other supplements. In the US, they are "regulated" by the FDA as "food," and are thus not required to demonstrate their safety before hitting the market. These products can be found in any health food store, and are often those stores' highest markup and biggest selling items. One company called Labdoor does independent testing, though.[20]

The most common workout booster additives are creatine (usually in monohydrate) and β-Alanine. Creatine is pretty well-known, as your body is constantly making the stuff to produce ATP for your muscles to power themselves. Having some pre-workout is not going to provide incredible strength, but for anaerobic repetitive workouts (weightlifting, strength training), it can add some 5% extra strength.[21][22][23] It does not help with endurance in the slightest, making its use in cardio-based exercises (such as running) wasteful. β-Alanine is more poorly understood, but can improve performance by reducing the rate of muscle exhaustion.[24][25][26]

A more complicated booster are chemicals that boost nitric oxide production in the body. The result causes blood vessels to expand, increasing blood flow and allowing muscles to rip more easily. Since nitric oxide is a gas, you can't exactly huff this stuff and expect to perform (you will die from asphyxiation). HOWEVER, this can be dangerous if your blood pressure is already low, as it tends to lower it more because of the aforementioned blood vessel expansion.[27]

Finally, just straight-up caffeine is useful. A cup of coffee (with a low calorie additive, if you wish) or diet soda before a workout isn't going to harm you and will give you more energy/make you feel less tired.

## Gadgets[edit]

These products also include such things as electronic devices (sold on late night TV infomercials) purported to build muscle. Electrical stimulation is a valid therapy when used to prevent unused muscles from atrophying -- such as can happen when a patient is immobilized and otherwise unable to exercise the muscle, but the devices seen advertised on TV will provide little more than minor cosmetic results. Adverts may show models with six-packs that could stop bullets, but they certainly did not get them from wearing an electrified corset. Any electrical stimulation device capable of providing substantial muscle mass and tone would require a painfully high and possibly dangerous electrical current. Real bodybuilders don't go near these, but athletes who work out with a TV remote in one hand and in the other a bowl of Cheetos, are the intended market of these devices. From a scientific study on electrical muscle stimulation (EMS):[28]

“”Companies claim that EMS is an easy and painless method for improving muscle strength, body composition, and appearance. These claims were unsubstantiated in the current study. Several factors, including the poor quality of the stimulator itself, probably combined to produce the results seen in this study. Subjects tolerated EMS amplitudes that produced discomfort but still were not able to achieve a muscular contraction of sufficient intensity to induce strength gains. Additionally, although manufacturers claim that workouts can be conducted quickly, workouts in the current study averaged 45 minutes in duration. Workouts using units with fewer stimulation channels would take even longer. Thus, EMS used under the conditions studied here does not appear to be a pain-free, quick method to increase muscular strength and is not recommended for the apparently healthy consumer.

There's always a plethora of new and exciting exercise devices hitting the market. While some may be effective, the question we must ask is "what can this do that weights or cardio can't?" The answer, more often than not, is nothing. Money is best spent on some good running shoes and a gym membership. Also, a sensible diet and an exercise regimen kind of helps.

While these devices are nonsense, other simple measuring devices like heart rate monitors that are now found in most smart watches can be useful in measuring general levels of activity, reminding you to get up and do something and communications. On the other hand, these haven't been conclusively shown to be helpful in making you more fit.[29][30]

## All Gain No Pain[edit]

Like with gadgets and supplements, there are myriad "miracle" exercise claims and broscience gym advice schemes that purport to deliver phenomenal, ripped results with minimal work and no drugs. These overwhelmingly lack scientific support and many are outright frauds. The primary audience for this stuff is again those with minimal experience or results-to-date in the gym. Serious bodybuilders, strength athletes and people whose jobs require high physical condition will have long moved on from these as ineffective.

### Five Minute Workouts[edit]

This claim is that one or two exercises, done for short periods of time that fit into anyone's schedule, can produce magazine cover / Instagram-ready bodies. This will often implicitly (or explicitly...) include muscles that are not worked in the exercise in question e.g. look at the biceps on that guy doing planks.

For real people, individual weightlifting sessions may vary depending on goals and ability, but 20-60 minutes, 2-4 times per week is a general range of training loads. Cardiovascular training aimed at losing weight and increasing endurance and body definition likewise ranges from the 1-2 hours per week recommended for everyone to 10+ hours for advanced, specialized athletes. Highly fit individuals marketing their bodies and how to make them will be at the upper end of these ranges.

The suggestion of 5 minute workouts may sometimes be born out of confusion that four 5 minute workouts have been suggested by research to offer similar results to a more-or-less continuous 20 minute workout. In this case you're doing the same amount of exercise - it's just broken up differently. Work out twice a week for an hour each, or every day for 20 minutes; either way you gotta put in the time. There is no free ~~protein shake~~ lunch.

### Burn Fat and Build Muscle Now![edit]

Bulking and cutting like is an entire culture for competitive bodybuilders and weight class sport athletes? Where's the fun in that?

These workouts claim variously that you can significantly reduce your weight with strength training exercises, convert fat to muscle, or lose fat mass and add significant muscle mass simultaneously. Converting fat to muscle is impossible because human body fat lacks necessary molecules to make amino acids. Human body fat also is physiologically intended to be burned when the body is at a calorie deficit, which clashes with the goal of taking in enough extra calories and protein to build new muscle. What is usually happening with "body recomposition" is that people have more muscle under their body fat than they realize (or admit to) and so they look much more muscular after losing the lard.

Claims that any specific strength exercise will melt layers of fat (especially on the part of the body worked) are fraudulent and ridiculous. A larger person doing highly energetic work might burn up to 250 calories in an entire weightlifting session.[31] Intense weightlifting sessions however cannot be repeated the way aerobic exercise can so that translates into perhaps 750 calories per week, and at 3000 calories per month, the equivalent of 1 to 1.5 pounds of body fat from across the whole body—which is in fact a healthy rate of weight loss! It's not usually what the proposals here are going for, though.

### More Is Better[edit]

This is a specific and dangerous type of workout woo-tine claim where the proponent states they work out multiple times per day, most or all days and that's how they can put on several pounds of lean mass per month (no drugs, honest!). Both tenets of this are demonstrably false. A realistic muscle mass gain in eight weeks of training for people who have some experience has been found to be around one kilogram[32]. While strength can increase by a greater percentage, multiples of this do not appear possible without steroids. This may be the least of your problems. Overtraining not only injures people the ways one might think (sprains, strains), it can be life-threatening via a condition known as rhabdomyolysis, or "rhabdo" to the locker room. People often notice it when their piss turns brown from broken-down muscles they're not giving a chance to heal.

## Competitive bodybuilding[edit]

Mikhail Volinkin, preparing for the Arnold Classic: He's a freak.

“”We fail the athletes 110 percent on every aspect of the sport. We validated so many wrong things and made them acceptable.

—Georgina Dunnington, mathematically challenged former chairperson of the Canadian Bodybuilding Federation[33]

“”They’ll lose money. It’s the whole thing of bodybuilding — it’s a freak show. They want freaks out there. The freakier you are, the more money you make.

—Marie Raia, mother of competitive bodybuilder Bostin Loyd, who overdosed on a weight loss peptide[33]

Competitive bodybuilding is substantially more dangerous than non-competitive bodybuilding because the organizations running these events are largely unregulated and because essentially all of the competitors at these events are taking steroids, diuretics, and/or stimulants.[33] The competitors are are also under extreme dietary restrictions and sometimes take weight loss drugs.[33] The two major organizations running these events are the National Physique Committee (NPC) and the International Fitness and BodyBuilding Federation (IFBB).[33] Trainers put pressure on the competitors to take these drugs that are mostly obtained illegally, and also tell them not to seek medical advice or treatment.[33] It bears repeating that as non-doctors encouraging illegal sourcing, such advisors have no idea of the actual amounts of powerful compounds being consumed. The results are bodies that could not be obtained through natural means, "freaks";[33] the Rick James song "Super Freak" has even been played at the Arnold Classic.[34] About 1/3 of people who use androgenic-anabolic steroids develop an addiction ("steroid use disorder").[35] For competitors who die in training, coroners frequently do not order toxicology reports because the multiple drugs usually found are typically not revealing of a primary cause. Instead, the coroners report the secondary cause (often heart or kidney failure).[33] Other health problems from the training regimen can include "stomach ulcers, high blood pressure, thyroid dysfunction, enlarged hearts, hormonal imbalances, hair loss, infertility, eating disorders, muscle dysmorphia and depression, along with various orthopedic injuries".[33]

Arnold Schwarzenegger, who himself admitted to using steroids during his bodybuilding, contributed to the rise of steroid use among bodybuilders.[36][37] Nowadays, Schwarzenegger both promotes and profits from one of these competitions, the IFBB Arnold Classic.[38][39]

## See also[edit]

* Black Belt Magazine — the orientalist woo version
* Broscience
* BOLD AND DETERMINED

## References[edit]

1. ↑ Scientific and Regulatory Perspectives in Herbal and Dietary Supplement Associated Hepatotoxicity in the United States by Mark I. Avigan et al. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2016 Mar; 17(3): 331. doi:10.3390/ijms17030331.
2. ↑ The Relative Safety of Ephedra Compared with Other Herbal Products by Stephen Bent et al. (18 March 2003). Ann. Int. Med. Vol 138, No. 6.
3. ↑ https://www.health.harvard.edu/diseases-and-conditions/growth-hormone-athletic-performance-and-aging
4. ↑ For athletes, antioxidant pills may not help performance: Some supplements can blunt the positive effects of exercise training by Laura Beil, Science News (February 24, 2015).
5. ↑ McGillis, Eric. "Page 83, '136. Rapid-onset hyperthermia and hypercapnea preceding rigor mortis and cardiopulmonary arrest in a DNP overdose'" (PDF). www.eapcct.org.
6. ↑ |Commerce in Explosives; 2022 Annual List of Explosive Materials
7. ↑ Illegal Explosives
8. ↑ Ostojic, SM. "Yohimbine: the effects on body composition and exercise performance in soccer players".
9. ↑ Alkhatib; et al. "Acute effectiveness of a "fat-loss" product on substrate utilization, perception of hunger, mood state and rate of perceived exertion at rest and during exercise". `{{cite web}}`: Explicit use of et al. in: `|last=` (help)
10. ↑ Anderson; et al. "Case Study: Two Fatal Case Reports of Acute Yohimbine Intoxication". `{{cite web}}`: Explicit use of et al. in: `|last=` (help)
11. ↑ EFSA Panel on Food Additives and Nutrient Sources Added to Food (ANS). "Scientific Opinion on the evaluation of the safety in use of Yohimbe (Pausinystalia yohimbe (K. Schum.) Pierre ex Beille)".
12. ↑ https://www.info.gov.hk/gia/general/201301/31/P201301310531.htm
13. ↑ https://forum.bodybuilding.com/showthread.php?t=169509153&page=1
14. ↑ Cohen, Pieter; et al. "Pharmaceutical quantities of yohimbine found in dietary supplements in the USA". `{{cite web}}`: Explicit use of et al. in: `|first=` (help)
15. ↑ Pupka; et al. "The usage of synthol in bodybuilding". `{{cite web}}`: Explicit use of et al. in: `|last=` (help)
16. ↑ Hall; et al. "Bodybuilders' accounts of synthol use: The construction of lay expertise online". `{{cite web}}`: Explicit use of et al. in: `|last=` (help)
17. ↑ Pupka; et al. "The usage of synthol in bodybuilding". `{{cite web}}`: Explicit use of et al. in: `|last=` (help)
18. ↑ Schäfer; et al. "Muscle enhancement using intramuscular injections of oil in bodybuilding: review on epidemiology, complications, clinical evaluation and treatment". `{{cite web}}`: Explicit use of et al. in: `|last=` (help)
19. ↑ Schäfer; et al. "Multi-Organ Dysfunction in Bodybuilding Possibly Caused by Prolonged Hypercalcemia due to Multi-Substance Abuse: Case Report and Review of Literature". `{{cite web}}`: Explicit use of et al. in: `|last=` (help)
20. ↑ Labdoor, a supplement testing lab
21. ↑ Bemben MG, Lamont HS (2005). "Creatine supplementation and exercise performance: recent findings". Sports Medicine. 35 (2): 107–25\. doi:10.2165/00007256-200535020-00002. PMID 15707376.107-25&rft.date=2005&rft_id=info:doi/10.2165/00007256-200535020-00002&rft_id=info:pmid/15707376&rft.aulast=Bemben&rft.aufirst=MG&rft.au=Lamont,+HS&rfr_id=info:sid/rationalwiki.org:Bodybuilding+woo" class="Z3988">
22. ↑ Bird SP (December 2003). "Creatine supplementation and exercise performance: a brief review". Journal of Sports Science & Medicine. 2 (4): 123–32\. PMC 3963244. PMID 24688272.123-32&rft.date=2003-12&rft_id=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3963244#id-name=PMC&rft_id=info:pmid/24688272&rft.aulast=Bird&rft.aufirst=SP&rft_id=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3963244&rfr_id=info:sid/rationalwiki.org:Bodybuilding+woo" class="Z3988">
23. ↑ Lanhers C, Pereira B, Naughton G, Trousselard M, Lesage FX, Dutheil F (September 2015). "Creatine Supplementation and Lower Limb Strength Performance: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analyses". Sports Medicine. 45 (9): 1285–1294\. doi:10.1007/s40279-015-0337-4. PMID 25946994.1285-1294&rft.date=2015-09&rft_id=info:doi/10.1007/s40279-015-0337-4&rft_id=info:pmid/25946994&rft.aulast=Lanhers&rft.aufirst=C&rft.au=Pereira,+B&rft.au=Naughton,+G&rft.au=Trousselard,+M&rft.au=Lesage,+FX&rft.au=Dutheil,+F&rfr_id=info:sid/rationalwiki.org:Bodybuilding+woo" class="Z3988">
24. ↑ Quesnele JJ, Laframboise MA, Wong JJ, Kim P, Wells GD (2014). "The effects of beta-alanine supplementation on performance: a systematic review of the literature". Int J Sport Nutr Exerc Metab (Systematic review). 24 (1): 14–27\. doi:10.1123/ijsnem.2013-0007. PMID 23918656.14-27&rft.date=2014&rft_id=info:doi/10.1123/ijsnem.2013-0007&rft_id=info:pmid/23918656&rft.aulast=Quesnele&rft.aufirst=JJ&rft.au=Laframboise,+MA&rft.au=Wong,+JJ&rft.au=Kim,+P&rft.au=Wells,+GD&rfr_id=info:sid/rationalwiki.org:Bodybuilding+woo" class="Z3988">
25. ↑ Hoffman JR, Stout JR, Harris RC, Moran DS (2015). "β-Alanine supplementation and military performance". Amino Acids. 47 (12): 2463–74\. doi:10.1007/s00726-015-2051-9. PMC 4633445. PMID 26206727.2463-74&rft.date=2015&rft_id=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4633445#id-name=PMC&rft_id=info:pmid/26206727&rft_id=info:doi/10.1007/s00726-015-2051-9&rft.aulast=Hoffman&rft.aufirst=JR&rft.au=Stout,+JR&rft.au=Harris,+RC&rft.au=Moran,+DS&rft_id=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4633445&rfr_id=info:sid/rationalwiki.org:Bodybuilding+woo" class="Z3988">
26. ↑ Hobson, R. M.; Saunders, B.; Ball, G.; Harris, R. C.; Sale, C. (9 December 2016). "Effects of β-alanine supplementation on exercise performance: a meta-analysis". Amino Acids. 43 (1): 25–37\. doi:10.1007/s00726-011-1200-z. ISSN 0939-4451. PMC 3374095. PMID 22270875.25-37&rft.date=2016-12-09&rft_id=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3374095#id-name=PMC&rft.issn=0939-4451&rft_id=info:pmid/22270875&rft_id=info:doi/10.1007/s00726-011-1200-z&rft.aulast=Hobson&rft.aufirst=R.+M.&rft.au=Saunders,+B.&rft.au=Ball,+G.&rft.au=Harris,+R.+C.&rft.au=Sale,+C.&rft_id=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3374095&rfr_id=info:sid/rationalwiki.org:Bodybuilding+woo" class="Z3988">
27. ↑ https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22137067
28. ↑ Effects of Electrical Muscle Stimulation on Body Composition, Muscle Strength, and Physical Appearance by John P. Porcari et al. (2002) Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research 16(2), 165–172.
29. ↑ https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ufJaxShrjcE
30. ↑ Carroll, Aaron E. (2017-02-20). "Wearable Fitness Devices Don't Seem to Make You Fitter". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved 2022-04-02.
31. ↑ https://www.health.harvard.edu/diet-and-weight-loss/calories-burned-in-30-minutes-for-people-of-three-different-weights
32. ↑ https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4836564/
33. ↑ 33.0 33.1 33.2 33.3 33.4 33.5 33.6 33.7 33.8 Dying to compete: When risking lives is part of the show by Jenn Abelson et al. (December 7, 2022) The Washington Post.
34. ↑ 2019 Arnold Classic Preview: Can William Bonac Repeat? Bodybuilding.com (archived from August 17, 2022).
35. ↑ "The Central Effects of Androgenic-anabolic Steroid Use" by Marek Mędraś et al. (2018) J. Addict. Med. 12(3):184-192. doi:10.1097/ADM.0000000000000395.
36. ↑ Conan the Politician by Tom Farrey (November 17, 2005) ESPN (archived from July 4, 2017).
37. ↑ Arnold & Steroids: Truth Revealed by Steve Theunissen (2002) get2net (archived from October 8, 2003).
38. ↑ Arnold Sports Festival
39. ↑ Fitness Arnold Schwarzenegger (archived from December 5, 2022).

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