Karachi

Karachi[lower-alpha 1] is the capital city of the province of Sindh, Pakistan. It is the largest city in Pakistan and 12th largest in the world, with a population of over 20 million.[1][2] It is situated at the southern tip of the country along the Arabian Sea coast and formerly served as the country's capital from 1947 to 1959. Ranked as a beta-global city,[3][4] it is Pakistan's premier industrial and financial centre,[5] with an estimated GDP of over $200 billion (PPP) as of 2021[update].[6][7] Karachi is a major metropolitan area and is considered Pakistan's most cosmopolitan city, and among the country's most linguistically, ethnically, and religiously diverse regions,[8] as well as one of the country's most progressive and socially liberal cities.[9][10]

The region has been inhabited for millennia,[11] but the city was formally founded as the fortified village of Kolachi as recently as 1729.[12][13] The settlement greatly increased in importance with the arrival of the East India Company in the mid-19th century. British administrators embarked on substantial projects to transform the city into a major seaport, and connect it with the extensive railway network of the Indian subcontinent.[13] At the time of Pakistan's independence in 1947, the city was the largest in Sindh with an estimated population of 400,000 people, and a slim Hindu majority.[8][14] Following the partition of India, the city experienced a dramatic shift in population and demography with the arrival of hundreds of thousands of Muslim immigrants from India,[15] coupled with an exodus of nearly all of its Hindu residents.[14] The city experienced rapid economic growth following Pakistan's independence, attracting migrants from throughout the country and other regions in South Asia.[16] According to the 2023 Census of Pakistan, Karachi's total population was 20.3 million.[17] Karachi is one of the world's fastest-growing cities,[18] and has significant communities representing almost every ethnic group in Pakistan. Karachi holds more than two million Bengali immigrants, a million Afghan refugees, and up to 400,000 Rohingyas from Myanmar.[19][20][21]

Karachi is now Pakistan's premier industrial and financial centre. The city has a formal economy estimated to be worth $190 billion as of 2021[update], which is the largest in the country.[22][23] Karachi collects 35% of Pakistan's tax revenue,[24] and generates approximately 25% of Pakistan's entire GDP.[25][26] Approximately 30% of Pakistani industrial output is from Karachi,[27] while Karachi's ports handle approximately 95% of Pakistan's foreign trade.[28] Approximately 90% of the multinational corporations and 100% of the banks operating in Pakistan are headquartered in Karachi.[28] It also serves as a transport hub, and contains Pakistan's two largest seaports, the Port of Karachi and Port Qasim, as well as Pakistan's busiest airport, Jinnah International Airport.[29] Karachi is also considered to be Pakistan's fashion capital,[30][31] and has hosted the annual Karachi Fashion Week since 2009.[32][33]

Known as the "City of Lights" in the 1960s and 1970s for its vibrant nightlife,[34] Karachi was beset by sharp ethnic, sectarian, and political conflict in the 1980s with the large-scale arrival of weaponry during the Soviet–Afghan War.[35] The city had become well known for its high rates of violent crime, but recorded crimes sharply decreased following a crackdown operation against criminals, the MQM political party, and Islamist militants, initiated in 2013 by the Pakistan Rangers.[36] As a result of the operation, Karachi dropped from being ranked the world's 6th-most dangerous city for crime in 2014, to 128th by 2022.[37]

## Contents

* 1 Etymology
* 2 History
* 2.1 Early history
* 2.2 Kolachi settlement and the first port
* 2.3 British control
* 2.4 Post-independence
* 3 Geography
* 3.1 Climate
* 3.2 Cityscape
* 4 Economy
* 4.1 Finance and banking
* 4.2 Media and technology
* 4.3 Industry
* 4.4 Revenue collection
* 5 Demographics
* 5.1 Language
* 5.2 Population
* 5.3 District population density per km2
* 5.4 Ethnicity
* 5.5 Religion
* 5.5.1 Islam
* 5.5.2 Christianity
* 5.5.3 Hinduism
* 5.5.4 Zoroastrianism
* 6 Transportation
* 6.1 Road
* 6.2 Rail
* 6.3 Public transport
* 6.3.1 Metrobus
* 6.3.2 People's Bus Service
* 6.3.3 Karachi Circular Railway
* 6.3.4 Tramway service
* 6.4 Air
* 6.5 Sea
* 7 Civic administration
* 7.1 City government
* 7.1.1 Historical background
* 7.1.2 Union councils (2001–11)
* 7.1.3 District Municipal Corporations (2011–present)
* 7.2 City planning
* 8 Municipal services
* 8.1 Water
* 8.2 Sanitation
* 8.3 Electricity
* 8.4 Police, Ambulance, Firefighting
* 9 Education
* 9.1 Districts literacy rate (10 years and above)
* 9.2 Primary and secondary
* 9.3 Higher
* 10 Healthcare
* 11 Entertainment, tourism and culture
* 11.1 Shopping malls
* 11.2 Museums and galleries
* 11.3 Theatre and cinema
* 11.4 Music
* 12 Social issues
* 12.1 Crime and Lawlessness
* 12.1.1 Karachi Operation by Pakistan Rangers
* 12.2 Ethnic and Linguistic conflict
* 12.3 Poor infrastructure
* 12.4 Pollution
* 12.4.1 Air pollution
* 12.4.2 Water pollution
* 12.5 Urban flooding in monsoon season
* 13 Architecture
* 14 Sports
* 14.1 Cricket
* 14.2 Football
* 14.3 Other sports
* 15 Notable people
* 16 Twin towns and sister cities
* 17 See also
* 18 Notes
* 19 References
* 19.1 Bibliography
* 20 External links

## Etymology

Modern Karachi was reputedly founded in 1729 as the settlement of Kolachi-jo-Goth during the rule of Kalhora dynasty.[12] The new settlement is said to have been named in honour of Mai Kolachi, whose son is said to have slain a man-eating crocodile in the village after his elder brothers had already been killed by it.[12] The name Karachee, a shortened and corrupted version of the original name Kolachi-jo-Goth, was used for the first time in a Dutch report from 1742 about a shipwreck near the settlement.[38][39]

## History

### Early history

The 15th–18th century Chaukhandi tombs are a Tentative UNESCO World Heritage Site.

The region around Karachi has been the site of human habitation for millennia. Upper Paleolithic and Mesolithic sites have been excavated in the Mulri Hills along Karachi's northern outskirts. These earliest inhabitants are believed to have been hunter-gatherers, with ancient flint tools discovered at several sites.

The expansive Karachi region is believed to have been known to the ancient Greeks, and may have been the site of Barbarikon, an ancient seaport which was located at the nearby mouth of the Indus River.[40][41][42][43] Karachi may also have been referred to as Ramya in ancient Greek texts.[44]

The ancient site of Krokola, a natural harbour west of the Indus where Alexander the Great sailed his fleet for Achaemenid Assyria, may have been located near the mouth of Karachi's Malir River,[45][46][47] though some believe it was located near Gizri.[48][49] No other natural harbour exists near the mouth of the Indus that could accommodate a large fleet.[50] Nearchus, who commanded Alexander's naval fleet, also mentioned a hilly island by the name of Morontobara and an adjacent flat island named Bibakta, which colonial historians identified as Karachi's Manora Point and Kiamari (or Clifton), respectively, based on Greek descriptions.[51][52][53] Both areas were island until well into the colonial era, when silting in led to them being connected to the mainland.[54]

In 711 CE, Muhammad bin Qasim conquered the Sindh and Indus Valley and the port of Debal, from where he launched his forces further into the Indus Valley in 712.[55] Some have identified the port with Karachi, though some argue the location was somewhere between Karachi and the nearby city of Thatta.[56][57]

Under Mirza Ghazi Beg, the Mughal administrator of Sindh, the development of coastal Sindh and the Indus River Delta was encouraged. Under his rule, fortifications in the region acted as a bulwark against Portuguese incursions into Sindh. In 1553–54, Ottoman admiral Seydi Ali Reis, mentioned a small port along the Sindh coast by the name of Kaurashi which may have been Karachi.[58][59][60] The Chaukhandi tombs in Karachi's modern suburbs were built around this time between the 15th and 18th centuries.

### Kolachi settlement and the first port

The Manora Fort, built in 1797 to defend Karachi, was captured by the British on 3 February 1839 and upgraded 1888–1889.

The first port was established by the Kalhoras near Karachi in the mid-18th century, known as Kharak Bander.[61] Nineteenth century Karachi historian Seth Naomal Hotchand recorded that a small settlement of 20–25 huts existed along the Karachi Harbour that was known as Dibro, which was situated along a pool of water known as Kolachi-jo-Kun.[62] In 1725, a band of Baloch settlers from Makran and Kalat had settled in the hamlet after fleeing droughts and tribal feuds.[63]

A new settlement was built in 1729 at the site of Dibro, which came to be known as Kolachi-jo-Goth ("The village of Kolachi).[12] The new settlement is said to have been named in honour of Mai Kolachi, a resident of the old settlement whose son is said to have slain a man-eating crocodile.[12] Kolachi was about 40 hectares (99 acres) in size, with some smaller fishing villages scattered in its vicinity.[64] The founders of the new fortified settlement were Sindhi Baniyas,[63] and are said to have arrived from the nearby town of Kharak Bandar after the harbour there silted in 1728 after heavy rains.[65] Kolachi was fortified, and defended with cannons imported from Muscat, Oman. Under the Talpurs, the Rah-i-Bandar road was built to connect the city's port to the caravan terminals.[66] This road would eventually be further developed by the British into Bandar Road, which was renamed Muhammad Ali Jinnah Road.[67][68]

The name Karachee was used for the first time in a Dutch document from 1742, in which a merchant ship de Ridderkerk is shipwrecked near the settlement.[38][39] In 1770s, Karachi came under the control of the Khan of Kalat, which attracted a second wave of Balochi settlers.[63] In 1795, Karachi was annexed by the Talpurs, triggering a third wave of Balochi settlers who arrived from central Sindh and southern Punjab.[63] The Talpurs built the Manora Fort in 1797,[69][70] which was used to protect Karachi's Harbour from al-Qasimi pirates.[71]

In 1799 or 1800, the founder of the Talpur dynasty, Mir Fateh Ali Khan, allowed the East India Company under Nathan Crow to establish a trading post in Karachi.[72] He was allowed to build a house for himself in Karachi at that time, but by 1802 was ordered to leave the city.[73] The city continued to be ruled by the Talpurs until it was occupied by forces under the command of John Keane in February 1839.[74]

### British control

An 1897 image of Karachi's Rampart Row street in Mithadar Mules Mansion Some of Karachi's most recognized structures, such as Frere Hall, date from the British Raj. Karachi features several examples of colonial-era Indo-Saracenic architecture, such as the KMC Building.

The British East India Company captured Karachi on 3 February 1839 after HMS Wellesley opened fire and quickly destroyed Manora Fort, which guarded Karachi Harbour at Manora Point.[75] Karachi's population at the time was an estimated 8,000 to 14,000,[76] and was confined to the walled city in Mithadar, with suburbs in what is now the Serai Quarter.[77] British troops, known as the "Company Bahadur" established a camp to the east of the captured city, which became the precursor to the modern Karachi Cantonment. The British further developed the Karachi Cantonment as a military garrison to aid the British war effort in the First Anglo-Afghan War.[78]

The Portuguese Goan community started migrating to Karachi in the 1820s as traders. The majority of the estimated 100,000 who came to Pakistan are primarily concentrated in Karachi.[79]

Sindh's capital was shifted from Hyderabad to Karachi in 1840 when Karachi was annexed to the British Empire after Major General Charles James Napier captured the rest of Sindh following his victory against the Talpurs at the Battle of Hyderabad. Following the 1843 annexation, the entire province was amalgamated into the Bombay Presidency for the next 93 years, and Karachi remain the divisional headquarter. A few years later in 1846, Karachi suffered a large cholera outbreak, which led to the establishment of the Karachi Cholera Board (predecessor to the city's civic government).[80]

The city grew under the administration of its new Commissioner, Henry Bartle Edward Frere, who was appointed in the 1850s. Karachi was recognized for its strategic importance, prompting the British to establish the Port of Karachi in 1854. Karachi rapidly became a transportation hub for British India owing to newly built port and rail infrastructure, as well as the increase in agricultural exports from the opening of productive tracts of newly irrigated land in Punjab and Sindh.[81] By 1856, the value of goods traded through Karachi reached £855,103, leading to the establishment of merchant offices and warehouses.[82] The population in 1856 is estimated to have been 57,000.[83] During the Sepoy Mutiny of 1857, the 21st Native Infantry, then stationed in Karachi, mutinied and declared allegiance to rebel forces in September 1857, though the British were able to quickly defeat the rebels and reassert control over the city.

Following the Rebellion, British colonial administrators continued to develop the city's infrastructure, but continued to neglect localities like Lyari, which was home to the city's original population of Sindhi fishermen and Balochi nomads.[84] At the outbreak of the American Civil War, Karachi's port became an important cotton-exporting port,[83] with Indus Steam Flotilla and Orient Inland Steam Navigation Company established to transport cotton from rest of Sindh to Karachi's port, and onwards to textile mills in England.[85] With increased economic opportunities, economic migrants from several ethnicities and religions, including Anglo-British, Parsis, Marathis, and Goan Christians, among others, established themselves in Karachi,[83] with many setting-up businesses in the new commercial district of Saddar. Muhammad Ali Jinnah, the founder of Pakistan, was born in Karachi's Wazir Mansion in 1876 to such migrants from Gujarat. Public building works were undertaken at this time in Gothic and Indo-Saracenic styles, including the construction of Frere Hall in 1865 and the later Empress Market in 1889.

With the completion of the Suez Canal in 1869, Karachi's position as a major port increased even further.[83] In 1878, the British Raj connected Karachi with the network of British India's vast railway system. In 1887, Karachi Port underwent radical improvements with connection to the railways, along with expansion and dredging of the port, and construction of a breakwater.[83] Karachi's first synagogue was established in 1893.[86] By 1899, Karachi had become the largest wheat-exporting port in the East.[87] In 1901, Karachi's population was 117,000 with a further 109,000 included in the Municipal area.[83]

Under the British, the city's municipal government was established. Known as the Father of Modern Karachi, mayor Seth Harchandrai Vishandas led the municipal government to improve sanitary conditions in the Old City, as well as major infrastructure works in the New Town after his election in 1911.[88] In 1914, Karachi had become the largest wheat-exporting port of the entire British Empire,[89] after large irrigation works in Sindh were initiated to increase wheat and cotton yields.[83] By 1924, the Drigh Road Aerodrome was established,[83] now the Faisal Air Force Base.

Karachi's increasing importance as a cosmopolitan transportation hub leads to the influence of non-Sindhis in Sindh's administration. Half the city was born outside of Karachi by as early as 1921.[90] Native Sindhis were upset by this influence,[83] and so on 1 April 1936, Sindh was established as a province separate from the Bombay Presidency with Karachi was once again made capital of Sindh. In 1941, the population of the city had risen to 387,000.[83]

### Post-independence

Lord Mountbatten and his wife Edwina in Karachi 14 August 1947

At the dawn of independence following the success of the Pakistan Movement in 1947, On 15 August 1947 Capital of Sindh shifted from Karachi to Hyderabad and Karachi was made the national capital of Pakistan.

Karachi was Sindh's largest city with a population of over 400,000.[8] The city had a slight Hindu majority, with around 51% of the population being Hindu. Partition resulted in the exodus of much of the city's Hindu population, though Karachi, like most of Sindh, remained relatively peaceful compared to cities in Punjab.[91] Riots erupted on 6 January 1948, after which most of Sindh's Hindu population fled to India,[91] with assistance of the Indian government.[92]

Karachi became the focus for the resettlement of middle-class Muslim Muhajir refugees who fled India, with 470,000 refugees in Karachi by May 1948,[93] leading to a drastic alteration of the city's demography. In 1941, Muslims were 42% of Karachi's population, but by 1951 made up 96% of the city's population.[90] The city's population had tripled between 1941 and 1951.[90] Urdu replaced Sindhi as Karachi's most widely spoken language; Sindhi was the mother tongue of 51% of Karachi in 1941, but only 8.5% in 1951, while Urdu grew to become the mother tongue of 51% of Karachi's population.[90] 100,000 Muhajir refugees arrived annually in Karachi until 1952. Muhajirs kept arriving from different parts of India until 2000.[90]

Karachi was selected as the first capital of Pakistan, and was administered as a federal district separate from Sindh beginning in 1948,[93] the capital of Sindh shifted again from Hyderabad to Karachi until the national capital was shifted to Rawalpindi in 1958.[94] While foreign embassies shifted away from Karachi, the city is host to numerous consulates and honorary consulates.[95] Between 1958 and 1970, Karachi's role as capital of Sindh was ceased due to the One Unit programme enacted by President Iskander Mirza.[88] Karachi of the 1960s was regarded as an economic role model around the world, with Seoul, South Korea, borrowing from the city's second "Five-Year Plan".[96][97] Several examples of Modernist architect were built in Karachi during this period, including the Mazar-e-Quaid mausoleum, the distinct Masjid-e-Tooba, and the Habib Bank Plaza (the tallest building in all of South Asia at the time). The city's population by 1961 had grown 369% compared to 1941.[90] By the mid-1960s, Karachi began to attract large numbers of Pashtun, Punjabis and Kashmiris from northern Pakistan.[90]

The 1970s saw a construction boom funded by remittances and investments from the Gulf States, and the appearance of apartment buildings in the city.[98] Real-estate prices soared during this period, leading to a worsening housing crisis.[99] The period also saw labour unrest in Karachi's industrial estates beginning in 1970 that were violently repressed by the government of President Zulfikar Ali Bhutto from 1972 onwards.[100] To appease conservative forces, Bhutto banned alcohol in Pakistan, and cracked-down of Karachi's discotheques and cabarets – leading to the closure of Karachi's once-lively nightlife.[101] The city's art scene was further repressed during the rule of dictator General Zia-ul-Haq.[101] Zia's Islamization policies lead the Westernized upper-middle classes of Karachi to largely withdraw from the public sphere, and instead form their own social venues that became inaccessible to the poor.[101] This decade also saw an influx of more than one million Bihari immigrants into Karachi from the newly made country Bangladesh which separated from Pakistan in 1971.

In 1972, the Karachi district divided into three districts, East, West and South districts.

The 1980s and 1990s saw an influx of almost one million Afghan refugees into Karachi fleeing the Soviet–Afghan War.[90] This was followed by refugees escaping from post-revolution Iran.[102] At this time, Karachi was also rocked by political conflict, while crime rates drastically increased with the arrival of weaponry from the War in Afghanistan.[35] Conflict between the MQM party, and ethnic Sindhis, Pashtuns, Punjabis and Balochis was sharp.[103] The party and its vast network of supporters were targeted by Pakistani security forces as part of the controversial Operation Clean-up in 1992 - an effort to restore peace in the city that lasted until 1994.[104] Anti-Hindu riots also broke out in Karachi in 1992 in retaliation for the demolition of the Babri Mosque in India by a group of Hindu nationalists earlier that year.[105]

In 1996, two (02) more districts created in the Karachi Division named Central and Malir districts.

The 2010s saw another influx of hundreds of thousands of Pashtun refugees fleeing conflict in North-West Pakistan and the 2010 Pakistan floods.[90] By this point Karachi had become widely known for its high rates of violent crime, usually in relation to criminal activity, gang-warfare, sectarian violence, and extrajudicial killings.[84] Recorded crimes sharply decreased following a controversial crackdown operation against criminals, the MQM party, and Islamist militants initiated in 2013 by the Pakistan Rangers.[36] As a result of the operation, Karachi went from being ranked the world's 6th most dangerous city for crime in 2014, to 128th by 2022.[106]

In 2022 at least one million flood affectees from Sindh and Balochistan took refuge in Karachi.[107][108]

A major fire broke out on 18 January 2026 at Gul Plaza, a large shopping mall in Karachi, Pakistan, killing at least 21 people and leaving more than 60 missing. The blaze, one of the city’s largest in over a decade, spread through the multi-story complex containing around 1,200 shops and burned for more than 24 hours before being mostly extinguished. Rescue teams later recovered bodies from the site while cranes demolished remaining structures amid collapse concerns. The fire caused widespread damage, with many shop owners losing years of investment and livelihoods.[109]

## Geography

Karachi (left) in comparison to the Indus River Delta

Karachi is located on the coastline of Sindh province in southern Pakistan, along the Karachi Harbour, a natural harbour on the Arabian Sea. Karachi is built on a coastal plain with scattered rocky outcroppings, hills and marshlands. Mangrove forests grow in the brackish waters around the Karachi Harbour (see: Chinna Creek), and farther southeast towards the expansive Indus River Delta. West of Karachi city is the Cape Monze, locally known as Ras Muari, which is an area characterised by sea cliffs, rocky sandstone promontories and beaches.

Karachi lies very close to a major fault line, where the Indian tectonic plate meets the Arabian tectonic plate.[110] However, Karachi lies near the western edge of the Indian Plate, on the Indo Gangetic Plain. Within the city of Karachi are two small ranges: the Khasa Hills and Mulri Hills, which lie in the northwest and act as a barrier between North Nazimabad and Orangi.[111] Karachi's hills are barren and are part of the larger Kirthar Range, and have a maximum elevation of 528 metres (1,732 feet).[112]

Between the hills are wide coastal plains interspersed with dry river beds and water channels. Karachi has developed around the Malir River and Lyari Rivers, with the Lyari shore being the site of the settlement for Kolachi. To the east of Karachi lies the Indus River flood plains.[113]

### Climate

The Arabian Sea influences Karachi's climate, providing the city with more moderate temperatures compared to other areas of Sindh province.

Karachi has a tropical semi arid climate (Köppen: BSh), formerly a desert climate, dominated by a long "Summer Season" while moderated by oceanic influence from the Arabian Sea. The city has annual average precipitation levels (approx. 296 mm (12 in) per annum), the bulk of which occurs during the late June–September monsoon season. Summers are hot and humid, and Karachi is prone to deadly heatwaves. Over the past 20 years, rainfall has become more abundant. Tropical storms and thunderstorms, as well as flooding are becoming more common, especially during the summer monsoon.[114] On the other hand, cool sea breezes typically provide relief during hot summer months. A text message-based early warning system alerts people to take precautionary measures and helps prevent fatalities during an unusually strong heatwave or thunderstorm.[115] The winter climate is dry and lasts between December and February. It is dry and pleasant in winter relative to the warm hot season that follows, which starts in March and lasts until October. Proximity to the sea maintains humidity levels at near-constant levels year-round. Thus, the climate is similar to a humid tropical climate, except for the low precipitation and occasional temperatures well over 100 F (38 C) due to the influence of the Thar Desert nearby, close to the border with India.

The city's highest annual rainfall was about 750–850 mm, recorded in the late 1970s. The city's highest monthly rainfall, 19 in (480 mm), occurred in July 1967.[116][117] The city's highest rainfall in 24 hours occurred on 7 August 1953, when about 278.1 millimetres (10.95 in) of rain lashed the city, resulting in major flooding.[118]

Karachi's highest recorded temperature is 48.0 °C (118.4 °F) which was recorded on 22 and 23 April 2017,[119] and the lowest is 0 °C (32 °F) recorded on 21 January 1934.[117] Script error: No such module "weather box".

### Cityscape

Glimpse of I. I. Chundrigar Road, as captured from the southern vantage point overlooking Chinna Creek.

The city first developed around the Karachi Harbour, and owes much of its growth to its role as a seaport at the end of the 18th century,[125] contrasted with Pakistan's millennia-old cities such as Lahore, Multan, and Peshawar. Karachi's Mithadar neighbourhood represents the extent of Kolachi prior to British rule.

British Karachi was divided between the "New Town" and the "Old Town", with British investments focused primarily on the New Town.[78] The Old Town was a largely unplanned neighbourhood which housed most of the city's indigenous residents and had no access to sewerage systems, electricity, and water.[78] The New Town was subdivided into residential, commercial, and military areas.[78] Given the strategic value of the city, the British developed the Karachi Cantonment as a military garrison in the New Town to aid the British war effort in the First Anglo-Afghan War.[78] The city's development was largely confined to the area north of the Chinna Creek prior to independence, although the seaside area of Clifton was also developed as a posh locale under the British, and its large bungalows and estates remain some of the city's most desirable properties. The aforementioned historic areas form the oldest portions of Karachi, and contain its most important monuments and government buildings, with the I. I. Chundrigar Road being home to most of Pakistan's banks, including the Habib Bank Plaza which was Pakistan's tallest building from 1963 until the early 2000s.[88] Situated on a coastal plain northwest of Karachi's historic core lies the sprawling district of Orangi. North of the historic core is the largely middle-class district of Nazimabad, and upper-middle-class North Nazimabad, which were developed in the 1950s. To the east of the historic core is the area known as Defence, an expansive upscale suburb developed and administered by the Pakistan Army. Karachi's coastal plains along the Arabian Sea south of Clifton were also developed much later as part of the greater Defence Housing Authority project. Karachi's city limits also include several islands, including Baba and Bhit Islands, Oyster Rocks, and Manora, a former island which is now connected to the mainland by a thin 12-kilometre long shoal known as Sandspit.[112] Gulistan-e-Johar, Gulshan-e-Iqbal, Federal B. Area, Malir, Landhi and Korangi areas were all developed after 1970. The city has been described as one divided into sections for those able to afford to live in planned localities with access to urban amenities, and those who live in unplanned communities with inadequate access to such services.[126] 35% of Karachi's residents live in unplanned communities.[126]

## Economy

Clifton is considered as one of the richest neighbourhoods in Pakistan.

Being the largest city, Karachi is also Pakistan's financial and commercial capital.[127] Since Pakistan's independence, Karachi has been the centre of the nation's economy, and remain's Pakistan's largest urban economy despite the economic stagnation caused by sociopolitical unrest during the late 1980s and 1990s. The city forms the centre of an economic corridor stretching from Karachi to nearby Hyderabad, and Thatta.[128]

As of 2021[update], Karachi had an estimated GDP (PPP) of $190 billion with a yearly growth rate of 5.5%.[129][23] Karachi contributes 90% of Sindh's GDP[130][131][132][133] and accounts for approximately 25% of the total GDP of Pakistan.[25][26] The city has a large informal economy which is not typically reflected in GDP estimates.[134] The informal economy may constitute up to 36% of Pakistan's total economy, versus 22% of India's economy, and 13% of the Chinese economy.[135] The informal sector employs up to 70% of the city's workforce.[136] In 2018 The Global Metro Monitor Report ranked Karachi's economy as the best performing metropolitan economy in Pakistan.[137]

I. I. Chundrigar Road is considered to be the "downtown" of karachi Under construction high rises in DHA Karachi

Today along with Pakistan's continued economic expansion Karachi is now ranked third in the world for consumer expenditure growth with its market anticipated to increase by 6.6% in real terms in 2018[138] It is also ranked among the top cities in the world by an anticipated increase of a number of households (1.3 million households) with annual income above $20,000 measured at PPP exchange rates by 2025.[139] The Global FDI Intelligence Report 2017/2018 published by Financial Times ranks Karachi amongst the top 10 Asia pacific cities of the future for FDI strategy.[140] According to Anatol Lieven the economic growth of Karachi is a result of the influx of Muhajirs to Karachi during late 1940s and early 50s.[141]

### Finance and banking

Most of Pakistan's public and private banks are headquartered on Karachi's I. I. Chundrigar Road, which is known as "Pakistan's Wall Street",[88] with a large percentage of the cash flow in the Pakistani economy taking place on I. I. Chundrigar Road. Most major foreign multinational corporations operating in Pakistan have their headquarters in Karachi. Karachi is also home to the Pakistan Stock Exchange, which was rated as Asia's best-performing stock market in 2015 on the heels of Pakistan's upgrade to emerging-market status by MSCI.[142]

### Media and technology

Karachi has been the pioneer in cable networking in Pakistan with the most sophisticated of the cable networks of any city of Pakistan,[143] and has seen an expansion of information and communications technology and electronic media. The city has become a software outsourcing hub for Pakistan. Several independent television and radio stations are based in Karachi, including Business Plus, AAJ News, Geo TV, KTN,[144] Sindh TV,[145] CNBC Pakistan, TV ONE, Express TV,[146] ARY Digital, Indus Television Network, Samaa TV, Abb Takk News, Bol TV, and Dawn News, as well as several local stations.

### Industry

Industry contributes a large portion of Karachi's economy, with the city home to several of Pakistan's largest companies dealing in textiles, cement, steel, heavy machinery, chemicals, and food products.[147] The city is home to approximately 30 percent of Pakistan's manufacturing sector,[27] and produces approximately 42 percent of Pakistan's value added in large scale manufacturing.[148] At least 4500 industrial units form Karachi's formal industrial economy.[149] Karachi's informal manufacturing sector employs far more people than the formal sector, though proxy data suggest that the capital employed and value-added from such informal enterprises is far smaller than that of formal sector enterprises.[150] An estimated 63% of the Karachi's workforce is employed in trade and manufacturing.[128]

Karachi Export Processing Zone, SITE, Korangi, Northern Bypass Industrial Zone, Bin Qasim and North Karachi serve as large industrial estates in Karachi.[151] The Karachi Expo Centre also complements Karachi's industrial economy by hosting regional and international exhibitions.[152]

Name of estate | Location | Established | Area in acres

|
|
|

SITE Karachi | SITE Town | 1947 | 4700[153]
Korangi Industrial Area | Korangi Town | 1960 | 8500[154]
Landhi Industrial Area | Landhi Town | 1949 | 11000[155]
North Karachi Industrial Area | New Karachi Town | 1974 | 725[156]
Federal B Industrial Area | Gulberg Town | 1987 | [157]
Korangi Creek Industrial Park | Korangi Creek Cantonment | 2012 | 250[158]
Bin Qasim Industrial Zone | Bin Qasim | 1970 | 25000[159]
Karachi Export Processing Zone | Landhi Town | 1980[160] | 315[161]
Pakistan Textile City | Bin Qasim | 2004 | 1250[162]
West Wharf Industrial Area | Keamari Town |  | 430
SITE Super Highway Phase-I | Super Highway | 1983 | 300[163]
SITE Super Highway Phase-II | Super Highway | 1992 | 1000[163]

### Revenue collection

The former State Bank of Pakistan building was built during the colonial era.

As home to Pakistan's largest ports and a large portion of its manufacturing base, Karachi contributes a large share of Pakistan's collected tax revenue. As most of Pakistan's large multinational corporations are based in Karachi, income taxes are paid in the city even though income may be generated from other parts of the country.[164] As home to the country's two largest ports, Pakistani customs officials collect the bulk of federal duty and tariffs at Karachi's ports, even if those imports are destined for one of Pakistan's other provinces.[165] Approximately 25% of Pakistan's national revenue is generated in Karachi.[25]

According to the Federal Board of Revenue's 2006–2007 year book, tax and customs units in Karachi were responsible for 46.75% of direct taxes, 33.65% of federal excise tax, and 23.38% of domestic sales tax.[166] Karachi accounts for 75.14% of customs duty and 79% of sales tax on imports,[166] and collects 53.38% of the total collections of the Federal Board of Revenue, of which 53.33% are customs duty and sales tax on imports.[166][167]

## Demographics

Bahadurabad Area has a high population density.

Karachi has an overall plurality of Urdu-speaking Muhajirs, followed by Pashtuns as the second largest group, while Sindhis are the third largest, followed by Punjabis with over a million people each respectively. Along with other large communities of Balochs, Saraikis, and Hindkowans, there are also smaller communities of Brahuis, Kashmiris, Shina, Balti, Gujaratis, Memons, Bohras, Kutchi, Kalasha, and many more coexisting.[168] It is the most linguistically, ethnically, and religiously diverse city in Pakistan.[8] The city is a melting pot of ethnolinguistic groups from throughout Pakistan, as well as migrants from other parts of Asia. The 2017 census numerated Karachi's population to be 14,910,352, having grown 2.49% per year since the 1998 census, which had listed Karachi's population at approximately 9.3 million.[169] According to the 2023 Census of Pakistan, Karachi's total population was 20.3 million.[17] Karachi is one of the world's fastest-growing cities,[18] The city's inhabitants are referred to by the demonym Karachiite in English, and Karāchīwālā in Urdu.

### Language

Urdu (50.67%)

Pashto (13.52%)

Sindhi (11.12%)

Punjabi (8.08%)

Balochi (3.97%)

Saraiki (3.70%)

Hindko (3.21%)

Others (5.73%)

Karachi has the largest number of Urdu speakers out of any city in Pakistan.[143][170] As per the 2023 census, the linguistic breakdown of Karachi Division is:

#  | Language  | Speakers
(2023)[171] | Speakers
(2017)[172] | Speakers
(1998)[173] | Speakers
(1981)[174] | Speakers
(1972)  | Speakers
(1961)  | Speakers
(1951)

|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|

1  | Urdu | 10,315,905
(50.67%)  | 6,779,142
(42.30%)  | 4,497,747
(48.52%)  | 2,830,098
(54.34%)  |  |  |
2  | Pashto | 2,752,148
(13.52%)  | 2,406,011
(15.01%)  | 1,058,650
(11.42%)  | 453,628
(8.71%)  |  |  |
4  | Sindhi | 2,264,189
(11.12%)  | 1,709,877
(10.67%)  | 669,340
(7.22%)  | 327,591
(6.29%)  |  |  |
3  | Punjabi | 1,645,282
(8.08%)  | 1,719,636
(10.73%)  | 1,292,335
(13.94%)  | 710,389
(13.64%)  |  |  |
6  | Balochi  | 808,352
(3.97%)  | 648,964
(4.04%)  | 402,386
(4.34%)  | 228,636
(4.39%)  |  |  |
5  | Saraiki  | 753,903
(3.70%)  | 798,031
(4.98%)  | 195,681
(2.11%)  | 18,228
(0.35%)  |  |  |
7  | Others  | 1,817,695
(8.94%)  | 1,963,233
(12.25%)  | 1,153,126
(12.44%)  | 639,560
(12.27%)  |  |  |
| All  | 20,357,474
(100%)  | 16,024,894
(100%)  | 9,269,265
(100%)  | 5,208,132
(100%)  |  |  |

The category of "others" includes 653,727 Hindko speakers, 75,993 Brahui speakers, 50,982 Kashmiri speakers, 30,375 Mewati speakers, 26,906 Balti speakers, 14,073 Kohistani speakers, 21,860 Shina speakers, 614 Kalasha speakers, and 943,165 speakers of other languages[175] such as Kutchi,[176]Gujarati, Memoni, Burushaski, Marwari, Dari, Makrani, Khowar, Hazaragi, Bengali, Konkani and others.[177]

### Population

At the end of the 19th century, Karachi had an estimated population of 105,000. By the dawn of Pakistan's independence in 1947, the city had an estimated population of 400,000.[8] The city's population grew dramatically with the arrival of hundreds of thousands of Muslim refugees from the newly independent Republic of India.[178] Rapid economic growth following independence attracted further migrants from throughout Pakistan and South Asia.[16] The 2017 census numerated Karachi's population to be 14,910,352, having grown 2.49% per year since the 1998 census, which had listed Karachi's population at approximately 9.3 million.[169]

Lower than expected population figures from the census suggest that Karachi's poor infrastructure, law and order situation, and weakened economy relative to other parts of Pakistan made the city less attractive to in-migration than previously thought.[169] The figure is disputed by all the major political parties in Sindh.[179][180][181] Karachi's population grew by 59.8% since the 1998 census to 14.9 million, while Lahore city grew 75.3%[182] - though Karachi's census district had not been altered by the provincial government since 1998, while Lahore's had been expanded by Punjab's government,[182] leading to some of Karachi's growth to have occurred outside the city's census boundaries.[169] Karachi's population had grown at a rate of 3.49% between the 1981 and 1998 census, leading many analysts to estimate Karachi's 2017 population to be approximately 18 million by extrapolating a continued annual growth rate of 3.49%. Some had expected that the city's population to be between 22 and 30 million,[169] which would require an annual growth rate accelerating to between 4.6% and 6.33%.[169] Template:Karachi Historical Population

Political parties in the province have suggested the city's population has been underestimated in a deliberate attempt to undermine the political power of the city and province.[183] Senator Taj Haider from the PPP claimed he had official documents revealing the city's population to be 25.6 million in 2013,[183] while the Sindh Bureau of Statistics, part of by the PPP-led provincial administration, estimated Karachi's 2016 population to be 19.1 million.[184]

### District population density per km2

According to 2023 Census, with 55,396.01 residents per square kilometre Karachi Central is the most densely populated district of the seven districts of Karachi as well as the entirety of Pakistan.

Rank  | District  | Population (2023 census)[185] | Population (2017 census)[186] | Area (Sq. km.)  | Density (2023)  | Density (2017)

|
|
|
|
|
|

1  | East  | 3,921,742  | 2,875,315  | 139  | 28,213.97  | 20,685.72
2  | Central  | 3,822,325  | 2,971,382  | 69  | 55,396.01  | 43,063.51
3  | Korangi  | 3,128,971  | 2,577,556  | 108  | 28,971.95  | 23,866.26
4  | West  | 2,679,380  | 2,077,228  | 370  | 7,241.57  | 5,614.13
5  | Malir  | 2,432,248  | 1,924,364  | 2,160  | 1,126.04  | 890.90
6  | South  | 2,329,764  | 1,769,230  | 122  | 19,096.43  | 14,501.89
7  | Kemari  | 2,068,451  | 1,829,837  | 559  | 3,700.27  | 3,273.41
| All  | 20,357,474 | 16,024,894 | 3,527 | 5,771.90 | 4,543.49

### Ethnicity

The oldest portions of modern Karachi reflect the ethnic composition of the first settlement, with Sindhis and Balochis continuing to make up a large portion of the Lyari neighbourhood, though many of the residents are relatively recent migrants. Following Partition, large numbers of Hindus left Pakistan for the newly independent Dominion of India (later the Republic of India), while a larger percentage of Muslim migrant and refugees from India settled in Karachi. The city grew 150% during the ten-year period between 1941 and 1951 with the new arrivals from India,[187] who made up 57% of Karachi's population in 1951.[188] The city is now considered a melting pot of Pakistan and is the country's most diverse city.[88]

In 2011, an estimated 2.5 million foreign migrants lived in the city, mostly from Afghanistan, Bangladesh, Myanmar, and Sri Lanka.[189]

Karachi is home to large numbers of descendants of refugees and migrants from Hyderabad, in southern India, who built a small replica of Hyderabad's famous Charminar monument in Karachi's Bahadurabad area.

Much of Karachi's citizenry descend from Urdu-speaking migrants and refugees from North India who became known by the Arabic term for "Migrant": Muhajir. The first Muhajirs of Karachi arrived in 1946 in the aftermath of the Direct Action Day and subsequent 1946 Bihar riots.[190] The city's wealthy Hindus opposed the resettlement of refugees near their homes, and so many refugees were accommodated in the older and more congested parts of Karachi.[191] The city witnessed a large influx of Muhajirs following partition, who were drawn to the port city and newly designated federal capital for its white-collar job opportunities.[192] Muhajirs continued to migrate to Pakistan throughout the 1950s and early 1960s,[193] with Karachi remaining the primary destination of Indian Muslim migrants throughout those decades.[193] The Muhajir Urdu-speaking community in the 2017 census forms slightly less than 45% of the city's population.[182]

Karachi is home to a wide array of non-Urdu speaking Muslim peoples from what is now the Republic of India. The city has a sizable community of Gujarati, Marathi, Konkani-speaking refugees.[88] Karachi is also home to a several-thousand member strong community of Malabari Muslims from Kerala in South India.[194] These ethno-linguistic groups are being assimilated in the Urdu-speaking community.[195]

During the period of rapid economic growth in the 1960s, large numbers Pashtuns from the NWFP migrated to Karachi with Afghan Pashtun refugees settling in Karachi during the 80's.,[196][197][198][199][200] Pashtuns from Afghanistan are regarded as the most conservative community.[88] [88]{{Failed verification|date=November 2024} manual labourers and transporters.

The Sindhis makeup around 11–12 percent of Karachi's population, Sindhis form much of the municipal and provincial bureaucracy.[88] , Being the Provincial capital of Sindh Province, Karachi attracts many Sindhis from other parts of Sindh. In recent years Karachi has seen massive Sindhi migration to the city due to being economic and commercial hub as well as Capital of the province, While mostly Sindhis of Karachi are Muslim , The bulk of Karachi's Hindu community, which makes up 1.12% of the city's population, is Sindhi.

Migrants from Punjab began settling in Karachi in large numbers in the 1960s, and now make up an estimated 8% of Karachi's population.[88] The bulk of Karachi's Christian community, which makes up 2.5% of the city's population, is Punjabi.

4% of Karachi's population speaks Balochi as its mother tongue, though most Baloch speakers are of Sheedi heritage - a community that traces its roots to Africa.

Following the Indo-Pakistani War of 1971 and independence of Bangladesh, thousands of Urdu-speaking Biharis arrived in the city, preferring to remain Pakistani rather than live in the newly independent country. Large numbers of Bengalis also migrated from Bangladesh to Karachi during periods of economic growth in the 1980s and 1990s. Karachi is now home to an estimated 2.5 to 3 million ethnic Bengalis living in Pakistan.[19][20] Rohingya refugees from Myanmar, who speak a dialect of Bengali and are sometimes regarded as Bengalis, also live in the city. Karachi is home to an estimated 400,000 Rohingya residents.[201][202] Large scale Rohingya migration to Karachi made Karachi one of the largest population centres of Rohingyas in the world outside of Myanmar.[203]

Central Asian migrants from Uzbekistan and Kyrgyzstan have also settled in the city.[204] Domestic workers from the Philippines are employed in Karachi's posh locales, while many of the city's teachers hail from Sri Lanka.[204] Many Sri Lankans moved to Karachi due to the 2022 Economic Crisis in Sri Lanka. Expatriates from China began migrating to Karachi in the 1940s, to work as dentists, chefs and shoemakers, while many of their descendants continue to live in Pakistan.[204][205] Chinese also reached Karachi after 2015 in large number due to the CPEC project. The city is also home to a small number of British and American expatriates.[206]

During World War II, about 3,000 Polish refugees from the Soviet Union, with some Polish families who chose to remain in the city after Partition.[207][208] Post-Partition Karachi also once had a sizable refugee community from post-revolutionary Iran.[204]

### Religion

Religions in Karachi[209]

Religions |  |  | Percent |
Islam |

| 96.53%
Christianity |

| 2.21%
Hinduism |

| 1.12%
Others |

| 0.14%

With a capacity of 800,000 worshippers, Grand Jamia Mosque is the largest mosque in Pakistan and 3rd largest in the world. St. Patrick's Cathedral, built-in 1881, serves as the seat of the Archdiocese of Karachi. The Swaminarayan Temple is the largest Hindu temple in Karachi.

Karachi is a religiously homogeneous city with more than 96 per cent of its population adhering to Islam.[210] Karachiites adhere to numerous sects and sub-sects of Islam, as well as Protestant Christianity, and community of Goan Catholics. The city also is home to large numbers of Hindus, and a small community of Zoroastrians and Parsi's. According to Nichola Khan Karachi is also the world's largest Muslim city.[211] Prior to Pakistan's independence in 1947, the religious demographics of the city was estimated to be 51.1% Hindu, 42.3% Muslim, with the remaining 7% primarily Christians (both British and native), Sikhs, Jains, with a small number of Jews.[212] Following the independence of Pakistan, the vast majority of Karachi's Sindhi Hindu population left for India while Muslim refugees from India, in turn, settled in the city. This mass migration dramatically changed the religious demographics of the city.

Religious groups in Karachi City (1872–2023)[lower-alpha 2] Religious
group  | 1872[214] | 1881[215] | 1891[216] | 1901[217][218] | 1911[219][220] | 1921[221][222] | 1931[223][224] | 1941[213] | 2017[225] | 2023[226]

|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|

Pop. | % | Pop. | % | Pop. | % | Pop. | % | Pop. | % | Pop. | % | Pop. | % | Pop. | % | Pop. | % | Pop. | %
Islam 15px  | 33,018  | 55.81%  | 38,946  | 52.94%  | 52,957  | 50.34%  | 60,003  | 51.43%  | 74,075  | 48.76%  | 100,436  | 46.31%  | 122,847  | 46.61%  | 162,447  | 42.01%  | 14,382,744  | 96.63%  | 18,189,474  | 96.53%
Hinduism 15px  | 23,157  | 39.14%  | 24,617  | 33.47%  | 44,503  | 42.3%  | 48,169  | 41.29%  | 66,038  | 43.47%  | 100,683  | 46.42%  | 120,595  | 45.76%  | 192,831  | 49.87%  | 156,452  | 1.05%  | 211,138  | 1.12%
Christianity 15px  | 2,223  | 3.76%  | 4,161  | 5.66%  | 5,986  | 5.69%  | 6,098  | 5.23%  | 7,936  | 5.22%  | 9,649  | 4.45%  | 12,765  | 4.84%  | 17,466  | 4.52%  | 329,702  | 2.22%  | 416,309  | 2.21%
Zoroastrianism 15px  | 748  | 1.26%  | 937  | 1.27%  | 1,375  | 1.31%  | 1,823  | 1.56%  | 2,165  | 1.43%  | 2,702  | 1.25%  | 3,334  | 1.26%  | 3,700  | 0.96%  | N/A  | N/A  | 1,435  | 0.01%
Judaism 15px  | 7  | 0.01%  | N/A  | N/A  | 128  | 0.12%  | 349  | 0.3%  | 535  | 0.35%  | 645  | 0.3%  | 943  | 0.36%  | 1,051  | 0.27%  | N/A  | N/A  | N/A  | N/A
Jainism 15px  | 4  | 0.01%  | 9  | 0.01%  | 99  | 0.09%  | 125  | 0.11%  | 647  | 0.43%  | 1,118  | 0.52%  | 629  | 0.24%  | 3,214  | 0.83%  | N/A  | N/A  | N/A  | N/A
Tribal  | 0  | 0%  | N/A  | N/A  | 32  | 0.03%  | 0  | 0%  | 0  | 0%  | 4  | 0%  | 135  | 0.05%  | N/A  | N/A  | N/A  | N/A  | N/A  | N/A
Sikhism 15px  | 0  | 0%  | N/A  | N/A  | 0  | 0%  | 0  | 0%  | N/A  | N/A  | 1,425  | 0.66%  | 2,254  | 0.86%  | 5,835  | 1.51%  | N/A  | N/A  | 2,299  | 0.01%
Buddhism 15px  | 0  | 0%  | N/A  | N/A  | 0  | 0%  | 0  | 0%  | N/A  | N/A  | 41  | 0.02%  | 53  | 0.02%  | 75  | 0.02%  | N/A  | N/A  | N/A  | N/A
Ahmadiyya 15px  | N/A  | N/A  | N/A  | N/A  | N/A  | N/A  | N/A  | N/A  | N/A  | N/A  | N/A  | N/A  | N/A  | N/A  | N/A  | N/A  | 8,751  | 0.06%  | 7,948  | 0.04%
Others  | 0  | 0%  | 4,890  | 6.65%  | 119  | 0.11%  | 96  | 0.08%  | 507  | 0.33%  | 180  | 0.08%  | 10  | 0%  | 36  | 0.01%  | 6,753  | 0.05%  | 15,241  | 0.08%
Total population  | 59,157  | 100%  | 73,560  | 100%  | 105,199  | 100%  | 116,663  | 100%  | 151,903  | 100%  | 216,883  | 100%  | 263,565  | 100%  | 386,655  | 100%  | 14,884,402  | 100%  | 18,843,844  | 100%

#### Islam

Karachi is overwhelmingly Muslim, though the city is one of Pakistan's most secular cities.[88] [9][10] Approximately 85% of Karachi's Muslims are Sunnis, while 15% are Shi'ites.[227][228][229] Sunnis primarily follow the Hanafi school of jurisprudence, with Sufism influencing religious practices by encouraging reverence for Sufi saints such as Abdullah Shah Ghazi and Mewa Shah. Shi'ites are predominantly Twelver, with a significant Ismaili minority which is further subdivided into Nizaris, Mustaalis, Dawoodi Bohras, and Sulaymanis. There are over 3000 mosques in Karachi, most famous of which include Grand Jamia Mosque, Baitul Mukarram Mosque, Masjid-e-Tooba and Memon Masjid.

#### Christianity

Approximately 2.2% of Karachi's population is Christian.[226] The city's Christian community is primarily composed of Punjabi Christians and a community of Goan Catholics who are typically better-educated and more affluent than their Punjabi co-religionists.[230] They established the posh Cincinnatus Town in Garden East as a Goan enclave. The Goan community dates from 1820 and has a population estimated to be 12,000–15,000 strong.[231] Karachi is served by its own archdiocese, the Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Karachi.

#### Hinduism

Shri Laxmi Narayan Mandir Shri Swami Narayan Mandir

While most of the city's Hindu population left en masse for India following Pakistan's independence, Karachi still has a large Hindu community with a population of 211,138 forming 1.12% as per 2023 Census.[232] The Hindu community is split into a more affluent Sindhi Hindu and small Punjabi Hindu group that forms part of Karachi's educated middle class, while poorer Hindus of Rajasthani and Marwari descent form the other part and typically serve as menial and day laborers. Wealthier Hindus live primarily in Clifton and Saddar, while poorer ones live and have temples in Narayanpura and Lyari. There is a small community of Tamil Hindus in Karachi, with about 100 families in Madrasi Para.[233] Many streets in central Karachi still retain Hindu names, especially in Mithadar, Aram Bagh (formerly Ram Bagh), and Ramswami. The Panchmukhi Hanuman Temple in Soldier Bazaar is believed to be atleast 1,500 years old and is a national heritage under the Sindh Cultural Heritage (Preservation) Act 1994.[234]

#### Zoroastrianism

Karachi's affluent and influential Parsis have lived in the region in the 12th century, though the modern community dates from the mid 19th century when they served as military contractors and commissariat agents to the British.[235] Further waves of Parsi immigrants from Persia settled in the city in the late 19th century.[236] The population of Parsis in Karachi and throughout South Asia is in continuous decline due to low birth-rates and migration to Western countries.[237]

In 2023, according to the 2023 census, approximately 1,435 Parsis are left in Karachi.[238]

## Transportation

Greenline Metrobus Karachi

### Road

Karachi is served by a road network estimated to be approximately 15,500 kilometres (9,600 miles) in length,[239] serving approximately 5 million vehicles per day.

Karachi is served by 6 Signal-Free Corridors which are designed as urban express roads to permit traffic to transverse large distances without the need to stop at intersections and stoplights. The 16 km (10 mi) Karsaz Road connects PAF Museum in central Karachi to SITE Industrial Area. The Rashid Minhas Road connects Surjani Town with Shah Faisal Town over a 20 km span. The 19 km (12 mi) University Road connects Karachi's urban centre to the Gulistan-e-Johar suburb. The 18 km (11 mi) Shahrah-e-Faisal connects Karachi's Sadar area to the Jinnah International Airport. The 18 km (11 mi) Shahrah-e-Pakistan connects city centre to Federal B. Area. The 18 km (11 mi) Sher Shah Suri Road connects the city centre to Nazimabad.

The Lyari Expressway is a 16 km controlled-access highway along the Lyari River. This toll highway is designed to relieve congestion within the city. To the north of Karachi lies the 39 km Karachi Northern Bypass (M10), which bypasses the city to connect the M-9 Motorway to the N25 National Highway. A 39 km (24 mi) Malir Expressway is under construction along the Malir River. It will link Karachi's DHA to Karachi's Malir Town and terminate at Kathore on the M-9 motorway.

Karachi is the terminus of the M-9 motorway, which connects Karachi to Hyderabad. The M-9 motorway is part of a larger countrywide motorways network, many of which were built through the China Pakistan Economic Corridor Project. From Hyderabad, motorways provide high-speed road access to all major Pakistani cities, including Peshawar, Islamabad, Lahore, Multan and Faisalabad.

Karachi is also the terminus of the N-5 National Highway which connects the city to the historic medieval capital of Sindh, Thatta. It offers further connections to northern Pakistan and the Afghan border near Torkham. The N-25 National Highway connects Karachi to Quetta, the capital of Balochistan. The N-10 National Highway connects Karachi to the emerging port city of Gwadar.

### Rail

Karachi is linked by rail to the rest of the country by Pakistan Railways. The Karachi City Station and Karachi Cantonment Railway Station are the city's two major railway stations.[88] The city has an international rail link, the Thar Express which links Karachi Cantonment Station with Bhagat Ki Kothi station in Jodhpur, India.[240]

The railway system also handles freight linking Karachi port to destinations up-country in northern Pakistan.[241] The city is the terminus for the Main Line-1 Railway which connects Karachi to Peshawar. Pakistan's rail network, including the Main Line-1 Railway is being upgraded as part of the China Pakistan Economic Corridor, allowing trains to depart Karachi and travel on Pakistani railways at an average speed of 160 km/h (100 mph) versus the current average speed of 80 km/h (50 mph).[242]

### Public transport

#### Metrobus

A Green line Station

The Pakistani Government is developing the Karachi Metrobus project, which is a 6-line 150-kilometre (93 1⁄4-mile) bus rapid transit system.[243] The Metrobus project was inaugurated by then-Prime Minister Nawaz Sharif on 25 February 2016. Sharif said the "project will be more beautiful than Lahore Metro Bus".[244] Orange and Green Lines are operational while Red-Line is underconstruction.

#### People's Bus Service

Peoples Bus Service (Red) Peoples Bus Service (Pink)

In 2022, the provincial government launched Peoples Bus Service with a fleet of 100+ buses running on 12 different routes on nominal fare. The buses are air-conditioned, have Wi-Fi, have priority seating for the disabled and elderly, and are wheelchair accessible.

Red buses are for the general public. Pink buses are for women only. White buses are environment friendly electric buses having designated charging points.

#### Karachi Circular Railway

Karachi Circular Railway is a partially active regional public transit system in Karachi, which serves the Karachi metropolitan area. KCR was fully operational between 1969 and 1999. Since 2001, restoration of the railway and restarting the system has been sought.[245][246] In November 2020, the KCR partially revived operations.[247]

KCR was included in CPEC by Shehbaz Sharif and construction started in 2022. Existing 43 km KCR track and stations would be completely rebuilt into automated rapid transit system with electric trains. The route would not be changed however many underpasses and bridges would be built along the route to eliminate 22-level crossings. New KCR would be similar to Lahore's Orange Train. New KCR would have joint stations with Karachi Metrobus at points of intersection. Project would be operational by 2025.

With its hub at Karachi City station on I. I. Chundrigar Road, KCR will connect the city centre with several industrial, commercial and residential districts within the city.[248]

#### Tramway service

A tramway service was started in 1884 in Karachi but was closed in 1975.[249][250] However, the revival of tramway service is proposed by Karachi Administrator Iftikhar Ali. Turkey has offered assistance in the revival and launching modern tramway service in Karachi.[251]

### Air

Karachi's Jinnah International Airport is the busiest airport of Pakistan with a total of 7.2 million passengers in 2018. The current terminal structure was built in 1992, and is divided into international and domestic sections. Karachi's airport serves as a hub for the flag carrier, Pakistan International Airlines (PIA), as well as for Air Indus, Serene Air and airblue. The airport offers non-stop flights to destinations throughout East Asia, South Asia, Southeast Asia, Central Asia, the Gulf States, Europe and North America.[252][253]

### Sea

The largest shipping ports in Pakistan are the Port of Karachi and the nearby Port Qasim, the former being the oldest port of Pakistan. Port Qasim is located 35 kilometres (22 miles) east of the Port of Karachi on the Indus River estuary. These ports handle 95% of Pakistan's trade cargo to and from foreign ports. These seaports have modern facilities which include bulk handling, containers and oil terminals.[254] The ports are part of the Maritime Silk Road.[255]

## Civic administration

### City government

Karachi has a fragmented system of civic government. The urban area is divided into six District Municipal Corporations: Karachi East, Karachi West, Karachi Central, Karachi South, Malir, Korangi. Each district is further divided into between 22 and 42 Union Committees. Each Union Committee is represented by seven elected representatives, four of whom can be general candidates of any background; the other three seats are reserved for women, religious minorities, and a union representative or peasant farmer.

Karachi's urban area also includes six cantonments, which are administered directly by the Pakistani military, and include some of Karachi's most desirable real-estate.

Key civic bodies, such as the Karachi Water and Sewerage Board and KBCA (Karachi Building Control Authority), among others, are under the direct control of the Government of Sindh.[256] Additionally, Karachi's city-planning authority for undeveloped land, the Karachi Development Authority, is under control of the government, while two new city-planning authorities, the Lyari Development Authority and Malir Development Authority were revived by the Pakistan Peoples Party government in 2011 - allegedly to patronize their electoral allies and voting banks.[257]

#### Historical background

In response to a cholera epidemic in 1846, the Karachi Conservancy Board was organized by British administrators to control its spread.[258][259] The board became the Karachi Municipal Commission in 1852, and the Karachi Municipal Committee the following year.[258] The City of Karachi Municipal Act of 1933 transformed the city administration into the Karachi Municipal Corporation with a mayor, a deputy mayor and 57 councillors.[258] In 1976, the body became the Karachi Metropolitan Corporation.[258]

During the 1900s, Karachi saw its major beautification project under the mayoralty of Harchandrai Vishandas. New roads, parks, residential, and recreational areas were developed as part of this project. In 1948, the Federal Capital Territory of Pakistan was created, comprising approximately 2,103 km2 (812 sq mi) of Karachi and surrounding areas, but this was merged into the province of West Pakistan in 1959.[260] In 1960, Karachi and Lasbela District merged to create Karachi-Bela Division. In 1972, Lasbela District transferred to Kalat Division and Karachi metropolitan area was divided into three (03) districts East, West and South. In 1996, again the Karachi metropolitan area was divided into More two (02) districts Central and Malir, each with its own municipal corporation.[258]

#### Union councils (2001–11)

Given the honorary title "Father of Service", Naimatullah Khan Advocate (2001–2005) was one of the most successful and respected mayors Karachi ever had.

In 2001, during the rule of General Pervez Musharraf, five districts of Karachi were merged to form the city district of Karachi, with a three-tier structure. The two most local tiers are composed of 18 towns, and 178 union councils.[261] Each tier focused on elected councils with some common members to provide "vertical linkage" within the federation.[262]

Naimatullah Khan was the first Nazim of Karachi during the Union Council period, while Shafiq-Ur-Rehman Paracha was the first district coordination officer of Karachi. Syed Mustafa Kamal was elected City Nazim of Karachi to succeed Naimatullah Khan in 2005 elections, and Nasreen Jalil was elected as the City Naib Nazim.

Each Union Council had thirteen members elected from specified electorates: four men and two women elected directly by the general population; two men and two women elected by peasants and workers; one member for minority communities; two members are elected jointly as the Union Mayor (Nazim) and Deputy Union Mayor (Naib Nazim).[263] Each council included up to three council secretaries and a number of other civil servants. The Union Council system was dismantled in 2011.

#### District Municipal Corporations (2011–present)

In July 2011, city district government of Karachi was reverted its original constituent units known as District Municipal Corporations (DMC). The five original DMCs are: Karachi East, Karachi West, Karachi Central, Karachi South and Malir. In November 2013, a sixth DMC, Korangi District was carved out from District East.[264][265][266][267][268] In August 2020, Sindh cabinet approves formation of the seventh district in Karachi (Keamari District), Keamari District was formed by splitting District West.[269][270][271][272]

The committees for each district devise and enforce land-use and zoning regulations within their district. Each committee also manages water supply, sewage, and roads (except for 28 main arteries, which are managed by the Karachi Metropolitan Corporation).[80] Street lighting, traffic planning, markets regulations, and signage are also under the control of the DMCs. Each DMC also maintains its own municipal record archive, and devises its own local budget.[80]

Municipal Administration of Karachi is also run by the Karachi Metropolitan Corporation (KMC), which is responsible for the development and maintenance of main arteries, bridges, drains, several hospitals, beaches, solid waste management, as well as some parks, and the city's firefighting services.[273] Between 2016 and 2020 the mayor of Karachi was Waseem Akhtar (2016–2020), with Arshad Hassan serving as Deputy Mayor; both served as part of the KMC. The Administrator of Karachi is Syed Saif-ur-Rehman as of 2022.[274] In 2023, Murtaza Wahab of PPP was elected the mayor of Karachi.[275][276]

The position of Commissioner of Karachi was created, with Iftikhar Ali Shallwani serving this role.[277] There are six military cantonments, which are administered by the Pakistani Army, and are some of Karachi's most upscale neighbourhoods. Template:Town and cantonment wise map of Karachi

### City planning

The Karachi Development Authority (KDA), along with the Lyari Development Authority (LDA) and Malir Development Authority (MDA), is responsible for the development of most undeveloped land around Karachi. KDA came into existence in 1957 with the task of managing land around Karachi, while the LDA and MDA were formed in 1993 and 1994, respectively. KDA under the control of Karachi's local government and mayor in 2001, while the LDA and MDA were abolished. KDA was later placed under the direct control of the Government of Sindh in 2011. The LDA and MDA were also revived by the Pakistan Peoples Party government at the time, allegedly to patronize their electoral allies and voting banks.[257] City-planning in Karachi, therefore, is not locally directed but is instead controlled at the provincial level.

Each District Municipal Corporation regulate land-use in developed areas, while the Sindh Building Control Authority ensures that building construction is in accordance with building & town planning regulations. Cantonment areas, and the Defence Housing Authority are administered and planned by the military.

## Municipal services

### Water

Municipal water supplies are managed by the Karachi Water and Sewerage Board (KW&SB), which supplies 640 million gallons daily (MGD) to the city (excluding the city's steel mills and Port Qasim), of which 440 MGD are filtered/treated.[80] Most of the supply comes from the Indus River, and 90 MGD from the Hub Dam.[80] Karachi's water supply is transported to the city through a complex network of canals, conduits, and siphons, with the aid of pumping and filtration stations.[80] 80% of Karachi households have access to piped water as of 2022[update],[278] with private water tankers supplying much of the water required in informal settlements.[128] 15% of residents in a 2022 survey rated their water supply as "bad" or "very bad", while 40% expressed concern at the stability of water supply.[278] By 2022, an estimated 35,000 people were dying due to water-borne diseases annually.[279]

The K-IV water project is under development at a cost of $876 million. It would connect Keenjhar Lake to Karachi hence eradicating water scarcity in eastern and northern parts of the city. It is expected to supply 650 million gallons daily of potable water to the city, the first phase 260 million gallons upon completion.[280][281]

Desalination plants are also planned to be built on Arabian Sea coast on western side of Karachi in near future. These would resolve water scarcity issues in western parts of the city including SITE Area, Shershah and Orangi Town.

### Sanitation

98% of Karachi's households are connected to the city's underground public sewerage system,[278] largely operated by the Karachi Water and Sewerage Board (KW&SB). The KW&SB operates 150 pumping stations, 25 bulk reservoirs, over 10,000 kilometres of pipes, and 250,000 manholes.[80] The city generates approximately 472 million gallons daily (MGD) of sewage, of which 417 MGD are discharged without treatment.[80] KW&SB has the optimum capacity to treat up to 150 MGD of sewage, but uses only about 50 MGD of this capacity.[80] Three treatment plants are available, in SITE Town (Gutter Baghicha), Mehmoodabad, and Mauripur.[80] 75% reported in 2022 that Karachi's drainage system overflows or backs up,[278] the highest percentage of all major Pakistani cities.[278] Parts of the city's drainage system overflow on average 2–7 times per month, flooding some city streets.[278]

Households in Orangi self-organized to set-up their own sewerage system under the Orangi Pilot Project,[282] a community service organization founded in 1980. 90% of Orangi streets are now connected to a sewer system built by local residents under the Orangi Pilot Project.[282] Residents of individual streets bear the cost of sewerage pipes, and provide volunteer labour to lay the pipe.[282] Residents also maintain the sewer pipes,[282] while the city municipal administration has built several primary and secondary pipes for the network.[282] As a result of OPP, 96% of Orangi residents have access to a latrine.[282]

The Sindh Solid Waste Management Board (SSWMB) is responsible for the collection and disposal of solid waste, not only in Karachi but throughout the whole province. Karachi has the highest percentage of residents in Pakistan who report that their streets are never cleaned - 42% of residents in Karachi report their streets are never cleaned, compared to 10% of residents in Lahore.[278] Only 17% of Karachi residents reporting daily street cleaning, compared to 45% in Lahore.[278] 69% of Karachi residents rely on private garbage collection services,[278] with only 15% relying on municipal garbage collection services.[278] 53% of Karachi residents in a 2022 survey reported that the state of their neighbourhood's cleanliness was either "bad" or "very bad".[278] compared to 35% in Lahore,[278] and 16% in Multan.[278]

### Electricity

The one and only electricity providing company in Karachi is K-Electric. It was government owned but was privatised in 2019. Government still has some shares. However HUBCO is an Independent Power Producer (IPP) that owns few major powerplants.

Karachi mostly gets electricity from oil, gas and coal powerplants established either on western coastline or Port Qasim Industrial Zone. Most recently built coal powerplants were the 1320MW Port Qasim Powerplant and the 1320MW Hub Coal Powerplant. 3 Nuclear Powerplants on western coastline namely KANUPP (K-1, K-2, K-3) also feed Karachi. Jhimpir, a nearby town has Wind Powerplants of more than 1000MW. This capacity is going to increase in future expansions. Solar Parks are envisioned to be established on western coastline having a starting generation of 1000MW.

75% of Karachi receives uninterrupted power supply almost throughout the year. 25% areas including industrial areas suffer with up to 6 hours of power outages everyday due to energy generation deficit. Power outages increase further in Peak-summer and Monsoon season (May to August). Many slums and unregulated areas are not yet electrified hence they indulge in electricity theft which is locally called Kunda-System.

### Police, Ambulance, Firefighting

Police is under the control of provincial government and city government has no authority over it. Ambulance is run by private hospitals or NGOs, the most famous of which are Edhi, Chhipa and JDC. Firefighting is under control of local government and has enough firefighters and vehicles to work quickly during fire. Less than 1% of all firefighters in Pakistan are women.[283]

## Education

Bai Virbaijee Soparivala (B.V.S.) Parsi High School FAST NUCES Karachi campus

### Districts literacy rate (10 years and above)

According to 2023 Census of Pakistan, Central is the most literate district among all the districts of Karachi and Sindh. Following is the literacy rate of 10 years and above population of the seven districts of Karachi:

Rank  | District  | Literate Population % (2023 census)[284] | 2017 census[285] | Increase/Decrease

|
|
|
|

1  | Central  | 83.55% | 81.52%  | ↑
2  | Korangi  | 79.86%  | 80.49%  | ↓
3  | South  | 78.57%  | 77.79%  | ↑
4  | East  | 80.07%  | 75.96%  | ↑
5  | West  | 67.43%  | 65.61% (including Kemari) | ↑
6  | Kemari  | 62.07%  | –  | –
7  | Malir  | 63.14%  | 63.69%  | ↓

### Primary and secondary

Karachi's primary education system is divided into five levels: primary (grades one through five); middle (grades six through eight); high (grades nine and ten, leading to the Secondary School Certificate); intermediate (grades eleven and twelve, leading to a Higher Secondary School Certificate); and university programs leading to graduate and advanced degrees. Karachi has both public and private educational institutions. Most educational institutions are gender-based from primary to intermediate. Universities are mostly co-education.

Several of Karachi's schools, such as St Patrick's High School, St Joseph's Convent School and St Paul's English High School, are operated by Christian churches, and are among Pakistan's most prestigious schools.

### Higher

The D. J. Sindh Government Science College is one of Karachi's oldest universities and dates from 1887. Karachi University is the city's largest by number of students, number of departments & occupied land area.

Karachi is home to several major public universities. Karachi's first public university's date from the British colonial era. The Sindh Madressatul Islam founded in 1885, was granted university status in 2012. Establishment of the Sindh Madressatul Islam was followed by the establishment of the D. J. Sindh Government Science College in 1887, and the institution was granted university status in 2014. The Nadirshaw Edulji Dinshaw University of Engineering and Technology (NED), was founded in 1921, and is Pakistan's oldest institution of higher learning. The Dow University of Health Sciences was established in 1945, and is now one of Pakistan's top medical research institutions.

The University of Karachi, founded in 1951, is Pakistan's largest university with a student population of 24,000. The Institute of Business Administration (IBA), founded in 1955, is the oldest business school outside of North America and Europe, and was set up with technical support from the Wharton School and the University of Southern California. The Dawood University of Engineering and Technology, which opened in 1962, offers degree programmes in petroleum, gas, chemical, and industrial engineering. The Pakistan Navy Engineering College (PNEC), operated by the Pakistan Navy, is associated with the National University of Sciences and Technology (NUST) in Islamabad.

Karachi is also home to numerous private universities. The Aga Khan University, founded in 1983, is Karachi's oldest private educational institution, and is one of Pakistan's most prestigious medical schools. The Indus Valley School of Art and Architecture was founded in 1989, and offers degree programmes in arts and architectural fields. Hamdard University is the largest private university in Pakistan with faculties including Eastern Medicine, Medical, Engineering, Pharmacy, and Law. The National University of Computer and Emerging Sciences (NUCES-FAST), one of Pakistan's top universities in computer education, operates two campuses in Karachi. Bahria University (BU) founded in 2000, is one of the major general institutions of Pakistan with their campuses in Karachi, Islamabad and Lahore offers degree programs in Management Sciences, Electrical Engineering, Computer Science and Psychology. Sir Syed University of Engineering and Technology (SSUET) offers degree programmes in biomedical, electronics, telecom and computer engineering. Karachi Institute of Economics & Technology (KIET) has two campuses in Karachi. The Shaheed Zulfiqar Ali Bhutto Institute of Science and Technology (SZABIST), founded in 1995 by former Prime Minister Benazir Bhutto, operates a campus in Karachi. Other names include:

* Iqra University
* Habib University
* Dow University
* Jinnah Medical and Dental College
* Jinnah Sindh Medical University
* Karachi Institute of Economics and Technology
* United Medical and Dental College
* Liaquat National Medical College
* Institute of Cost & Management Accountants of Pakistan (ICMAP)
* Institute of Business Management (CBM)

## Healthcare

* Aga Khan University's hospital

* Lady Dufferin Hospital

Karachi is a centre of research in biomedicine with at least 30 public hospitals, 80 registered private hospitals and 12 recognized medical colleges,[286] including the Indus Hospital, Lady Dufferin Hospital, Karachi Institute of Heart Diseases,[287] National Institute of Cardiovascular Diseases,[288] Civil Hospital,[289] Combined Military Hospital,[290] PNS Rahat,[291] PNS Shifa,[292] Aga Khan University Hospital, Liaquat National Hospital, Jinnah Postgraduate Medical Centre,[293] Holy Family Hospital[294] and Ziauddin Hospital. In 1995, Ziauddin Hospital was the site of Pakistan's first bone marrow transplant.[295]

## Entertainment, tourism and culture

### Shopping malls

Karachi is home to Pakistan and South Asia's largest shopping mall, Lucky One Mall which hosts more than two hundred stores.[296] According to TripAdvisor the city is also home to Pakistan's favorite shopping mall, Dolmen Mall, Clifton which was also featured on CNN.[297][298] In 2023, another mega mall/entertainment complex named 'Mall of Karachi' situated at the bottom of Pakistan's tallest skyscraper Bahria Icon Tower will be opened.[299][300]

### Museums and galleries

* The famous "Priest-King" statue of the Indus Valley civilization is displayed at Karachi's National Museum of Pakistan.

* Built as a home for a wealthy Hindu businessman, the Mohatta Palace is now a museum open to the public.

Major landmarks in Karachi include several important museums. The National Museum of Pakistan and Mohatta Palace exhibit a rich collection of artwork, while the city boasts several private art galleries.[301] Additionally, Karachi features the Pakistan Airforce Museum, the Pakistan Maritime Museum and the country's first interactive science centre, the MagnifiScience Centre.[302] Wazir Mansion, the birthplace of Pakistan's founder Muhammad Ali Jinnah has also been preserved as a museum open to the public. Quaid-e-Azam House, the residence of Muhammad Ali Jinnah's residence, also serves as a museum showcasing his furniture and other belongings. Other museums include TDF Ghar and the State Bank of Pakistan Museum & Art Gallery.

### Theatre and cinema

Karachi is home to some of Pakistan's important cultural institutions. The National Academy of Performing Arts,[303] located in the former Hindu Gymkhana, offers diploma courses in performing arts including classical music and contemporary theatre. Karachi is home to groups such as Thespianz Theater, a professional youth-based, non-profit performing arts group, which works on theatre and arts activities in Pakistan.[304][305]

Though Lahore was considered to be home of Pakistan's film industry, Karachi is home to Urdu cinema and Kara Film Festival annually showcases independent Pakistani and international films and documentaries.[306]

Bambino Cinema, Capri Cinema, Cinepax Cinema, Cinegold Plex Cinema (Bahria Town), Mega Multiplex Cinema (Millennium Mall), Nueplex Cinema (Askari-4), Atrium Mall Cinema (Sadar) are some of the most popular cinemas in Karachi.

### Music

The All Pakistan Music Conference, linked to the 45-year-old similar institution in Lahore, has been holding its annual music festival since its inception in 2004.[307] The National Arts Council (Koocha-e-Saqafat) has musical performances and mushaira.

## Social issues

### Crime and Lawlessness

Sometimes stated to be amongst the world's most dangerous cities,[308] the extent of violent crime in Karachi is not as significant in magnitude as compared to other cities.[309] According to the Numbeo Crime Index 2014, Karachi was the 6th most dangerous city in the world. By the middle of 2016, Karachi's rank had dropped to 31 following the launch of anti-crime operations.[310] By 2018, Karachi's ranking has dropped to 50.[311] In 2021, Karachi's ranking fell to 115. In 2022, the ranking fell further to 128th place, ranking Karachi safer than regional cities such as Dhaka (56th place), Delhi (90th place), and Bangalore (122nd place).[312]

The city's large population results in high numbers of homicides with a moderate homicide rate.[309] Karachi's homicide rates are lower than many Latin American cities,[309] and in 2015 was 12.5 per 100,000[313] - lower than the homicide rate of several American cities such as New Orleans and St. Louis.[314] The homicide rates in some Latin American cities such as Caracas, Venezuela and Acapulco, Mexico are in excess of 100 per 100,000 residents,[314] many times greater than Karachi's homicide rate. In 2016, the number of murders in Karachi had dropped to 471, which had dropped further to 381 in 2017.[315]

In the late 1980s and early 1990s, Karachi was rocked by political conflict while crime rates drastically increased with the arrival of weaponry from the War in Afghanistan.[35] Several of Karachi's criminal mafias became powerful during a period in the 1990s described as "the rule of the mafias."[316] Major mafias active in the city included land mafia, water tanker mafia, transport mafia and a sand and gravel mafia.[317][316][318][319] Karachi's highest death rates occurred in the mid-1990s. In 1995, 1,742 killings were recorded, with a maximum of 15 killings in a single day.[320][321]

#### Karachi Operation by Pakistan Rangers

Karachi had become widely known for its high rates of violent crime, but rates sharply decreased following a controversial crackdown operation against criminals, the MQM political party, and Islamist militants initiated in 2013 by the Pakistan Rangers.[36] In 2015, 1,040 Karachiites were killed in either acts of terror or other crime - an almost 50% decrease from the 2,023 killed in 2014,[322] and an almost 70% decrease from the 3,251 recorded killed in 2013 - the highest ever recorded number in Karachi history.[323] Violent crime like target killings, kidnappings for ransom or extortion, burning or torturing to death, drugs and weapons smuggling decreased sharply after 2015. Street crime still remains high like snatching of cash, phones, motorcycles and cars on gunpoint.[324]

With 650 homicides in 2015, Karachi's homicide rate decreased by 75% compared to 2013.[325] In 2017, the number of homicides had dropped further to 381.[315] Extortion crimes decreased by 80% between 2013 and 2015, while kidnappings decreased by 90% during the same period.[325] By 2016, the city registered a total of 21 cases of kidnap for ransom.[326] Terrorist incidents dropped by 98% between 2012 and 2017, according to Pakistan's Interior Ministry.[327] As a result of the Karachi's improved security environment, real-estate prices in Karachi rose sharply after 2015,[328] with a rise in business for upmarket restaurants and cafés.[329]

### Ethnic and Linguistic conflict

Insufficient affordable housing infrastructure to absorb growth has resulted in the city's diverse migrant populations being largely confined to ethnically homogeneous neighbourhoods.[128] The 1970s saw major labour struggles in Karachi's industrial estates. Violence originated in the city's university campuses, and spread into the city.[330] Conflict was especially sharp between MQM party and ethnic Sindhis, Pashtuns, and Punjabis. The party and its vast network of supporters were targeted by Pakistani security forces as part of the controversial Operation Clean-up in 1992, as part of an effort to restore peace in the city that lasted until 1994. The ethnic conflicts kept going between linguistic groups until the late 2010s and are no more extreme.

### Poor infrastructure

Urban planning and service delivery have not kept pace with Karachi's growth, resulting in the city's low ranking on livability rankings.[128] The city has no cohesive transportation policy and inadequate transport, though up to 1,000 new vehicles are added daily to the city's congested streets.[128] Roads and streets are broken at many places but are not repaired in timely manner.

### Pollution

As a large metropolitan area, Karachi has many sources of pollution. Alongside air, water and noise pollution, waste management is a challenge due to solid trash not disposed to dedicated dumping sites.[331]

#### Air pollution

This section is an excerpt from Air pollution in Karachi[ edit ]

Karachi from above

#### Water pollution

Lastly there is water pollution in Lyari and Malir rivers as gutters directly open into these rivers. These rivers than directly go into Arabian sea untreated. So sewerage and industrial wastewater is directly being thrown into Indian Ocean hence polluting it and destroying marine life under the sea. 3 waste water treatment plants exist but are all dysfunctional.[332]

Karachi's sewage system is overwhelmed and in disrepair, and sewage commonly gets into the city's water lines. Thousands of hospitalisations each year are attributed to sewage contamination in Karachi's drinking water, and there are annual cholera outbreaks in the city. As of 2011, half of all middle-class children in Karachi have intestinal parasites attributed to poor water quality.[333]: 787

### Urban flooding in monsoon season

Size of Drainage system and storm water drains (locally known as Naalahs) in the city is not enough to handle the heavy rainfalls of monsoon. The drainage system and storm water drains are also filled with solid trash. When water finds no path, it enters streets, roads, underpasses and even houses during rainfall in July and August of every year. Major Naalahs like Orangi Naalah, Gujjar Naalah, Mehmoodabad Naalah are cleaned every year by government but are polluted by people the next day.[334]

Flooding hinders connectivity of different areas of the city specially Landhi and Korangi. Floods have caused drown or electric shocks related deaths as well.[335]

## Architecture

Karachi has a collection of buildings and structures of varied architectural styles. The downtown districts of Saddar and Clifton contain early 20th-century architecture, ranging in style from the neo-classical KPT building to the Sindh High Court Building. Karachi acquired its first neo-Gothic or Indo-Gothic buildings when Frere Hall, Empress Market and St. Patrick's Cathedral were completed. The Mock Tudor architectural style was introduced in the Karachi Gymkhana and the Boat Club. Neo-Renaissance architecture was popular in the 19th century and was the architectural style for St. Joseph's Convent (1870) and the Sind Club (1883).[336] The classical style made a comeback in the late 19th century, as seen in Lady Dufferin Hospital (1898)[337] and the Cantt. Railway Station. While Italianate buildings remained popular, an eclectic blend termed Indo-Saracenic or Anglo-Mughal began to emerge in some locations.[338] The local mercantile community began acquiring impressive structures. Zaibunnisa Street in the Saddar area (known as Elphinstone Street in British days) is an example where the mercantile groups adopted the Italianate and Indo-Saracenic style to demonstrate their familiarity with Western culture and their own. The Hindu Gymkhana (1925) and Mohatta Palace are examples of Mughal revival buildings.[339] The Sindh Wildlife Conservation Building, located in Saddar, served as a Freemasonic Lodge until it was taken over by the government. There are talks of it being taken away from this custody and being renovated and the Lodge being preserved with its original woodwork and ornate wooden staircase.[340]

Indus Valley School of Art and Architecture is one of the prime examples of Architectural conservation and restoration where an entire Nusserwanjee building from Kharadar area of Karachi has been relocated to Clifton for adaptive reuse in an art school. The procedure involved the careful removal of each piece of timber and stone, stacked temporarily, loaded on the trucks for transportation to the Clifton site, unloaded and re-arranged according to a given layout, stone by stone, piece by piece, and completed within three months.[341]

Architecturally distinctive, even eccentric, buildings have sprung up throughout Karachi. Notable example of contemporary architecture include the Pakistan State Oil Headquarters building. The city has examples of modern Islamic architecture, including the Aga Khan University hospital, Grand Jamia Mosque, Masjid e Tooba, Faran Mosque, Baitul Mukarram Mosque, Quaid's Mausoleum, and the Textile Institute of Pakistan. One of the unique cultural elements of Karachi is that the residences, which are two- or three-story townhouses, are built with the front yard protected by a high brick wall. I. I. Chundrigar Road features a range of tall buildings. The most prominent examples include the Habib Bank Plaza, UBL Tower, PRC Towers, PNSC Building and MCB Tower.[342] Newer skyscrapers are being built in Clifton. At least 50 150m+ buildings were underconstruction in 2022.

## Sports

The match held between Sind & Australia in Karachi on 22 November 1935 was reported by The Sydney Morning Herald The National Stadium in Karachi

### Cricket

Cricket's history in Pakistan predates the creation of the country in 1947. The first ever international cricket match in Karachi was held on 22 November 1935 between Sindh and Australian cricket teams. The match was seen by 5,000 Karachiites.[343] Karachi is also the place that innovated tape ball, a safer and more affordable alternative to cricket.[344]

The inaugural first-class match at the National Stadium was played between Pakistan and India on 26 February 1955 and since then Pakistani national cricket team has won 20 of the 41 Test matches played at the National Stadium.[345] The first One Day International at the National Stadium was against the West Indies on 21 November 1980, with the match going to the last ball.

The national team has been less successful in such limited-overs matches at the ground, including a five-year stint between 1996 and 2001, when they failed to win any matches. The city has been host to a number of domestic cricket teams including Karachi,[346] Karachi Blues,[347] Karachi Greens,[348] and Karachi Whites.[349] The National Stadium hosted two group matches (Pakistan v. South Africa on 29 February and Pakistan v. England on 3 March), and a quarter-final match (South Africa v. West Indies on 11 March) during the 1996 Cricket World Cup.[350]

Rafi Cricket Stadium under construction in Bahria Town would soon become the largest cricket stadium in Pakistan with a capacity of 50,000+ spectators.[351]

### Football

Pakistan national football team in a friendly against CSKA Moscow from the Soviet Union at the KMC Stadium on 28 February 1969

Lyari, a neighbourhood in Karachi, holds an important place in Pakistan's football landscape due to its historical and cultural ties to the sport. Dating back several decades, Lyari has been a consistent source of football talent, contributing significantly to the national sports scene.[352][353] One notable aspect is the nickname "Little Brazil" often associated with Lyari.[354][355]

In its early years, football in Pakistan was mainly concentrated to Balochistan and the locality of Lyari,[356] from where majority of players of the Pakistan national football team were recruited mainly in the 1960s, which is often regarded as the early Golden Age of Pakistani football.[357][358] Notable players during this period include Abdul Ghafoor, nicknamed the "Pakistani Pelé" and "Black Pearl of Pakistan",[359] Muhammad Umer, Moosa Ghazi, Abid Ghazi, Turab Ali, Ali Nawaz Baloch, among others.[357][358] The Kakri Ground and People's Football Stadium, which is one of the major football stadiums in the country are located in the city.[360] In 2005, the city hosted the 2005 SAFF Championship at the Peoples Football Stadium, as well as the Super Football League in 2007, which attracted capacity crowds during the games.

### Other sports

When it comes to sports Karachi has a distinction, because some sources cite that it was in 1877 at Karachi in (British) India, where the first attempt was made to form a set of rules of badminton[361] and likely place is said to be Frere Hall.

Karachi has hosted seven editions of the National Games of Pakistan, most recently in 2007.[362]

The popularity of golf is increasing, with clubs in Karachi like Dreamworld Resort, Bahria Town Golf Club, Hotel & Golf Club, Arabian Sea Country Club, DA Country & Golf Club. The city has facilities for field hockey (Hockey Club of Pakistan, UBL Hockey Ground), boxing (KPT Sports Complex), squash (Jahangir Khan Squash Complex), and polo. There are marinas and boating clubs. National Bank of Pakistan Sports Complex is First-class cricket venue and Multi-purpose sports facility in Karachi.

Professional teams of Karachi
Club  | League  | Sport  | Venue  | Established

|
|
|
|

Karachi Kings  | Pakistan Super League  | Cricket  | National Stadium  | 2015
Karachi Blues  | National T20 Cup  | Cricket  | National Stadium  | 2023
Karachi Whites  | National T20 Cup/Quaid-e-Azam Trophy  | Cricket  | National Stadium  | 2023
Karachi Zebras  | National T20 League/National One-day Championship  | Cricket  | National Stadium  | 2004
Karachi United  | Pakistan Premier League  | Football  | Karachi United Stadium  | 1996
Diya WFC  | National Women Football Championship  | Football  | N/A  | 2002

## Notable people

## Twin towns and sister cities

* Mashhad, Iran[363]
* Qom, Iran[364]
* Tianjin, China[365]
* Ürümqi, China[366]

## See also

* Cinema in Karachi
* Cuisine of Karachi
* Developments in Karachi
* List of cemeteries in Karachi
* List of cultural heritage sites in Karachi
* List of hospitals in Karachi
* List of magazines in Karachi
* List of newspapers in Karachi
* List of parks and gardens in Karachi
* List of people from Karachi
* List of streets of Karachi
* List of tallest buildings in Karachi
* List of television stations in Karachi
* List of tourist attractions in Karachi
* List of Union Councils of Karachi
* Media in Karachi
* Sister cities of Karachi
* Subdivisions in Karachi
* Transport in Karachi

## Notes

1. ↑ /kəˈrɑːtʃi/; Urdu: کراچی ur; Sindhi: Template:Naskh; hns
2. ↑ 1872–1941: Data for the entirety of the town of Karachi, which included Karachi Municipality and Karachi Cantonment.[213]

2017: Data for the entirety of the town of Karachi, which included the urban populations of Karachi Central District, Karachi East District, Karachi South District, Karachi West District, Malir District, and Korangi District.

2023: Data for the entirety of the town of Karachi, which included the urban populations of Karachi Central District, Karachi East District, Karachi South District, Karachi West District, Malir District, Korangi District, and Keamari District.

## References

1. ↑ Cite error: Invalid `<ref>` tag; no text was provided for refs named `2023 Census`
2. ↑ Web Desk (8 August 2023). "Karachi Population in Digital Census rises above 20 mln". https://arynews.tv/karachi-population-digital-census-rises-20-mln/.
3. ↑ "GaWC – The World According to GaWC 2008". Lboro.ac.uk. 3 June 2009. http://www.lboro.ac.uk/gawc/world2008t.html.
4. ↑ "GAWC World Cities Ranking List". Diserio.com. http://www.diserio.com/gawc-world-cities.html.
5. ↑ "PIGJE". http://www.pigje.com.pk/about_karachi.html.
6. ↑ Cite error: Invalid `<ref>` tag; no text was provided for refs named `nation.com.pk`
7. ↑ Cite error: Invalid `<ref>` tag; no text was provided for refs named `finance.gov.pk`
8. ↑ 8.0 8.1 8.2 8.3 8.4 Inskeep, Steve (2012). Instant City: Life and Death in Karachi. Penguin Publishing Group. p. 284. ISBN 978-0-14-312216-6. https://books.google.com/books?id=bbjaCwAAQBAJ&q=Instant City: Life and Death in Karachi. Retrieved 30 October 2016.
9. ↑ 9.0 9.1 Abbas, Qaswar. "Karachi: World's most dangerous city". India Today. https://www.indiatoday.in/opinion/qaswar-abbas/story/worlds-most-dangerous-country-139936-2011-08-26. "Karachi, Pakistan's largest city, with a population of approx. 3.0 crore (Mumbai has 2 crore people) is the country's most educated, liberal and secular metropolis."
10. ↑ 10.0 10.1 "Pakistani journalists face threats from Islamists". Deutsche Welle. http://www.dw.com/en/pakistani-journalists-face-threats-from-islamists/a-16221061. "This all happened in the heart of Karachi - a relatively liberal city with a population of more than 15 million."
11. ↑ Mahim, Maher (3 November 2013). "Karachi's Stone Age proves history didn't start with the Muslims". The Express Tribune. http://tribune.com.pk/story/626458/the-flintstones-karachis-stone-age-proves-history-didnt-start-with-the-muslims/.
12. ↑ 12.0 12.1 12.2 12.3 12.4 Askari, Sabiah (2015). Studies on Karachi: Papers Presented at the Karachi Conference 2013. Cambridge Scholars Publishing. ISBN 978-1-4438-7744-2. https://books.google.com/books?id=mSbXCgAAQBAJ&q=Studies on Karachi: Papers Presented at the Karachi Conference 2013&pg=PR11. Retrieved 30 October 2016.
13. ↑ 13.0 13.1 Gayer, Laurent (2014). Karachi: Ordered Disorder and the Struggle for City. HarperCollins Publishers. pp. 368. ISBN 978-93-5116-086-1. https://books.google.com/books?id=9xIDBAAAQBAJ&q=Karachi: Ordered Disorder and the Struggle for City. Retrieved 30 October 2016.
14. ↑ 14.0 14.1 Talbot, Ian; Singh, Gurharpal (2009), The Partition of India, Cambridge University Press, pp. 120–121, ISBN 978-0-521-67256-6, https://www.cambridge.org/in/academic/subjects/history/twentieth-century-regional-history/partition-india?format=PB&isbn=9780521672566, retrieved 20 April 2023, "Like Dacca, Karachi was a Hindu-majority city surrounded by a predominantly Muslim-populated hinterland. In 1941 Muslims formed 42 per cent of the population while caste and scheduled-caste Hindus together comprised 50.9 per cent. ... Between 1947 and 1953 Karachi's population increased from 400,000 to 1.3 million. The former Hindu-majority city became dominated by refugees who accounted for just under 60 per cent of the population in 1951 while the Hindu presence slumped to 0.5 per cent."
15. ↑ "Muhajir | people | Britannica". https://www.britannica.com/topic/muhajir.
16. ↑ 16.0 16.1 Brunn, Stanley (2008). Cities of the World: World Regional Urban Development. Rowman & Littlefield. p. 647. ISBN 978-0-7425-5597-6. https://books.google.com/books?id=0mQ4tc5QpQcC&q=Cities of the World: World Regional Urban Development. Retrieved 30 October 2016.
17. ↑ 17.0 17.1 "Four million added to Karachi's population" (in en). 9 August 2023. https://www.dawn.com/news/1769101.
18. ↑ 18.0 18.1 Kotkin, Joel. "The World's Fastest-Growing Megacities". https://www.forbes.com/sites/joelkotkin/2013/04/08/the-worlds-fastest-growing-megacities/.
19. ↑ 19.0 19.1 "Falling back". http://www.dailytimes.com.pk/default.asp?page=2006\12\17\story_17-12-2006_pg12_3.
20. ↑ 20.0 20.1 "Chronology for Biharis in Bangladesh". Center for International Development and Conflict Management, University of Maryland. 10 January 2007. http://www.cidcm.umd.edu/mar/chronology.asp?groupId=77103.
21. ↑ Craig, Time. "Pakistan cracks down on Afghan immigrants, fearing an influx as U.S. leaves Afghanistan". The Washington Post. https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/pakistan-cracks-down-on-afghan-immigrants-fearing-an-influx-as-us-leaves-afghanistan/2014/05/12/74057f62-cfa9-11e3-b812-0c92213941f4_story.html. "Qaim Ali Shah, the chief minister of Sindh province in southern Pakistan, said at a news conference in February that there were already more than 1 million illegal Afghan immigrants living in Karachi, a rapidly growing city of 22 million people."
22. ↑ "| Ministry of Finance | Government of Pakistan |". http://finance.gov.pk/.
23. ↑ 23.0 23.1 "Karachi, Pakistan". Centre for Risk Studies at the University of Cambridge Judge Business School. http://www.lloyds.com/cityriskindex/locations/fact_sheet/Karachi.
24. ↑ "The importance of Karachi – The Express Tribune". 12 October 2015. http://tribune.com.pk/story/971188/the-importance-of-karachi/.
25. ↑ 25.0 25.1 25.2 ﻿Karachi Mega-Cities Preparation Project﻿ (Report). Asian Development Bank. http://www.adb.org/Documents/Produced-Under-TA/38405/38405-PAK-DPTA.pdf. Retrieved 1 January 2009.
26. ↑ 26.0 26.1 "The Karachi Coastline Case". The Trade & Environment Database. http://www1.american.edu/TED/karachi.htm.
27. ↑ 27.0 27.1 "Karachi: Step-motherly treatment". Pakistan and Gulf Economist. http://www.pakistaneconomist.com/database2/cover/c99-15.asp.
28. ↑ 28.0 28.1 Drivers of Long-Term insecurity and Instability in Pakistan: Urbanization. Rand Corporation. 2014. p. 18. ISBN 978-0-8330-8750-8. https://books.google.com/books?id=sSZRBgAAQBAJ&pg=PA18.
29. ↑ "Details – The World Factbook". https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/pakistan/images/10.
30. ↑ Isani, Aamna Haider (5 May 2013). "Fashion through the ages". Dawn (Pakistan). https://www.dawn.com/news/1026258.
31. ↑ "Karachi the next fashion capital?". https://www.theglobeandmail.com/life/fashion-and-beauty/fashion/karachi-the-next-fashion-capital/article597194/.
32. ↑ Khalid, Kiran. "Pakistan's fashionistas: We aren't revolutionaries". CNN. http://edition.cnn.com/2010/WORLD/asiapcf/02/23/pakistan.lahore.fashion.weel/index.html.
33. ↑ Waraich, Omar (11 November 2009). "Fashion Week Comes to Pakistan Amid Mayhem". Time. ISSN 0040-781X. http://content.time.com/time/world/article/0,8599,1937708,00.html.
34. ↑ Gayer, Laurent (2014). Karachi: Ordered Disorder and the Struggle for the City. Oxford University Press. p. 18. ISBN 978-0-19-023806-3.
35. ↑ 35.0 35.1 35.2 "2011 brings a violent and bloody year of ethnic conflict to Karachi, Pakistan". Public Radio International. 19 January 2012. https://theworld.org/stories/2013/08/15/2011-brings-violent-and-bloody-year-ethnic-conflict-karachi-pakistan.
36. ↑ 36.0 36.1 36.2 ur-Rehman, Zia (7 November 2015). "Crime Down in Karachi, Paramilitary in Pakistan Shifts Focus". The New York Times. https://www.nytimes.com/2015/11/08/world/asia/crime-down-in-karachi-paramilitary-in-pakistan-shifts-focus.html.
37. ↑ "Karachi's ranking improves on World Crime Index". 29 April 2021. https://www.geo.tv/latest/347857-karachis-ranking-improves-on-world-crime-index.
38. ↑ 38.0 38.1 The Dutch East India Company (VOC) and Diewel-Sind (Pakistan) in the 17th and 18th centuries, Floor, W. Institute of Central & West Asian Studies, University of Karachi, 1993–1994, p. 49.
39. ↑ 39.0 39.1 "The Dutch East India Company's shipping between the Netherlands and Asia 1595–1795". 2 February 2015. http://resources.huygens.knaw.nl/das/detailVoyage/95544.
40. ↑ Whitfield, Susan (2018). Silk, Slaves, and Stupas: Material Culture of the Silk Road. University of California Press. p. 118. ISBN 978-0-520-95766-4. https://books.google.com/books?id=cHBdDwAAQBAJ&pg=PT118.
41. ↑ Tan, Chung; Geng, Yinzeng (2005). India and China: twenty centuries of civilization interaction and vibrations. Project of History of Indian Science, Philosophy and Culture, Centre for Studies in Civilizations. ISBN 978-81-87586-21-0. https://books.google.com/books?id=Wx1uAAAAMAAJ.
42. ↑ The Month. 1912. https://books.google.com/books?id=QkAaAQAAIAAJ&pg=PA159.
43. ↑ Sun, Zhixin Jason; Hsing, I-tien; Liu, Cary Y.; Lu, Pengliang; Tseng, Lillian Lan-ying; Hong, Yang; Yates, Robin D. S.; Zhang, Zhonglin Yukina (2017). Age of Empires: Art of the Qin and Han Dynasties. Metropolitan Museum of Art. p. 14. ISBN 978-1-58839-617-4. https://books.google.com/books?id=X6RODgAAQBAJ&pg=PR14.
44. ↑ Hasan, Arif (7 May 2009). "From Rambagh to Arambagh". Karachi. https://www.thenews.com.pk/archive/print/174828-from-rambagh-to-arambagh.
45. ↑ Kapoor, Subodh (2002). Encyclopaedia of Ancient Indian Geography. Cosmo Publications. ISBN 978-81-7755-298-0. https://books.google.com/books?id=JggZAQAAIAAJ&q=krokola.
46. ↑ Pithawalla, Maneck B. (1950). An Introduction to Karachi: Its Environs and Hinterland. Times Press. https://books.google.com/books?id=rlrlBTOs2jUC.
47. ↑ Pithawalla, Maneck B. (1959). A Physical and Economic Geography of Sind: The Lower Indus Basin. Sindhi Adabi Board. https://books.google.com/books?id=rKA9AAAAMAAJ.
48. ↑ Samad, Rafi U. (2002). The Greeks in ancient Pakistan. Indus Publications. ISBN 978-969-529-001-9. https://books.google.com/books?id=QAxuAAAAMAAJ&q=krokola.
49. ↑ McCrindle, John Watson (1896). The Invasion of India by Alexander the Great as Described by Arrian, Q. Curtius, Diodoros, Plutarch and Justin: Being Translations of Such Portions of the Works of These and Other Classical Authors as Describe Alexander's Campaigns in Afghanistan, the Punjâb, Sindh, Gedrosia and Karmania. A. Constable and Company. https://books.google.com/books?id=ioE2AAAAMAAJ&q=alexander+great+karachi&pg=PR22.
50. ↑ Pithawalla, Maneck B. (1938). Identification and description of some old sites in Sind and their relation with the physical geography of the region. https://books.google.com/books?id=HFA1AQAAIAAJ&q=bibakta.
51. ↑ Vincent, William (1797). The Voyage of Nearchus from the Indus to the Euphrates, Collected from the Original Journal Preserved by Arrian ...: Containing an Account of the First Navigation Attempted by Europeans in the Indian Ocean. T. Cadell jun. and W. Davies. p. 180. https://books.google.com/books?id=S5deAAAAcAAJ&pg=PA180.
52. ↑ Houtsma, M. Th (1993). E. J. Brill's First Encyclopaedia of Islam, 1913–1936. BRILL. ISBN 978-90-04-09790-2. https://books.google.com/books?id=7CP7fYghBFQC&pg=PA729.
53. ↑ Lambrick, H. T. (1975). Sind: A General Introduction. Sindhi Adabi Board. ISBN 978-0-19-577220-3. https://books.google.com/books?id=lFFJAAAAIAAJ&q=bibakta.
54. ↑ Pithawalla, Maneck B. (1950). An Introduction to Karachi: Its Environs and Hinterland. Times Press. https://books.google.com/books?id=rlrlBTOs2jUC&q=manora+island+silting.
55. ↑ "Karachi History". Houston Karachi Sister City Association. http://www.houstonkarachi.org/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=44:karachi-history&catid=3:about-hksca&Itemid=11.
56. ↑ Cunningham, Alexander (28 March 2013). The Ancient Geography of India: The Buddhist Period, Including the Campaigns of Alexander, and the Travels of Hwen-Thsang. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-1-108-05645-8. https://books.google.com/books?id=kT5JvRZCixQC&q=karachi+debal&pg=PA297.
57. ↑ Elliot, Henry Miers (1853). Appendix to the Arabs in Sind, Vol.III, Part 1, of the Historians of India [sic]. S. Solomon & Company. p. 222. https://books.google.com/books?id=nZ2SHSk3k6cC&pg=PA222.
58. ↑ Bloom, Jonathan; Blair, Sheila (2009). Grove Encyclopedia of Islamic Art & Architecture: Three-Volume Set. OUP USA. ISBN 978-0-19-530991-1. https://books.google.com/books?id=i4LrAAAAMAAJ.
59. ↑ Baillie, Alexander Francis (1890). Kurrachee: (Karachi) Past, Present and Future. Thacker, Spink. https://books.google.com/books?id=7tIwAQAAMAAJ&q=kaurashi+karachi&pg=PA20. Retrieved 28 August 2021.
60. ↑ Balocu, Nabī Bak̲h̲shu K̲h̲ānu (2002). Sindh, Studies Historical. Pakistan Study Centre, University of Sindh. ISBN 978-969-8135-13-3. https://books.google.com/books?id=7PZtAAAAMAAJ&q=kaurashi+karachi. Retrieved 28 August 2021.
61. ↑ Bloom, J.; Blair, S. (2009). "Karachi" (in en). The Grove Encyclopedia of Islamic Art and Architecture. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-530991-1. https://www.oxfordreference.com/view/10.1093/acref/9780195309911.001.0001/acref-9780195309911-e-467.
62. ↑ Haider, Azimusshan (1974). History of Karachi: With Special Reference to Educational, Demographical, and Commercial Developments, 1839–1900. Haider. https://books.google.com/books?id=xA0rAAAAMAAJ&q=karachi+1729. Retrieved 28 August 2021.
63. ↑ 63.0 63.1 63.2 63.3 Gayer, Laurent (2014). Karachi: Ordered Disorder and the Struggle for the City. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-935444-3. https://books.google.com/books?id=BklRBAAAQBAJ&q=manora+fort+karachi&pg=PA128. Retrieved 28 August 2021.
64. ↑ Karachi (Pakistan) (1984). Brief Sketch of Karachi, the Nerve Center of Pakistan. The Corporation. https://books.google.com/books?id=IEErAAAAMAAJ&q=karachi+denso+hall.
65. ↑ A Gazetteer of the Province of Sindh. G. Bell and Sons. 1874. https://books.google.com/books?id=Ap8IAAAAQAAJ&q=karachi+kharak+bandar&pg=PA396. Retrieved 28 August 2021.
66. ↑ "Preserving cultural assets". 10 February 2008. https://www.dawn.com/news/826915/preserving-cultural-assets.
67. ↑ Sampark: Journal of Global Understanding. Sampark Literary Services. 2004. https://books.google.com/books?id=tixuAAAAMAAJ&q=karachi+"Rah-i-Bunder". Retrieved 5 May 2020.
68. ↑ The Herald. Pakistan Herald Publications.. 1993. https://books.google.com/books?id=URnrr_A5wZ8C&q=karachi+"Rah-i-Bunder".
69. ↑ Murray (publishers.), John (1859). A handbook for India. Part ii. Bombay. https://books.google.com/books?id=Vg0IAAAAQAAJ&pg=PA475.
70. ↑ The Persian Gulf Pilot. J. D. Potter.. 1875. https://books.google.com/books?id=HpKhAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA20.
71. ↑ Davies, Charles E. (1997). The Blood-red Arab Flag: An Investigation Into Qasimi Piracy, 1797–1820. University of Exeter Press. ISBN 978-0-85989-509-5. https://books.google.com/books?id=tGboFK2QPUwC&pg=PA162. Retrieved 14 April 2020.
72. ↑ Huttenback, Robert A. (1962). British Relations with Sind, 1799–1843: An Anatomy of Imperialism. University of California Press. p. 3. https://archive.org/details/britishrelations0000hutt.
73. ↑ Sunderlal, Pandit (1 August 2018). British Rule in India. SAGE Publishing India. ISBN 978-93-5280-803-8. https://books.google.com/books?id=XcpmDwAAQBAJ&q=nathan+crow+sindh&pg=PT138. Retrieved 28 August 2021.
74. ↑ Laurent Gayer 2014, pp. 42.
75. ↑ Neill, John Martin Bladen (1846). Recollections of Four Years' Service in the East with H.M. Fortieth Regiment. https://archive.org/details/recollectionsoff00neilrich. Retrieved 27 November 2009.
76. ↑ Baillie, Alexander Francis (1890). Kurrachee: (Karachi) Past, Present and Future. Thacker, Spink. https://books.google.com/books?id=7tIwAQAAMAAJ&q=denso+hall+sandstone+1886+rupees. Retrieved 28 August 2021.
77. ↑ "Preserving cultural assets". Pakistan. 10 February 2008. https://www.dawn.com/news/826915/preserving-cultural-assets.
78. ↑ 78.0 78.1 78.2 78.3 78.4 Gayer, Laurent (2014). Karachi: Ordered Disorder and the Struggle for the City. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-935444-3.
79. ↑ "Celebrating Karachi's Goan connection | The Express Tribune". 16 April 2022. https://tribune.com.pk/story/2352894/celebrating-karachis-goan-connection.
80. ↑ 80.00 80.01 80.02 80.03 80.04 80.05 80.06 80.07 80.08 80.09 Anwar, Farhan, ed (2018). LOCAL AND CITY GOVERNMENT HANDBOOK – PROVINCE OF SINDH AND KARACHI CITY. Karachi: Shehri – Citizens for a Better Environment. ISBN 978-969-9491-14-6. https://shehri.org/publications_html/2018 - Local & City Govt.pdf. Retrieved 6 April 2020.
81. ↑ Blood, Peter R. (1996). Pakistan: A Country Study. DIANE Publishing. p. 96. ISBN 978-0-7881-3631-3.
82. ↑ Bowden, Rob (2005). Settlements of the Indus River. Capstone Classroom. ISBN 978-1-4034-5723-3. https://books.google.com/books?id=prF_ZLZKtggC&q="Indus+steam+flotilla"+"orient+inland"&pg=PA35. Retrieved 28 August 2021.
83. ↑ 83.00 83.01 83.02 83.03 83.04 83.05 83.06 83.07 83.08 83.09 Heitzman, James (31 March 2008). The City in South Asia. Routledge. p. 129. ISBN 978-1-134-28963-9. https://archive.org/details/cityinsouthasia0000heit.
84. ↑ 84.0 84.1 Narayanan, Yamini (19 November 2015). Religion and Urbanism: Reconceptualising sustainable cities for South Asia. Routledge. ISBN 978-1-317-75541-8. https://books.google.com/books?id=dwUBCwAAQBAJ&q=post+partition+karachi&pg=PT242. Retrieved 28 August 2021.
85. ↑ Clarke, S. H. (1858). The Scinde Railway and Indus Flotilla Companies: Their Futility and Hollowness Demonstrated, Also an Exposure of the Delusion which Exists Respecting the Five Per Cent Guarantee, which Insures No Dividend Whatever to the Respective Shareholders. Richardson Brothers. https://books.google.com/books?id=iew2AQAAMAAJ&q=Indus+steam+flotilla&pg=PA41. Retrieved 28 August 2021.
86. ↑ Askari, Sabiah, ed (2015). Studies on Karachi: Papers Presented at the Karachi Conference 2013. Cambridge Scholars Publishing. p. 325. ISBN 978-1-4438-8450-1.
87. ↑ [Herbert Feldman [1970]: Karachi Through a Hundred Years: The Centenary History of the Karachi Chamber of Commerce and Industry 1860–1960. 2. ed. Karachi: Oxford University Press (1960).]
88. ↑ 88.00 88.01 88.02 88.03 88.04 88.05 88.06 88.07 88.08 88.09 88.10 88.11 Paracha, Nadeem F. (26 September 2014). "Visual Karachi: From Paris of Asia, to City of Lights, to Hell on Earth". https://www.dawn.com/news/1134284.
89. ↑ Ansari's Trade & Industrial Directory of Pakistan. Ansari Publishing House.. https://books.google.com/books?id=UgMeAQAAMAAJ&q=karachi+1914+largest+port. Retrieved 28 August 2021.
90. ↑ 90.0 90.1 90.2 90.3 90.4 90.5 90.6 90.7 90.8 Gayer, Laurent (1 July 2014). Karachi: Ordered Disorder and the Struggle for the City. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-023806-3. https://books.google.com/books?id=L0BeBAAAQBAJ&q=post+partition+karachi&pg=PA23.
91. ↑ 91.0 91.1 Markovits, Claude (22 June 2000). The Global World of Indian Merchants, 1750–1947: Traders of Sind from Bukhara to Panama. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-1-139-43127-9. https://books.google.com/books?id=M2vu7Odjz6kC&q=karachi+riots+1948+muslim+refugees&pg=PA278. Retrieved 28 August 2021.
92. ↑ Zamindar, Vazira Fazila-Yacoobali (14 November 2007). The Long Partition and the Making of Modern South Asia: Refugees, Boundaries, Histories. Columbia University Press. ISBN 978-0-231-51101-8. https://books.google.com/books?id=2u_IU-aoNhwC&q=karachi+riots+1948+muslim+refugees&pg=PA53. Retrieved 28 August 2021.
93. ↑ 93.0 93.1 Zamindar, Vazira Fazila-Yacoobali (2010). The Long Partition and the Making of Modern South Asia: Refugees, Boundaries, Histories. Columbia University Press. ISBN 978-0-231-13847-5. https://books.google.com/books?id=n5c9ta97GeoC&q=post+partition+karachi. Retrieved 28 August 2021.
94. ↑ Barbara A. Weightman 2011, p. [page needed].
95. ↑ Party, Government and Freedom in the Muslim World: Three Articles Reprinted from the Encyclopaedia of Islam, 2d Ed., V. 3, Parts 49–50. Brill Archive. 1968. p. 37.
96. ↑ Planning Commission, The Second Five Year Plan: 1960–65, Karachi: Govt. Printing Press, 1960, p. 393
97. ↑ Planning Commission, Pakistan Economic Survey, 1964–65, Rawalpindi: Govt. Printing Press, 1965, p. 212.
98. ↑ Gayer, Laurent (2014). Karachi: Ordered Disorder and the Struggle for the City. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-935444-3. https://books.google.com/books?id=BklRBAAAQBAJ&q=karachi+1970s&pg=PA40. Retrieved 28 August 2021.
99. ↑ Population Growth and Policies in Mega-cities: Karachi. UN. 1988. https://books.google.com/books?id=rurrAAAAMAAJ&q=karachi+1970s+boom. Retrieved 28 August 2021.
100. ↑ Khan, Nichola (15 July 2017). Cityscapes of Violence in Karachi: Publics and Counterpublics. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-086978-6. https://books.google.com/books?id=C28sDwAAQBAJ&q=karachi+1970s&pg=PT205. Retrieved 28 August 2021.
101. ↑ 101.0 101.1 101.2 Udupa, Sahana; McDowell, Stephen D. (14 July 2017). Media as Politics in South Asia. Taylor & Francis. ISBN 978-1-351-97221-5. https://books.google.com/books?id=_jwlDwAAQBAJ&q=karachi+1970s+zia&pg=PA41.
102. ↑ Yusuf, Farhat (July 1990). "Afghan refugees population in Pakistan". Journal of Biosocial Science (Journals.cambridge.org) 22 (3): 269–279. doi:10.1017/S0021932000018654. ISSN 0021-9320. PMID 2169475. http://journals.cambridge.org/action/displayAbstract;jsessionid=C8D0B7394F7D074D6832875766C3D91E.tomcat1?fromPage=online&aid=1636848. Retrieved 6 May 2010.
103. ↑ Khan, Nichola (5 April 2010). Mohajir Militancy in Pakistan: Violence and Transformation in the Karachi Conflict. Routledge. ISBN 978-1-135-16192-7. https://books.google.com/books?id=lSCMAgAAQBAJ&q=mqm+pashto+punjabi+sindhi+conflict.
104. ↑ Minahan, James (2002). Encyclopedia of the Stateless Nations: Ethnic and National Groups Around the World. 3. Greenwood. pp. 1277–78. ISBN 978-0-313-32111-5.
105. ↑ "PAKISTANIS ATTACK 30 HINDU TEMPLES". The New York Times. 8 December 1992. https://www.nytimes.com/1992/12/08/world/pakistanis-attack-30-hindu-temples.html.
106. ↑ Ali, Imtiaz (7 February 2020). "Karachi jumps 22 points since last year on global crime index". Pakistan. https://www.dawn.com/news/1533023.
107. ↑ "Pakistan – Pakistan Flood Response Baseline Assessment – Balochistan Province (October 2022) | Displacement Tracking Matrix". https://dtm.iom.int/reports/pakistan-pakistan-flood-response-baseline-assessment-balochistan-province-october-2022.
108. ↑ "Rising from the Waters: Sindh Navigates Recovery after the 2022 Floods" (in en). https://www.worldbank.org/en/news/feature/2023/06/28/rising-from-the-waters-sindh-navigates-recovery-after-the-2022-floods.
109. ↑ "Dozens missing after massive Karachi mall fire, 21 killed" (in en). 2026-01-19. https://www.cnn.com/2026/01/18/asia/karachi-pakistan-fire-mall-deaths-intl-hnk.
110. ↑ "KARACHI: Karachi's earthquake history". 26 October 2005. https://www.dawn.com/news/162899/karachi-karachi-s-earthquake-history.
111. ↑ "A story behind every name". 21 October 2009. http://www.thenews.com.pk/TodaysPrintDetail.aspx?ID=204319&Cat=4&dt=10/18/2009.
112. ↑ 112.0 112.1 Hasan, Arif; Pervaiz, Arif; Raza, Mansoor (January 2017). "Drivers of climate change vulnerability at different scales in Karachi" (in en). IIED Working Paper (International Institute for Environment and Development): 17. https://www.jstor.org/stable/resrep02723. Retrieved 30 March 2024.
113. ↑ "The case of Karachi, Pakistan". University College London. http://www.ucl.ac.uk/dpu-projects/Global_Report/pdfs/Karachi.pdf.
114. ↑ Birch, Hayley (22 July 2015). "Where is the world's hottest city?". https://www.theguardian.com/cities/2015/jul/22/where-world-hottest-city-kuwait-karachi-ahvaz.
115. ↑ "With Early Warning, Karachi Cools a Heat Wave Threat". Voice of America. 14 November 2017. https://www.voanews.com/a/early-warning-pakistan-heat-wave-threat/4115662.html.
116. ↑ Bhutto, Fatima (27 September 2020). "Pakistan's Most Terrifying Adversary Is Climate Change". The New York Times. https://www.nytimes.com/2020/09/27/opinion/pakistan-climate-change.html?action=click&module=Opinion&pgtype=Homepage.
117. ↑ 117.0 117.1 "Climate data – Karachi". Pakistan Meteorological Department, Government of Pakistan. http://www.pakmet.com.pk/cdpc/extrems/KARACHI.htm.
118. ↑ Report, Dawn (18 August 2006). "Rain havoc in Karachi". https://www.dawn.com/news/206412/rain-havoc-in-karachi.
119. ↑ "Karachi Extremes". Pakistan: Pakistan Meteorological Department. http://www.pmd.gov.pk/cdpc/extrems/karachi.htm.
120. ↑ "Karachi Climate Normals 1991–2020". World Meteorological Organization Climatological Standard Normals (1991–2020). National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. https://www.nodc.noaa.gov/archive/arc0216/0253808/2.2/data/0-data/Region-2-WMO-Normals-9120/Pakistan/CSV/Karachi_41780.csv.
121. ↑ "Klimatafel von Karachi (Flughafen) / Pakistan". Federal Ministry of Transport and Digital Infrastructure. http://www.dwd.de/DWD/klima/beratung/ak/ak_417800_kt.pdf.
122. ↑ "Weather Atlas". Weather Atlas. https://www.weather-atlas.com/en/pakistan/karachi-climate.
123. ↑ "Krachi Extremes". Pakistan Meteorological Department. http://www.pmd.gov.pk/cdpc/extrems/karachi.htm.
124. ↑ "41780: Karachi Airport (Pakistan)". OGIMET. 29 March 2022. https://www.ogimet.com/cgi-bin/gsynres?ind=41780&ano=2022&mes=3&day=30&hora=12&min=0&ndays=30.
125. ↑ Gayer, Laurent (2014). Karachi: Ordered Disorder and the Struggle for the City. Oxford University Press. p. 33.
126. ↑ 126.0 126.1 Askari, Sabiah, ed (2015). Studies on Karachi: Papers Presented at the Karachi Conference 2013. Cambridge University Scholars. ISBN 978-1-4438-8450-1.
127. ↑ "Annexures". City District Government Karachi. http://14.192.147.139/CDGK/Portals/0/Department/Master Plan/App KSDP-2020 VERSION ANNEXURE1.pdf.
128. ↑ 128.0 128.1 128.2 128.3 128.4 128.5 "Karachi City Diagnostic: livability, sustainability and growth in the city of Karachi". Pakistan Development Update: 45–49. November 2016. http://documents.worldbank.org/curated/en/935241478612633044/pdf/109961-WP-PUBLIC-disclosed-11-9-16-5-pm-Pakistan-Development-Update-Fall-2016-with-compressed-pics.pdf. Retrieved 29 November 2017.
129. ↑ "Global city GDP rankings 2008–2025". PricewaterhouseCoopers. https://www.ukmediacentre.pwc.com/Content/Detail.asp?ReleaseID=3421&NewsAreaID=2.
130. ↑ "Provincial Accounts of Pakistan: Methodology and Estimates (1973–2000)". Social Policy and Development Center. http://www.spdc-pak.com/pubs/pubdisp.asp?id=nps5.
131. ↑ "Sindh, Balochistan's share in GDP drops". Dawn Group of Newspapers. 21 February 2006. https://www.dawn.com/news/179585/sindh-balochistan.
132. ↑ "Sindh's GDP estimated at Rs 240 billion". 16 June 2007. https://www.dawn.com/news/251904/sindh.
133. ↑ "Sindh share in GDP falls by 1pc". Dawn Group of Newspapers. 2 December 2004. https://www.dawn.com/news/375743/sindh-share-in-gdp-falls-by-1pc.
134. ↑ "When Karachi Bleeds, Pakistan's Economy Bleeds". Center for International Private Enterprise. 22 August 2013. http://www.cipe.org/blog/2013/08/22/when-karachi-bleeds-pakistans-economy-bleeds/. Retrieved 2 November 2016.
135. ↑ "The Secret Strength of Pakistan's Economy". Bloomberg. 12 April 2012. https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2012-04-05/the-secret-strength-of-pakistans-economy.
136. ↑ Hasan, Arif (April 2015). "Land contestation in Karachi and the impact on housing and urban development". Environment and Urbanization 27 (1): 217–230. doi:10.1177/0956247814567263. PMID 26321797. Bibcode: 2015EnUrb..27..217H.
137. ↑ "Global Metro Monitor 2018". Brookings Institution. June 2018. https://www.brookings.edu/wp-content/uploads/2018/06/Brookings-Metro_Global-Metro-Monitor-2018.pdf.
138. ↑ "Euromonitor 2018 research". 27 March 2018. https://blog.euromonitor.com/2018/03/cities-consumer-expenditure-asia.html.
139. ↑ "Mckinsey Urban Mapping (cities)". Mckinsey (Urban Maping). https://www.mckinsey.com/~/media/McKinsey/Global Themes/Urbanization/Urban world/MGI_urban_world_mapping_economic_power_of_cities_full_report.ashx. Retrieved 13 May 2018.
140. ↑ Intelligence, fDi (14 August 2017). "fDi's Asia-Pacific Cities of the Future 2017/18 – the winners". https://www.fdiintelligence.com/Rankings/fDi-s-Asia-Pacific-Cities-of-the-Future-2017-18-the-winners.
141. ↑ Lieven, Anatol (2011). Pakistan: a hard country (1st ed.). New York: PublicAffairs. ISBN 978-1-61039-021-7. OCLC 710995260.
142. ↑ "What's Next For Asia's Best-Performing Stock Market?". Bloomberg L.P.. 20 October 2016. https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2016-10-20/what-s-next-for-asia-s-best-performing-stock-market.
143. ↑ 143.0 143.1 Amos Owen Thomas 2005, pp. 121.
144. ↑ "Welcome to KTN TV". KTN. http://www.ktn.com.pk.
145. ↑ "Sindh TV". Sindh TV. http://www.thesindh.tv/contact.htm.
146. ↑ "Daily Express Urdu Newspaper – Latest Pakistan News – Breaking News". http://www.express.com.pk/.
147. ↑ "World Bank report: Karachi termed most business-friendly". Dawn Group of Newspapers. 14 February 2007. https://www.dawn.com/news/232736/world-bank-report-karachi-termed-most-business-friendly.
148. ↑ "How important is Karachi to Pakistan?". Business Recorder. 5 May 2012. http://www.brecorder.com/weekend-magazine/0:/1186182:how-important-is-karachi-to-pakistan/?date=2012-05-05.
149. ↑ Hasan, Arif. "The case of Karachi, Pakistan". http://www.ucl.ac.uk/dpu-projects/Global_Report/pdfs/Karachi.pdf.
150. ↑ Sayeed, Asad; Husain, Khurram; Raza, Syed Salim. "INFORMALITY IN KARACHI'S LAND, MANUFACTURING, AND TRANSPORT SECTORS". United States Institute for Peace. https://www.usip.org/sites/default/files/PW114-Informality-in-Karachis-Land-Manufacturing-and-Transport-Sectors.pdf. "Informal manufacturing is more prevalent than formal manufacturing in terms of the number of people employed, land area covered by informal enterprises, and a number of enterprises. Output data are unavailable, but proxy data suggest that informal manufacturing is far smaller in terms of capital employed and value-added."
151. ↑ "The Federation of Pakistan Chambers of Commerce & Industry". Federation of Pakistan Chambers of Commerce & Industry. http://www.fpcci.com.pk/industrialzone.asp.
152. ↑ "Full Service Interactive Agency – MAGSNET LIMITED". Epb.gov.pk. http://www.epb.gov.pk/v1/expocenter/.
153. ↑ "Welcome To S.I.T.E Association of Industry of Karachi". Site-association.org. http://www.site-association.org/Background_and_Profile.html.
154. ↑ "Welcome". Korangi Association of Trade & Industry. http://www.kati.pk/.
155. ↑ "Landhi.Org". Landhi Association of Trade and Industry. http://landhi.org/aboutus/landhifacts.php.
156. ↑ "North Karachi Association of Trade & Industry". North Karachi Association of Trade & Industry. http://nkati.org/.
157. ↑ "Federal B Area Association of Trade & Industry". Federal B Area Association of Trade & Industry. 17 December 2013. http://www.fbati.com/.
158. ↑ "Construction approved: Korangi Creek Industrial Park land up for grabs". 20 November 2013. http://tribune.com.pk/story/634069/construction-approved-korangi-creek-industrial-park-land-up-for-grabs/.
159. ↑ "BQATI {Bin Qasim Association of Trade & Industry}". Bin Qasim Association of Trade & Industry. http://www.bqati.com.pk/.
160. ↑ "Export Processing Zone Authority". Pakistaneconomist.com. http://www.pakistaneconomist.com/issue2000/issue13/etc6.htm.
161. ↑ "Welcome To EPZA". Epza.gov.pk. http://www.epza.gov.pk/karachi.html.
162. ↑ "Textile City". Textile City. http://www.textilecity.com.pk/.
163. ↑ 163.0 163.1 "site.com.pk". Sindh Industrial Trading Estates. http://www.site.com.pk/.
164. ↑ Janjua (13 October 2015). "Karachi contributing 70% of federal tax revenue – a myth". Business Recorder. http://www.brecorder.com/articles-a-letters/187:articles/1185461:karachi-contributing-70-of-federal-tax-revenue-a-myth/.
165. ↑ "The importance of Karachi". The Express Tribune. 12 October 2015. http://tribune.com.pk/story/971188/the-importance-of-karachi/.
166. ↑ 166.0 166.1 166.2 "Federal Board of Revenue Year Book 2006–2007". http://www.cbr.gov.pk/YearBook/2006-2007/FBRyearbook2006-2007.pdf.
167. ↑ note: Revenue collected from Karachi includes revenue from some other areas since the Large Tax Unit (LTU) Karachi and Regional Tax Offices (RTOs) Karachi, Hyderabad, Sukkur & Quetta cover the entire province of Sindh and Balochistan
168. ↑ "TABLE 11 – POPULATION BY MOTHER TONGUE, SEX AND RURAL/ URBAN". Pakistan Bureau of Statistics. https://www.pbs.gov.pk/sites/default/files/population/2023/tables/sindh/pcr/table_11.pdf.
169. ↑ 169.0 169.1 169.2 169.3 169.4 169.5 "Karachi's population – fiction and reality". The Express Tribune. 14 September 2017. https://tribune.com.pk/story/1505657/karachis-population-fiction-reality/.
170. ↑ "2017 census shows ratio of Urdu-speaking populace decreasing in Karachi". 2 August 2021. https://www.thenews.com.pk/print/871983-2017-census-shows-ratio-of-urdu-speaking-populace-decreasing-in-karachi.
171. ↑ "TABLE 11 – POPULATION BY MOTHER TONGUE, SEX AND RURAL/ URBAN". Pakistan Bureau of Statistics. https://www.pbs.gov.pk/sites/default/files/population/2023/tables/sindh/pcr/table_11.pdf.
172. ↑ "TABLE 11 – POPULATION BY MOTHER TONGUE, SEX AND RURAL/ URBAN". Pakistan Bureau of Statistics. http://www.pbs.gov.pk/sites/default/files//population_census/census_2017_tables/sindh/Table11p.pdf.
173. ↑ Jonah Blank, Christopher Clary & Brian Nichiporuk 2014.
174. ↑ Stephen P. Cohen 2004.
175. ↑ "Census shows rich lingual tapestry in Sindh" (in en). 21 July 2024. https://tribune.com.pk/story/2481681/census-shows-rich-lingual-tapestry-in-sindh?amp=1.
176. ↑ "Ethnologue". https://www.ethnologue.com/country/PK/.
177. ↑ "Karachi". Findpk.com. http://www.findpk.com/cities/html/karachi.html.
178. ↑ "Port Qasim | About Karachi". Port Qasim Authority. http://www.pqa.gov.pk/about_karachi.php.
179. ↑ "Karachiites lash out against census results on social media – Samaa TV". https://www.samaa.tv/social-buzz/2017/08/karachiites-lash-census-results-social-media/.
180. ↑ "Assembly rejects initial census results". The Nation. https://nation.com.pk/03-Nov-2017/assembly-rejects-initial-census-results.
181. ↑ "After PPP and PSP, MQM-Pakistan rejects census 2017 results". NewsOne. 29 August 2017. https://www.newsone.tv/pakistan-news/ppp-psp-mqm-pakistan-rejects-census-2017-results-2.
182. ↑ 182.0 182.1 182.2 "STATISTICS: THE KARACHI-LAHORE CENSUS CONUNDRUM". Dawn. 10 September 2017. https://www.dawn.com/news/1356681.
183. ↑ 183.0 183.1 "Census commissioner rejects political parties' concerns". Dawn. 10 November 2017. https://www.dawn.com/news/1369642.
184. ↑ "Sindh at a Glance – 2016". Government of Sindh. p. 3. http://sindhbos.gov.pk/wp-content/uploads/2013/08/Sindh-at-Glance-2016.pdf.
185. ↑ "TABLE – 4 AREA, POPULATION BY SEX, SEX RATIO, POPULATION DENSITY, URBAN PROPORTION, HOUSEHOLD SIZE AND ANNUAL GROWTH RATE OF SINDH". Pakistan Bureau of Statistics. https://www.pbs.gov.pk/sites/default/files/population/2023/tables/sindh/dcr/table_1.pdf.
186. ↑ "TABLE – 4 AREA, POPULATION BY SEX, SEX RATIO, POPULATION DENSITY, URBAN PROPORTION, HOUSEHOLD SIZE AND ANNUAL GROWTH RATE OF SINDH". Pakistan Bureau of Statistics. https://www.pbs.gov.pk/sites/default/files//population_census/District wise Sindh TABLE 1 2017 FINAL.pdf.
187. ↑ Blood, Peter R. (1986). Pakistan: A Country Study. DIANE Publishing. p. 96. ISBN 978-0-7881-3631-3.
188. ↑ Hinnells, John (2005). The Zoroastrian Diaspora: Religion and Migration. Oxford University Press. p. 193. ISBN 978-0-19-151350-3.
189. ↑ Gayer, Laurent (2014). Karachi: Ordered Disorder and the Struggle for City. HarperCollins Publishers India. ISBN 978-93-5116-086-1.
190. ↑ BHAVNANI, NANDITA (2014). "3". THE MAKING OF EXILE: SINDHI HINDUS AND THE PARTITION OF INDIA. Westland. pp. 434. ISBN 978-93-84030-33-9.
191. ↑ Bhavnani, Nandita (2014). The Making of Exile: Sindhi Hindus and the Partition of India. Westland. pp. 39–40. ISBN 978-93-84030-33-9. "In June 1947, it was initially proposed to settle the muhajirs on a large plot of land in Bunder Road Extension, a well-heeled suburb of Karachi. This was, however, a residential area dominated by affluent Sindhi Hindus, who became nervous about such a large number of discontented lower-class Muslim refugees living in such close proximity to them. Given their influence, the Hindus were able to sway the government into transferring the proposed resettlement site to Lyari, a more congested and lower middle-class area."
192. ↑ Tan, Tai Yong; Kudaisya, Gyanesh (2000). The Aftermath of Partition in South Asia. Routledge. pp. 234–235. ISBN 978-0-415-17297-4. https://archive.org/details/aftermathpartiti00kuda. "In 1947, as the new Federal Government of Pakistan struggled to establish itself in Karachi, a large number of Muslim refugees from northern India came and settled down in the city ... Karachi became the preferred destination of northern Indian Urdu-speaking Muslims who hoped to find white-collar employment opportunities in the cosmopolitan commercial and port city."
193. ↑ 193.0 193.1 Khalidi, Omar (Autumn 1998). "From Torrent to Trickle: Indian Muslim Migration to Pakistan, 1947–97". Islamic Studies 37 (3): 339–352.
194. ↑ M R Narayan Swamy (5 October 2005). "Where Malayalees once held sway & Updates at". http://www.dnaindia.com/world/report_where-malayalees-once-held-sway_4610.
195. ↑ "Political and ethnic battles turn Karachi into Beirut of South Asia " Crescent". Merinews.com. http://www.merinews.com/article/political-and-ethnic-battles-turn-karachi-into-beirut-of-south-asia/15875445.shtml.
196. ↑ Obaid-Chinoy, Sharmeen (17 July 2009). "Karachi's Invisible Enemy". PBS. https://www.pbs.org/frontlineworld/rough/2009/07/karachis_invisi.html.
197. ↑ "In a city of ethnic friction, more tinder". 24 August 2009. http://www.thenational.ae/apps/pbcs.dll/article?AID=/20090825/FOREIGN/708249931.
198. ↑ "Columnists | The Pakhtun in Karachi". Time. 28 August 2010. http://tribune.com.pk/story/43827/the-pakhtun-in-karachi/. Retrieved 8 September 2011.
199. ↑ Rehman, Zia Ur (21 July 2011). "Demographic divide". http://www.thefridaytimes.com/beta2/tft/article.php?issue=20110715&page=5.
200. ↑ "UN body, police baffled by minister's threat against Afghan refugees". 10 February 2009. https://www.dawn.com/news/342643/karachi-un-body-police-baffled-by-minister.
201. ↑ "From South to South: Refugees as Migrants: The Rohingya in Pakistan". 12 May 2008. http://www.huffingtonpost.com/derek-flood/from-south-to-south-refug_b_100387.html.
202. ↑ "Bengali and Rohingya leaders gearing up for LG polls". 9 August 2015. http://www.thenews.com.pk/Todays-News-4-333213-Bengali-and-Rohingya-leaders-gearing-up-for-LG-polls.
203. ↑ Rehman, Zia Ur (23 February 2015). "Identity issue haunts Karachi's Rohingya population". Dawn. https://www.dawn.com/news/1165299. "Their large-scale migration had made Karachi one of the largest Rohingya population centres outside Myanmar but afterwards the situation started turning against them."
204. ↑ 204.0 204.1 204.2 204.3 "Conflicted Karachi". 26 August 2010. https://www.dawn.com/news/813413/conflicting-karachi.
205. ↑ Ramzi, Shanaz (9 July 2001), "The melting pot by the sea", Dawn, https://www.dawn.com/2010/09/05/minor-girl-among-6-killed-in-different-incidents-in-dir/, retrieved 26 July 2009
206. ↑ "After Slayings, Americans in Karachi Weigh Choices". 12 June 2009. https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1997-nov-14-mn-53634-story.html.
207. ↑ "Warsaw Business Journal – Online Portal". wbj.pl. 13 June 2011. http://www.wbj.pl/article-54930-polish-pakistan-relations-a-need-for-understanding.html.
208. ↑ Jaroszyńska-Kirchmann, Anna D (2004). The Exile Mission. Ohio University Press. ISBN 978-0-8214-1526-9. https://books.google.com/books?id=tNENuKhDGfwC&pg=PA27. Retrieved 14 June 2015.
209. ↑ "District Wise Results / Tables (Census – 2023)". Pakistan Bureau of Statistics. https://www.pbs.gov.pk/sites/default/files/population/2023/tables/sindh/dcr/table_9.pdf.
210. ↑ Peter van der Veer: Handbook of Religion and the Asian City – Aspiration and Urbanization in the Twenty-First Century, California University Press, 2015, ISBN 9780520961081, p. 388
211. ↑ Khan, Nichola (2016). Cityscapes of Violence in Karachi: Publics and Counterpublics. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-086978-6. "... With a population of over 23 million Karachi is also the world's largest Muslim city, the world's seventh-largest conurbation ..."
212. ↑ "CENSUS OF INDIA, 1941 VOLUME XII SIND". http://lsi.gov.in:8081/jspui/bitstream/123456789/7435/1/40138_1941_TAB.pdf.
213. ↑ 213.0 213.1 "Census of India, 1941. Volume 12, Sind". 1941. p. 96.
214. ↑ "Census of India, 1872. Census of the Bombay Presidency, taken on the 21. February 1872.". 1872. p. 238.
215. ↑ "Census of India, 1881. Operations and results in the Presidency of Bombay, including Sind". 1881. p. 91.
216. ↑ Baines, Jervoise Athelstane; India Census Commissioner (1891). "Census of India, 1891. General tables for British provinces and feudatory states.". p. 48.
217. ↑ "Census of India 1901. Vol. 1A, India. Pt. 2, Tables.". 1901. p. 44.
218. ↑ "Census of India 1901. Vols. 9-11, Bombay.". 1901. p. 38.
219. ↑ Edward Albert Gait, Sir; India Census Commissioner (1911). "Census of India, 1911. Volume 1., Pt. 2, Tables.". Calcutta, Supt. Govt. Print., India, 1913.. p. 23.
220. ↑ "Census of India 1911. Volume 7, Bombay. Pt. 2, Imperial tables.". 1911. p. 46.
221. ↑ "Census of India 1921. Volume 1, India. Pt. 2, Tables.". 1921. p. 25.
222. ↑ "Census of India 1921. Volume 8, Bombay Presidency. Pt. 2, Tables: imperial and provincial.". 1921. p. 46.
223. ↑ "Census of India 1931. Volume 1, India. Pt. 2, Imperial tables.". 1931.
224. ↑ "Census of India 1931. Volume 8, Bombay. Pt. 2, Statistical tables.". 1931. p. 42.
225. ↑ "Final Results (Census-2017)". https://www.pbs.gov.pk/content/final-results-census-2017.
226. ↑ 226.0 226.1 "7th Population and Housing Census – Detailed Results Table-9 Population by sex, religion and rural/urban". https://www.pbs.gov.pk/digital-census/detailed-results.
227. ↑ "Mapping the Global Muslim Population: A Report on the Size and Distribution of the World's Muslim Population". Pew Research Center. 7 October 2009. http://pewforum.org/Muslim/Mapping-the-Global-Muslim-Population(6).aspx.
228. ↑ Miller, Tracy, ed (October 2009). Mapping the Global Muslim Population: A Report on the Size and Distribution of the World's Muslim Population. Pew Research Center. http://pewforum.org/newassets/images/reports/Muslimpopulation/Muslimpopulation.pdf. Retrieved 28 August 2010.
229. ↑ "Pakistan – International Religious Freedom Report 2008". United States Department of State. 19 September 2008. https://2001-2009.state.gov/g/drl/rls/irf/2008/108505.htm.
230. ↑ "Who are Pakistan's Christians?". BBC. 28 March 2016. https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-35910331.
231. ↑ Barbosa, Alexandre Moniz (5 September 2001). "A Dash of Goa in Pakistan". The Times of India. http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/goa/A-dash-of-Goa-in-Pakistan/articleshow/9866412.cms. "The city, however, has roughly between 12,000 and 15,000 'Goans', a number that has remained fairly constant for the past 190 years, since the first wave of migrating Goans in dhows washed up on its shores in 1820 and made it their home."
232. ↑ "7th Population and Housing Census – Detailed Results". https://www.pbs.gov.pk/digital-census/detailed-results.
233. ↑ Paul, Sumit (3 November 2018). "For Tamil cuisine, away in Pakistan" (in en-IN). The Hindu. ISSN 0971-751X. https://www.thehindu.com/opinion/open-page/for-tamil-cuisine-away-in-pakistan/article25414464.ece.
234. ↑ "Centuries-old statues discovered at ancient Hindu temple in Karachi" (in en). 2019-09-03. https://www.arabnews.com/node/1549156/pakistan.
235. ↑ Hinnells, John (28 April 2005). The Zoroastrian Diaspora: Religion and Migration. Oxford University Press. p. 199. ISBN 978-0-19-151350-3.
236. ↑ Hinnells, John (28 April 2005). The Zoroastrian Diaspora: Religion and Migration. Oxford University Press. p. 202. ISBN 978-0-19-151350-3.
237. ↑ "Why is India's wealthy Parsi community vanishing?". BBC. 9 January 2016. https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-india-35219331.
238. ↑ "Pakistan Census 2023". https://www.pbs.gov.pk/sites/default/files/population/2023/tables/sindh/pcr/table_9.pdf.
239. ↑ "In Karachi, 16,562 more vehicles hit the roads each month". Pakistan Today. 24 December 2011. http://www.pakistantoday.com.pk/2011/12/24/city/karachi/in-karachi-16562-more-vehicles-hit-the-roads-each-month/.
240. ↑ "Thar Express escapes blast near Karachi". GEO.tv. 4 December 2010. http://www.geo.tv/12-4-2010/75294.htm.
241. ↑ "Railways to upgrade waiting halls at 16 major stations". http://www.dailytimes.com.pk/national/31-Dec-2015/railways-to-upgrade-waiting-halls-at-16-major-stations.
242. ↑ "Karachi-Peshawar railway line being upgraded under CPEC". Daily Times. 22 January 2016. http://www.dailytimes.com.pk/national/22-Jan-2016/karachi-peshawar-railway-line-being-upgraded-under-cpec.
243. ↑ "Karachi Breeze – The Journey of Convenience Comfort and Reliability". https://breezekarachi.com/.
244. ↑ "Karachi's Green Line bus will be more beautiful than Lahore metro: PM Nawaz". Dawn (Pakistan). 26 February 2016. https://www.dawn.com/news/1241849.
245. ↑ "Chairman Railways visits KCR track". 10 August 2020. https://nation.com.pk/10-Aug-2020/chairman-railways-visits-kcr-track.
246. ↑ "Supreme Court gives four more months to overhaul railways". 20 August 2020. https://tribune.com.pk/story/2260409/supreme-court-gives-four-more-months-to-overhaul-railways.
247. ↑ "Karachi Circular Railway begins partial operations". 19 November 2020. https://www.dawn.com/news/1591237/karachi-circular-railway-begins-partial-operations-today.
248. ↑ "Karachi Circular Railway Revival, Pakistan". railway-technology.com. http://www.railway-technology.com/projects/karachicircularrailw/.
249. ↑ Adnan, Imran (1 April 2019). "OLMT project to face further delay". The Express Tribune. https://tribune.com.pk/story/1941286/1-olmt-project-face-delay/. "As per the direction of the apex court, he said, the civil works of the project will be completed by end of July 2019. But the project will not enter into commercial operations by August or November 2019."
250. ↑ "Manufacturing of orange trains starts, says Kh Hassan". The News. 26 May 2016. https://www.thenews.com.pk/print/122738-Manufacturing-of-orange-trains-starts-says-Kh-Hassan. "Latest technology will be employed for fabricating these trains and the rolling-stock will be fully computerised, automatic and driverless."
251. ↑ "Turkey offers help in bringing iconic tram service back to Karachi". 17 September 2020. https://tribune.com.pk/story/2264436/turkey-offers-help-in-bringing-iconic-tram-service-back-to-karachi?amp=1.
252. ↑ "Pakistan International Airlines – Pakistan International Airlines – PIA". http://www.piac.com.pk/schedule/display_abc.asp?date=3:16:07+AM.
253. ↑ "Pakistan International Airlines – Pakistan International Airlines – PIA". https://www.piac.com.pk/.
254. ↑ Robert Stimson & Kingsley E. Haynes 2012, p. 43.
255. ↑ "The new Silk Road and the Sea". 23 March 2016. https://www.thenews.com.pk/print/107317-The-new-Silk-Road-and-the-Sea.
256. ↑ Azfar-ul-Ashfaque (10 December 2015). "Sindh govt takes away key municipal function from local bodies". Pakistan. https://www.dawn.com/news/1225311.
257. ↑ 257.0 257.1 Hasan, Arif. "Land ownership, control and contestation in Karachi and implications for low-income housing". International Institute for Environment and Development United Nations Population Fund. https://pubs.iied.org/pdfs/10625IIED.pdf. Retrieved 6 April 2020.
258. ↑ 258.0 258.1 258.2 258.3 258.4 "CDGK History". City-District Government of Karachi. http://221.132.118.186/cdgk/Home/Government/CDGKHistory/tabid/276/Default.aspx.
259. ↑ "Culture, Religion and Lifestyle in Karachi". 14 August 2001. http://www.karachi.com/v/history/.
260. ↑ "Pakistan Provinces". Statoids.com. http://www.statoids.com/upk.html.
261. ↑ "CDGK Towns". City District Government of Karachi. http://221.132.118.186/cdgk/Home/Towns/tabid/72/Default.aspx.
262. ↑ "Local Government". National Reconstruction Bureau, Government of Pakistan. http://www.nrb.gov.pk/local_government/default.asp.
263. ↑ "Composition of the Union Council". National Reconstruction Bureau, Government of Pakistan. http://www.nrb.gov.pk/local_government/union_admin_07.htm.
264. ↑ Mansoor, Hasan (6 November 2013). "Korangi notified as sixth district of Karachi". https://www.dawn.com/news/1054395.
265. ↑ "Former UN staffer being tipped as PM's focal person for polio". 9 October 2018. https://www.thenews.com.pk/print/378585-former-un-staffer-being-tipped-as-pm-s-focal-person-for-polio.
266. ↑ "Sindh back to 5 divisions after 11 years – Pakistan Today". https://www.pakistantoday.com.pk/2011/07/11/sindh-back-to-5-divisions-after-11-years/.
267. ↑ Aligi, Irfan (12 July 2011). "Changing hands: Karachi split into 5 districts". http://tribune.com.pk/story/208342/changing-hands-karachi-split-into-5-districts/.
268. ↑ "Welcome to official website of Karachi Metropolitan Corporation". Kmc.gov.pk.sv2.premiumwebserver.com. http://kmc.gov.pk.sv2.premiumwebserver.com/.
269. ↑ "New district in Karachi". 22 August 2020. https://www.dawn.com/news/1575785/new-district-in-karachi,.
270. ↑ "Karachi fits seventh district into its mix – Keamari". https://www.samaa.tv/news/2020/08/karachi-fits-seventh-district-into-its-mix-keamari/,.
271. ↑ "Kemari becomes Karachi's seventh district". 21 August 2020. https://www.thenews.com.pk/print/703699-kemari-becomes-karachi-s-seventh-district,.
272. ↑ "Keamari is now 7th district of Karachi city". https://www.pressreader.com/bahrain/gulf-today/20200822/281779926499237,.
273. ↑ "KMC Function". http://www.kmc.gos.pk/Contents.aspx?id=133.
274. ↑ "Metropolitan Commissioner". http://www.kmc.gos.pk/Contents.aspx?id=54.
275. ↑ Cite error: Invalid `<ref>` tag; no text was provided for refs named `dawn`
276. ↑ "JI rejects Karachi mayor election results, announces 'black day' on Friday". 15 June 2023. https://www.brecorder.com/news/40247971.
277. ↑ "Meet-Commissioner Karachi Division". https://commissionerkarachi.gos.pk/meetcommissioner.html.
278. ↑ 278.00 278.01 278.02 278.03 278.04 278.05 278.06 278.07 278.08 278.09 278.10 278.11 278.12 "SOCIAL DEVELOPMENT IN PAKISTAN ANNUAL REVIEW 2014–15". SOCIAL POLICY AND DEVELOPMENT CENTRE. 2016. http://www.spdc.org.pk/Data/Publication/PDF/AR2014-15.pdf.
279. ↑ Yamini Narayanan 2015, p. 165.
280. ↑ "Pakistan to award Karachi water supply project to Frontier Works Organisation". Water Technology. 15 February 2016. http://www.water-technology.net/news/newspakistan-to-award-karachi-water-supply-project-to-frontier-works-organisation-4810766/.
281. ↑ "Ist phase of K-IV project to be completed in June: Gov". The Nation. 22 November 2017. http://nation.com.pk/22-Nov-2017/ist-phase-of-k-iv-project-to-be-completed-in-june-gov.
282. ↑ 282.0 282.1 282.2 282.3 282.4 282.5 "Fed up with no sewers, Pakistan's slum residents go DIY". Reuters. October 2016. https://www.reuters.com/article/us-slums-pakistan-sewage/fed-up-with-no-sewers-pakistans-slum-residents-go-diy-idUSKCN12D1PK.
283. ↑ Women firefighters in Pakistan help break down barriers in a staunchly patriarchal nation. Retrieved 15 November 2025 - via apnews.com.
284. ↑ "TABLE 12: LITERACY RATE, ENROLMENT AND OUT OF SCHOOL POPULATION BY SEX AND RURAL/URBAN, CENSUS-2023". Pakistan Bureau of Statistics. https://www.pbs.gov.pk/sites/default/files/population/2023/tables/table_12_sindh_districts.pdf.
285. ↑ "District Wise Results (Census – 2017)". Pakistan Bureau of Statistics. https://www.pbs.gov.pk/census-2017-district-wise.
286. ↑ Tahir, M. Zubair; Sobani, Zain A.; Quadri, S. A.; Ahmed, S. Nizam; Sheerani, Mughis; Siddiqui, Fowzia; Boling, Warren W.; Enam, Syed Ather (12 February 2012). "Establishment of a Comprehensive Epilepsy Center in Pakistan: Initial Experiences, Results, and Reflections". Epilepsy Res Treat 2012. doi:10.1155/2012/547382. PMID 22957232.
287. ↑ "Karachi Institute of Heart Diseases (KIHD)". http://www.kihd.org/.
288. ↑ "National Institute of Cardiovascular Diseases". http://nicvd.org/.
289. ↑ "Civil Hospital Karachi". http://chk.gov.pk/.
290. ↑ Issues in National, Regional, and Environmental Health and Medicine 2013.
291. ↑ Endocrine System Diseases: New Insights for the Healthcare Professional 2013.
292. ↑ Zohra Zaidi & S.W Lanigan 2010.
293. ↑ Mohammad Aslam Uqaili & Khanji Harijan 2011.
294. ↑ Helen Renaux 2011.
295. ↑ Kenneth D. Miller & Miklos Simon 2015.
296. ↑ "South Asia's largest mall, Lucky One selects LMKT to deploy GPON Solution – LMKT". LMKT. 18 January 2016. https://www.lmkt.com/south-asias-largest-mall-lucky-one-selects-lmkt-to-deploy-gpon-solution/.
297. ↑ Pak Property Mela (16 December 2016), Dolmen Mall Karachi by CNN, https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=6MyQjqj--Xo, retrieved 15 November 2018
298. ↑ "THE BEST Shopping in Pakistan – TripAdvisor". https://www.tripadvisor.com/Attractions-g293959-Activities-c26-Pakistan.html.
299. ↑ "62-storey Bahria Town Icon reaches structural completion". 16 October 2017. https://www.pakistantoday.com.pk/2017/10/16/62-storey-bahria-town-icon-reaches-structural-completion/.
300. ↑ toot. "Bahria Town ICON – Bahria Town – Your Lifestyle Destination". http://www.bahriatown.com/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=405.
301. ↑ "10 Stunning Contemporary Art Galleries in Karachi, Pakistan". 26 March 2014. http://theculturetrip.com/asia/pakistan/articles/10-stunning-contemporary-art-galleries-in-karachi-pakistan/.
302. ↑ Azam, Oonib (15 October 2021). "A praiseworthy endeavour to foster children's interest in science". https://www.thenews.com.pk/print/900358-a-praiseworthy-endeavour-to-foster-children-s-interest-in-science.
303. ↑ "Welcome to National Academy of Performing Arts". National Academy of Performing Arts. http://www.napa.org.pk/.
304. ↑ "Thespianz Theater". http://www.pakistanbusinessjournal.com/b2b-directory/thespianz-theater_95750.html.
305. ↑ "Thespianz Theater brings string puppetry to PACC". 26 September 2014. https://www.dawn.com/news/1134478.
306. ↑ "Karawood film festival to kick start September 7". The Express Tribune. 5 September 2015. http://tribune.com.pk/story/951275/karawood-film-festival-to-kick-start-september-7/.
307. ↑ "All Pakistan Music Conference | Established in 1959". All Pakistan Music Conference. http://apmc.info/.
308. ↑ Khan, Taimur (9 September 2013). "Cooking in Karachi". https://foreignpolicy.com/2013/09/03/cooking-in-karachi/.
309. ↑ 309.0 309.1 309.2 Jaffrelot, Christophe (2015). The Pakistan Paradox: Instability and Resilience. Oxford University Press. p. 672. ISBN 978-0-19-061330-3.
310. ↑ "Pakistan is winning its war on terror". The Spectator. 31 December 2016. http://www.spectator.co.uk/2016/12/pakistan-is-winning-its-war-on-terror/. "Just three years ago, according to the Numbeo international crime index, Karachi was the sixth most dangerous city in the world. Today it stands at number 31 – and falling."
311. ↑ "Karachi, the 6th most dangerous city in the world previously, has jumped to 50th place". Daily Pakistan Global. https://en.dailypakistan.com.pk/headline/karachi-improves-ranking-on-international-crime-and-safety-index-2018/.
312. ↑ "Karachi ranks 115 in global crime ranking after improved security situation". 27 April 2021. https://pakobserver.net/karachi-ranks-115-in-global-crime-ranking-after-improved-security-situation/.
313. ↑ "Karachi world's 'most dangerous megacity': Report". The Times of India. 9 September 2013. http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/world/pakistan/Karachi-worlds-most-dangerous-megacity-Report/articleshow/22437484.cms.
314. ↑ 314.0 314.1 "The 50 most violent cities in the world". Business Insider. 26 January 2016. http://www.businessinsider.com/most-violent-cities-in-the-world-2016-1/#10-cali-colombia-had-6427-homicides-per-100000-residents-41.
315. ↑ 315.0 315.1 "Karachi: Killing, extortion decreased in 2017 – The Frontier Post". The Frontier Post. 2 January 2018. https://thefrontierpost.com/karachi-killing-extortion-decreased-2017/.
316. ↑ 316.0 316.1 Marcello Balbo 2005, p. 181.
317. ↑ Newsline 2006.
318. ↑ Mohammad Shahid Alam 1996, p. 49.
319. ↑ "Fair warning: KWSB installations at risk due to heavy excavation in Malir River". 28 January 2016. http://tribune.com.pk/story/1035362/fair-warning-kwsb-installations-at-risk-due-to-heavy-excavation-in-malir-river/.
320. ↑ "Karachi target killings, highest in 15 years". The Express Tirbune. 29 October 2010. http://tribune.com.pk/story/69491/karachi-target-killings-highest-in-15-years/.
321. ↑ See Demographics section above.
322. ↑ "In 2015, Karachi the most violent region of Pakistan". The News (Pakistan). 2 January 2016. https://www.thenews.com.pk/print/85793-In-2015-Karachi-the-most-violent-region-of-Pakistan. "With 1,040 deaths - down from 2,023 in 2014 - recorded in Karachi this past year, the metropolis saw ..."
323. ↑ "Death toll rises: Over 3,200 killings in Karachi make 2013 deadliest year so far". The Tribune. 18 January 2014. http://tribune.com.pk/story/660098/death-toll-rises-over-3200-killings-in-karachi-make-2013-deadliest-year-so-far/.
324. ↑ "52,552 Karachiites fell victim to street crime in 2016". The Express Tribune. http://tribune.com.pk/story/1244433/frightening-situation-52552-karachiites-fell-victim-street-crime-2016/.
325. ↑ 325.0 325.1 "Karachi property prices soar after Pakistan crime crackdown". Reuters. 29 February 2016. https://www.reuters.com/article/pakistan-realestate-idUSL8N15Q2GU. "Recorded murders in Karachi fell to 650 last year, a 75 percent drop from 2013, while registered extortion was down 80 percent and kidnapping by nearly 90 percent, according to the CPLC, which collates official police data."
326. ↑ "Karachi witnesses significant decrease in target killing, extortion cases in 2016". Dunya TV. 31 December 2016. http://dunyanews.tv/en/Crime/368050-Karachi-witnesses-significant-decrease-in-target-k.
327. ↑ "98pc drop in terrorism in Karachi, NAP implementation report shows". Dawn. 23 September 2017. https://www.dawn.com/news/135955398pc.
328. ↑ "Karachi property prices soar after Pakistan crime crackdown". Reuters. 29 February 2016. https://www.reuters.com/article/pakistan-realestate-idUSL8N15Q2GU. "Karachi property prices jumped 23 percent last year to a record high, outpacing other large cities and the national average of 10 percent, data from property website Zameen.com showed."
329. ↑ "Despite rising economy, Pakistan still hampered by image problem leftright 4/4leftright". Reuters. 19 June 2016. https://www.reuters.com/article/us-pakistan-economy-idUSKCN0Z50XQ. "A crime crackdown in Karachi, Pakistan's financial hub of 20 million people, has helped spur a real estate boom and new, upmarket seaside restaurants and cafés are overflowing."
330. ↑ Gayer, Laurent (2014). Karachi: Ordered Disorder and the Struggle for the City. Oxford University Press. p. 74. ISBN 978-0-19-023806-3.
331. ↑ "Pakistan's Karachi is world's 3rd most polluted city. Officials' solution: Masks". 28 November 2023. https://www.hindustantimes.com/world-news/pakistans-karachi-is-worlds-3rd-most-polluted-city-officials-solution-masks-101701187764172.html.
332. ↑ "Govt to revive Karachi's three sewage treatment plants". 10 June 2021. https://tribune.com.pk/story/2304449/govt-to-revive-karachis-three-sewage-treatment-plants.
333. ↑ Pappas, Gregory (2011). "Pakistan and Water: New Pressures on Global Security and Human Health". American Journal of Public Health 101 (5): 786–8. doi:10.2105/AJPH.2010.300009. PMID 21421956.
334. ↑ Ilyas, Faiza (8 July 2018). "Encroached drains, poor waste management put Karachi at risk of urban flooding". https://www.dawn.com/news/1418576.
335. ↑ "Karachi underwater". 16 July 2023. https://tribune.com.pk/story/2426524/karachi-underwater?amp=1.
336. ↑ "Heritage Revisited". Historickarachi.com. http://www.historickarachi.com/heritage_revisited.htm.
337. ↑ "Public Arch 5". Historickarachi.com. http://www.historickarachi.com/public_arch_5.htm.
338. ↑ Laurent Gayer 2014, pp. 34.
339. ↑ "Public Architecture". Historickarachi.com. http://www.historickarachi.com/public_arch_1.htm.
340. ↑ "Culture department takes notice of Freemason Lodge Building". http://www.dailytimes.com.pk/default.asp?page=2008\09\30\story_30-9-2008_pg12_9.
341. ↑ "Nusserwanjee Building (Relocation) Project". http://www.indusvalley.edu.pk/nusserwanjeehistory.html.
342. ↑ "MCB Tower, the tallest skyscraper of Karachi". Mcb.com.pk. http://www.mcb.com.pk/mcb/mcb_tower.asp.
343. ↑ "Match against Sindh" . The Sydney Morning Herald, 23 November 1935
344. ↑ Guardian Sport (19 July 2017), Have you heard of Tape Ball cricket?, https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=sV4fmG9-hlo, retrieved 23 July 2017
345. ↑ "Test matches played on National Stadium, Karachi". Cricket Archive. https://cricketarchive.com/Archive/Grounds/22/1506_t.html.
346. ↑ "First-Class matches played by Karachi". Cricket Archive. https://cricketarchive.com/Archive/Teams/0/846/First-Class_Matches.html.
347. ↑ "First-Class matches played by Karachi Blues". Cricket Archive. https://cricketarchive.com/Archive/Teams/0/444/First-Class_Matches.html.
348. ↑ "First-Class matches played by Karachi Greens". Cricket Archive. https://cricketarchive.com/Archive/Teams/0/446/First-Class_Matches.html.
349. ↑ "First-Class matches played by Karachi Whites". Cricket Archive. https://cricketarchive.com/Archive/Teams/0/445/First-Class_Matches.html.
350. ↑ "Fixtures". ESPNcricinfo. http://www.cricinfo.com/ci/content/series/60981.html?template=fixtures.
351. ↑ "Bahria Town starts building Pakistan's largest cricket stadium" (in en). 15 April 2017. https://www.thenews.com.pk/print/198744-Bahria-Town-starts-building-Pakistans-largest-cricket-stadium.
352. ↑ Hasan, Shazia (5 March 2023). "REVIVING FOOTBALL IN LYARI" (in en). https://www.dawn.com/news/1740465.
353. ↑ "In Pictures: Lyari trades guns for football" (in en). https://www.aljazeera.com/gallery/2014/7/10/in-pictures-lyari-trades-guns-for-football.
354. ↑ "In Pakistan's 'Mini Brazil,' football fever runs late into the night during Ramadan" (in en). 24 April 2022. https://arab.news/23ya6.
355. ↑ "Lyari kids impress at 'Inclusion in Football Tournament'". Brecorder (Press release). 16 October 2023. Archived from the original on 26 November 2023. Retrieved 26 November 2023.
356. ↑ "Rising Popularity of Football in Pakistan Reflects Growing Interest in the Sport" (in en-US). 26 June 2024. https://dailytimes.com.pk/1204028/rising-popularity-of-football-in-pakistan-reflects-growing-interest-in-the-sport/.
357. ↑ 357.0 357.1 Ahsan, Ali (23 December 2010). "A history of football in Pakistan — Part I" (in en). https://www.dawn.com/news/593095/a-history-of-football-in-pakistan-part-i.
358. ↑ 358.0 358.1 Ahsan, Ali (23 December 2010). "A history of football in Pakistan — Part II" (in en). https://www.dawn.com/news/593096/a-history-of-football-in-pakistan-part-ii.
359. ↑ Raheel, Natasha (8 September 2012). "Pakistani Pele was a 'football encyclopaedia'" (in en-US). The Express Tribune. https://tribune.com.pk/story/433130/pakistani-pele-was-a-football-encyclopaedia.
360. ↑ "Promoting or destroying football in Lyari?" (in en). 10 September 2023. https://www.dawn.com/news/1774966.
361. ↑ Downey, Jake (2003). Better Badminton for All. Pelham Books. p. 13. ISBN 978-0-7207-0228-6. https://archive.org/details/betterbadmintonf0000unse.
362. ↑ "Postal Code Karachi". Hostrings, Inc. (which owns "Hostrings.com"). 8 December 2023. https://hostrings.com/all-karachi-postal-code-zip-code-area-code/.
363. ↑ Kamran, Omair (19 July 2021). "Here are the TWIN Sisters of Karachi, Lahore, Islamabad, Multan, and other Pakistani cities, from across the globe". Siasat Blogs. https://blog.siasat.pk/here-are-the-twin-sisters-of-karachi-lahore-islamabad-multan-and-other-pakistani-cities-from-across-the-globe/.
364. ↑ "Qom". https://www.toiran.com/en/city-qom.
365. ↑ "China's Tianjin Municipality named sister-city to Karachi, Islamabad". Pakistan Today. 21 September 2021. https://www.pakistantoday.com.pk/2021/09/21/chinas-tianjin-municipality-named-sister-city-to-karachi-islamabad/.
366. ↑ "Three Chinese towns named sister cities to Karachi, Gwadar, Multan". Dawn. 29 March 2019. https://www.dawn.com/news/1472506.

### Bibliography

* Gayer, Laurent (1 June 2014), Karachi: Ordered Disorder and the Struggle for the City, Oxford University Press, ISBN 978-0-19-023806-3
* West Pakistan (Pakistan). Transport Commission; Mian Anwer Ali (1970), Report: April 1969 – September 1969, Volume 2, West Pakistan Government Press
* Review of Developments in Transport in the ESCAP Region ...: Asia and the Pacific, United Nations, 2007, ISBN 978-92-1120-534-3
* Thomas, Amos Owen (3 October 2005), Imagi-Nations and Borderless Television: Media, Culture and Politics Across Asia, SAGE, ISBN 978-0-7619-3396-0
* Janin, Hunt; Mandia, Scott A. (11 October 2012), Rising Sea Levels: An Introduction to Cause and Impact, McFarland & Company, ISBN 978-0-7864-5956-8
* Sind Muslim College, Karachi (1965), Sind Muslim College Magazine, University of Michigan
* Singh, Sarina (2008), Pakistan and the Karakoram Highway, Lonely Planet, ISBN 978-1-74104-542-0
* Weightman, Barbara A. (15 June 2011), Dragons and Tigers: A Geography of South, East, and Southeast Asia, John Wiley & Sons, ISBN 978-1-118-13998-1, https://books.google.com/books?id=qeBfed17zxEC&pg=PA187
* Senzai, N. H. (17 November 2015), Ticket to India, Simon and Schuster, ISBN 978-1-4814-2258-1
* Narayanan, Yamini (19 November 2015), Religion and Urbanism: Reconceptualising Sustainable Cities for South Asia, Routledge, ISBN 978-1-317-75542-5, https://books.google.com/books?id=wQUBCwAAQBAJ&pg=PA165
* Stimson, Robert; Haynes, Kingsley E. (1 January 2012), Studies in Applied Geography and Spatial Analysis: Addressing Real World Issues, Edward Elgar Publishing, ISBN 978-1-78100-796-9, https://books.google.com/books?id=QgiDiR1QQHQC&pg=PA43
* Newsline, Volume 18, University of Michigan, 2006, ISBN 978-1-78100-796-9
* Shahid Alam, Mohammad (1996), Community Organizations and Urban Development: A Study of Selected Urban Settlements in Karachi, NGO Resource Centre
* Balbo, Marcello (2005), International Migrants and the City: Bangkok, Berlin, Dakar, Karachi, Johannesburg, Naples, São Paulo, Tijuana, Vancouver, Vladivostok, UN-HABITAT, ISBN 978-92-1131-747-3, https://books.google.com/books?id=pCet48XFuJQC&pg=PT95
* Blank, Jonah; Clary, Christopher; Nichiporuk, Brian (30 October 2014), Drivers of Long-Term insecurity and Instability in Pakistan: Urbanization, Rand Corporation, p. 19, ISBN 978-0-8330-8751-5, https://books.google.com/books?id=sSZRBgAAQBAJ&pg=PA19
* Cohen, Stephen P. (2004), The Idea of Pakistan, Brookings Institution Press, p. 202, ISBN 978-0-8157-9761-6
* Acton, Q. Ashton (1 May 2013), Issues in National, Regional, and Environmental Health and Medicine (2013 ed.), ScholarlyEditions, p. 278, ISBN 978-1-4901-1294-7, https://books.google.com/books?id=DrCxJ4F8f0cC&pg=PT278
* Acton, Q. Ashton (22 July 2013), Endocrine System Diseases: New Insights for the Healthcare Professional (2013 ed.), ScholarlyEditions, p. 404, ISBN 978-1-4816-5848-5, https://books.google.com/books?id=CwtnpymlSe4C&pg=PA404
* Zaidi, Zohra; S.W Lanigan (10 March 2010), Dermatology in Clinical Practice, Springer Science & Business Media, p. x, ISBN 978-1-84882-862-9, https://books.google.com/books?id=I0GFGJfVeFIC&pg=PR10
* Aslam Uqaili, Mohammad; Harijan, Khanji (14 October 2011), Energy, Environment and Sustainable Development, Springer Science & Business Media, p. 259, ISBN 978-3-7091-0109-4, https://books.google.com/books?id=rndnOvfTDW4C&pg=PA259
* Renaux, Helen (2011), True Children of the Raj, Trafford Publishing, p. 159, ISBN 978-1-4669-0177-3
* Miller, Kenneth D.; Simon, Miklos (3 February 2015), Global Perspectives on Cancer: Incidence, Care, and Experience [2 volumes: Incidence, Care, and Experience], ABC-CLIO, p. 414, ISBN 978-1-4408-2858-4, https://books.google.com/books?id=V7cxBgAAQBAJ&pg=PA414

## External links

* Official website
* Karachi at the end of the Raj , film by an unknown British soldier, 1942–1947, Mowgli Productions.
* Growth of the city

Template:Karachi

Articles related to Karachi

Template:Karachi Towns Template:Neighbourhoods of Karachi Template:Districts of Sindh Template:Pakistan topics Template:Pakistani cities Template:World's most populous urban areas

Template:Megacities

0.00

(0 votes)

Original source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karachi. Read more

|

Retrieved from "https://handwiki.org/wiki/index.php?title=Place:Karachi&oldid=4367631"
*[Pop.]: Population
*[%]: percentage