Mindfulness

In clinical psychology and well-being, mindfulness is the practice of maintaining moment-by-moment awareness of bodily sensations, feelings, thoughts, and immediate surroundings[1][2][web 1] with a non-judgmental or equanimous attitude.[2][3] The term mindfulness derives from the Pali word sati, a significant element of Buddhist traditions,[4][5] and secular mindfulness incorporates elements from Theravada, Chan, and Tibetan Buddhist meditation techniques.[6][7][lower-alpha 1]

Since the 1990s, secular mindfulness meditation has gained popularity in the West.[8] Individuals who have contributed to the popularity of secular mindfulness in the modern Western context include Jon Kabat-Zinn and the "father of mindfulness" Thích Nhất Hạnh.[9][10]

Clinical psychology and psychiatry since the 1970s have developed a number of therapeutic applications based on mindfulness interventions for helping people experiencing a variety of psychological conditions.[10][lower-alpha 2] Clinical studies have documented mental health benefits of mindfulness[11][12][13] as well as physical health benefits[14][15][16] in different patient categories and in healthy adults and children.[17][18][19][20]

Mindfulness research has long attracted criticism, particularly in its early decades, due to concerns about limited methodological rigor.[21][22] More recent research, however, has become substantially more rigorous, employing randomized controlled trials, active control groups, and stronger methodological standards.[17]

Some critics have also argued that mindfulness is over-commercialized and over-marketed, and that “McMindfulness” strips it of its Buddhist ethical and wisdom roots in favor of a productivity-focused self-help product.[23][web 2][web 3][lower-alpha 3] Template:TOC-limit

## Contents

* 1 Etymology
* 2 Definitions
* 2.1 Buddhism
* 2.1.1 Sati and smṛti
* 2.1.2 Memory
* 2.1.3 Definitions arising in modern teaching of meditation
* 2.2 Psychology
* 2.2.1 Definition
* 2.2.2 Trait, state and practice
* 2.2.2.1 Trait-like constructs
* 2.2.2.2 State-like phenomenon
* 3 Historical development
* 3.1 Buddhism
* 3.1.1 Early Buddhism
* 3.1.2 Zazen
* 3.1.3 Contemporary Vipassana-meditation
* 3.1.4 Anapanasati, satipaṭṭhāna, and vipassana
* 3.1.5 Samprajaña, apramāda and atappa
* 3.1.6 Monitoring mental processes
* 3.2 Stoicism
* 3.3 Christianity
* 3.4 Transcendentalism
* 3.5 Jon Kabat-Zinn and MBSR
* 3.6 Popularization, "mindfulness movement"
* 4 Practice
* 4.1 Watching the breath, body-scan and other techniques
* 4.2 Timings
* 4.3 In Buddhist context; moral precepts
* 5 Models and frameworks for mindfulness practices
* 5.1 Two-component model
* 5.2 The five-aggregate model
* 5.3 Cultivating self-knowledge and wisdom
* 6 Applications
* 6.1 Therapy programs
* 6.1.1 Mindfulness-based stress reduction
* 6.1.2 Mindfulness-based cognitive therapy
* 6.1.3 Acceptance and commitment therapy
* 6.1.4 Dialectical behavior therapy
* 6.1.5 Mode deactivation therapy
* 6.1.6 Other programs
* 6.2 Education
* 6.3 Business
* 6.4 Law
* 6.5 Prison-programs
* 6.6 Government
* 7 Scientific research
* 7.1 Beneficial effects and efficacy of mindfulness practice
* 7.2 Mental health
* 7.3 Physical health
* 7.4 Lack of support for beneficial effects
* 7.5 Underlying mechanisms
* 7.6 Associations of mindfulness with other variables
* 7.7 Neurological studies
* 8 Concerns and criticism
* 8.1 Methodological concerns
* 8.2 McMindfulness
* 8.3 Adverse effects
* 9 See also
* 10 Notes
* 11 References
* 12 Sources
* 13 Further reading
* 13.1 Origins
* 13.2 Buddhism
* 13.3 Psychology
* 13.4 Other
* 13.5 Critical

## Etymology

The Buddhist term translated into English as "mindfulness" originates in the Pali term sati and in its Sanskrit counterpart smṛti. It is often translated as "bare attention", but in the Buddhist tradition it has a broader meaning and application, and the meaning of these terms has become the topic of extensive debate and discussion.[24]

The English term mindfulness already existed before it came to be used in a (western) Buddhist context. It was first recorded as myndfulness in 1530 (John Palsgrave translates French pensée), as mindfulnesse in 1561, and mindfulness in 1817. Morphologically earlier terms include mindful (first recorded in 1340), mindfully (1382), and the obsolete mindiness (c. 1200).[25] According to the Merriam-Webster Dictionary, mindfulness may also refer to "a state of being aware".[web 4] Synonyms for this "state of being aware" are wakefulness,[26][27] attention,[web 5] alertness,[web 6] prudence,[web 6] conscientiousness,[web 6] awareness,[web 4] consciousness,[web 4] and observation.[web 4]

The Pali-language scholar Thomas William Rhys Davids (1843–1922) first translated sati in 1881 as English mindfulness in sammā-sati "Right Mindfulness; the active, watchful mind".[28] Noting that Daniel John Gogerly (1845) initially rendered sammā-sati as "correct meditation",[29] Davids writes:

> sati is literally 'memory' but is used with reference to the constantly repeated phrase 'mindful and thoughtful' (sato sampajâno); and means that activity of mind and constant presence of mind which is one of the duties most frequently inculcated on the good Buddhist."[30]

According to Bryan Levman, "the word sati incorporates the meaning of 'memory' and 'remembrance' in much of its usage in both the suttas and the [traditional Buddhist] commentary, and [...] without the memory component, the notion of mindfulness cannot be properly understood or applied, as mindfulness requires memory for its effectiveness".[31]

According to Robert Sharf, smṛti originally meant 'to remember', 'to recollect', 'to bear in mind', as in the Vedic tradition of remembering the sacred texts. The term sati also means 'to remember'.

John D. Dunne says that the translation of sati and smṛti as 'mindfulness' is confusing. A number of Buddhist scholars have started trying to establish 'retention' as the preferred alternative.[32] Bhikkhu Bodhi also describes the meaning of sati as 'memory'.[web 7][lower-alpha 4][lower-alpha 5]

## Definitions

### Buddhism

Secular mindfulness is derived from Buddhist meditation techniques; the word 'mindfulness' translates the terms sati and smriti.[4][34][35] it has multiple meanings, centering on memory and the remembrance of the dharma; present-centered awareness, and ethical correct behavior and self-restrainment.[2]

#### Sati and smṛti

Main article: Sati (Buddhism)

In the Satipaṭṭhāna-sutta the term sati means to remember the dharmas, whereby the true nature of phenomena can be seen.[24] Sharf refers to the Milindapañha, which said that the arising of sati calls to mind the wholesome dhammas such as the four foundations of mindfulness, the five faculties, the five powers, the seven awakening-factors, the noble eightfold path, and the attainment of insight.[36] According to Rupert Gethin,

> [sati] should be understood as what allows awareness of the full range and extent of dhammas; sati is an awareness of things in relation to things, and hence an awareness of their relative value. Applied to the satipaṭṭhānas, presumably what this means is that sati is what causes the practitioner of yoga to "remember" that any feeling he may experience exists in relation to a whole variety or world of feelings that may be skillful or unskillful, with faults or faultless, relatively inferior or refined, dark or pure."[37][lower-alpha 6]

Sharf further notes that this has little to do with "bare attention", the popular contemporary interpretation of sati, "since it entails, among other things, the proper discrimination of the moral valence of phenomena as they arise."[37]

Georges Dreyfus has also expressed unease with the definition of mindfulness as "bare attention" or "nonelaborative, nonjudgmental, present-centered awareness", stressing that mindfulness in a Buddhist context also means "remembering", which indicates that the function of mindfulness also includes the retention of information.[38][lower-alpha 7] Robert H. Sharf notes that Buddhist practice is aimed at the attainment of "correct view", not just "bare attention".[web 8][lower-alpha 8] Jay L. Garfield, quoting Shantideva and other sources, stresses that mindfulness is constituted by the union of two functions, calling to mind and vigilantly retaining in mind. He demonstrates that there is a direct connection between the practice of mindfulness and the cultivation of morality—at least in the context of Buddhism, from which modern interpretations of mindfulness are stemming.[39]

#### Memory

The Pali word sati, which is commonly translated as 'mindfulness', also carries the connotation of memory. Early Buddhist texts describe the concept not only as awareness of sense perceptions but also as recollection of the Buddha's teachings[40] and past events:

> Sati is required not only to fully take in the moment to be remembered, but also to bring this moment back to mind at a later time. [...] This twofold character of sati can also be found in some verses in the Sutta Nipāta, which instruct the listener to set out with sati, subsequent to an instruction given by the Buddha. In these instances sati seems to combine both present moment awareness and remembering what the Buddha had taught.[41]

According to American Buddhist monk Ven Bhante Vimalaramsi's book A Guide to Tranquil Wisdom Insight Meditation, the term "mindfulness" is often interpreted differently than what was originally formulated by the Buddha. In the context of Buddhism, he offers the following definition:

> Mindfulness means to remember to observe how mind's attention moves from one thing to another. The first part of Mindfulness is to remember to watch the mind and remember to return to your object of meditation when you have wandered off. The second part of Mindfulness is to observe how mind's attention moves from one thing to another.[42]

In Thich Nhat Hanh's lineage, mindfulness is closely intertwined with the concept of interbeing, the notion that all things are interconnected. This school of thought emphasizes awareness of the present moment and ethical living, reflecting the interconnected nature of existence.[43][44]

#### Definitions arising in modern teaching of meditation

Since the 1970s, most books on meditation use definitions of mindfulness similar to Jon Kabat-Zinn's definition as "present moment awareness". However, recently a number of teachers of meditation have proposed quite different definitions of mindfulness. Shinzen Young says a person is mindful when they have mindful awareness, and defines that to be when "concentration power, sensory clarity, and equanimity [are] working together."[web 9] John Yates (Culadasa) defines mindfulness to be "the optimal interaction between attention and peripheral awareness", where he distinguishes attention and peripheral awareness as two distinct modes in which one may be conscious of things.[45] Thích Nhất Hạnh defined mindfulness as "the energy that sheds light on all things and all activities, producing the power of concentration, bringing forth deep insight and awakening."[46]

### Psychology

#### Definition

In psychology, mindfulness has a more limited meaning than in Buddhism.[2] It is the cognitive skill[47][48][49][50][51] of sustaining metacognitive awareness (paying attention) towards the present experience of sensory sensations (seeing, hearing, smelling, tasting, and bodily sensations) and mental events or contents (thoughts, emotions, perceptions, and intentions) in the present moment[52][3][lower-alpha 9][53][1][21][54] with a non-judgmental or equanimous attitude.[2][3][web 1]>[lower-alpha 10]

The GGSC defines mindfulness as moment-by-moment awareness of thoughts, feelings, bodily sensations, and surrounding environment, characterized mainly by "acceptance"—attention to thoughts and feelings without judging whether they are right or wrong. Mindfulness focuses the human brain on what is being sensed at each moment, instead of on its normal rumination on the past or the future.[web 1]

Chem-Maarif et al. (2025), based on a meta-analysis, define mindfulness as "present-centered awareness of and bare attention to body sensations, affective valence, cognitive and emotional phenomena, and the external environment with an allowing and equanimous attitude."[2]

Alvear et al. (2022) investigated lay (non-academic) theories of mindfulness,identifying seven themes, namely attention/awareness, a non-evaluative attitude, a strategy, a state, personal development, theoretical analyses, and "a lack of understanding of mindfulness".[55]

Mindfulness involves cognitive processes such as attentional monitoring, attentional regulation, and attentional focus reorientation.[56]

A. M. Hayes and G. Feldman have highlighted that mindfulness can be seen as a strategy that stands in contrast to a strategy of avoidance of emotion on the one hand and to the strategy of emotional over-engagement on the other hand.[57]

#### Trait, state and practice

According to Brown, Ryan, and Creswell, definitions of mindfulness are typically selectively interpreted based on who is studying it and how it is applied. Some have viewed mindfulness as a mental state, while others have viewed it as a set of skills and techniques.[35] A distinction can also be made between the state of mindfulness and the trait of mindfulness.[58]

According to David S. Black, whereas "mindfulness" originally was associated with esoteric beliefs and religion, and "a capacity attainable only by certain people",[59] scientific researchers have translated the term into measurable terms, providing a valid operational definition of mindfulness.[60][lower-alpha 11] Black mentions three possible domains:[60]

1. A trait, a dispositional characteristic (a relatively long-lasting trait),[60] a person's tendency to more frequently enter into and more easily abide in mindful states;[61]
2. A state, an outcome (a state of awareness resulting from mindfulness training),[60] being in a state of present-moment awareness;[61]
3. A practice (mindfulness meditation practice itself).[lower-alpha 12]

##### Trait-like constructs

According to Brown, mindfulness is "A quality of consciousness manifest in, but not isomorphic with, the activities through which it is enhanced."[35] Several mindfulness measures have been developed which are based on self-reporting of trait-like constructs.[66][lower-alpha 13]

##### State-like phenomenon

According to Bishop, et alia, mindfulness is, "A kind of nonelaborative, nonjudgmental, present-centered awareness in which each thought, feeling, or sensation that arises in the attentional field is acknowledged and accepted as it is."[67]

* The Toronto Mindfulness Scale (TMS) measures mindfulness as a state-like phenomenon, that is evoked and maintained by regular practice.[66]
* The State Mindfulness Scale (SMS) is a 21-item survey with an overall state mindfulness scale, and 2 sub-scales (state mindfulness of mind, and state mindfulness of body).[68]

## Historical development

### Buddhism

Mindfulness as a modern, Western practice is founded on Zen and modern Vipassanā,[6][7][lower-alpha 14] and involves the training of sati, which means "moment to moment awareness of present events", but also "remembering to be aware of something".[71]

#### Early Buddhism

Sati is one of the seven factors of enlightenment. "Correct" or "right" mindfulness (Pali: sammā-sati, Sanskrit samyak-smṛti) is the seventh element of the Noble Eightfold Path. Mindfulness is an antidote to delusion and is considered as a 'power' (Pali: bala) which contributes to the attainment of Nibbana. This faculty becomes a power in particular when it is coupled with clear comprehension of whatever is taking place. Nirvana is a state of being in which greed, hatred and delusion (Pali: moha) have been overcome and abandoned, and are absent from the mind.

According to Paul Williams, referring to Erich Frauwallner, mindfulness provided the way in Early Buddhism to liberation, "constantly watching sensory experience in order to prevent the arising of cravings which would power future experience into rebirths."[72][lower-alpha 15] According to Vetter, Jhanas may have been the original core practice of the Buddha, which aided the maintenance of mindfulness.[73]

According to Thomas William Rhys Davids, the doctrine of mindfulness is "perhaps the most important" after the Four Noble Truths and the Noble Eightfold Path. T.W. Rhys Davids viewed the teachings of Gotama Buddha as a rational technique for self-actualization and rejected a few parts of it, mainly the doctrine of rebirth, as residual superstitions.[74]

#### Zazen

Main articles: Unsolved:Zazen and Shikantaza

The aim of zazen is just sitting, that is, suspending all judgmental thinking and letting words, ideas, images and thoughts pass by without getting involved in them.[75][76]

#### Contemporary Vipassana-meditation

In modern vipassana-meditation, as propagated by the Vipassana movement, sati aids vipassana, insight into the true nature of reality, namely the three marks of existence, the impermanence of and the suffering of every conditioned thing that exists, and non-self.[4][77] With this insight, the practitioner becomes a so-called Sotāpanna, a "stream-enterer", the first stage on the path to liberation.[78][web 10][lower-alpha 16]

Vipassana is practiced in tandem with Samatha, and also plays a central role in other Buddhist traditions.[77][79] According to the contemporary Theravada orthodoxy, Samatha is used as a preparation for Vipassanā, pacifying the mind and strengthening the concentration in order to allow the work of insight, which leads to liberation.

Vipassanā-meditation has gained popularity in the west through the modern Buddhist vipassana movement, modeled after Theravāda Buddhism meditation practices,[69] which employs vipassanā and ānāpāna meditation as its primary techniques and places emphasis on the teachings of the Satipaṭṭhāna Sutta.

#### Anapanasati, satipaṭṭhāna, and vipassana

Anapanasati is mindfulness of breathing. "Sati" means mindfulness; "ānāpāna" refers to inhalation and exhalation. Anapanasati means to feel the sensations caused by the movements of the breath in the body. The Anapanasati Sutta gives an exposition on this practice.[lower-alpha 17]

Satipaṭṭhāna is the establishment of mindfulness in one's day-to-day life, maintaining as much as possible a calm awareness of one's body, feelings, mind, and dhammas. The practice of mindfulness supports analysis resulting in the arising of wisdom (Pali: paññā, Sanskrit: prajñā).[77]

#### Samprajaña, apramāda and atappa

In contemporary Theravada practice, "mindfulness" also includes samprajaña, meaning "clear comprehension" and apramāda meaning "vigilance".[web 12][lower-alpha 18] All three terms are sometimes (confusingly) translated as "mindfulness", but they all have specific shades of meaning.

In a publicly available correspondence between Bhikkhu Bodhi and B. Alan Wallace, Bodhi has described Ven. Nyanaponika Thera's views on "right mindfulness" and sampajañña as follows:

> He held that in the proper practice of right mindfulness, sati has to be integrated with sampajañña, clear comprehension, and it is only when these two work together that right mindfulness can fulfill its intended purpose.[80][lower-alpha 19]

#### Monitoring mental processes

According to Buddhadasa, the aim of mindfulness is to stop the arising of disturbing thoughts and emotions, which arise from sense-contact.[81]

According to Grzegorz Polak, the four upassanā (foundations of mindfulness) have been misunderstood by the developing Buddhist tradition, including Theravada, to refer to four different foundations. According to Polak, the four upassanā do not refer to four different foundations, but to the awareness of four different aspects of raising mindfulness:[82]

* the six sense-bases which one needs to be aware of (kāyānupassanā);
* contemplation on vedanās, which arise with the contact between the senses and their objects (vedanānupassanā);
* the altered states of mind to which this practice leads (cittānupassanā);
* the development from the five hindrances to the seven factors of enlightenment (dhammānupassanā).

### Stoicism

The Greek philosophical school of Stoicism founded by Zeno of Citium included practices resembling those of mindfulness, such as visualization exercises. In his Discourses, Stoic philosopher Epictetus addresses in particular the concept of attention (prosoche), an idea also found in Seneca and Marcus Aurelius.[83] By cultivating it over time, this skill would prevent the practitioner from becoming unattentive and moved by instinct rather than according to reason.[84]

### Christianity

Mindfulness traditions are also found in some Christian spiritual traditions. In his Rules for Eating, St. Ignatius of Loyola teaches, "let him guard against all his soul being intent on what he is eating, and in eating let him not go hurriedly, through appetite, but be master of himself, as well in the manner of eating as in the quantity which he eats."[85] He might have been inspired by Epictetus' Enchiridion.[83]

In addition, Jesus himself, in his Sermon on the Mount, said, "Therefore do not worry about tomorrow, for tomorrow will worry about itself. Each day has enough trouble of its own." —Matthew 6:34 (NIV)[86]

### Transcendentalism

Mindfulness practitioner Jon Kabat-Zinn refers to Thoreau as a predecessor of the interest in mindfulness, together with other eminent Transcendentalists such as Emerson and Whitman:[web 13]

> The collective experience[lower-alpha 20] of sages, yogis, and Zen masters offers a view of the world which is complementary to the predominantly reductionist and materialistic one currently dominating Western thought and institutions. But this view is neither particularly "Eastern" nor mystical. Thoreau saw the same problem with our ordinary mind state in New England in 1846 and wrote with great passion about its unfortunate consequences.[web 13]

The forms of Asian religion and spirituality which were introduced in the west were themselves influenced by Transcendentalism and other 19th-century manifestations of Western esotericism. Transcendentalism was closely connected to the Unitarian Church,[87][web 14] which in India collaborated with Ram Mohan Roy (1772–1833) and his Brahmo Samaj.[87] He found that Unitarianism came closest to true Christianity,[87] and had a strong sympathy for the Unitarians.[88] This influence worked through on Vivekananda, whose modern but idiosyncratic interpretation of Hinduism became widely popular in the west.[89] Vipassana meditation, presented as a centuries-old meditation system, was a 19th-century reinvention,[90] which gained popularity in south-east due to the accessibility of the Buddhist sutras through English translations from the Pali Text Society.[69] It was brought to western attention in the 19th century by the Theosophical Society.[69][91] Zen Buddhism first gained popularity in the west through the writings of D.T. Suzuki, who attempted to present a modern interpretation of Zen, adjusted to western tastes.[69][69]

### Jon Kabat-Zinn and MBSR

In 1979, Jon Kabat-Zinn founded the Mindfulness-Based Stress Reduction (MBSR) program at the University of Massachusetts to treat the chronically ill.[web 15] This program sparked the application of mindfulness ideas and practices in Medicine[92] for the treatment of a variety of conditions in both healthy and unhealthy people. MBSR and similar programs are now widely applied in schools, prisons, hospitals, veterans centers, and other environments.

Mindfulness practices were inspired mainly by teachings from the Eastern World, particularly from Buddhist traditions. Kabat-Zinn was first introduced to meditation by Philip Kapleau, a Zen missionary who came to speak at MIT where Kabat-Zinn was a student. Kabat-Zinn went on to study meditation with other Zen-Buddhist teachers such as Thích Nhất Hạnh and Seungsahn.[7] He also studied at the Insight Meditation Society and eventually taught there.[7] One of MBSR's techniques—the "body scan"—was derived from a meditation practice ("sweeping") of the Burmese U Ba Khin tradition, as taught by S. N. Goenka in his Vipassana retreats, which he began in 1976. The body scan method has since been widely adapted to secular settings, independent of religious or cultural contexts.[lower-alpha 21][lower-alpha 22]

Kabat-Zinn was also influenced by the book The Varieties of Religious Experience by William James[93] which suggests that religions point toward the same experience, and which 1960s counterculture figures interpreted as meaning that the same universal, experiential truth could be reached in different ways, including via non-religious activities.[web 16]

### Popularization, "mindfulness movement"

Mindfulness is gaining a growing popularity as a practice in daily life, apart from Buddhist insight meditation and its application in clinical psychology.[94] In this context mindfulness is defined as moment-by-moment awareness of thoughts, feelings, bodily sensations, and surrounding environment, characterized mainly by "acceptance"—attention to thoughts and feelings without judging whether they are right or wrong. Mindfulness focuses the human brain on what is being sensed at each moment, instead of on its normal rumination on the past or the future.[web 1] Mindfulness may be seen as a mode of being,[web 17] and can be practiced outside a formal setting.[web 18] The terminology used by scholars of religion, scientists, journalists, and popular media writers to describe this movement of mindfulness "popularization," and the many new contexts of mindfulness practice which have cropped up, has regularly evolved over the past 20 years, with some[which?] criticisms arising.[95] It has also recently been a common trend to see among sport teams, with mindfulness practices being integrated as parts of teams routines.[web 19]

The latest changes when people moved from real-life meditation sessions to the applications on their smart devices has been even more accelerated by the global Covid-19 pandemic. Modern applications are adapting to the needs of their users by using AI technology, involving professional psychologists and offering many different mindfulness approaches to serve a wider audience, such as among athletes.[96]

## Practice

Mindfulness practice involves the process of developing the skill of bringing one's attention to whatever is happening in the present moment.[1][4][97] Mindfulness is usually developed through meditation[98] or sustained practice. According to Steven F. Hick, mindfulness practice involves both formal and informal meditation practices, and nonmeditation-based exercises.[99] Formal mindfulness, or meditation, is the practice of sustaining attention on body, breath or sensations, or whatever arises in each moment.[99] Informal mindfulness is the application of mindful attention in everyday life.[99] Nonmeditation-based exercises are specifically used in dialectical behavior therapy and in acceptance and commitment therapy.[99]

### Watching the breath, body-scan and other techniques

There are several exercises designed to develop mindfulness meditation, which may be aided by guided meditations "to get the hang of it".[6][100][lower-alpha 23]

* One method is to sit in a straight-backed chair or sit cross-legged on the floor, or a cushion, close one's eyes and bring attention to either the sensations of breathing in the proximity of one's nostrils or to the movements of the abdomen when breathing in and out.[3][web 20][101] In this meditation practice, one does not try to control one's breathing, but attempts to simply be aware of one's natural breathing process/rhythm.[1] When engaged in this practice, the mind will often run off to other thoughts and associations, if this happens, one passively notices that the mind has wandered, and in an accepting, but non-judgmental way, returns to focusing on breathing.
* In body-scan meditation the attention is directed at various areas of the body and noting body sensations that happen in the present moment.[3][1][web 21][web 22][web 23]
* One could also focus on sounds, sensations, thoughts, feelings and actions that happen in the present.[1][97] In this regard, a famous exercise, introduced by Kabat-Zinn in his MBSR program,[web 24] is the mindful tasting of a raisin,[102] in which a raisin is being tasted and eaten mindfully.[103][lower-alpha 24] By enabling reconnection with internal hunger and satiety cues, mindful eating has been suggested to be a means of maintaining healthy and conscious eating patterns.[104]
* Other approaches include practicing yoga asanas while attending to movements and body sensations, and walking meditation.[3][1]

### Timings

Meditators are recommended to start with short periods of 10 minutes or so of meditation practice per day. As one practices regularly, it becomes easier to keep the attention focused on breathing.[1][94]

### In Buddhist context; moral precepts

In a Buddhist context the keeping of moral precepts is an essential preparatory stage for mindfulness or meditation.[105][106] Vipassana also includes contemplation and reflection on phenomena as dukkha, anatta and anicca, and reflections on causation and other Buddhist teachings.[107][108]

## Models and frameworks for mindfulness practices

### Two-component model

A two-component model of mindfulness based upon a consensus among clinical psychologists has been proposed as an operational and testable definition,[67] :

> The first component involves the self-regulation of attention so that it is maintained on immediate experience, thereby allowing for increased recognition of mental events in the present moment. The second component involves adopting a particular orientation toward one's experiences in the present moment, an orientation that is characterized by curiosity, openness, and acceptance.[109]

In this two-component model, self-regulated attention (the first component) "involves bringing awareness to current experience—observing and attending to the changing fields of "objects" (thoughts, feelings, sensations), from moment to moment – by regulating the focus of attention". Orientation to experience (the second component) involves maintaining an attitude of curiosity about objects experienced at each moment, and about where and how the mind wanders when it drifts from the selected focus of attention. Clients are asked to avoid trying to produce a particular state (e.g. relaxation), but rather to just notice each object that arises in the stream of consciousness.[110]

### The five-aggregate model

An ancient model of the mind, generally known as the five-aggregate model[34] enables one to understand the moment-to-moment manifestation of subjective conscious experience, and therefore can be a potentially useful theoretical resource to guide mindfulness interventions. This model is based upon the traditional buddhist description of the Skandhas.

The five aggregates are described as follows:

1. Material form: includes both the physical body and external matter where material elements are continuously moving to and from the material body.
2. Feelings: can be pleasant, unpleasant or neutral.
3. Perceptions: represent being aware of attributes of an object (e.g. color, shape, etc.)
4. Volition: represents bodily, verbal, or psychological behavior.
5. Sensory consciousness: refers to input from the five senses (seeing, hearing, smelling, tasting or touch sensations) or a thought that happens to arise in the mind.

This model describes how sensory consciousness results in the generation of feelings, perception or volition, and how individuals' previously conditioned attitudes and past associations influence this generation. The five aggregates are described as constantly arising and ceasing in the present moment.[34]

### Cultivating self-knowledge and wisdom

The practice of mindfulness can be utilized to gradually develop self-knowledge and wisdom.[4] In this regard, Buddhist teachings provide detailed instructions on how one can carry out an inquiry into the nature of the mind, and this guidance can help one to make sense of one's subjective experience. This could include understanding what the "present moment" is, how various thoughts, etc., arise following input from the senses, the conditioned nature of thoughts, and other realizations.[4] In Buddhist teachings, ultimate wisdom refers to gaining deep insight into all phenomena or "seeing things as they are."[4][78]

## Applications

The examples and perspective in this section deal primarily with the United States and do not represent a worldwide view of the subject. You may improve this section, discuss the issue on the talk page, or create a new article, as appropriate. (September 2025) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)

|

According to Jon Kabat-Zinn the practice of mindfulness may be beneficial to many people in Western society who might be unwilling to adopt Buddhist traditions or vocabulary.[111] Western researchers and clinicians who have introduced mindfulness practice into mental health treatment programs usually teach these skills independently of the religious and cultural traditions of their origins.[3] Programs based on MBSR and similar models have been widely adopted in schools, prisons, hospitals, veterans centers, and other environments.[112]

### Therapy programs

#### Mindfulness-based stress reduction

Main article: Social:Mindfulness-based stress reduction

Mindfulness-based stress reduction (MBSR) is a mindfulness-based program[web 25] developed by Jon Kabat-Zinn at the University of Massachusetts Medical Center, which uses a combination of mindfulness meditation, body awareness, and yoga to help people become more mindful.[1] While MBSR has its roots in spiritual teachings, the program itself is secular.[1]

#### Mindfulness-based cognitive therapy

Main article: Philosophy:Mindfulness-based cognitive therapy

Mindfulness-based cognitive therapy (MBCT) is a psychological therapy designed to aid in preventing the relapse of depression, specifically in individuals with Major depressive disorder (MDD).[113] It uses traditional cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) methods and adds in newer psychological strategies such as mindfulness and mindfulness meditation. Cognitive methods can include educating the participant about depression.[114] Mindfulness and mindfulness meditation focus on becoming aware of all incoming thoughts and feelings and accepting them, but not attaching or reacting to them.[115]

Like CBT, MBCT functions on the theory that when individuals who have historically had depression become distressed, they return to automatic cognitive processes that can trigger a depressive episode.[116] The goal of MBCT is to interrupt these automatic processes and teach the participants to focus less on reacting to incoming stimuli, and instead accepting and observing them without judgment.[116] This mindfulness practice allows the participant to notice when automatic processes are occurring and to alter their reaction to be more of a reflection. Research supports the effects of MBCT in people who have been depressed three or more times and demonstrates reduced relapse rates by 50%.[117]

#### Acceptance and commitment therapy

Main article: Philosophy:Acceptance and commitment therapy

Acceptance and commitment therapy or (ACT) (typically pronounced as the word "act") is a form of clinical behavior analysis (CBA)[118] used in psychotherapy. It is a psychological intervention that uses acceptance and mindfulness strategies mixed in different ways[119] with commitment and behavior-change strategies, to increase psychological flexibility. The approach was originally called comprehensive distancing.[120] It was developed in the late 1980s[121] by Steven C. Hayes, Kelly G. Wilson, and Kirk Strosahl.[122] It was popularised in the early 2000s by Dr. Russ Harris with The Happiness Trap (2007)[123].

#### Dialectical behavior therapy

Main article: Social:Dialectical behavior therapy

Mindfulness is a "core" exercise used in dialectical behavior therapy (DBT), a psychosocial treatment Marsha M. Linehan developed for treating people with borderline personality disorder. DBT is dialectic, says Linehan,[124] in the sense of "the reconciliation of opposites in a continual process of synthesis." As a practitioner of Buddhist meditation techniques, Linehan says:

> This emphasis in DBT on a balance of acceptance and change owes much to my experiences in studying meditation and Eastern spirituality. The DBT tenets of observing, mindfulness, and avoidance of judgment are all derived from the study and practice of Zen meditations.[125]

#### Mode deactivation therapy

Main article: Social:Mode deactivation therapy

Mode deactivation therapy (MDT) is a treatment methodology that is derived from the principles of cognitive-behavioral therapy and incorporates elements of Acceptance and commitment therapy, Dialectical behavior therapy, and mindfulness techniques.[126] Mindfulness techniques such as simple breathing exercises are applied to assist the client in awareness and non-judgmental acceptance of unpleasant and distressing thoughts and feelings as they occur in the present moment. Mode Deactivation Therapy was developed and is established as an effective treatment for adolescents with problem behaviors and complex trauma-related psychological problems, according to recent publications by Jack A. Apsche and Joan Swart.[127]

#### Other programs

The Japanese psychiatrist Shoma Morita, who trained in Zen meditation, developed Morita therapy upon principles of mindfulness and non-attachment.[128]

Internal Family Systems Model (IFS), developed by Richard C. Schwartz, emphasizes the importance of both therapist and client engaging in therapy from the Self, which is the IFS term for one's "spiritual center". The Self is curious about whatever arises in one's present experience and open and accepting toward all manifestations.[129]

Mindfulness relaxation uses breathing methods, guided imagery, and other practices to relax the body and mind and help reduce stress.[130]

### Education

In the USA, mindfulness practices are becoming more common within educational institutions including Elementary and Secondary schools.[131][132][133] The applications of mindfulness in schools are aimed at calming and relaxation, to build compassion and empathy for others,[134] and to reduce anxiety and stress in students.[135] Based on a broad meta-analytical review, Zenner et al. (2014) concluded that the application of mindfulness practice shows an improvement of students' attention and focus, emotional regulation, creativity, and problem solving skills.[136]

Available research reveals a relationship between mindfulness, attention, the reducement of anxiety,[137] and "improvements in behavioral regulation, metacognition, and overall executive functions".[138] Yet, Johnson et al. (2016) concluded that "no improvements were demonstrated on any outcome measured either immediately post-intervention or at three-month follow-up".[139]

### Business

Mindfulness training appears to be getting popular in the business world, and many large corporations have been incorporating mindfulness practices into their culture.[140][141][142] For example, companies such as Google, Apple, Procter & Gamble, General Mills, Mayo Clinic, and the U.S. Army offer mindfulness coaching, meditation breaks and other resources to their employees to improve workplace functioning.[140][143]

The introduction of mindfulness in corporate settings still remains in early stages and its potential long-term impact requires further assessment. Mindfulness has been found to result in better employee well-being,[144] lower levels of frustration, lower absenteeism and burnout as well as an improved overall work environment.[143]

### Law

Legal and law enforcement organizations are also showing interest in mindfulness:[145]

* Harvard Law School's Program on Negotiation hosted a workshop on "Mindfulness in the Law & Alternative Dispute Resolution."[146]
* Many law firms offer mindfulness classes.[142]

### Prison-programs

Mindfulness has been taught in prisons, reducing hostility and mood disturbance among inmates, and improving their self-esteem.[147] Additional studies indicate that mindfulness interventions can result in significant reductions in anger, reductions in substance use, increased relaxation capacity, self-regulation and optimism.[148][149]

### Government

Many government organizations offer mindfulness training.[150] Coping Strategies is an example of a program utilized by United States Armed Forces personnel. The British Parliament organized a mindfulness-session for its members in 2014, led by Ruby Wax.[web 26]

## Scientific research

Main articles: Social:Research on meditation, Neural mechanisms of mindfulness meditation, and Brain activity and meditation

Mindfulness has gained increasing empirical attention since 1970[10][112] and has been studied often as an intervention for stress reduction.[151][152][153]

### Beneficial effects and efficacy of mindfulness practice

Research has investigated mindful movements and mindful exercises for different patient populations.[154][155] Meta analyses indicate its beneficial effects for healthy adults,[lower-alpha 25][156][157] for adolescents and for children.[136][19]

### Mental health

Studies have shown a positive relationship between trait mindfulness (which can be cultivated through the practice of mindfulness-based interventions) and psychological health.[158][159]

Meta-analyses indicate positive behavioral and mental health-related outcomes for different health problems, including ADHD,[160] and drugs and alcohol abuse.[161][162] Mindfulness appears to be a beneficial intervention for children with special needs and their caregivers,[163][164][165] including autism treatment.[166][167] The practice of mindfulness appears to provide therapeutic benefits to people with psychiatric disorders,[168][169][170] including moderate benefits to those with psychosis.[171][172][173]

Studies indicate that rumination and worry contribute to a variety of mental disorders.[174][175] Mindfulness-based interventions can enhance trait mindfulness[176] and reduce both rumination and worry.[175][177][178] Mindfulness practices have been said to enable individuals to respond more effectively to stressful situations by helping them strike the balance between over-identification and suppression of their emotional experiences by finding the middle point which is recognition and acceptance.[179]

Mindfulness practices have also been associated with the development of psychological resilience. Regular mindfulness meditation can help individuals facing trauma or chronic stress to regulate emotions, reduce rumination, and strengthen adaptive coping mechanisms.[180] Further, the practice of mindfulness may be a preventive strategy to halt the development of mental-health problems.[181][182][183] It is also a viable treatment option for people with insomnia, [184][185] an effective intervention for healthy aging,[186][187][188] and has also been used to improve athletic performance,[189][190]

### Physical health

Meta-analyses also indicate positive physical health-related outcomes for different health problems, including weight management,[191][192][193] heart disease,[14][194][15] sleep disorders,[195][196][197] cancer care,[198][199][200][201] multiple sclerosis,[202][203] and other health-related conditions.[204][205][206] The practice of mindfulness has also been used as a strategy for managing dermatological conditions[207] and as a useful intervention during early pregnancy.[208][209][210] Recent studies have also demonstrated that mindfulness meditation significantly attenuates physical pain through multiple, unique mechanisms.[211][212] Meditation also may allow one to modulate pain. When exposed to pain from heating, the brain scans of the mindfulness meditation participants (by use of functional magnetic resonance imaging) showed their brains notice the pain equally, however it does not get converted to a perceived pain signal. As such they experienced up to 40–50% less pain.[213]

The psychological habit of repeatedly dwelling on stressful thoughts appears to intensify the physiological effects of the stressor (as a result of the continual activation of the sympathetic nervous system and the hypothalamus-pituitary-adrenal axis) with the potential to lead to physical-health-related clinical manifestations.[214][215][216] Studies indicate that mindfulness meditation, which brings about reductions in rumination, may alter these biological clinical pathways.[214][175][217] Further, research indicates that mindfulness may favorably influence the immune system[218] as well as inflammation,[21] [219][220] which can consequently impact physical health, especially considering that inflammation has been linked to the development of several chronic health conditions.[221][222] Other studies support these findings.[15][194][223]

### Lack of support for beneficial effects

Goyal et al. (2014), an often-cited meta-analysis on meditation research, found insufficient evidence of any effect of meditation programs on positive mood, attention, substance use, eating habits, sleep, and weight, but found that there is moderate evidence that meditation reduces anxiety, depression, and pain.[224] However, this study included a highly heterogeneous group of meditation styles (i.e., it did not focus exclusively on mindfulness meditation), which is a significant limitation of this study. Additionally, while mindfulness is well known to have positive psychological effects among individuals diagnosed with various types of cancers,[201] the evidence is unclear regarding its effectiveness in men with prostate cancer.[200]

### Underlying mechanisms

The mechanisms that make people less or more mindful have been researched less than the effects of mindfulness programmes, so little is known about which components of mindfulness practice are relevant for promoting mindfulness. For example, meta-analyses have shown that mindfulness-based interventions (such as structured mindfulness training programs) lead to greater increases in measured mindfulness, typically assessed using validated trait- and state-mindfulness scales, compared with active control conditions.[19][157] This may reflect limitations in how mindfulness is currently measured. It is also possible that mindfulness is dose-dependent, increasing with greater practice experience.[225][226] To counter that, Bergomi et al.[227] found that "results provide evidence for the associations between self-reported mindfulness and meditation practice and suggest that mindfulness is particularly associated with continued practice in the present, rather than with accumulated practice over years."

Some research into other mechanisms has been done. One study[228] conceptualized such mechanisms in terms of competition for attention. In a test of that framework, mindfulness was found to be associated (as predicted) with having an activated intention to be mindful, with feeling good, and with not being hurried or very busy. Regarding the relationship between feeling good and being mindful, a different study[229] found that causality probably works both ways: feeling good increases mindfulness, and mindfulness increases feeling good.

One theory suggests an additional mechanism termed as reperceiving. Reperceiving is the beneficial effect that comes after the process of being mindful after all the intention, attention, and attitude has been experienced. Through reperceiving there is a shift in perspective. Reperceiving permits disassociation from thoughts, emotions, and physical sensations, and allows one to exist with them instead of being defined by them.[230]

### Associations of mindfulness with other variables

Mindfulness (as a trait, distinguished from mindfulness practice) has been linked to many outcomes. In an overview, Keng, Smoski, and Robins summarize: "Trait mindfulness has been associated with higher levels of life satisfaction, agreeableness, conscientiousness, vitality, self esteem, empathy, sense of autonomy, competence, optimism, and pleasant affect."[22] A 2020 study found links between dispositional mindfulness and prosocial behavior.[231] Studies have also demonstrated significant negative correlations between mindfulness and depression, neuroticism, absentmindedness, dissociation, rumination, cognitive reactivity, social anxiety, difficulties in emotion regulation, experiential avoidance, alexithymia, intensity of delusional experience in the context of psychosis, and general psychological symptoms."

### Neurological studies

Research studies have also focused on the effects of mindfulness on the brain using neuroimaging techniques, physiological measures and behavioral tests.[232][152][233] Research on the neural perspective of how mindfulness meditation works suggests that it exerts its effects in components of attention regulation, body awareness and emotional regulation.[13][234][235] New research suggests that Mindfulness based stress reduction appears to influence brain function more than structure, with consistent enhancement of activity and connectivity in networks that support emotion regulation, self-referential processing, and attention.[236] When considering aspects such as sense of responsibility, authenticity, compassion, self-acceptance and character, studies have shown that mindfulness meditation contributes to a more coherent and healthy sense of self and identity.[237][238] Neuroimaging techniques suggest that mindfulness practices such as mindfulness meditation are associated with "changes in the anterior cingulate cortex, insula, temporo-parietal junction, fronto-limbic network and default mode network structures."[234][239] Further, mindfulness meditation may prevent or delay the onset of mild cognitive impairment and Alzheimer's disease.[240] Additionally, mindfulness-induced emotional and behavioral changes have been found to be related to functional and structural changes in the brain.[239][241] It has also been suggested that the default mode network of the brain can be used as a potential biomarker for monitoring the therapeutic benefits of meditation.[242] Recent research also suggest that the practice of mindfulness could influence genetic expression leading to a reduced risk of inflammation-related diseases and favourable changes in biomarkers.[243][244]

Grey matter concentrations in brain regions that regulate emotion, self-referential processing, learning and memory processes have shown changes in density following MBSR.[245][242] Additionally, MBSR practice has been associated with improvement of the immune system[246][219] which could explain the correlation between stress reduction and increased quality of life.[247] Part of these changes are a result of the thickening of the prefrontal cortex (executive functioning) and hippocampus (learning and memorisation ability), the shrinking of the amygdala (emotion and stress response) and the strengthening of the connections between brain cells.[248][249][250][251] Long-term meditators have larger amounts of gyrification ("folding" of the cortex, which may allow the brain to process information faster) than people who do not meditate. Further, a direct correlation was found between the amount of gyrification and the number of meditation years, possibly providing further proof of the brain's neuroplasticity, or ability to adapt to environmental changes.[248]

## Concerns and criticism

### Methodological concerns

The methodological quality of some of the studies is poor. Recent reviews have described many of these issues.[21] [158][252] Many of the above cited review studies also indicate the necessity for more high-quality research in this field such as conducting intervention studies using larger sample sizes, the use of more randomized controlled studies and the need for providing more methodological details in reported studies.[21] [22] The majority of studies also either measure mindfulness as a trait, and in research that use mindfulness interventions in clinical practice, the lack of true randomisation poses a problem for understanding the true effectiveness of mindfulness. Experimental methods using randomised samples, though, suggest that mindfulness as a state or temporary practice can influence felt emotions such as disgust and promote abstract decision-making.[253][254][255] There are also a few review studies that have found little difference between mindfulness interventions and control groups, though they did also indicate that their intervention group was treated too briefly for the research to be conclusive.[256][257] In some domains, such as sport, a lack of internal validity across studies prevents any strong claims being made about the effects of mindfulness.[190] These studies also list the need for more robust research investigations. Several issues pertaining to the assessment of mindfulness have also been identified including the current use of self-report questionnaires.[21] </ref> Potential for bias also exists to the extent that researchers in the field are also practitioners and possibly subject to pressures to publish positive or significant results.[6]

Various scholars have criticized how mindfulness has been defined or represented in recent Western psychology publications.[67][258] These modern understandings depart significantly from the accounts of mindfulness in early Buddhist texts and authoritative commentaries in the Theravada and Indian Mahayana traditions.[258]: 62 [259] Adam Valerio has introduced the idea that conflict between academic disciplines over how mindfulness is defined, understood, and popularly presented may be indicative of a personal, institutional, or paradigmatic battle for ownership over mindfulness, one where academics, researchers, and other writers are invested as individuals in much the same way as religious communities.[95]

### McMindfulness

The popularization of mindfulness as a "commodity"[web 27] has been criticized, being termed "McMindfulness" by some critics.[23][web 2][web 3][lower-alpha 3] Ronald Purser discusses that there is certainly a beneficial aspect to mindfulness, such as reducing stress, however, the issue is the "product they are selling and how its been packaged."[260] According to Harrington and Dunne, critics argue that "Mindfulness [...] was never supposed to be about weight loss, better sex, helping children perform better in school, helping employees be more productive in the workplace, or even improving the functioning of anxious, depressed people. It was never supposed to be a merchandized commodity to be bought and sold."[10] According to John Safran, the popularity of mindfulness is the result of a marketing strategy:[web 27] "McMindfulness is the marketing of a constructed dream; an idealized lifestyle; an identity makeover."[261][web 27] The psychologist Thomas Joiner says that modern mindfulness meditation has been "corrupted" for commercial gain by self-help celebrities, and suggests that it encourages unhealthy narcissistic and self-obsessed mindsets.[262][263]

According to Purser and Loy, mindfulness is not being used as a means to awaken to insight in the "unwholesome roots of greed, ill will and delusion,"[web 2] but reshaped into a "banal, therapeutic, self-help technique" that has the opposite effect of reinforcing those passions.[web 2] While mindfulness is marketed as a means to reduce stress, in a Buddhist context it is part of an all-embracing ethical program to foster "wise action, social harmony, and compassion."[web 2] Purser explains that ultimately mindfulness is being stripped from its original Buddhist roots, losing its emphasis on ethical training and liberation from attachment, and is instead presented mainly as a therapeutic self-help method.[260] The privatization of mindfulness neglects the societal and organizational causes of stress and discomfort, instead propagating adaptation to these circumstances.[web 2] According to Bhikkhu Bodhi, "[A]bsent a sharp social critique, Buddhist practices could easily be used to justify and stabilize the status quo, becoming a reinforcement of consumer capitalism."[web 2] The popularity of this new brand of mindfulness has resulted in the commercialization of meditation through self-help books, guided meditation classes, and mindfulness retreats.

> Mindfulness is said to be a $4bn industry. More than 60,000 books for sale on Amazon have a variant of "mindfulness" in their title, touting the benefits of Mindful Parenting, Mindful Eating, Mindful Teaching, Mindful Therapy, Mindful Leadership, Mindful Finance, a Mindful Nation, and Mindful Dog Owners, to name just a few.[264]

Buddhist commentators have criticized the movement as being presented as equivalent to Buddhist practice, while in reality it is very possibly denatured with undesirable consequences, such as being ungrounded in the traditional reflective morality and therefore, astray from traditional Buddhist ethics. Criticisms suggest it to be either de-moralized or re-moralized into clinically based ethics. The conflict is often presented with concern to the teacher's credentials and qualifications, rather than the student's actual practice. Reformed Buddhist-influenced practices are being standardized and manualized in a distinct separation from Buddhism - which is seen as a religion based in monastic temples - and expressed as "mindfulness" in a new psychology ethic, practiced in modern meditation centers.[265]

### Adverse effects

Meditation in general (of which mindfulness is just one type) has also been correlated with unpleasant experiences in some individuals.[266][267][268][269] In some cases, it has also been linked to psychosis and suicide.[270][271][272][273] Both the soundness of its scientific foundations and the desirability of its societal effects have been questioned.[274][275][276][277]

In one cross-sectional online survey, published in 2019, of 1,232 regular meditators with at least two months of meditation experience, about a quarter reported having had particularly unpleasant meditation-related experiences (such as anxiety, fear, distorted emotions or thoughts, altered sense of self or the world), which they thought may have been caused by their meditation practice. This survey used broad group of “regular meditators”, and did not specifically focus on mindfulness meditation. The survey also found that meditators with high levels of repetitive negative thinking and those who only engage in deconstructive meditation were more likely to report unpleasant side effects. Adverse effects were less frequently reported in women and religious meditators.[278]

Another observational study from 2021 on the effects of mindfulness-based programs (MBPs) found negative side-effects in 37% of the sample while lasting bad effects in 6–14% of the sample.[279] Most of the side effects were related to signs of dysregulated arousal (i.e., hyperarousal and dissociation). There are, however, several other studies that have found no harm following the standard, widely implemented Mindfulness-Based Stress Reduction program.[280][281][282]

Further, while some studies have questioned the effects of mindfulness on prosocial behaviours,[283][284][285] review articles on this subject generally indicate that mindfulness promotes prosocial behaviour although more longitudinal studies are needed to confirm this.[286][287][288]

Difficult experiences encountered in meditation are mentioned in traditional sources; and some may be considered to be an expected part of the process, e.g., seven stages of purification mentioned in Theravāda Buddhism. Possible "unwholesome or frightening visions" are mentioned in a practical manual on vipassanā meditation.[289] Classical sources have various terms for "meditation sickness" and related difficulties, such as zouhuorumo (走火入魔; 'fire possession'), chanbing (禪病; 'Chan disease') and mojing (魔境; 'demonic states').[290]

An article that describes Medieval Chinese Buddhist accounts of such phenomena (in the Journal of Buddhist Ethics) states,

> Problematic experiences such as strange sensations, unexplained pains, psychological instability, undesired hallucinations, sexual anomalies, uncontrollable behaviors, demonic possession, suicidality, and so forth seem to be quite well-known and well-documented across traditions.[290]

A number of Western Buddhist teachers and leaders, however, have asserted that proper instruction from a legitimate, genuinely insightful teacher prevents negative experiences in meditation from escalating into adverse or harmful effects.[290][291][292][293] For example, studies indicate that people who experience adverse effects as fleeting emotions (i.e., seeing them as a passing phase) without identifying with these experiences, are able to overcome distress.[294][292][295] Further, balancing concentration practices with open-monitoring practices, incorporating loving-kindness meditation, and even adding physical activity may help prevent any negative experiences from escalating into harmful effects.[292] It has been proposed that a lack of understanding of the theoretical basis of meditation may also play a major causal role in the development of adverse effects.[292][293][291]

Studies on adverse effects have found that participants who experience these effects are just as glad to have practiced meditation as those who do not, and that they continue to view meditation as a valuable activity that supports their mental wellbeing.[296][297]

## See also

* Affect labeling
* Alexander Technique
* Buddhism and psychology
* Buddhist meditation
* Choiceless awareness
* Coping (psychology)
* Coping Planning
* Eternal Now (New Age)
* Four stages of competence
* Full Catastrophe Living
* John Garrie
* Richard Geller
* S.N. Goenka
* Henepola Gunaratana
* Hasidic Meditation
* Dennis Lewis
* Mahasati Meditation
* Metacognition
* Mindful Education
* Mindful yoga
* Mindfulness (journal)
* Mindfulness and technology
* Mindfulness Day
* Mindstream
* Murder Mindfully
* Nepsis
* No-mind
* Nonviolent communication
* Ovsiankina effect
* Phronesis
* Sacca
* Sampajanna
* Samu (Zen)
* Satipatthana
* Satya
* Satyagraha
* Self-compassion
* Taqwa and dhikr, related Islamic concepts
* Thích Nhất Hạnh
* Transcendental Meditation
* Watchfulness (Christian)

## Notes

1. ↑ While translated as "mindfulness," and often interpreted as "bare attention," the term sati has broader connotations: "memory,"(PTS {{{2}}}) "retention,"(Dreyfus 2013) "mindfulness, alertness, self-possession."(PTS {{{2}}}) In a Buddhist context it has a wider meaning and purpose, related to vipassana, namely Sampajañña discerning what is beneficial and what is not, and calming the mind by this discernment (Polak 2011, pp. 153–56, Williams & Tribe 2000, p. 46, Buddhadasa Bhikkhu 2014, pp. 79, 101, 117 note 42 Though definitions and techniques of mindfulness are wide-ranging (Thompson 2020), Buddhist traditions describe what constitutes mindfulness, such as how perceptions of the past, present and future arise and cease as momentary sense-impressions and mental phenomena (Karunamuni & Weerasekera 2019, Analayo 2003, Bhikkhu Bodhi).
2. ↑ Mindfulness practice has been employed to reduce depression (Blanck et al. 2018, Jain et al. 2015, Galante et al. 2021), stress (Khoury et al. 2015, Hofmann et al. 2010, Galante et al. 2021), anxiety (Blanck et al. 2018, Khoury et al. 2015, Hofmann et al. 2010, Galante et al. 2021) and in the treatment of drug addiction (Chiesa & Serretti 2014, Garland, Froeliger & Howard 2014, Sancho et al. 2018). Programs based on mindfulness models have been adopted within schools, prisons, hospitals, veterans' centers, and other environments (Zhang et al. 2021, Gong et al. 2023) and mindfulness programs have been applied for additional outcomes such as for healthy aging, weight management, athletic performance (Noetel et al. 2019), helping children with special needs, and as an intervention during early pregnancy.
3. ↑ 3.0 3.1 "What was once a tool for spiritual exploration has been turned into a panacea for the modern age — a cure-all for common human problems, from stress, to anxiety, to depression. [...] Yet the potential for emotional and psychological disturbance is rarely talked about by mindfulness researchers, the media, or mentioned in training courses. [...] Mindfulness has been separated from its roots, stripped of its ethical and spiritual connotations, and sold to us as a therapeutic tool. [...] Instead, as Giles Coren [sic; the author links to Ron Purser and David Loy] recently claimed, this technique has been turned into a McMindfulness which only reinforces one's egocentric drives."[web 28]
4. ↑ "The word derives from a verb, sarati, meaning "to remember," and occasionally in Pali sati is still explained in a way that connects it with the idea of memory. But when it is used in relation to meditation practice, we have no word in English that precisely captures what it refers to. An early translator cleverly drew upon the word mindfulness, which is not even in my dictionary. This has served its role admirably, but it does not preserve the connection with memory, sometimes needed to make sense of a passage.[web 7]
5. ↑ The terms sati/smṛti have been translated as:

* Attention (Jack Kornfield)
* Awareness
* Concentrated attention (Mahasi Sayadaw)
* Inspection (Herbert V. Günther)
* Mindful attention
* Mindfulness
* Recollecting mindfulness (Alexander Berzin)
* Recollection (Erik Pema Kunsang, Buddhadasa)
* Reflective awareness (Buddhadasa)
* Remindfulness (James H. Austin)[33]
* Retention
* Self-recollection (Jack Kornfield)

6. ↑ Quotes from Gethin, Rupert M.L. (1992), The Buddhist Path to Awakening: A Study of the Bodhi-Pakkhiȳa Dhammā. Brill's Indological Library, 7. Leiden and New York: Brill
7. ↑ Dreyfus concludes his examination by stating: "The identification of mindfulness with bare attention ignores or, at least, underestimates the cognitive implications of mindfulness, its ability to bring together various aspects of experience so as to lead to the clear comprehension of the nature of mental and bodily states. By over-emphasizing the nonjudgmental nature of mindfulness and arguing that our problems stem from conceptuality, contemporary authors are in danger of leading to a one-sided understanding of mindfulness as a form of therapeutically helpful spacious quietness. I think that it is important not to lose sight that mindfulness is not just a therapeutic technique but is a natural capacity that plays a central role in the cognitive process. It is this aspect that seems to be ignored when mindfulness is reduced to a form of nonjudgmental present-centered form of awareness of one's experiences.[38]
8. ↑ Sharf: "Mahasi's technique did not require familiarity with Buddhist doctrine (notably abhidhamma), did not require adherence to strict ethical norms (notably monasticism), and promised astonishingly quick results. This was made possible through interpreting sati as a state of "bare awareness"—the unmediated, non-judgmental perception of things "as they are", uninflected by prior psychological, social, or cultural conditioning. This notion of mindfulness is at variance with premodern Buddhist epistemologies in several respects. Traditional Buddhist practices are oriented more toward acquiring "correct view" and proper ethical discernment, rather than "no view" and a non-judgmental attitude."[web 8]
9. ↑ Baer cites Kabat-Zinn, J. (1994): Wherever you go, there you are: Mindfulness meditation in everyday life. New York: Hyperion, p.4.
10. ↑ Definitions:
* Marlatt & Kristeller 1999, p. 68: "a way of paying attention"
* Baer 2003: "Paying attention in a particular way: on purpose, in the present moment, and nonjudgmentally"; "Bringing one's complete attention to the present experience on a moment-to-moment basis" (Baer cites Kabat-Zinn, J. (1994): Wherever you go, there you are: Mindfulness meditation in everyday life. New York: Hyperion, p.4.
11. ↑ Black: "[S]everal decades of research methodology and scientific discovery have defrayed these myths; mindfulness is now widely considered to be an inherent quality of human consciousness. That is, a capacity of attention and awareness oriented to the present moment that varies in degree within and between individuals, and can be assessed empirically and independent of religious, spiritual, or cultural beliefs.[59]
12. ↑ "Mindfulness meditation" may refer to either the secular, western practice of mindfulness,[62] or to modern Buddhist Vipassana-meditation.[63][64][65]
13. ↑ Trait-like measures:
* Mindful Attention Awareness Scale (MAAS)
* Freiburg Mindfulness Inventory (FMI)
* Kentucky Inventory of Mindfulness Skills (KIMS)
* Cognitive and Affective Mindfulness Scale (CAMS)
* Mindfulness Questionnaire (MQ)
* Revised Cognitive and Affective Mindfulness Scale (CAMS-R)
* Philadelphia Mindfulness Scale (PHLMS)
14. ↑ Vipassana as taught by teachers from the Vipassana movement is a 19th-century development, inspired by and reacting against Western modernism.[69][70] See also Buddhist modernism.
15. ↑ Frauwallner, E. (1973), History of Indian Philosophy, trans. V.M. Bedekar, Delhi: Motilal Banarsidass. Two volumes., pp.150 ff
16. ↑ In Mahayana contexts, it entails insight into what is variously described as sunyata, dharmata, the inseparability of appearance and emptiness (two truths doctrine), clarity and emptiness, or bliss and emptiness.[web 11]
17. ↑ Majjhima Nikaya (MN), sutta number 118. See Thanissaro, 2006. Other discourses that describe the full four tetrads can be found in the Samyutta Nikaya's Anapana-samyutta (Ch. 54), such as SN 54.6 (Thanissaro, 2006a), SN 54.8 (Thanissaro, 2006b) and SN 54.13 (Thanissaro, 1995a). The one-tetrad exposition of anapanasati is found, for instance, in the Kayagata-sati Sutta (MN 119; Thanissaro, 1997), the Maha-satipatthana Sutta (DN 22; Thanissaro, 2000) and the Satipatthana Sutta (MN 10; Thanissaro, 1995b).
18. ↑ [I]n Buddhist discourse, there are three terms that together map the field of mindfulness [...] [in their Sanskrit variants] smṛti (Pali: sati), samprajaña (Pali: Sampajañña) and apramāda (Pali: appamada).[web 12]
19. ↑ According to this correspondence, Ven. Nyanaponika spent his last ten years living with and being cared for by Bodhi. Bodhi refers to Nyanaponika as "my closest kalyāṇamitta in my life as a monk."
20. ↑ The resort to "experience" as the ground for religious truths is a strategy which goes back to Schleiermacher, as a defense against the growing influence of western rationality on the religious life of Europeans in the 19th century. See Sharf (1995), Buddhist Modernism and the Rhetoric of Meditative Experience.[70]
21. ↑ "Historically a Buddhist practice, mindfulness can be considered a universal human capacity proposed to foster clear thinking and open-heartedness. As such, this form of meditation requires no particular religious or cultural belief system." - Mindfulness in Medicine by Ludwig and Kabat-Zinn, available at jama.ama-assn.org
22. ↑ "Kabat-Zinn (2000) suggests that mindfulness practice may be beneficial to many people in Western society who might be unwilling to adopt Buddhist traditions or vocabulary. Thus, Western researchers and clinicians who have introduced mindfulness practice into mental health treatment programs usually teach these skills independently of the religious and cultural traditions of their origins (Kabat-Zinn, 1982; Linehan, 1993b)."[3]
23. ↑ Kabat-Zinn, in Full Catastrophe Living (Revised Edition) (2013), p. lxiv advises to use CD's with guided mindfulness practices: "Almost everybody finds it easier, when embarking for the first time on a daily meditation practice, to listen to an instructor-guided audio program and let it "carry them along" in the early stages, until they get the hang of it from the inside, rather than attempting to follow instructions from a book, however clear and detailed they may be."

Compare Rupert Gethin (2004), On the practice of Buddhist meditation, pp. 202–03, noting that the Buddhist sutras hardly explain how to meditate, and then stating that "the effective practice of meditation requires the personal instruction of a teacher." Gethin seems to echo Vetter (1988), The Ideas and Meditative Practices of Early Buddhism, who notes that the :Dhammacakkappavattana Sutta describes the Buddha as instructing his first followers in turn: instructing two or three of them, while the others go out begging for food, signifying the need for personal instruction to learn how to practice dhyana.
24. ↑ See also Eating One Raisin: A First Taste of Mindfulness for a hand-out file
25. ↑ Khoury et al. 2015: "We conducted a meta-analysis to provide a review of MBSR for healthy individuals. The meta-analysis included 29 studies enrolling 2668 participants [...] The results obtained are robust and are maintained at follow-up. When combined, mindfulness and compassion strongly correlated with clinical effects.

## References

1. ↑ 1.00 1.01 1.02 1.03 1.04 1.05 1.06 1.07 1.08 1.09 Kabat-Zinn 2013.
2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 2.2 2.3 2.4 2.5 Chems-Maarif et al. 2025.
3. ↑ 3.0 3.1 3.2 3.3 3.4 3.5 3.6 3.7 Baer 2003.
4. ↑ 4.0 4.1 4.2 4.3 4.4 4.5 4.6 Karunamuni & Weerasekera 2019.
5. ↑ Van Gordon et al. 2014.
6. ↑ 6.0 6.1 6.2 6.3 Nisbet 2017.
7. ↑ 7.0 7.1 7.2 7.3 Wilson 2014, p. 35.
8. ↑ Wilks 2014.
9. ↑ Buchholz 2015.
10. ↑ 10.0 10.1 10.2 10.3 Harrington & Dunne 2015.
11. ↑ Rajan, Kumar & Raj 2026.
12. ↑ Tong et al. 2026.
13. ↑ 13.0 13.1 Calderone et al. 2024.
14. ↑ 14.0 14.1 Temgoua Ngou et al. 2026.
15. ↑ 15.0 15.1 15.2 Pascoe et al. 2017.
16. ↑ Gomutbutra et al. 2020.
17. ↑ 17.0 17.1 Goldberg et al. 2022.
18. ↑ Paulus 2016.
19. ↑ 19.0 19.1 19.2 Dunning et al. 2019.
20. ↑ David Creswell et al. 2020.
21. ↑ 21.0 21.1 21.2 21.3 21.4 21.5 Creswell 2017.
22. ↑ 22.0 22.1 22.2 Keng, Smoski & Robins 2011. sfn error: multiple targets (2×): CITEREFKengSmoskiRobins2011 (help)
23. ↑ 23.0 23.1 Bazzano 2014.
24. ↑ 24.0 24.1 Sharf 2014, p. 942.
25. ↑ Oxford English Dictionary, second ed., 2002
26. ↑ Kabat-Zinn 2011, pp. 22–23.
27. ↑ Kabat-Zinn 2013a, p. 65.
28. ↑ Davids, T.W. Rhys (1881). Buddhist Suttas. Clarendon Press. p. 107. OCLC 13247398. https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.31070.
29. ↑ Gogerly, D.J. (1845). "On Buddhism". Journal of the Ceylon Branch of the Royal Asiatic Society 1: 7–28.
30. ↑ Davids, T.W. Rhys (1881). Buddhist Suttas. Clarendon Press. p. 145. OCLC 13247398. https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.31070.
31. ↑ Levman, Bryan (2017). "Putting smṛti back into sati (Putting remembrance back into mindfulness)". Journal of the Oxford Centre for Buddhist Studies 13: 121 at 122. http://www.jocbs.org/index.php/jocbs/article/view/167.
32. ↑ "Lecture, Stanford University Center for Compassion and Altruism Research and Education". The Center for Compassion and Altruism Research and Education. 2011. http://ccare.stanford.edu/node/21.
33. ↑ James H. Austin (2014), Zen-Brain Horizons: Toward a Living Zen, MIT Press, p. 83
34. ↑ 34.0 34.1 34.2 "The Five-Aggregate Model of the Mind". SAGE Open 5 (2): 215824401558386. 2015. doi:10.1177/2158244015583860.
35. ↑ 35.0 35.1 35.2 Brown, Kirk Warren; Ryan, Richard M; Creswell, J. David (2007). "Mindfulness: Theoretical Foundations and Evidence for its Salutary Effects". Psychological Inquiry 18 (4): 211–37. doi:10.1080/10478400701598298.
36. ↑ Sharf 2014, pp. 942–943.
37. ↑ 37.0 37.1 Sharf 2014, p. 943.
38. ↑ 38.0 38.1 "Is Mindfulness Present-Centered and Nonjudgmental? A Discussion of the Cognitive Dimensions of Mindfulness" by Georges Dreyfus
39. ↑ "Mindfulness and Ethics: Attention, Virtue and Perfection" by Jay Garfield
40. ↑ Bhikkhu Sujato (2019). "The Linked Discourses: the blueprint for Buddhist philosophy". https://suttacentral.net/sn-guide-sujato. "Includes both the recollection of teachings (SN 46.3) as well as mindful awareness of phenomena internal and external."
41. ↑ Anālayo (2003). Satipaṭṭhāna: The Direct Path to Realization. Windhorse Publications. p. 48. https://www.buddhismuskunde.uni-hamburg.de/pdf/5-personen/analayo/direct-path.pdf.
42. ↑ Bhante, Vimalaramsi (2015). A Guide to Tranquil Wisdom Insight Meditation. Annapolis, MO: CreateSpace Independent Publishing Platform. p. 4. ISBN 978-1-5085-6971-8. https://library.dhammasukha.org/uploads/1/2/8/6/12865490/a_guide_to_twim-17.pdf.
43. ↑ "The Community of Interbeing (UK)", Adaptation and Developments in Western Buddhism : Socially Engaged Buddhism in the UK, Bloomsbury Academic, 2013, doi:10.5040/9781472552488.ch-005, ISBN 978-1-4725-5248-8
44. ↑ Thich, Nhat Hanh (2020). Interbeing, 4th Edition: The 14 Mindfulness Trainings of Engaged Buddhism. Parallax Press.
45. ↑ Yates, John; Immergut, Matthew; Graves, Jeremy (2015). The Mind Illuminated. Hay House. p. 30.
46. ↑ Hạnh, Thích Nhất (1994). Zen Keys: A Guide to Zen Practice. New York City: Harmony Books. ISBN 978-0-385-47561-7.
47. ↑ Kvamme, Sandberg & Silvanto 2024.
48. ↑ Gkintoni, Vassilopoulos & Nikolaou 2025.
49. ↑ Matiz 2025.
50. ↑ Bishop et al. 2004, pp. 230–241.
51. ↑ Weder 2022.
52. ↑ Deatherage 1975.
53. ↑ Slagter, Davidson & Lutz 2011.
54. ↑ Karunamuni, Wood & Galante 2025.
55. ↑ Alvear, Soler & Cebolla 2002. sfn error: no target: CITEREFAlvearSolerCebolla2002 (help)
56. ↑ Jong, Freda Jia Xin; Ng, Alvin Lai Oon; Phang, Cheng Kar; Omran, Safa; Teoh, Siew Li (2025). "The Effects of Mindfulness-Based Intervention on Cognitive Functions in Tertiary Students: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis". Applied Cognitive Psychology 39 (3). doi:10.1002/acp.70056. ISSN 0888-4080.
57. ↑ "Clarifying the Construct of Mindfulness in the Context of Emotion Regulation and the Process of Change in Therapy". Clinical Psychology: Science and Practice 11 (3): 255–62. 2004. doi:10.1093/clipsy/bph080.
58. ↑ Gehart 2012, pp. 7–8.
59. ↑ 59.0 59.1 Black 2011, p. 1.
60. ↑ 60.0 60.1 60.2 60.3 Black 2011, p. 2.
61. ↑ 61.0 61.1 Gehart 2012, p. 7.
62. ↑ Zgierska et al. 2009.
63. ↑ Didonna 2008, p. 27.
64. ↑ Kristeller 2007, p. 393.
65. ↑ Germer 2005, p. 15.
66. ↑ 66.0 66.1 Hick 2010, p. 10.
67. ↑ 67.0 67.1 67.2 Bishop et al. 2004.
68. ↑ Tanay & Bernstein 2013, pp. 1286–1299.[page range too broad]
69. ↑ 69.0 69.1 69.2 69.3 69.4 69.5 McMahan 2008.
70. ↑ 70.0 70.1 Sharf 1995.
71. ↑ "The 18th Mind and Life Dialogues meeting". http://www.mindandlife.org/dialogues/past-conferences/ml18.
72. ↑ Williams & Tribe 2000, p. 46.
73. ↑ Vetter 1988.
74. ↑ Rhys Davids, T.W. (1977). Dialogues of the Buddha, Part II. Oxford, Great Britain: Pali Text Society. pp. 322–346. ISBN 0-86013-034-7.
75. ↑ Warner, Brad (2003). Hardcore Zen: Punk Rock, Monster Movies, & the Truth about Reality. Wisdom Publications. pp. 189–190. ISBN 0-86171-380-X.
76. ↑ Suzuki, Shunryū (2011). Zen Mind, Beginner's Mind. Shambhala Publications. pp. 15–16. ISBN 978-1-59030-849-3.
77. ↑ 77.0 77.1 77.2 Analayo 2003.
78. ↑ 78.0 78.1 Bhikkhu Bodhi.
79. ↑ "What is Theravada Buddhism?". Access to Insight. http://www.accesstoinsight.org/theravada.html.
80. ↑ ""The Nature of Mindfulness and Its Role in Buddhist Meditation" A Correspondence between B.A. wallace and the Venerable Bikkhu Bodhi, Winter 2006, p.4". http://shamatha.org/sites/default/files/Bhikkhu_Bodhi_Correspondence.pdf.
81. ↑ Buddhadasa Bhikkhu (2014), Heartwood of the Bodhi Tree, Wisdom publications, pp. 79, 101, 117 note 42
82. ↑ Polak 2011.
83. ↑ 83.0 83.1 Repetti 2022.
84. ↑ Lee 2020, p. 363.
85. ↑ "The Spiritual Exercises of St. Ignatius of Loyola: Third Week: Eating". https://www.sacred-texts.com/chr/seil/seil33.htm.
86. ↑ The Bible, Matthew 6:34 -- NIV
87. ↑ 87.0 87.1 87.2 Harris 2009, p. 268.
88. ↑ Kipf 1979, pp. 3–8.
89. ↑ King 2001.
90. ↑ Wilson 2014, p. 22.
91. ↑ Wilson 2014, p. 17.
92. ↑ Bishop et al. 2004, pp. 230–231: "Much of the interest in the clinical applications of mindfulness has been sparked by the introduction of Mindfulness-Based Stress Reduction (MBSR), a manualized treatment program originally developed for the management of chronic pain (Kabat-Zinn, 1982; Kabat-Zinn, Lipworth, & Burney, 1985; Kabat-Zinn, Lipworth, Burney, & Sellers, 1987)."
93. ↑ James, William (2012). Bradley, Matthew. ed. The Varieties of Religious Experience. Oxford University Press.
94. ↑ 94.0 94.1 "The art of being mindful. Finding peace in a stressed-out, digitally dependent culture may just be a matter of thinking differently". Time 183 (4): 40–46. February 2014. PMID 24640415.
95. ↑ 95.0 95.1 Valerio, Adam (2016). "Owning Mindfulness: A Bibliometric Analysis of Mindfulness Literature Trends Within and Outside of Buddhist Contexts". Contemporary Buddhism 17: 157–83. doi:10.1080/14639947.2016.1162425.
96. ↑ "Effects of Mindfulness-Based Interventions on Promoting Athletic Performance and Related Factors among Athletes: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled Trial". International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 20 (3): 2038. January 2023. doi:10.3390/ijerph20032038. PMID 36767403.
97. ↑ 97.0 97.1 Gunaratana, Bhante (2011). Mindfulness in plain English. Boston: Wisdom Publications. p. 21. ISBN 978-0-86171-906-8. http://www.wisdompubs.org/sites/default/files/preview/Mindfulness in Plain English Book Preview.pdf. Retrieved 30 January 2015.
98. ↑ Marlatt & Kristeller 1999, p. 68.
99. ↑ 99.0 99.1 99.2 99.3 Hick 2010, p. 6.
100. ↑ Kabat-Zinn himself, in Full Catastrophe Living (Revised Edition) (2013), p. lxiv
101. ↑ Wilson 2014.
102. ↑ Ihnen & Flynn 2008, p. 148.
103. ↑ Teasdale & Segal 2007, pp. 55–56.
104. ↑ "Healthy eating and sustainable nutrition through mindfulness? Mixed method results of a controlled intervention study". Appetite 141. October 2019. doi:10.1016/j.appet.2019.104325. PMID 31228507.
105. ↑ Wilson 2014, pp. 54–55.
106. ↑ Mahāsi Sayādaw, Manual of Insight, Chapter 5
107. ↑ Mahasi Sayadaw, Practical Vipassana Instructions, pp. 22–27
108. ↑ "The Art of Living: Vipassana Meditation". Dhamma.org. http://www.dhamma.org/en/art.shtml.
109. ↑ Bishop et al. 2004, p. 232.
110. ↑ Bishop et al. 2004, p. 233.
111. ↑ Kabat-Zinn 2000.
112. ↑ 112.0 112.1 Ergas, Oren (2013). "Mindfulness in education at the intersection of science, religion, and healing". Critical Studies in Education 55: 58–72. doi:10.1080/17508487.2014.858643.
113. ↑ "The effect of mindfulness-based cognitive therapy for prevention of relapse in recurrent major depressive disorder: a systematic review and meta-analysis". Clinical Psychology Review 31 (6): 1032–1040. August 2011. doi:10.1016/j.cpr.2011.05.002. PMID 21802618.
114. ↑ "Mindfulness-based cognitive therapy vs cognitive behaviour therapy as a treatment for non-melancholic depression". Journal of Affective Disorders 130 (1–2): 138–144. April 2011. doi:10.1016/j.jad.2010.09.027. PMID 21093925.
115. ↑ "The empirical status of the "new wave" of cognitive behavioral therapy". The Psychiatric Clinics of North America 33 (3): 701–710. September 2010. doi:10.1016/j.psc.2010.04.006. PMID 20599141.
116. ↑ 116.0 116.1 "Collaboration in mindfulness-based cognitive therapy". Journal of Clinical Psychology 68 (2): 179–186. February 2012. doi:10.1002/jclp.21832. PMID 23616298.
117. ↑ "Mindfulness-based cognitive therapy for depression: replication and exploration of differential relapse prevention effects". Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology 72 (1): 31–40. February 2004. doi:10.1037/0022-006x.72.1.31. PMID 14756612.
118. ↑ "In search of meaning: values in modern clinical behavior analysis". The Behavior Analyst 32 (1): 85–103. 2009. doi:10.1007/bf03392177. PMID 22478515.
119. ↑ Hayes, Steven. "Acceptance & Commitment Therapy (ACT)". ContextualPsychology.org. http://www.contextualpsychology.org/act.
120. ↑ Zettle, Robert D (2005). "The evolution of a contextual approach to therapy: From comprehensive distancing to ACT". International Journal of Behavioral Consultation and Therapy 1 (2): 77–89. doi:10.1037/h0100736.
121. ↑ Murdock, N. L. (2009). Theories of counseling and psychotherapy: A case approach. Upper Saddle River, N.J: Merrill/Pearson
122. ↑ "Getting in on the Act - The Irish Times - Tue, Jun 07, 2011". The Irish Times. 2011-06-07. http://www.irishtimes.com/newspaper/health/2011/0607/1224298494422.html#.Te5oANHU5AB;facebook.
123. ↑ "Acceptance and Commitment Therapy (ACT)". https://nexuspsychology.com.au/approaches/act-acceptance-commitment-therapy-psychologists-melbourne/#:~:text=Acceptance is the process of,and understanding of the present..
124. ↑ Linehan 1993, p. 19.
125. ↑ Linehan 1993, pp. 20–21.
126. ↑ Mode Deactivation Therapy for aggression and oppositional behavior in adolescents: An integrative methodology using ACT, DBT, and CBT. Oakland, CA: New Harbinger. 2010. ISBN 978-1-60882-107-5.
127. ↑ Swart, Joan; Apsche, Jack (2014). "Family mode deactivation therapy (FMDT) mediation analysis". International Journal of Behavioral Consultation and Therapy 9: 1–13. doi:10.1037/h0101009.
128. ↑ "Morita Therapy for depression (Morita Trial): an embedded qualitative study of acceptability". BMJ Open 9 (5). May 2019. doi:10.1136/bmjopen-2018-023873. PMID 31147359.
129. ↑ Schwartz, Richard C. (2013). Internal Family Systems Therapy. Guilford Publications. ISBN 978-1-4625-1395-6.
130. ↑ Robinson, Lawrence; Segal, Robert; Segal, Jeanne; Smith, Melinda (December 2017). "Relaxation Techniques". https://www.helpguide.org/articles/stress/relaxation-techniques-for-stress-relief.htm.
131. ↑ Ergas, Oren; Todd, Sharon, eds (2016). Philosophy East/West: Exploring intersections between educational and contemplative practices (1st ed.). Wiley-Blackwell. ISBN 978-1-119-14733-6.
132. ↑ Renshaw, Tyler L; Cook, Clayton R (2017). "Introduction to the Special Issue: Mindfulness in the Schools-Historical Roots, Current Status, and Future Directions". Psychology in the Schools 54: 5–12. doi:10.1002/pits.21978.
133. ↑ Eklund, Katie; O'Malley, Meagan; Meyer, Lauren (2017). "Gauging Mindfulness in Children and Youth: School-Based Applications". Psychology in the Schools 54: 101–14. doi:10.1002/pits.21983.
134. ↑ j. Davidson, Richard; Dunne, John; Eccles, Jacquelynne S.; Engle, Adam; Greenberg, Mark; Jennings, Patricia; Jha, Amishi; Jinpa, Thupten et al. (June 2012). "Contemplative Practices and Mental Training: Prospects for American Education". Child Development Perspectives 6 (2): 146–153. doi:10.1111/j.1750-8606.2012.00240.x. PMID 22905038.
135. ↑ Hobby, Kristen; Jenkins, Elizabeth (2014). "Mindfulness in schools". EarthSong Journal 2 (7): 26. ISSN 1449-8367. http://search.informit.com.au/documentSummary;dn=209891604858230;res=IELHSS.
136. ↑ 136.0 136.1 "Mindfulness-based interventions in schools-a systematic review and meta-analysis". Frontiers in Psychology 5: 603. 2014. doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2014.00603. PMID 25071620.
137. ↑ Semple, Randye J; Lee, Jennifer; Rosa, Dinelia; Miller, Lisa F (2009). "A Randomized Trial of Mindfulness-Based Cognitive Therapy for Children: Promoting Mindful Attention to Enhance Social-Emotional Resiliency in Children". Journal of Child and Family Studies 19 (2): 218–29. doi:10.1007/s10826-009-9301-y.
138. ↑ Flook, Lisa; Smalley, Susan L; Kitil, M. Jennifer; Galla, Brian M; Kaiser-Greenland, Susan; Locke, Jill; Ishijima, Eric; Kasari, Connie (2010). "Effects of Mindful Awareness Practices on Executive Functions in Elementary School Children". Journal of Applied School Psychology 26 (1): 70–95. doi:10.1080/15377900903379125.
139. ↑ "Effectiveness of a school-based mindfulness program for transdiagnostic prevention in young adolescents". Behaviour Research and Therapy 81: 1–11. June 2016. doi:10.1016/j.brat.2016.03.002. PMID 27054828.
140. ↑ 140.0 140.1 Good, Darren J; Lyddy, Christopher J; Glomb, Theresa M; Bono, Joyce E; Brown, Kirk Warren; Duffy, Michelle K; Baer, Ruth A; Brewer, Judson A et al. (2015). "Contemplating Mindfulness at Work". Journal of Management 42 (1): 114–42. doi:10.1177/0149206315617003.
141. ↑ Boyatzis, R. E., & McKee, A. (2005). Resonant Leadership: Renewing yourself and connecting with others through mindfulness, hope, and compassion. Boston: Harvard Business School Press.
142. ↑ 142.0 142.1 Carroll, Michael (2007). The Mindful Leader: Ten Principles for Bringing Out the Best in Ourselves and Others. Shambhala Publications. ISBN 978-1-59030-347-4. https://books.google.com/books?id=OCY-v_YwNMcC&q=The mindful leader: Ten principles for bringing out the best in ourselves and others&pg=PP1.
143. ↑ 143.0 143.1 Schultz, Patricia P; Ryan, Richard M; Niemiec, Christopher P; Legate, Nicole; Williams, Geoffrey C (2014). "Mindfulness, Work Climate, and Psychological Need Satisfaction in Employee Well-being". Mindfulness 6 (5): 971. doi:10.1007/s12671-014-0338-7.
144. ↑ "Effects of Mindfulness-Based Stress Reduction on employees' mental health: A systematic review". PLOS ONE 13 (1). 2018. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0191332. PMID 29364935. Bibcode: 2018PLoSO..1391332J.
145. ↑ Meditation classes raise attorneys mindfulness (2009). New Orleans CityBusiness.
146. ↑ Program on Negotiation at Harvard Law School (2008). Program on Negotiation Webcasts.
147. ↑ Samuelson, Marlene; Carmody, James; Kabat-Zinn, Jon; Bratt, Michael A (2016). "Mindfulness-Based Stress Reduction in Massachusetts Correctional Facilities". The Prison Journal 87 (2): 254–68. doi:10.1177/0032885507303753.
148. ↑ Shonin, Edo; Van Gordon, William; Slade, Karen; Griffiths, Mark D (2013). "Mindfulness and other Buddhist-derived interventions in correctional settings: A systematic review". Aggression and Violent Behavior 18 (3): 365–72. doi:10.1016/j.avb.2013.01.002. http://irep.ntu.ac.uk/id/eprint/15494/1/PubSub3165_Griffiths.pdf.
149. ↑ Dafoe, Terra; Stermac, Lana (2013). "Mindfulness Meditation as an Adjunct Approach to Treatment Within the Correctional System". Journal of Offender Rehabilitation 52 (3): 198–216. doi:10.1080/10509674.2012.752774.
150. ↑ "Samurai Mind Training for Modern American Warriors.". Time. September 6, 2009.
151. ↑ Garland, Froeliger & Howard 2014.
152. ↑ 152.0 152.1 "Foreword to Advances in Meditation Research: neuroscience and clinical applications". Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences 1307 (1): v-vi. January 2014. doi:10.1111/nyas.12305. PMID 24571183. Bibcode: 2014NYASA1307D...5S.
153. ↑ Wang, Yangzhen; Qu, Weiguo; Liu, Hongcheng; Peng, Ze; Hu, Yurong (27 March 2026). "Online and traditional mindfulness-based interventions for stress in university students: a systematic review and meta-analysis versus control conditions". Frontiers in Psychology 17. doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2026.1755245. PMID 41969897.
154. ↑ "Mindful exercise versus non-mindful exercise for schizophrenia: A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials". Complementary Therapies in Clinical Practice 32: 17–24. August 2018. doi:10.1016/j.ctcp.2018.04.003. PMID 30057047.
155. ↑ "Are Mindful Exercises Safe and Beneficial for Treating Chronic Lower Back Pain? A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials". Journal of Clinical Medicine 8 (5): 628. May 2019. doi:10.3390/jcm8050628. PMID 31072005.
156. ↑ Vonderlin, Ruben; Biermann, Miriam; Bohus, Martin; Lyssenko, Lisa (2 March 2020). "Mindfulness-Based Programs in the Workplace: a Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials". Mindfulness 11 (7): 1579–1598. doi:10.1007/s12671-020-01328-3.
157. ↑ 157.0 157.1 "Mindfulness-Based Interventions for University Students: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Randomised Controlled Trials". Applied Psychology: Health and Well-Being 12 (2): 384–410. July 2020. doi:10.1111/aphw.12188. PMID 31743957. https://www.repository.cam.ac.uk/handle/1810/298200.
158. ↑ 158.0 158.1 "Dispositional Mindfulness and Psychological Health: a Systematic Review". Mindfulness 9 (1): 23–43. 2018. doi:10.1007/s12671-017-0762-6. PMID 29387263.
159. ↑ "Effects of mindfulness on psychological health: a review of empirical studies". Clinical Psychology Review 31 (6): 1041–1056. August 2011. doi:10.1016/j.cpr.2011.04.006. PMID 21802619.
160. ↑ "A meta-analytic investigation of the impact of mindfulness-based interventions on ADHD symptoms". Medicine 98 (23). June 2019. doi:10.1097/MD.0000000000015957. PMID 31169722.
161. ↑ "The Clinical Efficacy of Mindfulness-Based Treatments for Alcohol and Drugs Use Disorders: A Meta-Analytic Review of Randomized and Nonrandomized Controlled Trials". European Addiction Research 24 (3): 137–162. 2018. doi:10.1159/000490762. PMID 30016796.
162. ↑ "Effectiveness of online mindfulness-based interventions in improving mental health: A review and meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials". Clinical Psychology Review 45: 102–114. April 2016. doi:10.1016/j.cpr.2016.03.009. PMID 27111302.
163. ↑ "Mindfulness training for parents of children with special needs: Guidance for nurses in mental health practice". Journal of Child and Adolescent Psychiatric Nursing 30 (1): 35–46. February 2017. doi:10.1111/jcap.12169. PMID 28449389.
164. ↑ Fuchs, Wendy W; Mundschenk, Nancy J; Groark, Brian (2017). "A Promising Practice: School-Based Mindfulness-Based Stress Reduction for Children with Disabilities". Journal of International Special Needs Education 20 (2): 56–66. doi:10.9782/2159-4341-20.2.56.
165. ↑ Cachia, Renee L; Anderson, Angelika; Moore, Dennis W (2016). "Mindfulness in Individuals with Autism Spectrum Disorder: A Systematic Review and Narrative Analysis". Review Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders 3 (2): 165–78. doi:10.1007/s40489-016-0074-0.
166. ↑ "Interventions to address health outcomes among autistic adults: A systematic review". Autism 24 (6): 1345–1359. August 2020. doi:10.1177/1362361320913664. PMID 32390461.
167. ↑ Peng, Qiyan; Dong, Yujie; Jin, Jie; Ao, Huan; Zhang, Chi; Ma, Yanfei (27 June 2025). "The effectiveness of mindfulness-based interventions for children with autism and their parents: a systematic review and meta-analysis". Frontiers in Psychology 16. doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2025.1526001. PMID 40657585.
168. ↑ "Mindfulness-based interventions for psychiatric disorders: A systematic review and meta-analysis". Clinical Psychology Review 59: 52–60. February 2018. doi:10.1016/j.cpr.2017.10.011. PMID 29126747.
169. ↑ "Mindfulness-based treatments for posttraumatic stress disorder: a review of the treatment literature and neurobiological evidence". Journal of Psychiatry & Neuroscience 43 (1): 7–25. January 2018. doi:10.1503/jpn.170021. PMID 29252162.
170. ↑ "Mindfulness in mood and anxiety disorders: a review of the literature". Trends in Psychiatry and Psychotherapy 39 (3): 207–215. 2017. doi:10.1590/2237-6089-2016-0051. PMID 28767927.
171. ↑ "Mindfulness interventions for psychosis: a systematic review of the literature". Journal of Psychiatric and Mental Health Nursing 24 (1): 69–83. February 2017. doi:10.1111/jpm.12357. PMID 27928859.
172. ↑ "Mindfulness- and Acceptance-based Interventions for Psychosis: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis". Global Advances in Health and Medicine 5 (1): 30–43. January 2016. doi:10.7453/gahmj.2015.083. PMID 26937312. "Moderate evidence was found for short-term effects on total psychotic symptoms, positive symptoms, hospitalization rates, duration of hospitalization, and mindfulness and for long-term effects on total psychotic symptoms and duration of hospitalization.".
173. ↑ "Mindfulness- and acceptance-based interventions for psychosis: Our current understanding and a meta-analysis". Schizophrenia Research 192: 57–63. February 2018. doi:10.1016/j.schres.2017.05.023. PMID 28545945.
174. ↑ "Maladaptive repetitive thought as a transdiagnostic phenomenon and treatment target: An integrative review". Journal of Clinical Psychology 74 (7): 1126–1136. July 2018. doi:10.1002/jclp.22585. PMID 29342312.
175. ↑ 175.0 175.1 175.2 "Assessing treatments used to reduce rumination and/or worry: a systematic review". Clinical Psychology Review 33 (8): 996–1009. December 2013. doi:10.1016/j.cpr.2013.08.004. PMID 24036088.
176. ↑ "From a state to a trait: Trajectories of state mindfulness in meditation during intervention predict changes in trait mindfulness". Personality and Individual Differences. Dr. Sybil Eysenck Young Researcher Award 81: 41–46. July 2015. doi:10.1016/j.paid.2014.12.044. PMID 25914434.
177. ↑ "How do mindfulness-based cognitive therapy and mindfulness-based stress reduction improve mental health and wellbeing? A systematic review and meta-analysis of mediation studies". Clinical Psychology Review 37: 1–12. April 2015. doi:10.1016/j.cpr.2015.01.006. PMID 25689576. https://figshare.com/articles/journal_contribution/23418683.
178. ↑ "Mindfulness-based interventions for the treatment of depressive rumination: Systematic review and meta-analysis". International Journal of Clinical and Health Psychology 17 (3): 282–295. 2017. doi:10.1016/j.ijchp.2017.07.004. PMID 30487903.
179. ↑ Kappes, Cathleen; Marion-Jetten, Ariane S.; Taylor, Geneviève; Schad, Daniel J.; Dreßler, Birte; El-Hayek, Samira; Hansemann, Jule; Heine, Rebecca et al. (2023-12-01). "The role of mindfulness and autonomous motivation for goal progress and goal adjustment: an intervention study" (in en). Motivation and Emotion 47 (6): 946–964. doi:10.1007/s11031-023-10033-2. ISSN 1573-6644.
180. ↑ Southwick, S.M., & Charney, D.S. (2012). Resilience: The Science of Mastering Life's Greatest Challenges. Cambridge University Press.
181. ↑ Galante, Julieta; Friedrich, Claire; Aeamla-Or, Napaporn et al. (10 July 2023). "Systematic review and individual participant data meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials assessing mindfulness-based programs for mental health promotion". Nature Mental Health 1 (7): 462–476. doi:10.1038/s44220-023-00081-5. PMID 37867573.
182. ↑ "A translational neuroscience perspective on mindfulness meditation as a prevention strategy". Translational Behavioral Medicine 6 (1): 63–72. March 2016. doi:10.1007/s13142-015-0360-x. PMID 27012254.
183. ↑ "Is meditation conducive to mental well-being for adolescents? An integrative review for mental health nursing". International Journal of Africa Nursing Sciences 4: 7–19. 2016. doi:10.1016/j.ijans.2016.01.001.
184. ↑ "The Quest for Mindful Sleep: A Critical Synthesis of the Impact of Mindfulness-Based Interventions for Insomnia". Current Sleep Medicine Reports 2 (3): 142–151. September 2016. doi:10.1007/s40675-016-0050-3. PMID 28191449.
185. ↑ "Using Mindfulness for the Treatment of Insomnia". Current Sleep Medicine Reports 3 (2): 57–65. June 2017. doi:10.1007/s40675-017-0068-1. PMID 30294523.
186. ↑ Kurth, Florian; Cherbuin, Nicolas; Luders, Eileen (2017). "Aging Mindfully to Minimize Cognitive Decline". Journal of Cognitive Enhancement 1 (2): 108–14. doi:10.1007/s41465-017-0027-2.
187. ↑ "A Tripartite Function of Mindfulness in Adjustment to Aging: Acceptance, Integration, and Transcendence". The Gerontologist 58 (6): 1009–1015. November 2018. doi:10.1093/geront/gnx100. PMID 30395235.
188. ↑ "The Neural Mechanisms of Meditative Practices: Novel Approaches for Healthy Aging". Current Behavioral Neuroscience Reports 3 (4): 328–339. 2016. doi:10.1007/s40473-016-0098-x. PMID 27909646.
189. ↑ Colzato, Lorenza S; Kibele, Armin (2017). "How Different Types of Meditation Can Enhance Athletic Performance Depending on the Specific Sport Skills". Journal of Cognitive Enhancement 1 (2): 122–26. doi:10.1007/s41465-017-0018-3.
190. ↑ 190.0 190.1 Noetel et al. 2019.
191. ↑ "Mindfulness and eating disorder psychopathology: A meta-analysis". The International Journal of Eating Disorders 53 (6): 834–851. June 2020. doi:10.1002/eat.23247. PMID 32100320.
192. ↑ "Mindfulness-based interventions for weight loss: a systematic review and meta-analysis". Obesity Reviews 19 (2): 164–177. February 2018. doi:10.1111/obr.12623. PMID 29076610.
193. ↑ "Mindfulness-based interventions for adults who are overweight or obese: a meta-analysis of physical and psychological health outcomes". Obesity Reviews 18 (1): 51–67. January 2017. doi:10.1111/obr.12461. PMID 27862826.
194. ↑ 194.0 194.1 "Mindfulness-Based Interventions for Adults with Cardiovascular Disease: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis". Annals of Behavioral Medicine 54 (1): 67–73. January 2020. doi:10.1093/abm/kaz020. PMID 31167026.
195. ↑ "Mindfulness-Based Interventions for Insomnia: A Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials". Behavioral Sleep Medicine 18 (1): 1–9. 2020. doi:10.1080/15402002.2018.1518228. PMID 30380915.
196. ↑ Kanen, Jonathan; Nazir, Racha; Sedky, Karim; Pradhan, Basant (30 April 2015). "The Effects of Mindfulness-Based Interventions on Sleep Disturbance: A Meta-Analysis". Adolescent Psychiatry 5 (2): 105–115. doi:10.2174/2210676605666150311222928.
197. ↑ "The Science of Relaxation - Lectures by neuroscientist Martin Dresler and psychiatrist Anne Speckens". Radboud Reflects and Donders Institute. 2020-12-09. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=1JvkcstJ6Bk.
198. ↑ "The effectiveness of mindfulness-based interventions among cancer patients and survivors: a systematic review and meta-analysis". Supportive Care in Cancer 28 (4): 1563–1578. April 2020. doi:10.1007/s00520-019-05219-9. PMID 31834518.
199. ↑ "Mindfulness-based stress reduction can alleviate cancer- related fatigue: A meta-analysis". Journal of Psychosomatic Research 130. March 2020. doi:10.1016/j.jpsychores.2019.109916. PMID 31927347.
200. ↑ 200.0 200.1 "Mindfulness-based interventions for psychological wellbeing and quality of life in men with prostate cancer: A systematic review and meta-analysis". Psycho-Oncology 30 (10): 1680–1690. October 2021. doi:10.1002/pon.5749. PMID 34139035.
201. ↑ 201.0 201.1 "Mindfulness-based interventions for psychological and physical health outcomes in cancer patients and survivors: A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials". Psycho-Oncology 28 (12): 2257–2269. December 2019. doi:10.1002/pon.5214. PMID 31464026.
202. ↑ "Effects of Mindfulness-based interventions on physical symptoms in people with multiple sclerosis - a systematic review and meta-analysis". Multiple Sclerosis and Related Disorders 38. February 2020. doi:10.1016/j.msard.2019.101493. PMID 31835209. http://eprints.gla.ac.uk/202343/7/202343.pdf.
203. ↑ "Psychological well-being in people with multiple sclerosis: a descriptive review of the effects obtained with mindfulness interventions". Neurological Sciences 43 (1): 211–217. January 2022. doi:10.1007/s10072-021-05686-1. PMID 34697659.
204. ↑ "Systematic Review and Meta-analysis: Mindfulness-Based Interventions for Rheumatoid Arthritis". Current Rheumatology Reports 20 (12). October 2018. doi:10.1007/s11926-018-0787-4. PMID 30338418.
205. ↑ "Factors influencing the effect of mindfulness-based interventions on diabetes distress: a meta-analysis". BMJ Open Diabetes Research & Care 7 (1). 11 December 2019. doi:10.1136/bmjdrc-2019-000757. PMID 31908794.
206. ↑ "The Efficacy of Mindfulness-Based Interventions in Primary Care: A Meta-Analytic Review". Annals of Family Medicine 13 (6): 573–582. November 2015. doi:10.1370/afm.1863. PMID 26553897.
207. ↑ Hutton, Jane (Sep 2016). "How can mindfulness help patients with skin conditions". Dermatological Nursing 15 (3): 32–35. OCLC 6841989774.
208. ↑ "The impact of psychological distress during pregnancy on the developing fetus: biological mechanisms and the potential benefits of mindfulness interventions". Journal of Perinatal Medicine 45 (9): 999–1011. December 2017. doi:10.1515/jpm-2016-0189. PMID 28141546.
209. ↑ "Mindfulness-Based Interventions During Pregnancy: a Systematic Review and Meta-analysis". Mindfulness 8 (6): 1421–1437. 2017. doi:10.1007/s12671-017-0726-x. PMID 29201244.
210. ↑ "The effects of mindfulness interventions on prenatal well-being: A systematic review". Psychology & Health 31 (12): 1415–1434. December 2016. doi:10.1080/08870446.2016.1220557. PMID 27539908.
211. ↑ "Mindfulness meditation-based pain relief: a mechanistic account". Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences 1373 (1): 114–127. June 2016. doi:10.1111/nyas.13153. PMID 27398643. Bibcode: 2016NYASA1373..114Z.
212. ↑ Reangsing, Chuntana; Punsuwun, Sasinun; Oerther, Sarah (January 2026). "Effects of mindfulness-based interventions (MBIs) on headache pain in migraine patients: A systematic review and meta-analysis". General Hospital Psychiatry 98: 107–115. doi:10.1016/j.genhosppsych.2025.12.013. PMID 41421052.
213. ↑ "Brain mechanisms supporting the modulation of pain by mindfulness meditation". The Journal of Neuroscience 31 (14): 5540–5548. April 2011. doi:10.1523/JNEUROSCI.5791-10.2011. PMID 21471390.
214. ↑ 214.0 214.1 "Pathways to well-being: Untangling the causal relationships among biopsychosocial variables". Social Science & Medicine 272. March 2021. doi:10.1016/j.socscimed.2020.112846. PMID 32089388. https://osf.io/dfu59/.
215. ↑ "The role of rumination in illness trajectories in youth: linking trans-diagnostic processes with clinical staging models". Psychological Medicine 46 (12): 2467–2484. September 2016. doi:10.1017/S0033291716001392. PMID 27352637.
216. ↑ "When worries make you sick: a review of perseverative cognition, the default stress response and somatic health". J. Exp. Psychopathol. 1 (1): 87–118. 2010. doi:10.5127/jep.009110.
217. ↑ "Mindfulness mediates the physiological markers of stress: Systematic review and meta-analysis". Journal of Psychiatric Research 95: 156–178. December 2017. doi:10.1016/j.jpsychires.2017.08.004. PMID 28863392.
218. ↑ Dunn, Thomas J.; Dimolareva, Mirena (March 2022). "The effect of mindfulness-based interventions on immunity-related biomarkers: a comprehensive meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials". Clinical Psychology Review 92. doi:10.1016/j.cpr.2022.102124. PMID 35078038. https://researchspace.bathspa.ac.uk/14565/1/14565.pdf.
219. ↑ 219.0 219.1 "Mindfulness meditation and the immune system: a systematic review of randomized controlled trials". Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences 1373 (1): 13–24. June 2016. doi:10.1111/nyas.12998. PMID 26799456. Bibcode: 2016NYASA1373...13B.
220. ↑ "Mindfulness Training and Physical Health: Mechanisms and Outcomes". Psychosomatic Medicine 81 (3): 224–232. April 2019. doi:10.1097/PSY.0000000000000675. PMID 30806634.
221. ↑ "Inflammation: The Common Pathway of Stress-Related Diseases". Frontiers in Human Neuroscience 11 (316). 2017. doi:10.3389/fnhum.2017.00316. PMID 28676747.
222. ↑ "Stress and type 2 diabetes: a review of how stress contributes to the development of type 2 diabetes". Annual Review of Public Health 36: 441–462. March 2015. doi:10.1146/annurev-publhealth-031914-122921. PMID 25581145.
223. ↑ "A meta-analytic review of the effects of mindfulness meditation on telomerase activity". Psychoneuroendocrinology 42: 45–48. April 2014. doi:10.1016/j.psyneuen.2013.12.017. PMID 24636500.
224. ↑ "Meditation programs for psychological stress and well-being: a systematic review and meta-analysis". JAMA Internal Medicine 174 (3): 357–368. March 2014. doi:10.1001/jamainternmed.2013.13018. PMID 24395196.
225. ↑ "Using self-report assessment methods to explore facets of mindfulness". Assessment 13 (1): 27–45. March 2006. doi:10.1177/1073191105283504. PMID 16443717.
226. ↑ Baer, Ruth A.; Lykins, Emily L. B.; Peters, Jessica R. (May 1, 2012). "Mindfulness and self-compassion as predictors of psychological wellbeing in long-term meditators and matched nonmeditators". The Journal of Positive Psychology 7 (3): 230–238. doi:10.1080/17439760.2012.674548.
227. ↑ Bergomi, Claudia; Tschacher, Wolfgang; Kupper, Zeno (December 1, 2015). "Meditation Practice and Self-Reported Mindfulness: a Cross-Sectional Investigation of Meditators and Non-Meditators Using the Comprehensive Inventory of Mindfulness Experiences (CHIME)". Mindfulness 6 (6): 1411–1421. doi:10.1007/s12671-015-0415-6. http://doc.rero.ch/record/331880/files/12671_2015_Article_415.pdf.
228. ↑ "Explaining Variations in Mindfulness Levels in Daily Life". Mindfulness 9 (6): 1895–1906. December 1, 2018. doi:10.1007/s12671-018-0932-1. PMID 30524516.
229. ↑ "Mindfulness and mood stimulate each other in an upward spiral: a mindful walking intervention using experience sampling". Mindfulness 7 (5): 1114–1122. December 1, 2016. doi:10.1007/s12671-016-0550-8. PMID 27642373.
230. ↑ "Mechanisms of mindfulness". Journal of Clinical Psychology 62 (3): 373–386. March 2006. doi:10.1002/jclp.20237. PMID 16385481.
231. ↑ Xiao, Qianguo; Hu, Chunmei; Wang, Ting (2020-11-01). "Mindfulness Practice Makes Moral People More Moral". Mindfulness 11 (11): 2639–2650. doi:10.1007/s12671-020-01478-4. ISSN 1868-8535.
232. ↑ Creswell 2017, p. 505.
233. ↑ "Special issue on mindfulness neuroscience". Social Cognitive and Affective Neuroscience 8 (1): 1–3. January 2013. doi:10.1093/scan/nss104. PMID 22956677.
234. ↑ 234.0 234.1 "How Does Mindfulness Meditation Work? Proposing Mechanisms of Action From a Conceptual and Neural Perspective". Perspectives on Psychological Science 6 (6): 537–559. November 2011. doi:10.1177/1745691611419671. PMID 26168376.
235. ↑ Rahrig, Hadley; Vago, David R.; Passarelli, Matthew A.; Auten, Allison; Lynn, Nicholas A.; Brown, Kirk Warren (18 July 2022). "Meta-analytic evidence that mindfulness training alters resting state default mode network connectivity". Scientific Reports 12 (1). doi:10.1038/s41598-022-15195-6. PMID 35851275. Bibcode: 2022NatSR..1212260R.
236. ↑ Ruther, Stacy; Jackson, Eric; vanSonnenberg, Eric (February 2026). "Mindfulness on the brain: a review of structural and functional MRI findings in mindfulness-based stress reduction". European Journal of Radiology 195. doi:10.1016/j.ejrad.2025.112619. PMID 41422646.
237. ↑ "Mindfulness meditation and explicit and implicit indicators of personality and self-concept changes". Frontiers in Psychology 6: 44. 2015. doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2015.00044. PMID 25688222.
238. ↑ "Improving personality/character traits in individuals with alcohol dependence: the influence of mindfulness-oriented meditation". Journal of Addictive Diseases 34 (1): 75–87. 2015. doi:10.1080/10550887.2014.991657. PMID 25585050.
239. ↑ 239.0 239.1 "8-week Mindfulness Based Stress Reduction induces brain changes similar to traditional long-term meditation practice - A systematic review". Brain and Cognition 108: 32–41. October 2016. doi:10.1016/j.bandc.2016.07.001. PMID 27429096.
240. ↑ "Potential benefits of mindfulness-based interventions in mild cognitive impairment and Alzheimer's disease: an interdisciplinary perspective". Behavioural Brain Research 276: 199–212. January 2015. doi:10.1016/j.bbr.2014.05.058. PMID 24893317.
241. ↑ "The Effects of Meditation on Grey Matter Atrophy and Neurodegeneration: A Systematic Review". Journal of Alzheimer's Disease 56 (1): 275–286. 2017. doi:10.3233/JAD-160899. PMID 27983555.
242. ↑ 242.0 242.1 "The default mode network as a biomarker for monitoring the therapeutic effects of meditation". Frontiers in Psychology 6: 776. 2015. doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2015.00776. PMID 26106351.
243. ↑ "What Is the Molecular Signature of Mind-Body Interventions? A Systematic Review of Gene Expression Changes Induced by Meditation and Related Practices". Frontiers in Immunology 8. 2017. doi:10.3389/fimmu.2017.00670. PMID 28670311.
244. ↑ "Effects of mindfulness-based interventions on biomarkers in healthy and cancer populations: a systematic review". BMC Complementary and Alternative Medicine 17 (1). February 2017. doi:10.1186/s12906-017-1638-y. PMID 28231775.
245. ↑ "Mindfulness practice leads to increases in regional brain gray matter density". Psychiatry Research 191 (1): 36–43. January 2011. doi:10.1016/j.pscychresns.2010.08.006. PMID 21071182.
246. ↑ Creswell 2017, p. 497.
247. ↑ "Mindfulness-based stress reduction (MBSR) for improving health, quality of life and social functioning in adults: a systematic review and meta-analysis". Campbell Systematic Reviews 13 (1): 1–264. 2017. doi:10.4073/csr.2017.11.
248. ↑ 248.0 248.1 "The unique brain anatomy of meditation practitioners: alterations in cortical gyrification". Frontiers in Human Neuroscience 6: 34. 2012. doi:10.3389/fnhum.2012.00034. PMID 22393318.
249. ↑ Mark Wheeler (March 14, 2012). "Evidence builds that meditation strengthens the brain, UCLA researchers say". UCLA Newsroom. http://newsroom.ucla.edu/releases/evidence-builds-that-meditation-230237.
250. ↑ Fjorback, L. O.; Arendt, M.; Ornbøl, E.; Fink, P.; Walach, H. (2011). "Mindfulness-based stress reduction and mindfulness-based cognitive therapy: A systematic review of randomized controlled trials". Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica 124 (2): 102–119. doi:10.1111/j.1600-0447.2011.01704.x. PMID 21534932.
251. ↑ "Intervention Summary: Mindfulness-Based Stress Reduction (MBSR)". Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration. http://nrepp.samhsa.gov/ViewIntervention.aspx?id=238.
252. ↑ "The neuroscience of mindfulness meditation". Nature Reviews. Neuroscience 16 (4): 213–225. April 2015. doi:10.1038/nrn3916. PMID 25783612.
253. ↑ "Mindfulness and willingness to try insects as food: The role of disgust". Food Quality and Preference 71: 375–383. 2019. doi:10.1016/j.foodqual.2018.08.014.
254. ↑ "Mindfulness changes construal level: An experimental investigation". Journal of Experimental Psychology. General 148 (9): 1656–1664. September 2019. doi:10.1037/xge0000654. PMID 31355654.
255. ↑ "Mindful relating: exploring mindfulness and emotion repertoires in intimate relationships". Journal of Marital and Family Therapy 33 (4): 464–481. October 2007. doi:10.1111/j.1752-0606.2007.00032.x. PMID 17935530.
256. ↑ "Mindfulness-based stress reduction in Parkinson's disease: a systematic review". BMC Neurology 17 (1). May 2017. doi:10.1186/s12883-017-0876-4. PMID 28506263.
257. ↑ "The Effectiveness of Mindfulness-Based Interventions in the Perinatal Period: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis". PLOS ONE 11 (5). 2016. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0155720. PMID 27182732. Bibcode: 2016PLoSO..1155720L.
258. ↑ 258.0 258.1 Wallace, B. Alan (2006). The attention revolution: Unlocking the power of the focused mind. Boston: Wisdom Publications. ISBN 978-0-86171-276-2. https://www.loc.gov/catdir/toc/ecip065/2005037195.html.
259. ↑ Chiesa, Alberto (2012). "The Difficulty of Defining Mindfulness: Current Thought and Critical Issues". Mindfulness 4 (3): 255–68. doi:10.1007/s12671-012-0123-4.
260. ↑ 260.0 260.1 Purser 2019. sfn error: multiple targets (2×): CITEREFPurser2019 (help)
261. ↑ Giesler, Markus; Veresiu, Ela (2014). "Creating the Responsible Consumer: Moralistic Governance Regimes and Consumer Subjectivity". Journal of Consumer Research 41 (October): 849–67. doi:10.1086/677842.
262. ↑ Bond, Michael (13 September 2017). "Lost in meditation: Two books argue over mindfulness". New Scientist. https://www.newscientist.com/article/mg23531430-900-lost-in-meditation-two-books-argue-over-mindfulness/.
263. ↑ Joiner, Thomas (2017). Mindlessness: The Corruption of Mindfulness in a Culture of Narcissism. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-020062-6. https://global.oup.com/academic/product/mindlessness-9780190200626?cc=gb&lang=en&.
264. ↑ Purser, Ronald (14 June 2019). "The mindfulness conspiracy". https://www.theguardian.com/lifeandstyle/2019/jun/14/the-mindfulness-conspiracy-capitalist-spirituality.
265. ↑ Shonin, Edo (August 27, 2015). Buddhist Foundations of Mindfulness (Mindfulness in Behavioral Health) (1st ed.). Springer. pp. 90–94.
266. ↑ "Does meditation carry a risk of harmful side effects?". 2017-05-26. https://www.nhs.uk/news/lifestyle-and-exercise/does-meditation-carry-a-risk-of-harmful-side-effects/.
267. ↑ "Dangers of Meditation". 2016. https://www.psychologytoday.com/us/blog/mindfulness-wellbeing/201603/dangers-meditation.
268. ↑ "Seriously... – Seriously... – Is Mindfulness Meditation Dangerous?". http://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/articles/2nB1psRz3JFQpzDh6J2Z6xl/is-mindfulness-meditation-dangerous.
269. ↑ "Meditation is touted as a cure for mental instability but can it actually be bad for you?". 2015. https://www.independent.co.uk/life-style/health-and-families/features/meditation-is-touted-as-a-cure-for-mental-instability-but-can-it-actually-be-bad-for-you-10268291.html?amp.
270. ↑ Chan-Ob, T; Boonyanaruthee, V (1999). "Meditation in association with psychosis". Journal of the Medical Association of Thailand = Chotmaihet Thangphaet 82 (9): 925–30. ISSN 0125-2208. PMID 10561951. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/12739139.
271. ↑ Farias, M.; Maraldi, E.; Wallenkampf, K. C.; Lucchetti, G. (2020). "Adverse events in meditation practices and meditation-based therapies: a systematic review.". Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica 142 (5): 374–393. doi:10.1111/acps.13225. PMID 32820538. https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/acps.13225.
272. ↑ Goud, S. S. (2022). "A Double-Edged Sword-A Case Report of Psychosis Associated with Excessive Unguided Meditation.". Case Reports in Psychiatry 2022 (2661824). doi:10.1155/2022/2661824. PMID 36316997.
273. ↑ Yadav, J.; Bhardwaj, A.; Jangid, P.; Singh, P.; Gupta, R. (2023). "Meditation-A Slippery Slope for Psychosis: A Case Series With Review of Evidence". The Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease 211 (8): 634–638. doi:10.1097/NMD.0000000000001656. PMID 37505896. https://journals.lww.com/jonmd/abstract/2023/08000/meditation_a_slippery_slope_for_psychosis__a_case.12.aspx.
274. ↑ Farias, M; Wikholm, C (2016). "Has the science of mindfulness lost its mind?". BJPsych Bulletin 40 (6): 329–332. doi:10.1192/pb.bp.116.053686. PMID 28377813.
275. ↑ The Buddha Pill: Can Meditation Change You? by M. Farias and C. Wikholm, 2019 ISBN 9781780287188
276. ↑ Mindlessness: The Corruption of Mindfulness in a Culture of Narcissism by T. Joiner, 2017 ISBN 0190200626
277. ↑ McMindfulness: How Mindfulness Became the New Capitalist Spirituality by R. Purser, 2019 ISBN 191224831X
278. ↑ Schlosser, Marco; Sparby, Terje; Vörös, Sebastjan; Jones, Rebecca; Marchant, Natalie L. (2019). "Unpleasant meditation-related experiences in regular meditators: Prevalence, predictors, and conceptual considerations". PLOS ONE 14 (5). doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0216643. PMID 31071152. Bibcode: 2019PLoSO..1416643S.
279. ↑ Britton, W. B.; Lindahl, J. R.; Cooper, D. J.; Canby, N. K.; Palitsky, R (2021). "Defining and measuring meditation-related adverse effects in mindfulness-based programs". Clinical Psychological Science 9 (6): 1185–1204. doi:10.1177/2167702621996340. PMID 35174010.
280. ↑ Burgess, Diana J; Calvert, Collin; Bangerter, Ann; Branson, Mariah; Cross, Lee J S; Evans, Roni; Ferguson, John E; Friedman, Jessica K et al. (1 November 2024). "Do mindfulness interventions cause harm? Findings from the Learning to Apply Mindfulness to Pain (LAMP) Pragmatic Clinical Trial". Pain Medicine 25 (Supplement_1): S68–S76. doi:10.1093/pm/pnae056. PMID 39514882.
281. ↑ Hirshberg, Matthew J.; Goldberg, Simon B.; Rosenkranz, Melissa; Davidson, Richard J. (April 2022). "Prevalence of harm in mindfulness-based stress reduction". Psychological Medicine 52 (6): 1080–1088. doi:10.1017/S0033291720002834. PMID 32807249.
282. ↑ Hadash, Yuval; Veksler, Tatyana; Dar, Omer; Oren-Schwartz, Romi; Bernstein, Amit (April 2024). "Peak experiences during insight mindfulness meditation retreats and their salutary and adverse impact: A prospective matched-controlled intervention study.". Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology 92 (4): 213–225. doi:10.1037/ccp0000875. PMID 38573713.
283. ↑ Hafenbrack, A. C.; LaPalme, M. L.; Solal, I. (2022). "Mindfulness meditation reduces guilt and prosocial reparation". Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 123 (1): 28–54. doi:10.1037/pspa0000298. PMID 34941333. https://psycnet.apa.org/doiLanding?doi=10.1037/pspa0000298.
284. ↑ Poulin, M. J.; Ministero, L. M.; Gabriel, S.; Morrison, C. D.; Naidu, E. (2021). "Minding Your Own Business? Mindfulness Decreases Prosocial Behavior for People With Independent Self-Construals". Psychological Science 32 (11): 1699–1708. doi:10.1177/09567976211015184. PMID 34705576. https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/09567976211015184.
285. ↑ "How mindfulness can make you a darker person". 2022-03-03. https://www.bbc.com/worklife/article/20220302-how-mindfulness-can-make-you-a-darker-person.
286. ↑ Malin, Yael (2023). "Others in mind: A systematic review and meta-analysis of the relationship between mindfulness and prosociality.". Mindfulness 14 (7): 1582–1605. doi:10.1007/s12671-023-02150-3.
287. ↑ Berry, Daniel R.; Hoerr, Jonathan P.; Cesko, Selena; Alayoubi, Amir; Carpio, Kevin; Zirzow, Hannah; Walters, Wesley; Scram, Genny et al. (August 2020). "Does Mindfulness Training Without Explicit Ethics-Based Instruction Promote Prosocial Behaviors? A Meta-Analysis". Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin 46 (8): 1247–1269. doi:10.1177/0146167219900418. PMID 31971095.
288. ↑ Donald, James N.; Sahdra, Baljinder K.; Van Zanden, Brooke; Duineveld, Jasper J.; Atkins, Paul W. B.; Marshall, Sarah L.; Ciarrochi, Joseph (February 2019). "Does your mindfulness benefit others? A systematic review and meta-analysis of the link between mindfulness and prosocial behaviour". British Journal of Psychology 110 (1): 101–125. doi:10.1111/bjop.12338. PMID 30094812.
289. ↑ Vörös, Sebastjan (2016). "Sitting with the Demons – Mindfulness, Suffering, and Existential Transformation". Asian Studies 4 (2): 59–83. doi:10.4312/as.2016.4.2.59-83. https://revije.ff.uni-lj.si/as/article/view/6416. Retrieved 31 January 2020.
290. ↑ 290.0 290.1 290.2 Salguero, C. Pierce (2023). ""Meditation Sickness" in Medieval Chinese Buddhism and the Contemporary West". Journal of Buddhist Ethics 30 (2): 169–211. ISSN 1076-9005. https://blogs.dickinson.edu/buddhistethics/files/2023/08/Salguero-Finalized-ms-for-publication47.pdf. Retrieved 14 February 2024.
291. ↑ 291.0 291.1 Shonin, Edo; Gordon, William Van; Griffiths, Mark D (July 2014). "Are there risks associated with using mindfulness in the treatment of psychopathology?". Clinical Practice 11 (4): 389–392. doi:10.2217/cpr.14.23.
292. ↑ 292.0 292.1 292.2 292.3 Compson, Jane (October 2018). "Adverse Meditation Experiences: Navigating Buddhist and Secular Frameworks for Addressing Them". Mindfulness 9 (5): 1358–1369. doi:10.1007/s12671-017-0878-8.
293. ↑ 293.0 293.1 Anālayo, Bhikkhu (January 2019). "In the Seen Just the Seen: Mindfulness and the Construction of Experience". Mindfulness 10 (1): 179–184. doi:10.1007/s12671-018-1042-9.
294. ↑ Ruan, Hang; Pocock, Ian T.; Ruan, Howard (March 2023). ""You Just Have to Stick With the Practice": A Long-Term Weekly Mindfulness Group at the VA". Group 47 (1–2): 91–114. doi:10.1353/grp.2023.0008. PMID 40746623.
295. ↑ Kerr, Catherine E.; Josyula, Krishnapriya; Littenberg, Ronnie (January 2011). "Developing an observing attitude: an analysis of meditation diaries in an MBSR clinical trial". Clinical Psychology & Psychotherapy 18 (1): 80–93. doi:10.1002/cpp.700. PMID 21226129.
296. ↑ Goldberg, Simon B.; Lam, Sin U.; Britton, Willoughby B.; Davidson, Richard J. (3 April 2022). "Prevalence of meditation-related adverse effects in a population-based sample in the United States". Psychotherapy Research 32 (3): 291–305. doi:10.1080/10503307.2021.1933646. PMID 34074221.
297. ↑ Lomas, Tim; Cartwright, Tina; Edginton, Trudi; Ridge, Damien (August 2015). "A Qualitative Analysis of Experiential Challenges Associated with Meditation Practice". Mindfulness 6 (4): 848–860. doi:10.1007/s12671-014-0329-8.

## Sources

Printed sources

* Alvear, David; Soler, Joaquim; Cebolla, Ausiàs (2022). "Meditators’ Non-academic Definition of Mindfulness". Mindfulness 13 (6): 1544–1554. doi:10.1007/s12671-022-01899-3. </ref>
* Analayo, Bhikku (2003). Satipaṭṭhāna, the direct path to realization. Windhorse Publications.
* Baer, Ruth A. (2003). "Mindfulness Training as a Clinical Intervention: A Conceptual and Empirical Review". Clinical Psychology: Science and Practice 10 (2): 125–143. doi:10.1093/clipsy.bpg015. http://www.wisebrain.org/papers/MindfulnessPsyTx.pdf.
* Bazzano, Manu (2014). After Mindfulness: New Perspectives on Psychology and Meditation. Palgrave Macmillan.
* Bhikkhu Bodhi. "The Noble Eightfold Path". Access to Insight. http://www.accesstoinsight.org/lib/authors/bodhi/waytoend.html.
* Bishop, Scott R; Lau, Mark; Shapiro, Shauna; Carlson, Linda; Anderson, Nicole D; Carmody, James; Segal, Zindel V; Abbey, Susan et al. (2004). "Mindfulness: A Proposed Operational Definition". Clinical Psychology: Science and Practice 11 (3): 230–241. doi:10.1093/clipsy.bph077.
* Black, David S. (2011). "A Brief Definition of Mindfulness". http://www.mindfulexperience.org/resources/brief_definition.pdf.
* Blanck, P.; Perleth, S; Heidenreich, T; Kröger, P; Ditzen, B.; Bents, H.; Mander, J. (2018). "Effects of mindfulness exercises as stand-alone intervention on symptoms of anxiety and depression: Systematic review and meta-analysis". Behaviour Research and Therapy 102: 25–35. doi:10.1007/s12671-014-0379-y. PMID 29291584.
* Buchholz, L. (2015). "Exploring the Promise of Mindfulness as Medicine". JAMA 314 (13): 1327–1329. doi:10.1001/jama.2015.7023. PMID 26441167.
* Calderone, Andrea; Latella, Desirée; Impellizzeri, Federica; de Pasquale, Paolo; Famà, Fausto; Quartarone, Angelo; Calabrò, Rocco Salvatore (2024). "Neurobiological Changes Induced by Mindfulness and Meditation: A Systematic Review". Biomedicines 12 (11): 2613. doi:10.3390/biomedicines12112613. PMID 39595177.
* Chems-Maarif, Ryad; Cavanagh, Kate; Baer, Ruth; Gu, Jenny; Strauss, Clara (2025). "Defining Mindfulness: A Review of Existing Definitions and Suggested Refinements". Mindfulness 16 (1): 1–20. doi:10.1007/s12671-024-02507-2.
* Chiesa, A; Serretti, A (2014). "Are mindfulness-based interventions effective for substance use disorders? A systematic review of the evidence". Substance Use & Misuse 49 (5): 492–512. doi:10.3109/10826084.2013.770027. PMID 23461667.
* Creswell, J.D. (January 2017). "Mindfulness Interventions". Annual Review of Psychology 68: 491–516. doi:10.1146/annurev-psych-042716-051139. PMID 27687118. "Methodologically rigorous RCTs have demonstrated that mindfulness interventions improve outcomes in multiple domains (e.g., chronic pain, depression relapse, addiction).".
* David Creswell, J.; Lindsay, Emily K.; Villalba, Daniella K.; Chin, Brian (2020). "Mindfulness Training and Physical Health: Mechanisms and Outcomes". Psychosomatic Medicine 81 (3): 224–232. doi:10.1097/PSY.0000000000000675. ISSN 0033-3174. PMID 30806634.
* Deatherage, Gary (1975). "The clinical use of "mindfulness" meditation techniques in short-term psychotherapy". Journal of Transpersonal Psychology 7 (2): 133–43. http://www.atpweb.org/jtparchive/trps-07-75-02-133.pdf.
* Didonna, Fabrizio (2008). Clinical Handbook of Mindfulness. Springer Science & Business Media.
* Dreyfus, Georges (2013). "Is mindfulness present-centered and non-judgmental? A discussion of the cognitive dimensions of mindfulness". Mindfulness: Diverse Perspectives on its Meaning, Origins and Applications. Routledge. https://info-buddhism.com/Mindfulness_Present-Centered_Nonjudgmental-Attention_Introspection-A-Discussion_Dreyfus.html.
* Dunning, DL; Griffiths, K; Kuyken, W; Crane, C; Foulkes, L; Parker, J; Dalgleish, T (2019). "Research Review: The effects of mindfulness-based interventions on cognition and mental health in children and adolescents - a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials". Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, and Allied Disciplines 60 (3): 244–258. doi:10.1111/jcpp.12980. PMID 30345511.
* Galante, Julieta; Friedrich, Claire; Dawson, Anna F.; Modrego-Alarcón, Marta; Gebbing, Pia; Delgado-Suárez, Irene; Gupta, Radhika; Dean, Lydia et al. (2021). "Mindfulness-based programmes for mental health promotion in adults in nonclinical settings: A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials" (in en). PLOS Medicine 18 (1). doi:10.1371/journal.pmed.1003481. ISSN 1549-1676. PMID 33428616.
* Garland, EL; Froeliger, B; Howard, MO (2014). "Mindfulness training targets neurocognitive mechanisms of addiction at the attention-appraisal-emotion interface". Frontiers in Psychiatry 4: 173. doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2013.00173. PMID 24454293.
* Gehart, Diane R. (2012). Mindfulness and Acceptance in Couple and Family Therapy. Springer Science & Business Media.
* Germer, Christopher K. (2005). "Mindfulness. What Is It? What does It Matter?". Mindfulness and Psychotherapy. Guilford Press.
* Gkintoni, Evgenia; Vassilopoulos, Stephanos P.; Nikolaou, Georgios (2025-03-03). "Mindfulness-Based Cognitive Therapy in Clinical Practice: A Systematic Review of Neurocognitive Outcomes and Applications for Mental Health and Well-Being". Journal of Clinical Medicine (MDPI AG) 14 (5): 1703. doi:10.3390/jcm14051703. ISSN 2077-0383. PMID 40095733.
* Goldberg, Simon B.; Riordan, Kevin M.; Sun, Shufang; Davidson, Richard J. (2022). "The Empirical Status of Mindfulness-Based Interventions: A Systematic Review of 44 Meta-Analyses of Randomized Controlled Trials". Perspectives on Psychological Science 17 (1): 108–130. doi:10.1177/1745691620968771. PMID 33593124.
* Gomutbutra, Patama; Yingchankul, Nalinee; Chattipakorn, Nipon; Chattipakorn, Siriporn; Srisurapanont, Manit (2020). "The Effect of Mindfulness-Based Intervention on Brain-Derived Neurotrophic Factor (BDNF): A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Controlled Trials". Frontiers in Psychology 11. doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2020.02209. PMID 33041891.
* Gong, Xiao-Gang; Wang, Le-Peng; Rong, Guang; Zhang, Dao-Ning; Zhang, A-Yuan; Liu, Chao (2023). "Effects of online mindfulness-based interventions on the mental health of university students: A systematic review and meta-analysis". Frontiers in Psychology 14. doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1073647. PMID 36844353.
* Harrington, A; Dunne, JD (2015). "When mindfulness is therapy: Ethical qualms, historical perspectives". The American Psychologist 70 (7): 621–631. doi:10.1037/a0039460. PMID 26436312. http://nrs.harvard.edu/urn-3:HUL.InstRepos:25757884.
* Harris, Mark W. (2009). The A to Z of Unitarian Universalism. Scarecrow Press. ISBN 978-0-8108-6333-0. https://books.google.com/books?id=pk4yL-oB1JQC&dq=The+A+to+Z+of+Unitarian+Universalism&pg=PR7.
* Hick, Steven F. (2010). "Cultivating Therapeutic Relationships: The Role of Mindfulness.". Mindfulness and the Therapeutic Relationship. Guilford Press.
* "The effect of mindfulness-based therapy on anxiety and depression: A meta-analytic review". Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology 78 (2): 169–183. April 2010. doi:10.1037/a0018555. PMID 20350028.
* Ihnen, Anne; Flynn, Carolyn (2008). The Complete Idiot's Guide to Mindfulness. Penguin.
* Jain, FA; Walsh, RN; Eisendrath, SJ; Christensen, S; Rael Cahn, B (2015). "Critical analysis of the efficacy of meditation therapies for acute and subacute phase treatment of depressive disorders: a systematic review". Psychosomatics 56 (2): 140–152. doi:10.1016/j.psym.2014.10.007. PMID 25591492.
* "Participatory medicine". Journal of the European Academy of Dermatology and Venereology 14 (4): 239–240. July 2000. doi:10.1046/j.1468-3083.2000.00062.x. PMID 11204505.
* Kabat-Zinn, Jon (2011). Mindfulness for Beginners: Reclaiming the Present Moment--and Your Life. Sounds True.
* Kabat-Zinn, J. (2013). Full Catastrophe Living: Using the Wisdom of Your Body and Mind to Face Stress, Pain, and Illness. New York: Bantam Dell. ISBN 978-0-345-53972-4.
* Kabat-Zinn, Jon (2013a). Arriving at Your Own Door: 108 Lessons in Mindfulness. Hyperion. ISBN 978-1-306-75229-9.
* Karunamuni, Nandini; Weerasekera, Rasanjala (2019). "Theoretical Foundations to Guide Mindfulness Meditation: A Path to Wisdom". Current Psychology 38 (3): 627–646. doi:10.1007/s12144-017-9631-7. http://mindrxiv.org/mfs63/.
* Karunamuni, N; Wood, T; Galante, J (2025). "Exploring the mind-brain relationship to advance mental health research and practice". Current Psychology 44 (24): 19088–19108. doi:10.1007/s12144-025-08345-2. https://osf.io/z9g83_v1.
* Keng, SL; Smoski, MJ; Robins, CJ (2011). "Effects of mindfulness on psychological health: a review of empirical studies". Clinical Psychology Review 31 (6): 1041–1056. doi:10.1016/j.cpr.2011.04.006. PMID 21802619.
* Khoury, B; Sharma, M; Rush, SE; Fournier, C (2015). "Mindfulness-based stress reduction for healthy individuals: A meta-analysis". Journal of Psychosomatic Research 78 (6): 519–528. doi:10.1016/j.jpsychores.2015.03.009. PMID 25818837.
* King, Richard (2001). Orientalism and Religion: Post-Colonial Theory, India and "The Mystic East". Taylor & Francis e-Library.
* Kipf, David (1979). The Brahmo Samaj and the shaping of the modern Indian mind. Atlantic Publishers & Distri. ISBN 978-0-691-03125-5. https://books.google.com/books?id=IUcY_IRKDHQC&pg=PA313.
* "Mindfulness Meditation". Principles and Practice of Stress Management (3rd ed.). Guilford Press. 2007.
* Kvamme, Timo L.; Sandberg, Kristian; Silvanto, Juha (2024). "Mental imagery as part of an 'inwardly focused' cognitive style". Neuropsychologia 204. doi:10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2024.108988. PMID 39222775.
* Lee, Max J (2020). Moral Transformation in Greco-Roman Philosophy of Mind: Mapping the Moral Milieu of the Apostle Paul and his Diaspora Jewish Contemporaries. Mohr Siebeck. ISBN 978-3-1614-9660-8.
* Linehan, Marsha (1993). Cognitive-Behavioral Treatment of Borderline Personality Disorder. Guilford Press.
* "Mindfulness and meditation". Integrating spirituality in treatment: Resources for practitioners. Washington, DC: American Psychological Association Books. 1999. pp. 67–84.
* Matiz, Alessio (2025-01-30). "Psychological and neuroscientific correlates of mindfulness in clinical and educational settings" (in it). Università degli Studi di Roma "La Sapienza'. https://iris.uniroma1.it/handle/11573/1734392.
* McMahan, David L. (2008). The Making of Buddhist Modernism. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-518327-6.
* Nisbet, Matthew (2017). "The Mindfulness Movement: How a Buddhist Practice Evolved into a Scientific Approach to Life". Skeptical Inquirer 41 (3): 24–26. https://www.csicop.org/si/show/the_mindfulness_movement. Retrieved 2 October 2018.
* Noetel, Michael; Ciarrochi, Joseph; Van Zanden, Brooke; Lonsdale, Chris (2019). "Mindfulness and acceptance approaches to sporting performance enhancement: a systematic review". International Review of Sport and Exercise Psychology 12 (1): 139–175. doi:10.1080/1750984X.2017.1387803.
* Pascoe, MC; Thompson, DR; Jenkins, ZM; Ski, CF (2017). "Mindfulness mediates the physiological markers of stress: Systematic review and meta-analysis". Journal of Psychiatric Research 95: 156–178. doi:10.1016/j.jpsychires.2017.08.004. PMID 28863392.
* Paulus, MP (2016). "Neural Basis of Mindfulness Interventions that Moderate the Impact of Stress on the Brain". Neuropsychopharmacology 41 (1): 373. doi:10.1038/npp.2015.239. PMID 26657952.
* Polak, Grzegorz (2011). Reexamining Jhana: Towards a Critical Reconstruction of Early Buddhist Soteriology. UMCS.
* PTS. "Sati". The Pali Text Society's Pali-English Dictionary. Digital Dictionaries of South Asia, University of Chicago. https://dsal.uchicago.edu/cgi-bin/app/pali_query.py?qs=sati&searchhws=yes&matchtype=exact.
* Purser, Ronald (2019) (in en). McMindfulness: How Mindfulness Became the New Capitalist Spirituality. Watkins Media Limited. ISBN 978-1-912248-49-0. https://books.google.com/books?id=AmeEDwAAQBAJ.
* Rajan, Anisha; Kumar, Mahendra; Raj, Pranav (3 February 2026). "Effects of mindfulness-based interventions on perceived stress among non-clinical adults: a systematic review and meta-analysis". npj Mental Health Research 5 (1). doi:10.1038/s44184-026-00188-4. PMID 41634335.
* Repetti, Rick (2022). Routledge Handbook on the Philosophy of Meditation. Routledge. ISBN 978-1-0005-7574-3.
* Sancho, M; De Gracia, M; Rodríguez, RC et al. (2018). "Mindfulness-Based Interventions for the Treatment of Substance and Behavioral Addictions: A Systematic Review". Frontiers in Psychiatry 9 (95): 95. doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2018.00095. PMID 29651257.
* Sharf, Robert (1995). "Buddhist Modernism and the Rhetoric of Meditative Experience". Numen 42 (3): 228–283. doi:10.1163/1568527952598549. https://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/43810/1/11076_1995_Article_1568527952598549.pdf.
* Sharf, Robert (2014). "Mindfulness and Mindlessness in Early Chan". Philosophy East and West 64 (4): 933–64. doi:10.1353/pew.2014.0074.
* Siegel, Ronald D. (2010). The Mindfulness Solution: Everyday Practices for Everyday Problems. The Guilford Press. ISBN 978-1-60623-294-1
* Slagter, H.A.; Davidson, R.J.; Lutz, A. (2011). "Mental training as a tool in the neuroscientific study of brain and cognitive plasticity". Frontiers in Human Neuroscience 5: 17. doi:10.3389/fnhum.2011.00017. PMID 21347275.
* "State Mindfulness Scale (SMS): development and initial validation". Psychological Assessment 25 (4): 1286–1299. December 2013. doi:10.1037/a0034044. PMID 24059475.
* Teasdale, John D.; Segal, Zindel V. (2007). The Mindful Way Through Depression: Freeing Yourself from Chronic Unhappiness. Guilford Press.
* Temgoua Ngou, M.; Endomba, F.T.; Berenfeld, C.; Berenfeld, A.; Bloch, J.G. (2026). "Effect of mindfulness-based stress reduction (MBSR) on cardiometabolic health: A systematic review and meta-analysis". Archives of Cardiovascular Diseases 119 (1): S139. doi:10.1016/j.acvd.2025.10.246.
* Thompson, Evan (2020). Why I Am Not a Buddhist. New Haven and London: Yale University Press. p. 120. ISBN 978-0-300-22655-3. "Buddhism has no single, agreed-upon traditional definition of mindfulness. Rather, Buddhism offers multiple and sometimes incompatible conceptions of mindfulness."
* Tong, MengJie; Qiu, YuFei; Liu, JiaLi; Yue, YaKe; Gu, Juan; Zeng, LiJuan; Yu, YiQing; Yang, Fen (2026). "Effectiveness of online mindfulness-based interventions based on the structured curriculum framework in improving mental health: A meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials". General Hospital Psychiatry 100: 163–174. doi:10.1016/j.genhosppsych.2026.03.022. PMID 41932064.
* Van Gordon, William; Shonin, Edo; Griffiths, Mark D; Singh, Nirbhay N. (2014). "There is Only One Mindfulness: Why Science and Buddhism Need to Work Together". Mindfulness 6: 49–56. doi:10.1007/s12671-014-0379-y.
* Vetter, Tilmann (1988). The Ideas and Meditative Practices of Early Buddhism. BRILL.
* Weder, Bruno J. (2022). "Mindfulness in the focus of the neurosciences - The contribution of neuroimaging to the understanding of mindfulness". Frontiers in Behavioral Neuroscience 16. doi:10.3389/fnbeh.2022.928522. ISSN 1662-5153. PMID 36325155.
* Wilks, Jenny (2014). "Secular mindfulness: potential & pitfalls". Insight Journal. https://www.buddhistinquiry.org/article/secular-mindfulness-potential-pitfalls/.
* Williams, Paul; Tribe, Anthony (2000). Buddhist Thought. Routledge.
* Wilson, Jeff (2014). Mindful America: the Mutual Transformation of Buddhist Meditation and American Culture. Oxford University Press.
* "Mindfulness meditation for substance use disorders: a systematic review". Substance Abuse 30 (4): 266–294. 2009. doi:10.1080/08897070903250019. PMID 19904664. Bibcode: 2009JPkR...30..266Z.
* Zhang, Dexing; Lee, Eric K P; Mak, Eva C W; Ho, C Y; Wong, Samuel Y S (2021). "Mindfulness-based interventions: an overall review". British Medical Bulletin 138 (1): 41–57. doi:10.1093/bmb/ldab005. PMID 33884400.

Web sources

1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 "What Is Mindfulness?". The Greater Good Science Center at the University of California, Berkeley. http://greatergood.berkeley.edu/topic/mindfulness/definition.
2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 2.2 2.3 2.4 2.5 2.6 Purser, Ron; Loy, David (July 1, 2013). "Beyond McMindfulness". https://www.huffpost.com/entry/beyond-mcmindfulness_b_3519289.
3. ↑ 3.0 3.1 Caring-Lobel, Alex (July 2, 2013). "Trike Contributing Editor David Loy takes on "McMindfulness"". https://tricycle.org/trikedaily/trike-contributing-editor-david-loy-takes-mcmindfulness/.
4. ↑ 4.0 4.1 4.2 4.3 "Thesaurus results for 'Mindfulness'". http://www.merriam-webster.com/thesaurus/mindfulness.
5. ↑ "Component Selection for 'mindfulness'". http://dico.isc.cnrs.fr/dico/en/search?b=1&r=mindfulness&send=Look+it+up.
6. ↑ 6.0 6.1 6.2 "I found great synonyms for "mindfulness" on the new Thesaurus.com!". http://thesaurus.com/browse/mindfulness.
7. ↑ 7.0 7.1 "Translator for the Buddha: An Interview with Bhikkhu Bodhi". http://www.inquiringmind.com/Articles/Translator.html.
8. ↑ 8.0 8.1 "» Geoffrey Samuel Transcultural Psychiatry". https://blogs.mcgill.ca/tcpsych/tag/geoffrey-samuel/.
9. ↑ Young, Shinzen (April 2015). "See Hear Feel: An Introduction (Draft)". https://www.shinzen.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/08/SeeHearFeelIntroduction_ver1.8.pdf.
10. ↑ Sister Ayya Khema. "All of Us". Access to Insight. http://www.accesstoinsight.org/lib/authors/khema/allofus.html.
11. ↑ Reginald A. Ray (Summer 2004). "Vipashyana". Buddhadharma: The Practitioner's Quarterly. Shambhala Sun Foundation. http://archive.thebuddhadharma.com/issues/2004/summer/dharma_dictionary.htm.
12. ↑ 12.0 12.1 Satyadarshin. "Friends of the Western Buddhist Order (FWBO): Buddhism and Mindfulness". http://madhyamavani.fwbo.org/8/mindfulness.html.
13. ↑ 13.0 13.1 Kabat-Zinn, Jon. "Mindfulness Meditation (For Everyday Life)". http://gallery.mailchimp.com/8e752e4bbd262c334baf13009/files/Jon_Kabat_Zinn_Wherever_You_Go_There_You_Are_Mindfulness_Meditation_in_Everyday_Life.pdf.
14. ↑ Finseth, Ian Frederick. "The Emergence of Transcendentalism". The University of Virginia. http://xroads.virginia.edu/~ma95/finseth/trans.html.
15. ↑ "Stress Reduction Program". University of Massachusetts Worcester Campus Center for Mindfulness. http://www.umassmed.edu/cfm/stress/index.aspx. ""The Stress Reduction Program, founded by Dr. Jon Kabat-Zinn in 1979...""
16. ↑ Drage, Matthew (22 February 2018). "A history of mindfulness". https://wellcomecollection.org/articles/WoxJxSoAAMLuX7Pl.
17. ↑ Israel, Ira (30 May 2013). "What's the Difference Between Mindfulness, Mindfulness Meditation and Basic Meditation?". http://www.huffingtonpost.com/ira-israel/types-of-mindfulness_b_3347428.html.
18. ↑ Bernhard, Toni (6 Jun 2011). "6 Benefits of Practicing Mindfulness Outside of Meditation". http://www.psychologytoday.com/blog/turning-straw-gold/201106/6-benefits-practicing-mindfulness-outside-meditation.
19. ↑ Wang, Y.; Lei, S. M.; Fan, J. (2023). "Effects of Mindfulness-Based Interventions on Promoting Athletic Performance and Related Factors among Athletes: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled Trial". International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 20 (3): 2038. doi:10.3390/ijerph20032038. PMID 36767403.
20. ↑ Komaroff, Anthony (March 31, 2014). "Does "mindfulness meditation" really help relieve stress and anxiety?". Ask Doctor K. Harvard Health Publications. http://www.askdoctork.com/mindfulness-meditation-really-help-relieve-stress-anxiety-201403316226.
21. ↑ "The Mindfulness Body Scan". https://www.dummies.com/religion/spirituality/the-mindfulness-body-scan/.
22. ↑ Penman, Danny (May 2011). "Body Scan Meditation". https://franticworld.com/free-meditations-from-mindfulness/.
23. ↑ "Body Scan Meditation (Greater Good in Action)". https://ggia.berkeley.edu/practice/body_scan_meditation.
24. ↑ "History of MBSR". November 17, 2016. https://www.umassmed.edu/cfm/mindfulness-based-programs/mbsr-courses/about-mbsr/history-of-mbsr/.
25. ↑ "What is Mindfulness-Based Stress Reduction?". Mindful Living Programs. http://www.mindfullivingprograms.com/whatMBSR.php.
26. ↑ Booth, Robert (May 7, 2014). "Politicians joined by Ruby Wax as parliament pauses for meditation". The Guardian. https://www.theguardian.com/society/2014/may/07/politicians-ruby-wax-parliament-mindfulness-meditation.
27. ↑ 27.0 27.1 27.2 Safran, Jeremy D. (13 June 2014). "McMindfulness". https://www.psychologytoday.com/blog/straight-talk/201406/mcmindfulness.
28. ↑ Farias, Miguel (June 5, 2015). "Mindfulness Has Lost Its Buddhist Roots, and it may not be doing you good". https://theconversation.com/mindfulness-has-lost-its-buddhist-roots-and-it-may-not-be-doing-you-good-42526.

## Further reading

### Origins

* McMahan, David L. (2008). The Making of Buddhist Modernism. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-518327-6.
* Braun, Erik Braun (2016). The Birth of Insight. Meditation, Modern Buddhism, and the Burmese Monk Ledi Sayadaw. The University Of Chicago Press.
* Wilson, Jeff (2014). Mindful America: Meditation and the Mutual Transformation of Buddhism and American Culture. Oxford University Press.

### Buddhism

* Guenther, Herbert V.; Kawamura, Leslie S. (1975). Mind in Buddhist Psychology: A Translation of Ye-shes rgyal-mtshan's "The Necklace of Clear Understanding" (Kindle ed.). Dharma Publishing.
* Nyanaponika (1962). The Heart of Buddhist Meditation: Satipaṭṭhāna: a Handbook of Mental Training Based on the Buddha's Way of Mindfulness, with an Anthology of Relevant Texts Translated from the Pali and Sanskrit. Buddhist Publication Society. https://www.bps.lk/library-search-select.php?id=bp509s.
* Nyanaponika (1968). The Power of Mindfulness. Buddhist Publication Society. https://www.bps.lk/library-search-select.php?id=bp526s.
* Hart, William (2011). The Art of Living: Vipassana Meditation As Taught by S.N. Goenka. Pariyatti.

### Psychology

* "Effectiveness of relaxation and visualization techniques as an adjunct to phototherapy and photochemotherapy of psoriasis". Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology 19 (3): 572–574. September 1988. doi:10.1016/S0190-9622(88)80329-3. PMID 3049703.
* Mindfulness-Based Relapse Prevention for Addictive Behaviors: A Clinician's Guide. Guilford Press. 2010. ISBN 978-1-60623-987-2.
* Brantley, Jeffrey (2007). Calming Your Anxious Mind: How Mindfulness & Compassion Can Free You from Anxiety, Fear, & Panic (2nd ed.). New Harbinger. ISBN 978-1-57224-487-0.
* Mindfulness-Based Cognitive Therapy for Bipolar Disorder. Guilford Press. 2014. ISBN 978-1-4625-1406-9.
* Didonna, Fabrizio (2008). Clinical Handbook of Mindfulness. Springer Science & Business Media.
* Ie, Amanda; Ngnoumen, Christelle T.; Langer, Ellen J. (2014). The Wiley Blackwell Handbook of Mindfulness (Two Volumes). John Wiley & Sons.
* "Teaching risk-factor counseling skills to medical students, house staff, and fellows". American Journal of Preventive Medicine 6 (2 Suppl): 35–42. 1990. PMID 2383411.
* "Benefits and costs of lifestyle change to reduce risk of chronic disease". Preventive Medicine 17 (2): 224–234. March 1988. doi:10.1016/0091-7435(88)90065-5. PMID 3047727.
* The Mindful Way through Anxiety: Break Free from Chronic Worry and Reclaim Your Life. Guilford Press. 2011. ISBN 978-1-60623-464-8.
* Sitting Together: Essential Skills for Mindfulness-Based Psychotherapy. Guilford Press. 2014. ISBN 978-1-4625-1398-7.
* Mindfulness-Based Cognitive Therapy for Depression (2nd ed.). Guilford Press. 2012. ISBN 978-1-4625-0750-4.
* The Mindful Way Workbook: An 8-Week Program to Free Yourself from Depression and Emotional Distress. Guilford Press. 2014. ISBN 978-1-4625-0814-3.
* The Mindful Way through Depression: Freeing Yourself from Chronic Unhappiness. Guilford Press. 2007. ISBN 978-1-59385-128-6.

### Other

* Bell, Linda G (2009). "Mindful Psychotherapy". Journal of Spirituality in Mental Health 11 (1–2): 126–44. doi:10.1080/19349630902864275.
* Brahm, Ajahn (2005). Mindfulness, Bliss, and Beyond: A Meditator's Handbook. Wisdom Publications. ISBN 978-0-86171-275-5.
* Mindfulness Yoga: The Awakened Union of Breath, Body and Mind. Simon and Schuster. 2004. ISBN 0-86171-335-4. https://archive.org/details/mindfulnessyogaa0000bocc.
* Buddhadasa, Bhikkhu (2014). Heartwood of the Bodhi Tree. Wisdom publications.
* The Mindful Path to Self-Compassion: Freeing Yourself from Destructive Thoughts and Emotions. Guilford Press. 2009. ISBN 978-1-59385-975-6.
* Mindfulness and Psychotherapy (2nd ed.). Guilford Press. 2013. ISBN 978-1-4625-1137-2.
* Germer, Christopher K.; Siegel, Ronald; Fulton, Paul R. (2005). Mindfulness and Psychotherapy. The Guilford Press. ISBN 1-59385-139-1. (The use of mindfulness in psychology, and the history of mindfulness)
* "Mindfulness-based stress reduction and health benefits. A meta-analysis". Journal of Psychosomatic Research 57 (1): 35–43. July 2004. doi:10.1016/S0022-3999(03)00573-7. PMID 15256293.
* Gunaratana, Bhante Henepola (2002). Mindfulness in Plain English. Wisdom Publications. ISBN 978-0-86171-906-8. http://www.buddhanet.net/budsas/ebud/mfneng/mind0.htm. Retrieved 2008-07-28.
* Hanh, Thich Nhat (1996). The Miracle of Mindfulness: A Manual on Meditation. Beacon Press.
* Mindfulness and Acceptance: Expanding the Cognitive-Behavioral Tradition. Guilford Press. 2011. ISBN 978-1-60918-989-1.
* Hoopes, Aaron (2007). Zen Yoga: A Path to Enlightenment through Breathing, Movement and Meditation. Kodansha International.
* Kapleau, Phillip (1989). The Three Pillars of Zen: Teaching, Practice and Enlightenment. Anchor Books.
* King, Winston L. (1992). Theravada Meditation. The Buddhist Transformation of Yoga. Delhi: Motilal Banarsidass.
* Koster, Frits (2009). Basisprincipes Vipassana-meditatie. Mindfulness als weg naar bevrijdend inzicht. Asoka.
* Langer, Ellen J (1989). Mindfulness. Merloyd Lawrence Books.
* Wherever You Go, There You Are: Mindfulness Meditation in Everyday Life. Hyperion Books. 2005. ISBN 1-4013-0778-7.
* Mack, Peter (2020). The Misted Mirror - Mindfulness for Schools and Universities. From the Heart Press.
* McCown, Donald; Micozzi, Marc S. (2011). New World Mindfulness: From the Founding Fathers, Emerson, and Thoreau to Your Personal Practice. Inner Traditions / Bear & Co.
* "The role of mindfulness in a contextual cognitive-behavioral analysis of chronic pain-related suffering and disability". Pain 131 (1–2): 63–69. September 2007. doi:10.1016/j.pain.2006.12.013. PMID 17257755.
* Melemis, Steven M. (2008) (in en). Make Room for Happiness: 12 Ways to Improve Your Life by Letting Go of Tension. Better Health, Self-Esteem and Relationships. Modern Therapies. ISBN 978-1-897572-17-7.
* "Three-year follow-up and clinical implications of a mindfulness meditation-based stress reduction intervention in the treatment of anxiety disorders". General Hospital Psychiatry 17 (3): 192–200. May 1995. doi:10.1016/0163-8343(95)00025-M. PMID 7649463.
* Nyanaponika (1998) (in nl). Het hart van boeddhistische meditatie. Asoka.
* "Can diet in conjunction with stress reduction affect the rate of increase in prostate specific antigen after biochemical recurrence of prostate cancer?". The Journal of Urology 166 (6): 2202–2207. December 2001. doi:10.1016/S0022-5347(05)65535-8. PMID 11696736.
* Siegel, Daniel J. (2007). The Mindful Brain: Reflection and Attunement in the Cultivation of Well-Being. Norton. ISBN 978-0-393-70470-9. https://archive.org/details/mindfulbrain00dani.
* The Mindfulness Solution: Everyday Practices for Everyday Problems. Guilford Press. 2009. ISBN 978-1-60623-294-1.
* Singer, Michael Alan (2007). The Untethered Soul. New Harbinger Publications/ Noetic Books. ISBN 978-1-57224-537-2.
* Singer, Michael Alan (2015). The Surrender Experiment. Harmony/Rodale. ISBN 978-0-8041-4110-9.
* Weiss, Andrew (2004). Beginning Mindfulness: Learning the Way of Awareness. New World Library.
* "Mindfulness-based cognitive therapy for prevention of recurrence of suicidal behavior". Journal of Clinical Psychology 62 (2): 201–210. February 2006. doi:10.1002/jclp.20223. PMID 16342287.

### Critical

* Levman, Bryan (2017). "Putting smṛti back into sati (Putting remembrance back into mindfulness)". Journal of the Oxford Centre for Buddhist Studies 13: 121–49. ISSN 2047-1076. http://www.jocbs.org/index.php/jocbs/article/view/167.
* Sharf, Robert (1995). "Buddhist Modernism and the Rhetoric of Meditative Experience". Numen 42 (3): 228–283. doi:10.1163/1568527952598549. https://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/43810/1/11076_1995_Article_1568527952598549.pdf.
* Carrette, Jeremy R.; King, Richard (2005). Selling Spirituality: The Silent Takeover of Religion. Psychology Press.
* Kabat-Zinn, Jon; Williams, Mark (2013). Mindfulness – Diverse perspectives on its meanings, origins and applications. Routledge.
* Thompson, Evan (2020). Why I am Not a Buddhist. Yale University Press.
* Wallis, Glenn (2018). A Critique of Western Buddhism: Ruins of the Buddhist Real. Bloomsbury Academic. https://www.bloomsburycollections.com/monograph?docid=b-9781474283588.

* v
* t
* e

Topics in Buddhism

* Outline
* Glossary
* Index

Foundations|

* Four Noble Truths
* Three Jewels
* Buddha
* Dharma
* Sangha
* Noble Eightfold Path
* Nirvana
* Middle Way

The Buddha|

* Tathāgata
* Birthday
* Four sights
* Physical characteristics
* Footprint
* Relics
* Iconography in Laos and Thailand
* Films
* Miracles
* Family
* Suddhodāna (father)
* Māyā (mother)
* Mahapajapati Gotamī (aunt, adoptive mother)
* Yaśodharā (wife)
* Rāhula (son)
* Ānanda (cousin)
* Devadatta (cousin)
* Places where the Buddha stayed
* Buddha in world religions

Bodhisattvas|

* Avalokiteśvara
* Guanyin
* Mañjuśrī
* Mahāsthāmaprāpta
* Ākāśagarbha
* Kṣitigarbha
* Samantabhadra
* Vajrapāṇi
* Skanda
* Tārā
* Metteyya/Maitreya

Disciples|

* Kaundinya
* Assaji
* Sāriputta
* Mahamoggallāna
* Ānanda
* Mahākassapa
* Aṅgulimāla
* Anuruddha
* Mahākaccana
* Nanda
* Subhūti
* Punna
* Upāli
* Mahapajapati Gotamī
* Khema
* Uppalavanna
* Asita
* Channa
* Yasa

Key concepts|

* Avidyā (Ignorance)
* Bardo
* Bodhicitta
* Buddha-nature
* Dhamma theory
* Dharma
* Enlightenment
* Five hindrances
* Indriya
* Karma
* Kleshas
* Mindstream
* Parinirvana
* Pratītyasamutpāda
* Rebirth
* Saṃsāra
* Saṅkhāra
* Skandha
* Śūnyatā
* Taṇhā (Craving)
* Tathātā
* Ten Fetters
* Three marks of existence
* Anicca
* Dukkha
* Anatta
* Two truths doctrine

Cosmology|

* Ten spiritual realms
* Six realms
* Deva realm
* Human realm
* Asura realm
* Hungry Ghost realm
* Animal realm
* Naraka
* Three planes of existence

Branches|

* Theravada
* Vajrayana
* Tibetan Buddhism
* Shingon
* Dzogchen
* Mahayana
* Zen
* Chinese Chan
* Japanese Zen
* Korean Seon
* Vietnamese Thiền
* Pure Land
* Tiantai
* Nichiren
* Madhyamaka
* Yogachara
* Navayana
* Early Buddhist schools
* Pre-sectarian Buddhism
* Basic points unifying Theravāda and Mahāyāna

Practices|

* Bhavana
* Bodhipakkhiyādhammā
* Brahmavihara
* Mettā
* Karuṇā
* Mudita
* Upekkha
* Buddhābhiṣeka
* Dāna
* Devotion
* Dhyāna
* Faith
* Five Strengths
* Iddhipada
* Meditation
* Mantras
* Kammaṭṭhāna
* Recollection
* Smarana
* Anapanasati
* Samatha
* Vipassanā (Vipassana movement)
* Shikantaza
* Zazen
* Kōan
* Mandala
* Tonglen
* Tantra
* Tertön
* Terma
* Merit
* Mindfulness
* Satipatthana
* Nekkhamma
* Pāramitā
* Paritta
* Puja
* Offerings
* Prostration
* Chanting
* Refuge
* Satya
* Sacca
* Seven Factors of Enlightenment
* Sati
* Dhamma vicaya
* Pīti
* Passaddhi
* Śīla
* Five precepts
* Eight precepts
* Bodhisattva vow
* Pratimokṣa
* Threefold Training
* Śīla
* Samadhi
* Prajñā
* Vīrya
* Four Right Exertions

Nirvana|

* Bodhi
* Bodhisattva
* Buddhahood
* Pratyekabuddha
* Four stages of enlightenment
* Sotāpanna
* Sakadagami
* Anāgāmi
* Arhat

Monasticism|

* Bhikkhu
* Bhikkhunī
* Śrāmaṇera
* Śrāmaṇerī
* Anagarika
* Ajahn
* Sayadaw
* Zen master
* Rōshi
* Lama
* Rinpoche
* Geshe
* Tulku
* Householder
* Upāsaka and Upāsikā
* Śrāvaka
* The ten principal disciples
* Shaolin Monastery

Major figures|

* Gautama Buddha
* Buddhaghosa
* Nagasena
* Bodhidharma
* Nagarjuna
* Asanga
* Vasubandhu
* Buddhapālita
* Atiśa
* Padmasambhava
* Nichiren
* B. R. Ambedkar
* Songtsen Gampo
* Emperor Wen of Sui
* Dalai Lama
* Panchen Lama
* Karmapa
* Shamarpa
* Naropa
* Xuanzang
* Zhiyi

Texts|

* Early Buddhist Texts
* Tripiṭaka
* Mahayana sutras
* Pāli Canon
* Chinese Buddhist canon
* Tibetan Buddhist canon
* Dhammapada
* Sutra
* Vinaya
* Madhyamakālaṃkāra
* Abhidharmadīpa

Countries|

* Afghanistan
* Bangladesh
* Bhutan
* Cambodia
* China
* India
* Indonesia
* Japan
* Korea
* Laos
* Malaysia
* Maldives
* Mongolia
* Myanmar
* Nepal
* Pakistan
* Philippines
* Russia
* Kalmykia
* Buryatia
* Singapore
* Sri Lanka
* Taiwan
* Thailand
* Tibet
* Vietnam
* Middle East
* Iran
* Western countries
* Argentina
* Australia
* Brazil
* France
* United Kingdom
* United States
* Venezuela

History|

* Timeline
* Ashoka
* Buddhist councils
* History of Buddhism in India
* Decline of Buddhism in India
* Great Anti-Buddhist Persecution
* Greco-Buddhism
* Buddhism and the Roman world
* Buddhism in the West
* Silk Road transmission of Buddhism
* Persecution of Buddhists
* Banishment of Buddhist monks from Nepal
* Buddhist crisis
* Sinhalese Buddhist nationalism
* Buddhist modernism
* Vipassana movement
* 969 Movement
* Women in Buddhism

Philosophy|

* Abhidharma
* Atomism
* Buddhology
* Creator
* Buddhism and democracy
* Economics
* Eight Consciousnesses
* Engaged Buddhism
* Eschatology
* Ethics
* Evolution
* Humanism
* Logic
* Reality
* Secular Buddhism
* Socialism
* The unanswered questions

Culture|

* Architecture
* Temple
* Vihara
* Kyaung
* Wat
* Stupa
* Pagoda
* Burmese pagoda
* Candi
* Dzong architecture
* Japanese Buddhist architecture
* Korean Buddhist temples
* Thai temple art and architecture
* Tibetan Buddhist architecture
* Art
* Greco-Buddhist
* Bodhi Tree
* Budai
* Buddharupa
* Calendar
* Cuisine
* Funeral
* Holidays
* Vesak
* Uposatha
* Magha Puja
* Asalha Puja
* Vassa
* Jaya Sri Maha Bodhi
* Kasaya
* Mahabodhi Temple
* Mantra
* Om mani padme hum
* Mudra
* Music
* Pilgrimage
* Lumbini
* Maya Devi Temple
* Bodh Gaya
* Sarnath
* Kushinagar
* Poetry
* Prayer beads
* Hama Yumi
* Prayer wheel
* Symbolism
* Dharmachakra
* Flag
* Bhavacakra
* Swastika
* Thangka
* Temple of the Tooth
* Vegetarianism

Miscellaneous|

* Abhijñā
* Amitābha
* Brahmā
* Dharma talk
* Hinayana
* Kalpa
* Koliya
* Lineage
* Māra
* Ṛddhi
* Siddhi
* Sacred languages
* Pāḷi
* Sanskrit

Comparison|

* Bahá'í Faith
* Christianity
* Influences
* Comparison
* East Asian religions
* Gnosticism
* Hinduism
* Jainism
* Judaism
* Psychology
* Science
* Theosophy
* Violence
* Western philosophy

Lists|

* Bodhisattvas
* Books
* Buddhas
* named
* Buddhists
* Suttas
* Sutras
* Temples
* Festivals

* Category

* v
* t
* e

Meditation

Main topics|

* Brain activity and meditation
* History of meditation
* Meditation in popular culture
* Mind–body interventions
* Research on meditation

Traditions|

* Anapanasati (Buddhist breathing meditation)
* Buddhist meditation
* Christian meditation
* Taoist meditation
* Dancemeditation
* Dhyāna (Buddhist meditation)
* Dhyāna (Hindu meditation)
* Islamic meditation
* Jain meditation
* Jewish meditation
* Muraqabah (Sufi meditation)
* New Age meditation
* Naam Japo (Sikism meditation)
* Neigong
* Pranayama (yoga breathing practice)
* Qigong
* Shikantaza (Zen Buddhist seated meditation)
* Silva Method
* Tantra
* Transcendental meditation (TM)
* Vipassanā (Silent meditation)
* Yoga
* Zazen (Zen Buddhist seated meditation)
* Zhan zhuang (Qigong standing meditation)
* 5Rhythms

Techniques|

* Biofeedback
* Brainwave entrainment
* Breathing
* Chanting
* Concentration
* Emptiness
* Guided meditation
* Higher consciousness
* Mantra
* Mindfulness
* Mudra
* Music
* Oneness
* Poetry
* Postures
* Prayer
* Relaxation
* Samyama
* Sexuality
* Silence
* Sound
* Trance
* Visualization

Leaders|

* Focused attention
* Thich Nhat Hanh
* Open awareness
* Jon Kabat-Zinn
* Sam Harris
* Multiple methods
* Pema Chödrön
* Susan Piver
* S. N. Goenka
* Joseph Goldstein
* Yuval Harari
* 14th Dalai Lama
* Matthieu Ricard
* Sharon Salzberg
* Daniel Goleman
* Thubten Chodron
* Martine Batchelor
* Stephen Batchelor

* Category

Classification|

* MeSH: D064866

|

Portals
Access related topics|

* Philosophy portal
* Psychology portal
* Buddhism portal

|

* * *

Find out more on Wikipedia's
Sister projects|

* Definitions
from Wiktionary
* Textbooks
from Wikibooks

sv:Medveten närvaro (buddhism)

0.00

(0 votes)

Original source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mindfulness. Read more

|

Retrieved from "https://handwiki.org/wiki/index.php?title=Philosophy:Mindfulness&oldid=4419034"
*[v]: View this template
*[t]: Discuss this template
*[e]: Edit this template