List of astronomers

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The following is a list of astronomers, astrophysicists and other notable people who have made contributions to the field of astronomy. They may have won major prizes or awards, developed or invented widely used techniques or technologies within astronomy, or are directors of major observatories or heads of space-based telescope projects.

## Contents

* 1 Notable astronomers
* 2 Brief alphabetical list
* 2.1 A
* 2.2 B
* 2.3 C
* 2.4 D
* 2.5 E
* 2.6 F
* 2.7 G
* 2.8 H
* 2.9 I
* 2.10 J
* 2.11 K
* 2.12 L
* 2.13 M
* 2.14 N
* 2.15 O
* 2.16 P
* 2.17 Q
* 2.18 R
* 2.19 S
* 2.20 T
* 2.21 U
* 2.22 V
* 2.23 W
* 2.24 Y
* 2.25 Z
* 3 Others who influenced astronomy and astrophysics
* 4 See also
* 5 References
* 5.1 Citations
* 5.2 General sources

## Notable astronomers

Name | Country | Born | Died | Notable for

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Marc Aaronson | United States | 1950 | 1987  | His work concentrated on three fields: the determination of the Hubble constant (H0) using the Tully–Fisher relation, the study of carbon rich stars, and the velocity distribution of those stars in dwarf spheroidal galaxies.

Aaronson was one of the first astronomers to attempt to image dark matter using infrared imaging. He imaged infrared halos of unknown matter around galaxies that could be dark matter.

Hiroshi Abe | Japan | 1958 |
George Ogden Abell | United States | 1927 | 1983
Antonio Abetti | Italy | 1847 | 1928 | Abetti mainly worked in positional astronomy and made many observations of minor planets, comets, and star occultations. He computed the orbit of 170 Maria, a Main belt asteroid.
Giorgio Abetti | Italy | 1882 | 1982
Charles Greeley Abbot | United States | 1872 | 1973
Charles Hitchcock Adams | United States | 1868 | 1951
John Couch Adams | United Kingdom | 1819 | 1892 | His most famous achievement was predicting the existence and position of Neptune, using only mathematics. The calculations were made to explain discrepancies with Uranus's orbit and the laws of Kepler and Newton.
Walter Sydney Adams | United States | 1876 | 1956 | He is renowned for his pioneering work in spectroscopy.
Saul Adelman | United States | 1944 |
Petrus Alphonsi | Spain | 1062 | 1110
Agrippa | Greece | fl. c. 92 CE |  | Agrippa observed the occultation of a part of the Pleiades by the southernmost part of the Moon.
Paul Oswald Ahnert | Germany | 1897 | 1989
Eva Ahnert-Rohlfs | Germany | 1912 | 1954 | She made key observations of variable stars.[1]
George Biddell Airy | United Kingdom | 1801 | 1892 | Measured the mean density of the Earth, a method of solution of two-dimensional problems in solid mechanics and, in his role as Astronomer Royal, played a role in establishing Greenwich as the location of the prime meridian.
Robert Aitken | United States | 1864 | 1951
Makio Akiyama | Japan | 1950 |
Abd Al-Rahman Al Sufi | Persia | 903 | 986 | Al-Ṣūfī was a major contributor to the translation into Arabic of the Hellenistic astronomy that had been centered in Alexandria, Egypt.
Albategnius (see Al-Batani) | Syria | c. 858 | 929 | Al-Battānī's observations of the Sun led him to understand the nature of annular solar eclipses. He accurately calculated the Earth's obliquity (the angle between the planes of the equator and the ecliptic)
Vladimir Aleksandrovich Albitzky | Russia | 1891 | 1952
Albumasar | Persia | 787 | 886 | While he was not a major innovator, his practical manuals for training astrologers profoundly influenced Muslim intellectual history and, through translations, that of western Europe and Byzantium.
George Alcock | United Kingdom | 1913 | 2000 | Discovered comets C/1959 Q1, C/1959 Q2, C/1963 F1 and C/1965 S2.
Harold Alden | United States | 1890 | 1964
Hannes Alfvén | Sweden | 1908 | 1995
Lawrence H. Aller | United States | 1913 | 2003
Viktor Amazaspovich Ambartsumian | Armenia | 1912 | 1996 | One of the 20th century's top astronomers, he is widely regarded as the founder of theoretical astrophysics in the Soviet Union.
John August Anderson | United States | 1876 | 1959 | made significant contributions to improving astronomical instruments in the early 20th century, especially diffraction gratings.
Wilhelm Anderson | Estonia | 1880 | 1940 | Best known for his work on the mass limit for a white dwarf
Marie Henri Andoyer | France | 1862 | 1929
Andronicus of Cyrrhus | Greece | fl. c. 100 BC |
Anders Jonas Ångström | Sweden | 1814 | 1874
Eugène Michel Antoniadi | Greece/France | 1870 | 1944 | He made the first map of Mercury (although his maps were flawed due to incorrectly assuming that Mercury had synchronous rotation with the Sun)
Masakatsu Aoki | Japan | 1957 |
Petrus Apianus | Germany | 1495 | 1557
François Arago | France | 1786 | 1853
Masaru Arai | Japan | 1952 |
Hiroshi Araki | Japan |  |
Sylvain Arend | Belgium | 1902 | 1992
Friedrich Wilhelm Argelander | Germany | 1799 | 1875
Felicitas Arias | Argentina | 1952 |
Aristarchus of Samos | Greece | c. 310 BC | c. 230 BC | He presented the first known heliocentric model that placed the Sun at the center of the known universe, with the Earth revolving around the Sun once a year and rotating about its axis once a day.
Christoph Arnold | Germany | 1650 | 1695
Halton Christian Arp | United States | 1927 | 2013
Aryabhata | India | 476 | 550  | Aryabhata correctly insisted that the Earth rotates about its axis daily, and that the apparent movement of the stars is a relative motion caused by the rotation of the Earth. Solar and lunar eclipses were scientifically explained by Aryabhata. Aryabhata calculated the sidereal rotation (the rotation of the Earth referencing the fixed stars).
Arzachel | Spain | 1028 | 1087
Asada Goryu | Japan | 1734 | 1799
Giuseppe Asclepi | Italy | 1706 | 1776
Joseph Ashbrook | United States | 1918 | 1980
Arthur Auwers | Germany | 1838 | 1915
Adrien Auzout | France | 1622 | 1691
David Axon | England | 1951 | 2012
Walter Baade | Germany | 1893 | 1960
Harold D. Babcock | United States | 1882 | 1968 | He specialized in solar spectroscopy and precisely mapped the distribution of magnetic fields over the Sun's surface.
Horace W. Babcock | United States | 1912 | 2003 | In 1953 he was the first to propose the idea of adaptive optics, a technique of precisely deforming a mirror in order to compensate for light distortion.
Oskar Backlund | Sweden | 1846 | 1916
John N. Bahcall | United States | 1934 | 2005
Yoshiaki Banno | Japan | 1952 | 1991
Benjamin Baillaud | France | 1848 | 1934 | He specialized in celestial mechanics, in particular the motions of the satellites of Saturn.
Jules Baillaud | France | 1876 | 1960
Jean-Baptiste Baille | France | 1841 | 1918
Jean Sylvain Bailly | France | 1736 | 1793
Francis Baily | United Kingdom | 1774 | 1844 | He is most famous for his observations of "Baily's beads" during a total eclipse of the Sun.
John Bainbridge | United Kingdom | 1582 | 1643
John E. Baldwin | United Kingdom | 1931 | 2010 | He played a role in the development of interferometry in Radio Astronomy, and later astronomical optical interferometry and lucky imaging.
Sallie Baliunas | United States | 1953 |
Zoltán Balog | Hungary/United States | 1972 |  | Balog's team was the first to observe the complete process of photoevaporation of a protoplanetary disk.[2]
Benjamin Banneker | United States | 1731 | 1806
Pietro Baracchi | Italy/Australia | 1851 | 1926
Beatriz Barbuy | Brazil | 1950 |
Edward Emerson Barnard | United States | 1857 | 1923 | He is best known for his discovery of the high proper motion of Barnard's Star in 1916, which is named in his honor
Al Battani | Iraq | 850 | 929 | Al-Battānī's observations of the Sun led him to understand the nature of annular solar eclipses. He accurately calculated the Earth's obliquity (the angle between the planes of the equator and the ecliptic), the solar year, and the equinoxes (obtaining a value for the precession of the equinoxes of one degree in 66 years). The accuracy of his data encouraged Nicolaus Copernicus to pursue ideas about the heliocentric nature of the cosmos.
Stefi Baum | United States | 1958 |  | Baum helped to develop the Hubble Space Telescope
Julius Bauschinger | Germany | 1860 | 1934
Johann Bayer | Germany | 1572 | 1625 | His atlas was the first to cover the entire celestial sphere.[3]
Antonín Bečvář | Czechoslovakia | 1901 | 1965
Wilhelm Beer | Germany | 1797 | 1850 | Together with Johann Heinrich Mädler, he produced the first exact map of the Moon and of Mars
Eric F. Bell  | United States  |  |  |
Sergei Ivanovich Belyavsky | Russia | 1883 | 1953
Charles L. Bennett | United States | 1956 |
Bhaskara I | India | 600 | 680
Bhaskara II | India | 1114 | 1185
Friedrich Wilhelm Bessel | Germany | 1784 | 1846 | The first to successfully calculate the distance to a star other than the Sun
Somnath Bharadwaj | India | 1964 |
Wolf Bickel | Germany | 1942 |
Wilhelm Freiherr von Biela | Austria | 1782 | 1856
Ludwig Biermann | Germany | 1907 | 1986 | Discovering the Biermann battery, a process by which a weak seed magnetic field can be generated from zero initial conditions. He predicted the existence of the solar wind which in 1947 he dubbed "solar corpuscular radiation"
Guillaume Bigourdan | France | 1851 | 1932
James Binney | United Kingdom | 1950 |
Al-Biruni | Khwarezm/Persia | 973 | 1048
Gennady S. Bisnovatyi-Kogan | Russia | 1941 |  | He is known for predicting binary radio pulsars.
Adriaan Blaauw | Netherlands | 1914 | 2010 | Blaauw was closely involved in the founding of the European Southern Observatory, and was its general director from 1970 to 1975. From 1976 to 1979, he served as president of the International Astronomical Union.
Nathaniel Bliss | United Kingdom | 1700 | 1764
Johann Elert Bode | Germany | 1747 | 1826 | He was director of the Berlin Observatory from 1786 to 1825. There he published the Uranographia in 1801, a celestial atlas
Alfred Bohrmann | Germany | 1904 | 2000
Bart Bok | Netherlands | 1906 | 1983 | The discovery of Bok globules, which are small, densely dark clouds of interstellar gas and dust that can be seen silhouetted against brighter backgrounds.
Charles Thomas Bolton | United States/Canada | 1943 | 2021 | Was one of the first to present strong evidence of the existence of a stellar-mass black hole
William Cranch Bond | United States | 1789 | 1859 | The first director of Harvard College Observatory.
Thomas Bopp | United States | 1949 | 2018 | In 1995, he discovered Comet Hale–Bopp.
Alphonse Borrelly | France | 1842 | 1926
Rudjer Boscovich | Croatia | 1711 | 1787
Lewis Boss | United States | 1846 | 1912
Alexis Bouvard | France | 1767 | 1843 | Bouvard hypothesised the existence of an eighth planet responsible for the irregularities in Uranus' orbit.[4] The position of Neptune was subsequently calculated from Bouvard's observations by Urbain Le Verrier after his death.
Rychard Bouwens | United States | 1972 |
Edward L. G. Bowell | United States | 1943 |
Ira Sprague Bowen | United States | 1898 | 1973 | In 1927 he discovered that nebulium was not really a chemical element but instead doubly ionized oxygen.[5]
Louis Boyer | France | 1901 | 1999
Brian J. Boyle | United Kingdom/Australia | 1960 |
Ronald N. Bracewell | Australia/United States | 1921 | 2007
James Bradley | United Kingdom | 1693 | 1762 | He is best known for two fundamental discoveries in astronomy, the aberration of light (1725–1728), and the nutation of the Earth's axis (1728–1748).
William A. Bradfield | New Zealand/Australia | 1927 | 2014
Tycho Brahe | Denmark | 1546 | 1601 | Tycho Brahe was the first to discover a super nova, which he falsely believed was a newly created star (in reality a dying star), which was one of the major reasons to abandon the view that the universe was static and eternal.
Brahmagupta | India | 598 | 668 CE
John Alfred Brashear | United States | 1840 | 1920
William Robert Brooks | United States | 1844 | 1922
Theodor Brorsen | Denmark | 1819 | 1895 | He is best known for his discovery of five comets, including the lost periodic comet, 5D/Brorsen
Dirk Brouwer | Netherlands/United States | 1902 | 1966
Ernest William Brown | United Kingdom | 1866 | 1938 | His life's work was the study of the Moon's motion (lunar theory) and the compilation of extremely accurate lunar tables.
Michael (Mike) E. Brown | United States | 1965 |  | Co-discoverer of multiple dwarf planets beyond Pluto, including Quaoar in 2002, Makemake in 2005 and Eris in 2006. This triggered a debate on the definition of a planet.
Hermann Alexander Brück | Germany | 1905 | 2000
Paul Brück  | France  | 1856  | 1922
Ismael Bullialdus | France | 1605 | 1694
Margaret Burbidge | United Kingdom/United States | 1919 | 2020
Miriam Burland | Canada | 1902 | 1996
Jocelyn Bell Burnell | United Kingdom | 1943 |  | Discovered the first radio pulsars, highly magnetized rotating neutron stars, in 1967.
Robert Burnham Jr. | United States | 1931 | 1993
Sherburne Wesley Burnham | United States | 1838 | 1921
Schelte J. Bus | United States | 1956 |
Bimla Buti | India | 1933 |
Daniela Calzetti  | United States/Italy  |  |  | Formulated the Calzetti law, a description dust attenuation in starburst galaxies.[6]
Alastair G. W. Cameron | Canada | 1925 | 2005 | He was one of the founders of the field of nuclear astrophysics, advanced the theory that the Moon was created by the giant impact of a Mars-sized object with the early Earth, and was an early adopter of computer technology in astrophysics.
William Wallace Campbell | United States | 1862 | 1938
Annie Jump Cannon | United States | 1863 | 1941
Luigi Carnera | Italy | 1875 | 1962
Edwin Francis Carpenter | United States | 1898 | 1963
James Carpenter | United Kingdom | 1840 | 1899
Richard Christopher Carrington | United Kingdom | 1826 | 1875
Sir John Carroll | United Kingdom | 1899 | 1974
César-François Cassini de Thury | France | 1714 | 1784
Dominique, comte de Cassini | France | 1748 | 1845
Giovanni Domenico Cassini | France | 1625 | 1712 | He discovered four satellites of Saturn and noted the division of its rings, later named the Cassini Division. In addition, he also created the first scientific map of the Moon.[7] The Cassini space probe, launched in 1997, was named after him and became the fourth to visit Saturn and the first to orbit it.
Jacques Cassini | France | 1677 | 1756
Corsono Carsono | Spain | fl. c. 14th century |
Bonaventura Cavalieri | Italy | 1598 | 1647
Anders Celsius | Sweden | 1701 | 1744
Vincenzo Cerulli | Italy | 1859 | 1927
Jean Chacornac | France | 1823 | 1873
Merieme Chadid | France | 1969 |
James Challis | United Kingdom | 1803 | 1882
Radha Gobinda Chandra | Bangladesh/India | 1878 | 1975
Subrahmanyan Chandrasekhar | India/United States | 1910 | 1995 | He shared the 1983 Nobel Prize for Physics with William A. Fowler for "...theoretical studies of the physical processes of importance to the structure and evolution of the stars".
Carl Charlier | Sweden | 1862 | 1934
Auguste Charlois | France | 1864 | 1910
Lyudmila Ivanovna Chernykh | Russia/Ukraine | 1935 | 2017
Nikolai Stepanovich Chernykh | Russia/Ukraine | 1931 | 2004 |
James Christy | United States | 1938 |  | Discovered the largest of Pluto's moons, Charon
Edwin Foster Coddington | United States | 1870 | 1950
Jérôme Eugène Coggia | France | 1849 | 1919
Josep Comas i Solà | Spain | 1868 | 1937
Andrew Ainslie Common | United Kingdom | 1841 | 1903 | best known for his pioneering work in astrophotography.
Guy Consolmagno | United States | 1952 |
Janine Connes | France | 1934 |
Nicolaus Copernicus | Prussia/Poland | 1473 | 1543  | Copernicus discovered the heliocentric model of the Solar System.
Pablo Cottenot | France | 1800 | ?
Heather Couper | United Kingdom | 1949 | 2020 | In 1984, she was elected President of the British Astronomical Association, the first woman and the second-youngest person to hold the position.
Leopold Courvoisier | Switzerland | 1873 | 1955
Arthur Edwin Covington | Canada | 1914 | 2001
Philip Herbert Cowell | United Kingdom | 1870 | 1949
Thomas George Cowling | United Kingdom | 1906 | 1990
Andrew Claude de la Cherois Crommelin | United Kingdom | 1865 | 1939
Luíz Cruls | Brazil | 1848 | 1908
James Cuffey | United States | 1911 | 1999
Heber Doust Curtis | United States | 1872 | 1942
Johann Baptist Cysat | Switzerland | 1587 | 1657 | Cysat's most important work was on comets, and he observed the comet of 1618. He demonstrated at the same time that the trajectory of the comet was parabolic, not circular.
Alexander Dalgarno | United States | 1928 | 2015
Jacques Eugène d'Allonville | France | 1671 | 1732
Andre Louis Danjon | France | 1890 | 1967 | He developed several astronomical instruments to examine the regularity of the rotation of the Earth. Among his discoveries was an acceleration of the rotation of the Earth during periods of intense solar activity occurring in 11-year cycles correlated with an increase in earthquakes.
Heinrich d'Arrest | Germany | 1822 | 1875
George Howard Darwin | United Kingdom | 1845 | 1912
Roger Davies | United Kingdom | 1954 |
Tamara Davis  | Australia  |  |
Leonardo da Vinci | Italy | 1452 | 1519
William Rutter Dawes | United Kingdom | 1799 | 1868 | He made extensive drawings of Mars during its 1864 opposition. In 1867, Richard Anthony Proctor made a map of Mars based on these drawings.
Bernhard Dawson | Argentina | 1890 | 1960 | In 1958, he became the first president of the Asociación Argentina de Astronomía.
Leo de Ball | Germany/Austria | 1853 | 1916 | Discovered the asteroid 230 Athamantis.[8]
Duília de Mello | Brazil | 1963 |  | Was responsible for the discovery of the supernova SN 1997D. She also contributed to the discovery of blue blobs, known as 'star orphanages' due to their role in forming stars outside of galaxies. And in 2013, she was involved in the discovery of the largest spiral galaxy in the universe, the Condor Galaxy NGC 6872.
Henri Debehogne | Belgium | 1928 | 2007
Annibale de Gasparis | Italy | 1819 | 1892
Jean Baptiste Joseph Delambre | France | 1749 | 1822
Charles-Eugène Delaunay | France | 1816 | 1872
Eugène Joseph Delporte | Belgium | 1882 | 1955
Audrey C. Delsanti | France | 1976 |
William Frederick Denning | United Kingdom | 1848 | 1931
Alíz Derekas | Hungary | 1977 |
Henri-Alexandre Deslandres | France | 1853 | 1948
Alexander Nikolaevich Deutsch | Russia | 1900 | 1986
Gérard de Vaucouleurs | France/United States | 1918 | 1995
Robert Dicke | United States | 1916 | 1997
Terence Dickinson | Canada | 1943 | 2023
Thomas Digges | United Kingdom | 1546 | 1595 | He was first to postulate the "dark night sky paradox".
Herbert Dingle | United States | 1890 | 1978
Andrea Di Paola | Italy | 1970 |
Ewine van Dishoeck | Netherlands | 1955 |
Helen Dodson Prince | United States | 1905 | 2002 | Pioneered work in solar flares at the University of Michigan.
Giovanni Battista Donati | Italy | 1826 | 1873 | Donati was a pioneer in the spectroscopic study of the stars, the Sun, and comets
Frank Drake | United States | 1930 |
Henry Draper | United States | 1837 | 1882
John Dreyer | Ireland | 1852 | 1926
Yuriy Drohobych | Ukraine | 1450 | 1494
Alexander D. Dubyago | Russia | 1903 | 1959
Dmitrij I. Dubyago | Russia | 1850 | 1918
Jean C. B. Dufay | France | 1896 | 1967
Raymond Smith Dugan | United States | 1878 | 1940
James Dunlop | Scotland | 1793 | 1848
Petar Đurković | Serbia | 1908 | 1981
Frank Watson Dyson | United Kingdom | 1868 | 1939
Arthur Eddington | United Kingdom | 1882 | 1944 | Around 1920, he foreshadowed the discovery and mechanism of nuclear fusion processes in stars. The Eddington limit, the natural limit to the luminosity of stars is named in his honour.
Frank K. Edmondson | United States | 1912 | 2008 | The creation of the Indiana Asteroid Program, a photographic program to locate asteroids that were "lost" when systematic observations were interrupted by World War II.
Olin J. Eggen | United States | 1919 | 1998 | He is best known for a seminal 1962 paper with Donald Lynden-Bell and Allan Sandage which suggested for the first time that the Milky Way Galaxy had collapsed out of a gas cloud.
David J. Eicher | United States | 1961 |
Albert Einstein | Germany | 1879 | 1955
Eise Eisinga | Netherlands | 1744 | 1828 | Built the Eise Eisinga Planetarium in his house in Franeker, Dutch Republic, the oldest functioning planetarium in the world.
Eric Walter Elst | Belgium | 1936 | 2022
Johann Franz Encke | Germany | 1791 | 1865
Kin Endate | Japan | 1960 |
Eratosthenes | Alexandria | 276 BC | 194 BC
Emil Ernst | Germany | 1889 | 1942
Ernest Esclangon | France | 1876 | 1954
Fred Espenak | United States | 1953 |
Larry W. Esposito | United States | 1951 |
Eudoxus of Cnidus | Ancient Greece | c. 408 BC | c. 355 BC
Robert Evans | Australia | 1937 | 2022
Sandra M. Faber | United States | 1945 |
David Fabricius | Netherlands | 1564 | 1617 | Fabricius discovered the first known periodic variable star
Johannes Fabricius | Netherlands | 1587 | 1615 | A modern era discoverer of sunspots in 1611
Fearon Fallows | United Kingdom | 1789 | 1831 | Catalogued over 300 stars from his observatory in South Africa.
Farghani | Persia | 800 | 870
Hervé Faye | France | 1814 | 1902
Charles Fehrenbach | France | 1914 | 2008
Gyula Fényi | Hungary | 1845 | 1927
James Ferguson | United States | 1797 | 1867
Gary Ferland | United States | 1951 |
Alex Filippenko | United States | 1958 |
Erwin Finlay-Freundlich | Germany | 1885 | 1964
Axel Firsoff | United Kingdom | 1910 | 1981
Debra Fischer | United States | 1951 |  | Co-authored more than 300 papers on dwarf stars and exoplanets. In two papers with Jeff Valenti, she quantified a correlation between the chemical composition of host stars and the formation of orbiting gas giant planets
J. Richard Fisher | United States | 1943 |
Camille Flammarion | France | 1842 | 1925
Gabrielle Renaudot Flammarion | France | 1867 | 1962
John Flamsteed | United Kingdom | 1646 | 1719
Honoré Flaugergues | France | 1755 | 1835
Williamina Fleming | United States | 1857 | 1911
Wilhelm Julius Foerster | Germany | 1832 | 1921
Alfred Fowler | United Kingdom | 1868 | 1940
William Alfred Fowler | United States | 1911 | 1995 | He is known for his theoretical and experimental research into nuclear reactions within stars and the energy elements produced in the process. Winner of the 1983 Nobel Prize in Physics together with Subrahmanyan Chandrasekhar.
Philip Fox | United States | 1878 | 1944
Andrew Fraknoi | United States | 1948 |
Joseph von Fraunhofer | Germany | 1787 | 1826 | Designed the heliometer used successfully to calculate the distance to a star, other than the Sun, for the first time.
Herbert Friedman | United States | 1916 | 2000
Dirk D. Frimout | Belgium | 1941 |
Edwin Brant Frost | United States | 1866 | 1935
Shigehisa Fujikawa | Japan |  |
Naoshi Fukushima | Japan | 1925 | 2003
Kiichirō Furukawa | Japan | 1929 | 2016
Toshimasa Furuta | Japan |  |
Bryan Gaensler | Australia | 1973 |
Galileo Galilei | Italy | 1564 | 1642 |
Gan De | China | fl. 4th century BC |  | Gan De, together with Shi Shen compiled China's first star catalogue
Gordon J. Garradd | Australia | 1959 |
Julio Garavito Armero | Colombia | 1865 | 1920
Ben Gascoigne | New Zealand/Australia | 1915 | 2010
Gautama Siddha | China | fl. 8th century AD |
Margaret Geller | United States | 1947 |
Johann Gottfried Galle | Germany | 1812 | 1910 | Was the first person to view the planet Neptune and know what he was looking at.
George Gamow | Russia/United States | 1904 | 1968
Carl Friedrich Gauss | Germany | 1777 | 1855
Tom Gehrels | United States | 1925 | 2011 | Pioneered the first photometric system of asteroids in the 1950s, and wavelength dependence of polarization of stars and planets in the 1960s
Neil Gehrels | United States | 1952 | 2017  | Gamma-ray astronomy; led Neil Gehrels Swift Observatory; led Nancy Grace Roman Space Telescope.
Robert Gendler | United States | 1957 |
Andrea M. Ghez | United States | 1965 |
Aurélien Barrau | France | 1973 |
Riccardo Giacconi | Italy | 1931 | 2018 | Nobel Prize-winning astrophysicist who laid down the foundations of X-ray astronomy
Michel Giacobini | France | 1873 | 1938
Henry L. Giclas | United States | 1910 | 2007
David Gill | United Kingdom | 1843 | 1914
Michaël Gillon | Belgium | 1974 |
Ian Glass | Ireland/South Africa | 1939 |
Karl Glazebrook | United Kingdom | 1965 |  | Determined that the average color of the vast universe is Cosmic Latte.
Marcelo Gleiser | Brazil | 1959 |
Thomas Gold | United States | 1920 | 2004
Leo Goldberg | United States | 1913 | 1987
Peter Goldreich | United States | 1939 |
Hermann Goldschmidt | Germany | 1802 | 1866 | In 1820, Goldschmidt discovered shadow bands in total solar eclipses
François Gonnessiat | France | 1856 | 1934
John Goodricke | United Kingdom | 1764 | 1786
Alyssa A. Goodman | United States | 1962 |
Abu Sa'id Gorgani | Persia | 9th century
Paul Götz | Germany | 1883 | 1962
Benjamin Apthorp Gould | United States | 1824 | 1896 | He is noted for creating the Astronomical Journal, discovering the Gould Belt, and for founding of the Argentine National Observatory and the Argentine National Weather Service.
Andrew Graham | Ireland | 1815 | 1907 | discoverer of the asteroid 9 Metis
Charles Green | England | 1735 | 1771
Jesse Greenstein | United States | 1909 | 2002
John Grunsfeld | United States | 1956 |
Edward Guinan | United States | 1922 |
Jay U. Gunter | United States | 1911 | 1994
Alexander A. Gurshtein | Russia | 1937 | 2020
Bengt Gustafsson | Sweden | 1943 |
Guo Shoujing | China | 1231 | 1316
Alan Harvey Guth | United States | 1947 |
Yusuke Hagihara | Japan | 1897 | 1979
Alan Hale | United States | 1958 |  | co-discovered Comet Hale–Bopp
George Ellery Hale | United States | 1868 | 1938
Asaph Hall | United States | 1829 | 1907
Edmond Halley | England | 1656 | 1742
Erika Hamden | United States | ? |
Heidi Hammel | United States | 1960 |
Mario Hamuy | Chile | 1960 |
Peter Andreas Hansen | Denmark | 1795 | 1874
Abulfazl Harawi | Persia | 10th century |
Karl Ludwig Harding | Germany | 1765 | 1834 | Was a part of the so-called 'celestial police' group, which made the orbital calculations leading to the discovery of many dwarf planets between Mars and Jupiter.
Thomas Hariot | United Kingdom | 1560 | 1621 | his 1609 drawings of his observations of the Moon have been noted as the first recorded telescopic observations ever made
Guillermo Haro | Mexico | 1913 | 1988 | Haro was influential in the development of modern observational astronomy in Mexico. Internationally, he is best known for his contribution to the discovery of Herbig–Haro objects.
Robert George Harrington | United States | 1904 | 1987 | He discovered or co-discovered a number of comets, including periodic comets 43P/Wolf–Harrington and 51P/Harrington
Robert Sutton Harrington | United States | 1942 | 1993
Edward Robert Harrison | United Kingdom/United States | 1917 | 2007
William Kenneth Hartmann | United States | 1939 |
John Hartnup Jr. | United Kingdom | 1841 | 1892
Lisa Harvey-Smith | Australia | 1979 |
Takeo Hatanaka | Japan | 1914 | 1963
Stephen Hawking | United Kingdom | 1942 | 2018
Will Hay | United Kingdom | 1888 | 1949
Chushiro Hayashi | Japan | 1920 | 2010
Otto Hermann Leopold Heckmann | Germany | 1901 | 1983
E. Ruth Hedeman | United States | 1910 | 2006
Carl Heiles | United States | 1939 |
Joseph Helffrich | Germany | 1872 | 1971
Eleanor Helin | United States | 1932 | 2009
Maximilian Hell | Austria-Hungary | 1720 | 1792
Karl Ludwig Hencke | Germany | 1793 | 1866
Thomas Henderson | Scotland | 1798 | 1844 | noted for being the first person to measure the distance to Alpha Centauri
Paul Henry | France | 1848 | 1905
Prosper Henry | France | 1849 | 1903
Abraham bar Hiyya | Spanish Jewish | 1070 | 1136
George Howard Herbig | United States | 1920 | 2013 | best known for his contribution to the discovery of Herbig–Haro objects
Carl W. Hergenrother | United States | 1973 |
Caroline Herschel | United Kingdom | 1750 | 1848
John Herschel | United Kingdom | 1792 | 1871 | Discoveries of Herschel include the galaxies NGC 7, NGC 10, NGC 25, and NGC 28.
William Herschel | United Kingdom/Germany | 1738 | 1822 | Herschel discovered Uranus in 1781.
Ejnar Hertzsprung | Denmark | 1873 | 1967 | He developed a classification system for stars to divide them by spectral type, stage in their development, and luminosity, the Hertzsprung–Russell diagram.
Johannes Hevelius | Poland | 1611 | 1687 | discovered the Moon's libration in longitude
Antony Hewish | United Kingdom | 1924 | 2021 | won the Nobel Prize for Physics in 1974 for his role in the discovery of pulsars.
George William Hill | United States | 1838 | 1914
John Russell Hind | United Kingdom | 1823 | 1895
Hipparchus | Nicaea | c. 190 BC | 120 BC | Hipparchus is considered the greatest ancient astronomical observer and, by some, the greatest overall astronomer of antiquity. He was the first whose quantitative and accurate models for the motion of the Sun and Moon survive.
Masanori Hirasawa | Japan |  |
Kiyotsugu Hirayama | Japan | 1874 | 1943
Shin Hirayama | Japan | 1868 | 1945
Gustave-Adolphe Hirn | France | 1815 | 1890
Paul Ho | United States |  |
Sebastian von Hoerner | Germany | 1919 | 2003
Cuno Hoffmeister | Germany | 1892 | 1968
Dorrit Hoffleit | United States | 1907 | 2007
Helen Sawyer Hogg | Canada | 1905 | 1993 | pioneered research into globular clusters and variable stars. She was the first female president of several astronomical organizations and a scientist when many universities would not award scientific degrees to women.
Moses Holden | United Kingdom | 1777 | 1864
Paulo R. Holvorcem | Brazil | 1967 |
Minoru Honda | Japan | 1917 | 1990
Kamil Hornoch | Czech Republic | 1972 |
Jeremiah Horrocks | United Kingdom | c. 1619 | 1641 | First person to demonstrate the Moon's elliptical orbit around the Earth. He predicted, observed and recorded the 1639 transit of Venus.
Ingrid van Houten-Groeneveld | Netherlands | 1921 | 2015
Herbert Alonzo Howe | United States | 1858 | 1926
Steve B. Howell | United States | 1955 |  | Howell was fundamental in the development of CCD astronomy especially CCD photometry of faint sources. He was the Project Scientist for the NASA Kepler and K2 Exoplanet missions.
Fred Hoyle | United Kingdom | 1915 | 2001
Edwin Powell Hubble | United States | 1889 | 1953 | Hubble proved that many objects previously thought to be clouds of dust and gas and classified as "nebulae" were actually galaxies beyond the Milky Way. He provided evidence for Hubble–Lemaître law, the fact that the universe is ever expanding.
William Huggins | United Kingdom | 1824 | 1910
Russell Alan Hulse | United States | 1950 |
Hendrik Christoffel van de Hulst | Netherlands | 1918 | 2000
Milton Lasell Humason | United States | 1891 | 1972
Thomas John Hussey | England | 1792 | 1854
Christiaan Huygens | Netherlands | 1629 | 1695 | Discovered the largest moon of Saturn, Titan
Yuji Hyakutake | Japan | 1950 | 2002
Josef Allen Hynek | United States | 1910 | 1986
Hypatia | Egypt | c. 350–370 | 415
Christopher Hansteen | Norway | 1784 | 1873 | best known for his mapping of Earth's magnetic field.
Icko Iben Jr. | United States | 1931 |
Kaoru Ikeya | Japan | 1943 |
Chris Impey | United Kingdom/United States | 1956 |
Robert Thorburn Ayton Innes | Scotland/South Africa | 1861 | 1933
Shigeru Inoda | Japan | 1955 | 2008
Jamal Nazrul Islam | Bangladesh | 1939 | 2013
Edward Israel | United States | 1859 | 1884
Iwahashi Zenbei | Japan | 1756 | 1811
Masayuki Iwamoto | Japan | 1954 |
Shun-ei Izumikawa | Japan |  |
Cyril V. Jackson | South Africa | 1903 | 1988
Karan Jani | India | 1988 |  | He is part of the LIGO team made the first observation of gravitational waves from a binary black hole merger in 2015.
Pierre Jules César Janssen | France | 1824 | 1907
James Jeans | United Kingdom | 1877 | 1946
Benjamin Jekhowsky | Russia/France/Algeria | 1881 | 1975
Louise Freeland Jenkins | United States | 1888 | 1970
David C. Jewitt | United Kingdom | 1958 |  | He is best known for being the first person (along with Jane Luu) to discover a body beyond Pluto and Charon in the Kuiper belt.
Jiao Bingzhen | China | 1689 | 1726
John A. Johnson | United States | 1977 |
Alfred Harrison Joy | United States | 1882 | 1973
Vinod Johri | India | 1935 | 2014
Tetsuo Kagawa | Japan | 1969 |
Norio Kaifu | Japan | 1943 | 2019 | Norio directed the construction of the Nobeyama Radio Observatory and the Subaru Telescope. He was also the director of the International Astronomical Union(IAU) from 2012 to 2015.[9]
Franz Kaiser | Germany | 1891 | 1962
Piet van de Kamp | Netherlands/United States | 1901 | 1995
Kiyotaka Kanai | Japan | 1951 |
Hiroshi Kaneda | Japan | 1953 |
Henry Kandrup | United States | 1955 | 2003
Jacobus Kapteyn | Netherlands | 1851 | 1922
Lyudmila Karachkina | Ukraine | 1948 |
Ghiyath al-Kashi | Persia | 1380 | 1429
Jeffrey Owen Katz | United States | 1960 |
Karlis Kaufmanis | Latvia/United States | 1910 | 2003
Kōyō Kawanishi | Japan | 1959 |
Nobuhiro Kawasato | Japan |  |
James Edward Keeler | United States | 1857 | 1900
Paul Kempf | Germany | 1856 | 1920
Johannes Kepler | Germany | 1571 | 1630
Omar Khayyám | Persia | 1048 | 1131
Al-Khujandi | Persia | c. 940 | 1000 | Discovered that the axial tilt of the Earth is not constant.
Muhammad ibn Mūsā al-Khwārizmī | Persia | 780 | 850
Kidinnu | Babylon | fl. 4th century BC | c. 330 BC
Hisashi Kimura | Japan | 1870 | 1943
Maria Margarethe Kirch | Germany | 1670 | 1720
Daniel Kirkwood | United States | 1814 | 1895
Robert Kirshner | United States | 1949 |
Minoru Kizawa | Japan | 1947 |
Ernst Friedrich Wilhelm Klinkerfues | Germany | 1827 | 1884
Viktor Knorre | Russia | 1840 | 1919
Takao Kobayashi | Japan | 1961 |
Toru Kobayashi | Japan |  |
Luboš Kohoutek | Czechoslovakia | 1935 |
Masahiro Koishikawa | Japan | 1952 | 2020
Nobuhisa Kojima | Japan | 1933 |
Takuo Kojima | Japan | 1955 |
Yoji Kondo | Japan | 1933 | 2017
Zdeněk Kopal | Czechoslovakia/United Kingdom/United States | 1914 | 1993
Sergei Kopeikin | United States | 1956 |
August Kopff | Germany | 1882 | 1960
Korado Korlević | Croatia | 1958 |
Hiroki Kosai | Japan | 1933 |
Charles T. Kowal | United States | 1940 | 2011
Robert Kraft | United States | 1927 | 2015 | Pioneering work on Cepheid variables, stellar rotation, novae, and the chemical evolution of the Milky Way
Ľubor Kresák | Czechoslovakia | 1927 | 1994
Heinrich Kreutz | Germany | 1854 | 1927
Edwin C. Krupp | United States | 1944 |
Kazuo Kubokawa | Japan | 1903 | 1943
Marc Kuchner | United States | 1972 |
Gerard Kuiper | Netherlands/United States | 1905 | 1973 | The namesake of the Kuiper belt, a region of minor planets beyond Neptune.
György Kulin | Austria-Hungary | 1905 | 1989
Donald Kurtz | United States | 1948 |
Ali Kuşçu | Turkey | 1403 | 1474 | Qushji improved on Nasir al-Din al-Tusi's planetary model and presented an alternative planetary model for Mercury.
Reiki Kushida | Japan |  |
Yoshio Kushida | Japan | 1957 |
Nicolas Louis de Lacaille | France | 1713 | 1762
Elizabeth Lada | United States |  |
Lagadha | India | 1st millennium BCE |
Claes-Ingvar Lagerkvist | Sweden | 1944 |
Joseph-Louis Lagrange | France | 1736 | 1813
Emily Lakdawalla | United States | 1975 |
Jérôme Lalande | France | 1732 | 1807 | Calculated the distance from the moon to Earth
Johann Heinrich Lambert | France/Germany | 1728 | 1777
David J. Lane | Canada | 1963 | 2024 | Director of the Burke-Gaffney astronomical observatory,[10] owner of the Abbey-Ridge Observatory,[11] and creator of the planetarium software entitled the Earth Centered Universe.[12]
Andrew E. Lange | United States | 1957 | 2010
Samuel Pierpont Langley | United States | 1834 | 1906
Pierre-Simon Laplace | France | 1749 | 1827
Jacques Laskar | France | 1955 |
William Lassell | United Kingdom | 1799 | 1880
Joseph Jean Pierre Laurent | France |  | 1900
Henrietta Swan Leavitt | United States | 1868 | 1921 | Discovered that Cepheid variable stars pulsated at a rate relative to the luminosity. This discovery made it possible to determine the distance to other galaxies by comparing the distance to Cepheids in our galaxy measured by Parallax and Spectroscopy and then applying the results to cepheids in other galaxies. This would eventually lead to the discovery that the Universe is expanding.
Typhoon Lee | United States/Taiwan | 1948 |
Guillaume Le Gentil | France | 1725 | 1792
Georges Lemaître | Belgium | 1894 | 1966 | Being the first the theorize that the Universe is ever expanding. The namesake of the Hubble–Lemaître law
Pierre Lemonnier | France | 1715 | 1799
Frederick C. Leonard | United States | 1896 | 1960
Armin Leuschner | United States | 1868 | 1953
Geraint Lewis | Australia | 1969 |
Urbain Le Verrier | France | 1811 | 1877 | Theorized the existence of Neptune by calculations of its influence of orbit of Uranus, which let to Neptune's discovery.
Li Fan | China | 202 AD | 220 AD
Bertil Lindblad | Sweden | 1895 | 1965
Adolph Friedrich Lindemann | Germany/United Kingdom | 1846 | 1927
Chris Lintott | United Kingdom | 1980 |
Joseph Johann Littrow | Austria | 1781 | 1840
Karl L. Littrow | Austria | 1811 | 1877 | He created the only conformal retroazimuthal map projection, which is known as the Littrow projection.
Liu Xin | China | 50 BCE | 23 BCE
Joseph Lockyer | United Kingdom | 1836 | 1920 | Lockyer is among the pioneers of archaeoastronomy. Travelling 1890 in Greece he noticed the east–west orientation of many temples, in Egypt he found an orientation of temples to sunrise at midsummer and towards Sirius.
Maurice Loewy | Austria/France | 1833 | 1907
Christian Sørensen Longomontanus | Denmark | 1562 | 1647
Bernard Lovell | United Kingdom | 1913 | 2012
Percival Lowell | United States | 1855 | 1916 | Theorized the existence of a ninth planet beyond Neptune, and contributed to the calculations that would eventually lead to the discovery of Pluto
Rosaly Lopes | Brazil | 1957 |
Ángel López | Spain | 1955 |
Álvaro López-García | Spain | 1941 | 2019 | He was a specialist in astrometry and the dynamics of minor planets, and had discovered numerous of these bodies since the early 1980s, in collaboration with astronomer Henri Debehogne.
John William Lubbock | United Kingdom | 1803 | 1865 | Lubbock carried out important studies of the tides in the 1830s. He was one of the first to present maps showing lines joining points where high tide occurred at the same time, and coined the term cotidal lines for them.[13]
Knut Lundmark | Sweden | 1889 | 1958 | Knut Lundmark was one of the pioneers in the modern study of the galaxies and their distances. He was one of the first to suspect that the galaxies are remote stellar systems at vast distances and not nearby objects belonging to our own galaxy, the Milky Way. He also studied the light distribution in the galaxies, and discovered that the distribution could only properly be explained if the galaxies contained vast amounts of light-blocking dark clouds.
Lupitus of Barcelona | Spain | fl. 10th century |
Robert Luther | Germany | 1822 | 1900 | Luther discovered 24 asteroids between 1852 and 1890.[14]
Jane Luu | South Vietnam/United States | 1963 |  | discovering and characterizing the Kuiper Belt and its largest members (together with David C. Jewitt and Michael Brown)
Willem Luyten | Dutch East Indies (Netherlands) | 1899 | 1994 | Luyten studied the proper motions of stars and discovered many white dwarfs. He appears to have been the first to use the term white dwarf when he examined this class of stars in 1922.[15][16][17][18]
Andrew Lyne | United Kingdom | 1942 |
Bernard Lyot | France | 1897 | 1952
Mahendra Suri | India | c. 1340 | 1400 | wrote the Yantraraja, the first Indian treatise on the astrolabe.[19]
Ma Yize | China | 910 | 1005
Adriaan van Maanen | United States | 1884 | 1946
George Parker 2nd Earl of Macclesfield | United Kingdom | c. 1697 | 1764
Amy Mainzer | United States | 1974 |
Steve Mandel | United States |  |
Geoff Marcy | United States | 1954 |
Simon Marius | Germany | 1573 | 1624
Brian G. Marsden | United States | 1937 | 2010
Albert Marth | Germany | 1828 | 1897 | He discovered one of the early asteroids found, 29 Amphitrite, and the galaxies NGC 3, NGC 4 and NGC 15.
Nevil Maskelyne | United Kingdom | 1732 | 1811
Charles Mason | United Kingdom/United States | 1730 | 1787
John C. Mather | United States | 1946 |
Janet Akyüz Mattei | Turkey/United States | 1943 | 2004
Edward Walter Maunder | United Kingdom | 1851 | 1928 | His study of sunspots and the solar magnetic cycle led to his identification of the period from 1645 to 1715 that is now known as the Maunder Minimum.
Pierre Louis Maupertuis | France | 1698 | 1759 | He is often credited with having discovered the principle of least action – a version of which is known as Maupertuis's principle[20]
Alain Maury | France | 1958 |
Matthew Fontaine Maury | United States | 1806 | 1873
Brian May | United Kingdom | 1947 |  | studying reflected light from interplanetary dust and the velocity of dust in the plane of the Solar System.[21][22]
Cornell Mayer | United States | 1922 | 2005 | the first to accurately measure the temperature of Venus by measuring the planet's thermal radiation.[23][24]
Tobias Mayer | Germany | 1723 | 1762
Michel Mayor | Switzerland | 1942 |
Christopher McKee | United States | 1942 |
Robert S. McMillan | United States |  |
William H. McCrea | United Kingdom | 1904 | 1999
Bruce A. McIntosh | Canada | 1929 | 2015
Jess McIver  | United States  |  |
Robert H. McNaught | Australia | 1956 |
Pierre Méchain | France | 1744 | 1804 | Together with Charles Messier, he was a major contributor to the early study of deep-sky objects and comets.
Thebe Medupe | South Africa | 1973 |
Karen Jean Meech | United States | 1959 |  | Meech specializes in planetary astronomy, in particular the study of distant comets and their relation to the early Solar System.
Aden Baker Meinel | United States | 1922 | 2011 | His research interests have included upper atmospheric physics, glass technology, optical design, instrumentation and space systems.
Fulvio Melia | United States | 1956 |
Philibert Jacques Melotte | United Kingdom | 1880 | 1961
Paul Willard Merrill | United States | 1887 | 1961
David Merritt | United States | 1955 |
Charles Messier | France | 1730 | 1817 | He published an astronomical catalogue consisting of 110 nebulae and star clusters, which came to be known as the Messier objects, referred to with the letter M and their number between 1 and 110.
Joel Hastings Metcalf | United States | 1866 | 1925 | He discovered or co-discovered several comets, including 23P/Brorsen-Metcalf and 97P/Metcalf-Brewington, and also 41 asteroids during 1905–1914, as credited by the Minor Planet Center.[8]
Andreas Gerasimos Michalitsianos | United States | 1947 | 1997
John Michell | United Kingdom | 1724 | 1793 | The first person known to have proposed the existence of black holes
Elia Millosevich | Italy | 1848 | 1919
Edward Arthur Milne | United Kingdom | 1896 | 1950
Rudolph Minkowski | Germany | 1895 | 1976
Marcel Gilles Jozef Minnaert | Belgium/Netherlands | 1893 | 1970 | In 1941, he invented the Minnaert function, which is used in optical measurements of celestial bodies.
Maria Mitchell | United States | 1818 | 1889
Seidai Miyasaka | Japan | 1955 |
Yoshikane Mizuno | Japan | 1954 |
August Ferdinand Möbius | Germany | 1790 | 1868
Anthony Moffat | Canada |  |
Johan Maurits Mohr | Netherlands | 1716 | 1775
Samuel Molyneux | United Kingdom | 1689 | 1728 | best known for his work in attempting to measure the parallax of Gamma Draconis leading to the discovery of the aberration of light
Geminiano Montanari | Italy | 1633 | 1687 | He is best known for his observation, made around 1667, that the second-brightest star (called Algol as derived from its name in Arabic) in the constellation of Perseus varied in brightness.
Patrick Moore | United Kingdom | 1923 | 2012 | Renowned for his expertise in Moon observation and the creation of the Caldwell catalogue, Moore authored more than seventy astronomy books.
James Michael Moran | United States | 1943 |
William Wilson Morgan | United States | 1906 | 1994 | Known for helping prove the existence of spiral arms in our galaxy.
Hiroshi Mori | Japan | 1958 |
Amédée Mouchez | France | 1821 | 1892
Antonín Mrkos | Czechoslovakia | 1918 | 1996
Jean Mueller | United States | 1950 |
Masaru Mukai | Japan | 1949 |
Gustav Müller | Germany | 1851 | 1925
Johannes Müller | Germany | 1436 | 1476
Harutaro Murakami | Japan | 1872 | 1947
Osamu Muramatsu | Japan | 1949 |
Tara Murphy  | Australia  |  |
bin Musa Ahmad | Persia | 805 | 873
bin Musa Hasan | Persia | 810 | 873
bin Musa Muhammad | Persia | c. 800 | 873
Carole Mundell  | United Kingdom  |  |
Nils Mustelin | Finland | 1931 | 2004
Nilakantha Somayaji | India | 1444 | 1544 | In his Tantrasangraha, Nilakantha revised Aryabhata's model for the planets Mercury and Venus. According to George G. Joseph his equation of the centre for these planets remained the most accurate until the time of Johannes Kepler in the 17th century.[25]
Valentin Naboth | Germany/Italy | 1523 | 1593
Naburimannu | Babylonia |  |  | Sometime between 6th and 2nd centuries BC
Takeshi Nagata | Japan | 1913 | 1991
Ahmad Nahavandi | Persia | 7th–8th century |
Akimasa Nakamura | Japan | 1961 |
Syuichi Nakano | Japan | 1947 |
Jayant Narlikar | India | 1938 | 2025
Naubakht | Persia | d. 776 |
Al-fadl ibn Naubakht | Persia | 8th century |
Otto Neugebauer | Germany/United States | 1899 | 1990 | known for his research on the history of astronomy and the other exact sciences as they were practiced in antiquity and the Middle Ages. By studying clay tablets, he discovered that the ancient Babylonians knew much more about mathematics and astronomy than had been previously realized.
Grigoriy Nikolaevich Neujmin | Georgia/Russia | 1886 | 1946
Simon Newcomb | United States | 1835 | 1909
Isaac Newton | United Kingdom | 1643 | 1727  | Created first reflecting telescope; also known for the suggestion that high-altitude sites are best for observation.
Seth Barnes Nicholson | United States | 1891 | 1963 | Known for discovering several moons of Jupiter in the 20th century.
Albertus Antonie Nijland | Netherlands | 1868 | 1936
Tsuneo Niijima | Japan | 1955 |
Peter Nilson | Sweden | 1937 | 1998  |
Hōei Nojiri | Japan | 1885 | 1977
Jaime Nomen | Spain | 1960 |
Toshiro Nomura | Japan | 1954 |
Knut Jørgen Røed Ødegaard | Norway | 1966 |
Okuro Oikawa | Japan | 1896 | 1970
Tarmo Oja | Sweden | 1934 |
Tomimaru Okuni | Japan | 1931 |
Nicolaus Olahus | Hungary | 1493 | 1568
Heinrich Wilhelm Matthias Olbers | Germany | 1758 | 1840 | Was a part of the so-called 'celestial police' group, which made the orbital calculations leading to the discovery of many dwarf planets between Mars and Jupiter.
Gerard O'Neill | United States | 1927 | 1992
Jan Hendrik Oort | Netherlands | 1900 | 1992 | Determined that the Milky Way rotates, and disproved that the Sun is the center of the Milky Way.
Pieter Oosterhoff | Netherlands | 1904 | 1978
Ernst Öpik | Estonia/Ireland | 1893 | 1985
José Luis Ortiz Moreno | Spain | 1967 |  | Led the team to discover the dwarf planet Haumea in 2004
Yoshiaki Oshima | Japan | 1952 |
Donald Edward Osterbrock | United States | 1924 | 2007
Liisi Oterma | Finland | 1915 | 2001
Satoru Otomo | Japan | 1957 |
Jean Abraham Chrétien Oudemans | Netherlands | 1827 | 1906
Rafael Pacheco | Spain | 1954 |
Bohdan Paczyński | Poland | 1940 | 2007
Ľudmila Pajdušáková | Czechoslovakia | 1916 | 1979
Johann Palisa | Austria | 1848 | 1925
Johann Palitzsch | Germany | 1723 | 1788
Anton Pannekoek | Netherlands | 1873 | 1960
Eugene Parker | United States | 1927 | 2022
William Parsons (Lord Rosse) | Ireland | 1800 | 1867 | discovered the spiral nature of some nebulae, today known to be spiral galaxies
Miriani Griselda Pastoriza | Brazil | 1939 |
André Patry | France | 1902 | 1960
Cecilia Payne-Gaposchkin | United Kingdom/United States | 1900 | 1979
Ruby Payne-Scott | Australia | 1912 | 1981
James Peebles | Canada/United States | 1935 |
Sir Cuthbert Peek, 2nd Baronet | United Kingdom | 1855 | 1901
Leslie Copus Peltier | United States | 1900 | 1980
Roger Penrose | United Kingdom | 1931 |
Arno Penzias | United States/Germany | 1933 | 2024
Saul Perlmutter | United States | 1959 |  | Proved that the expansion rate of the universe is expanding.
Charles Dillon Perrine | United States/Argentina | 1867 | 1951
Henri Joseph Anastase Perrotin | France | 1845 | 1904
Christian Heinrich Friedrich Peters | Germany/United States | 1813 | 1890
George Henry Peters | United States | 1863 | 1947
Mark M. Phillips | United States | 1951 |
Giuseppe Piazzi | Italy | 1746 | 1826 | Discovered the dwarf planet Ceres
Edward Charles Pickering | United States | 1846 | 1919
William Henry Pickering | United States | 1858 | 1938
Paris Pişmiş | Armenia/Mexico | 1911 | 1999
Maynard Pittendreigh | United States | 1954 |
Phil Plait | United States | 1964 |
Giovanni Antonio Amedeo Plana | Italy | 1781 | 1864
Petrus Plancius | Netherlands | 1552 | 1622
John Stanley Plaskett | Canada | 1865 | 1941
Norman Robert Pogson | United Kingdom | 1829 | 1891 | He discovered several minor planets and made observations on comets.[26] He introduced a mathematical scale of stellar magnitudes with the ratio of two successive magnitudes being the fifth root of one hundred (~2.512) and referred to as Pogson's ratio.
Christian Pollas | France | 1947 |
John Pond | England | 1767 | 1836
Jean-Louis Pons | France | 1761 | 1831
Carolyn Porco | United States | 1953 |
Vladimír Porubčan | Czechoslovakia | 1940 |
Charles Pritchard | United Kingdom | 1808 | 1893
Richard Proctor | England | 1837 | 1888
Milorad B. Protić | Serbia | 1911 | 2001
Ptolemy of Alexandria | Roman Egypt | c. 85 | 165
Pierre Puiseux | France | 1855 | 1928
Georg Purbach | Germany | 1423 | 1461
Pythagoras of Samos | Greece | 580 BC | 500 BC | credited with having been the first to teach that the Earth was spherical, the first to divide the globe into five climatic zones, and the first to identify the morning star and the evening star as the same celestial object (now known as Venus).
Adolphe Quetelet | Belgium | 1796 | 1874
M. Shahid Qureshi | Pakistan |  |
Ali Qushji | Ottoman Empire | 1403 | 1474
David Lincoln Rabinowitz | United States | 1960 |  | Co-discoverer of the dwarf planet Eris in 2006
Narayan Chandra Rana | India | 1954 | 1996[27]
Grote Reber | United States | 1911 | 2002 | For nearly a decade he was the world's only radio astronomer.
Martin Rees | United Kingdom | 1942 |
Edward Ayearst Reeves  | United Kingdom  | 1862  | 1945  | Geographer and astronomer[28]
Hubert Reeves | Canada | 1932 | 2023
Johannes Müller | Germany | 1436 | 1476
Julius Reichelt | Germany | 1637 | 1717
Erasmus Reinhold | Prussia, Germany | 1511 | 1553
Karl Reinmuth | Germany | 1892 | 1979
Pieter Johannes van Rhijn | Netherlands | 1886 | 1960
Giovanni Battista Riccioli | Italy | 1598 | 1671 | Discovering the first double star.
Mercedes Richards | Jamaica | 1955 | 2016 | Pioneering research in the tomography of interacting binary star systems and cataclysmic variable stars to predict magnetic activity and simulate gas flow is her most known work. She was the first to use tomography in astronomy.
Jean Richer | France | 1630 | 1696 | His observations and measurements of Mars during its perihelic opposition, coupled with those made simultaneously in Paris by Giovanni Domenico Cassini, led to the earliest data-based estimate of the distance between Earth and Mars, which they then used to calculate the distance between the Sun and Earth (the astronomical unit).[29]
Edward Riddle | England | 1788 | 1854 | Riddle's most valuable work was A Treatise on Navigation and Nautical Astronomy (1824; 4th edition 1842; 8th edition 1864), forming a complete course of mathematics for sailors.
Adam Riess | United States | 1969 |  | He is known for his research in using supernovae as cosmological probes and for being part of the team that proved that the expansion rate of the universe is expanding.
Fernand Rigaux | Belgium | 1905 | 1962
George Willis Ritchey | United States | 1864 | 1945
David Rittenhouse | United States | 1732 | 1796
Hans-Walter Rix | Germany | 1964 |
Carmelle Robert | Canada | 1962 |
Arjen Roelofs | Netherlands | 1754 | 1824
Elizabeth Roemer | United States | 1929 | 2016
Roger of Hereford | England | c. 1176 | 1198
Nancy G. Roman | United States | 1925 | 2018
Gustavo E. Romero | Argentina | 1964 |
Ole Christensen Rømer | Denmark | 1644 | 1710 | Discovered that light travels at a finite speed and made the first measurement of the speed of light.
Otto A. Rosenberger | Germany | 1800 | 1890
Svein Rosseland | Norway | 1894 | 1985
Bruno Rossi | Italy | 1905 | 1993
Laurie Rousseau-Nepton | Canada |  |
Vera Rubin | United States | 1928 | 2016 | Studied the rotation of Galaxies. Her research provided evidence for the discovery of Dark matter.
Henry Chamberlain Russell | Australia | 1836 | 1907
Henry Norris Russell | United States | 1877 | 1957
Martin Ryle | United Kingdom | 1918 | 1984 | Won the Nobel Prize for Physics in 1974 for his role in the discovery of pulsars.
Sir Edward Sabine | Ireland | 1788 | 1883
Sadr al-Shari'a al-Asghar | Uzbekistan | ? | 1346  | He was a theoretical astronomer and religious scholar who created original and sophisticated astronomical theories of time and place, and under circumstances that have long been considered devoid of original scientific research.
Carl Sagan | United States | 1934 | 1996
Megh Nad Saha | India | 1893 | 1956  | Best known for developing the Saha ionization equation, which has been instrumental in understanding the physical and chemical properties of stars.
Edwin Ernest Salpeter | Austria/Australia/United States | 1924 | 2008
Allan Rex Sandage | United States | 1926 | 2010
Hendricus Gerardus van de Sande Bakhuyzen | Netherlands | 1838 | 1923
Wallace Leslie William Sargent | United Kingdom/United States | 1935 | 2012
Anneila Sargent | United Kingdom/United States | 1942 |
Naoto Sato | Japan | 1953 |
Alexandre Schaumasse | France | 1882 | 1958
Giovanni Schiaparelli | Italy | 1835 | 1910
Frank Schlesinger | United States | 1871 | 1943
Bernhard Schmidt | Estonia/Sweden/Germany | 1879 | 1935
Brian P. Schmidt | United States | 1967 |  | Proved that the expansion rate of the universe is expanding.
Maarten Schmidt | Netherlands | 1929 | 2022
Robert Schommer | United States | 1946 | 2001
Johann Hieronymus Schröter | Germany | 1745 | 1816 | Was a part of the so-called 'celestial police' group, which made the orbital calculations leading to the discovery of many dwarf planets between Mars and Jupiter.
Lipót Schulhof | Hungary | 1847 | 1921
Heinrich Christian Schumacher | Germany | 1780 | 1850
Hans-Emil Schuster | Germany | 1934 |
Samuel Heinrich Schwabe | Germany | 1789 | 1875
Karl Schwarzschild | Germany | 1873 | 1916 | Schwarzschild provided the first exact solution to the Einstein field equations of general relativity, for the limited case of a single spherical non-rotating mass. The Schwarzschild solution leads to a derivation of the Schwarzschild radius, which is the size of the event horizon of a non-rotating black hole.
Martin Schwarzschild | Germany/United States | 1912 | 1997
Friedrich Karl Arnold Schwassmann | Germany | 1870 | 1964
James Vernon Scotti | United States | 1960 |
Frederick Hanley Seares | United States | 1873 | 1964
George Mary Searle | United States | 1839 | 1918
Angelo Secchi | Italy | 1818 | 1878 | One of the first scientists to state authoritatively that the Sun is a star.
Sadao Sei | Japan |  |
Waltraut Seitter | Germany | 1930 | 2007
Tsutomu Seki | Japan | 1930 |
Carl Keenan Seyfert | United States | 1911 | 1960 | He is best known for his 1943 research paper on high-excitation line emission from the centers of some spiral galaxies, which are named Seyfert galaxies after him.
Grigory Abramovich Shajn | Russia | 1892 | 1956
Pelageya Fedorovna Shajn | Russia | 1894 | 1956
Harlow Shapley | United States | 1885 | 1972
Richard Sheepshanks | United Kingdom | 1794 | 1855
Shen Kuo | China | 1031 | 1095
Shi Shen | China | fl. 4th century BC |  | Together with Gan De, compiled China's first star catalogue.
Shibukawa Shunkai | Japan | 1639 | 1715
Yoshisada Shimizu | Japan | 1943 |  | amateur astronomer and a prolific discoverer of hundreds of asteroids since 1993. An orthopaedist by profession, he is also known as an astrophotographer.[8]
Shinzo Shinjo | Japan | 1873 | 1938
Qutb eddin Shirazi | Persia | 1236 | 1311
Iosif Samuilovich Shklovsky | Russia | 1916 | 1985
Vladimir Shkodrov | Bulgaria | 1930 | 2010
Carolyn Jean Spellmann Shoemaker | United States | 1929 | 2021
Eugene Merle Shoemaker | United States | 1928 | 1997
Edward M. Sion | United States | 1946 |
Willem de Sitter | Netherlands | 1872 | 1934 | De Sitter made major contributions to the field of physical cosmology. He co-authored a paper with Albert Einstein in 1932 in which they discussed the implications of cosmological data for the curvature of the universe.
Charlotte Moore Sitterly | United States | 1898 | 1990
Brian A. Skiff | United States |  |
John Francis Skjellerup | Australia/South Africa | 1875 | 1952
Vesto Melvin Slipher | United States | 1875 | 1969
William Marshall Smart | United Kingdom | 1889 | 1975
Tamara Mikhaylovna Smirnova | Russia | 1935 | 2001
George Smoot | United States | 1945 | 2025
William Henry Smyth | United Kingdom | 1788 | 1865
Snell | Netherlands | 1580 | 1626
Mary Fairfax Somerville | United Kingdom | 1780 | 1872
Sir James South | United Kingdom | 1785 | 1867
Sir Harold Spencer Jones | United Kingdom | 1890 | 1960
Lyman Spitzer | United States | 1914 | 1997
Friederich Wilhelm Gustav Spörer | Germany | 1822 | 1895
Rainer Spurzem | Germany | 1956 |
Anton Staus | Germany | 1872 | 1955
Joel Stebbins | United States | 1878 | 1966
Johan Stein | Netherlands | 1871 | 1951
Karl August von Steinheil | Germany | 1801 | 1870
Édouard Stephan | France | 1837 | 1923 | In 1873, Stephan was the first person to attempt to measure the angular diameter of a star using interferometry
David J. Stevenson | New Zealand | 1948 |
Edward James Stone | England | 1831 | 1897
F. J. M. Stratton | United Kingdom | 1881 | 1960
Bengt Georg Daniel Strömgren | Denmark | 1908 | 1987 | He found that the chemical composition of stars was very much different than previously assumed. In the late 1930s, he found the relative abundance of hydrogen to be nearly 70%, and helium to be about 27%.
Karl Hermann Struve | Russia/Germany | 1854 | 1920
Gustav Wilhelm Ludwig Struve | Russia | 1858 | 1920
Otto Struve | Russia/United States | 1897 | 1963
Su Song | China | 1020 | 1101
Matsuo Sugano | Japan | 1939 |
Atsushi Sugie | Japan |  |
Nicholas Suntzeff | United States | 1952 |
Rashid Alievich Sunyaev | Uzbekistan/Russia/Germany | 1943 |
Shohei Suzuki | Japan |  |
Lewis A. Swift | United States | 1820 | 1913
Frédéric Sy | France | 1861 | 1917
Akihiko Tago | Japan | 1932 |
Atsushi Takahashi | Japan | 1965 |
Kesao Takamizawa | Japan | 1952 |
Yasuo Tanaka | Japan | 1931 | 2018
Pierre Tardi  | France  | 1897  | 1972  |
Jill Tarter | United States | 1944 |  | Research in extra-terristrial light. Came up with the name Brown dwarfs for substellar entities.
Joseph Hooton Taylor Jr. | United States | 1941 |
John Tebbutt | Australia | 1834 | 1916
Ernst Wilhelm Leberecht Tempel | Germany | 1821 | 1889
Thabit ibn Qurra | Iraq | 826 | 901
Thorvald Nicolai Thiele | Denmark | 1838 | 1910
Louis Thollon | France | 1829 | 1887
Norman G. Thomas | United States | 1930 | 2020
John Thome | United States/Argentina | 1843 | 1908
Kip Stephen Thorne | United States | 1940 |
Friedrich Tietjen | Germany | 1834 | 1895
Beatrice Muriel Hill Tinsley | New Zealand/United States | 1941 | 1981
François Félix Tisserand | France | 1845 | 1896
Johann Daniel Titius | Germany | 1729 | 1796
Clyde W. Tombaugh | United States | 1906 | 1997 | Discovered Pluto as well as numerous asteroids
Kōichirō Tomita | Japan | 1925 | 2006
Richard Tousey | United States | 1908 | 1997
Charles Townes | United States | 1915 | 2015
Virginia Trimble | United States | 1943 |
Chad Trujillo | United States | 1973 |  | Co-discoverer of multiple dwarf planets beyond Pluto, including Quaoar in 2002, Makemake in 2005 and Eris in 2006. This triggered a debate on the definition of a planet.
Robert Julius Trumpler | United States | 1886 | 1956
R. Brent Tully | United States | 1943 |
Herbert Hall Turner | England | 1861 | 1930 | Coined the term Parsec, a very large unit of distance to measure the distance to objects outside the solar system
Nasir al-Din Tusi | Persia | 1201 | 1274 | In astronomy, al-Tusi created very accurate tables of planetary motion, an updated planetary model, and critiques of Ptolemaic astronomy.
Horace Parnell Tuttle | United States | 1839 | 1923 | Discovered the asteroids 66 Maja and 73 Klytia, as well as a list of comets.
Neil deGrasse Tyson | United States | 1958 |
Seiji Ueda | Japan | 1952 |
Ulugh Beg | Uzbekistan | 1394 | 1449
Antonio de Ulloa | Spain | 1716 | 1795 | Ulloa is remembered principally for his role in determining the figure of the Earth
Albrecht Unsöld | Germany | 1905 | 1995
Takeshi Urata | Japan | 1947 | 2012 | In 1978 he became the first amateur to discover a minor planet (2090 Mizuho) in over fifty years[30]
Mu'ayyad al-Din al-Urdi | Persia | c. 1200 | 1266
Fumiaki Uto | Japan |  |
Yrjö Väisälä | Finland | 1891 | 1971
Benjamin Valz | France | 1787 | 1867
James Van Allen | United States | 1914 | 2006
George Van Biesbroeck | Belgium/United States | 1880 | 1974
Hendrik Christoffel van de Hulst | Netherlands | 1918 | 2000 | Van de Hulst studied light scattering by spherical particles and wrote his doctoral thesis on the topic,[31] subsequently formulating the anomalous diffraction theory.[32]
Peter van de Kamp | United States | 1901 | 1995
Sidney van den Bergh | Canada | 1929 |
Martin van den Hove | Netherlands | 1605 | 1639 | Van den Hove developed a method for measuring the diameters of planets based on the measured visual angle that his telescope revealed. His was probably the first independent set of measurements of the apparent sizes of the planets and fixed stars since the work of Hipparchus in his On Sizes and Distances some seventeen centuries earlier.[33]
Hendricus Gerardus van de Sande Bakhuyzen | Netherlands | 1838 | 1923
Hendrik van Gent | Netherlands/South Africa | 1900 | 1947
Cornelis Johannes van Houten | Netherlands | 1920 | 2002
Pieter Johannes van Rhijn | Netherlands | 1886 | 1960
Sylvie Vauclair | France | 1946 |  | She has made important contributions to helioseismology and asteroseismology by studying the influence of the detailed internal chemical composition on the observed frequencies.
Gérard de Vaucouleurs | France/United States | 1918 | 1995
Zdeňka Vávrová | Czechoslovakia | 1945 |
Jean-Pierre Verdet | France | 1932 |
Philippe Véron | France | 1939 | 2014
Frank Washington Very | United States | 1852 | 1927 | Very's most important work was in measuring the temperatures of the surfaces of the Moon and other planets using a bolometer.
Yvon Villarceau | France | 1813 | 1883
Julie Vinter Hansen | Denmark | 1890 | 1960 | She is the first woman to be obtain a scientific degree in astronomy in Denmark, known for her accurate computation of orbits of minor planets and comets.
Hermann Carl Vogel | Germany | 1841 | 1907
Friedrich Georg Wilhelm von Struve | Germany/Russia | 1793 | 1864
Otto Wilhelm von Struve | Russia | 1819 | 1905
Alexander N. Vyssotsky | Russia/United States | 1888 | 1973 | His best known work is probably a catalog with five lists of stars titled Dwarf M Stars Found Spectrophotometrically. This work was important because it was the first list of nearby stars identified not by their motions in the sky, but by their intrinsic, spectroscopic, characteristics.
Emma Vyssotsky | United States | 1894 | 1975 | her specialty was the motion of stars and the kinematics of the Milky Way.
Arno Arthur Wachmann | Germany | 1902 | 1990 | With Arnold Schwassmann he co-discovered the periodic comets 29P/Schwassmann–Wachmann, 31P/Schwassmann–Wachmann and 73P/Schwassmann–Wachmann. The Minor Planet Center credits him with the discovery of 3 asteroids during 1938–1939.[8]
Abul Wáfa | Persia | 940 | 997/998
Walcher of Malvern | England | ? | 1135
George Wallerstein | United States | 1930 | 2021
William Wales | United Kingdom | c. 1734 | 1798
Qingde Wang | United States/China |  |
Kazuro Watanabe | Japan | 1955 |  | As being responsible for the discovery of nearly 700 asteroids, many of them in association with Kin Endate.[8]
James Craig Watson | United States | 1838 | 1880
Edmund Weaver | United Kingdom | 1663 | 1748
Kim Weaver | United States | 1969 |
Thomas William Webb | United Kingdom | 1807 | 1885
Alfred Lothar Wegener | Germany | 1880 | 1930
Gary A. Wegner | United States | 1944 |
Wei Pu | China | 960 | 1279
Karl von Weizsäcker | Germany | 1912 | 2007
Godefroy Wendelin | Belgium | 1580 | 1667
Richard M. West | Denmark | 1941 |
Gart Westerhout | Netherlands/United States | 1927 | 2012
Bengt Westerlund | Sweden | 1921 | 2008
J. G. Westphal | Germany | 1824 | 1859
Johann Heinrich Westphal | Germany/Italy | 1794 | 1831
George Wetherill | United States | 1925 | 2006
John Archibald Wheeler | United States | 1911 | 2008 | Popularizing the term 'wormholes', theoretical holes in spacetime
Fred Lawrence Whipple | United States | 1906 | 2004
Albert Whitford | United States | 1905 | 2002
Mary Watson Whitney | United States | 1847 | 1921
Chandra Wickramasinghe | United Kingdom | 1939 |
Paul Wild | Switzerland | 1925 | 2014
Olin C. Wilson | United States | 1909 | 1994
Rogier Windhorst | United States | 1955 |
Robert Wilson | United States | 1936 |
Vincent Wing | United Kingdom | 1619 | 1668 | Author of the Astronomia Britannica (published in 1669).
John Winthrop | Massachusetts Bay Colony | 1714 | 1779
Friedrich August Theodor Winnecke | Germany | 1835 | 1897
Carl Wirtanen | United States | 1910 | 1990 | discovered periodic comet 46P/Wirtanen, as well as eight asteroids
Jack Wisdom | United States | 1953 |
Gustav Witt | Germany | 1866 | 1946
Maximilian Wolf | Germany | 1863 | 1932
Aleksander Wolszczan | Poland | 1946 |  | Co-discoverer of the first confirmed extrasolar planets and pulsar planets.
Richard van der Riet Woolley | United Kingdom | 1906 | 1986
Thomas Wright | United Kingdom | 1711 | 1786 | He was the first to describe the shape of the Milky Way
Issei Yamamoto | Japan | 1889 | 1959
Masayuki Yanai | Japan | 1959 |
Yi Xing | China | 683 | 727
Anne Sewell Young | United States | 1871 | 1961
Charles Augustus Young | United States | 1834 | 1908
James Whitney Young | United States | 1941 |
Franz Xaver von Zach | Germany | 1753 | 1832 | The founder of the so-called 'celestial police', an informal group of astronomers looking for additional planets after the discovery of Uranus. The Celestial Police made the orbital calculations leading to the discovery of the asteroid belt and many dwarf planets between Mars and Jupiter.
Abraham Zacuto | Spain/Portugal | 1450 | 1510 | His mapping of stars led to breakthroughs in navigation.
John Zarnecki | United Kingdom | 1949 |
Yakov Borisovich Zel'dovich | USSR | 1914 | 1987 | Zeldovich played a key role in developing the theory of black hole evaporation due to Hawking radiation.
Zhang Daqing | China | 1969 |
Zhang Heng | China | 78 | 139
Zhang Yuzhe | China | 1902 | 1986
Lyudmila Vasil'evna Zhuravleva | Russia/Ukraine | 1946 |
Felix Ziegel | Soviet Union | 1920 | 1988 | He was the co-founder of the first officially approved Soviet UFO research group, became an overnight sensation when, on 10 November 1967, speaking on the Soviet central television, he made an extensive report on the UFO sightings registered in the USSR and encouraged viewers to send him and his colleagues first-hand accounts of their observations,
Zu Chongzhi | China | 429 | 500
Fritz Zwicky | Switzerland/United States | 1898 | 1974 | Zwicky was the first to use the virial theorem to discover the existence of a gravitational anomaly, which he termed dark matter.
Hong-Yee Chiu | Taiwan/United States | 1932 |  | Coined the term "Quasar" for the light emitted from the area around Supermassive black holes
Su-Shu Huang | China/United States | 1915 | 1977 | Developed the idea that all stars have a habitable zone, a distance where water could be liquid on the surface and thus there would be potential for life.
Johann Heinrich von Mädler | Germany | 1794 | 1874 | Together with Wilhelm Beer he produced the first exact map of the Moon and of Mars

## Brief alphabetical list

### A

* Aryabhata (India, 476–550)
* Marc Aaronson (United States, 1950–1987)
* George Ogden Abell (United States, 1927–1983)
* Hiroshi Abe (Japan, 1958–)
* Antonio Abetti (Italy, 1846–1928)
* Giorgio Abetti (Italy, 1882–1982)
* Charles Greeley Abbot (United States, 1872–1973)
* Charles Hitchcock Adams (United States, 1868–1951)
* John Couch Adams (United Kingdom, 1819–1892)
* Walter Sydney Adams (United States, 1876–1956)
* Saul Adelman (United States, 1944–)
* Petrus Alphonsi (Spain, 1062–1110)
* Agrippa (Greece, fl. c. 92)
* Paul Oswald Ahnert (Germany, 1897–1989)
* Eva Ahnert-Rohlfs (Germany, 1912–1954)
* George Biddell Airy (United Kingdom, 1801–1892)
* Robert Aitken, (United States, 1864–1951)
* Makio Akiyama (Japan, 1950–)
* Al Battani (Iraq, 850–929)
* Albategnius (see Al-Batani)
* Vladimir Aleksandrovich Albitzky (Russia, 1891–1952)
* Abu Ma'shar al-Balkhi (Persia, 787–886)
* George Alcock (United Kingdom, 1913–2000)
* Harold Alden (United States, 1890–1964)
* Hannes Alfvén (Sweden, 1908–1995)
* Lawrence H. Aller (United States, 1913–2003)
* Abd Al-Rahman Al Sufi (Persia, 903–986)
* Viktor Amazaspovich Ambartsumian, (Armenia, 1912–1996)
* John August Anderson (United States, 1876–1959)
* Wilhelm Anderson (Estonia, 1880–1940)
* Marie Henri Andoyer (France, 1862–1929)
* Andronicus of Cyrrhus (Greece, fl. 100 BC)
* Anders Jonas Ångström (Sweden, 1814–1874)
* Eugène Michel Antoniadi (Greece-France, 1870–1944)
* Masakatsu Aoki (Japan, 1957–)
* Petrus Apianus (Germany, 1495–1557)
* François Arago (France, 1786–1853)
* Masaru Arai (Japan, 1952–)
* Hiroshi Araki (Japan)
* Sylvain Arend (Belgium, 1902–1992)
* Friedrich Wilhelm Argelander (Germany, 1799–1875)
* Aristarchus of Samos (Greece, c. 310 BC – c. 230 BC)
* Christoph Arnold (Germany, 1650–1695)
* Halton Christian Arp (United States, 1927–2013)
* Arzachel (Spain, 1028–1087)
* Asada Goryu (Japan, 1734–1799)
* Atsuo Asami (Japan)
* Giuseppe Asclepi (Italy, 1706–1776)
* Joseph Ashbrook (United States, 1918–1980)
* Arthur Auwers (Germany, 1838–1915)
* Adrien Auzout (France, 1622–1691)
* David Axon (England, 1951–2012)

### B

* Brahmagupta (India, 598–668 CE)
* Bhaskara I (India, 629 CE)
* Bhaskara II (India, 1114–1185)
* Walter Baade (Germany, 1893–1960)
* Harold D. Babcock (United States, 1882–1968)
* Horace W. Babcock (United States, 1912–2003)
* Oskar Backlund (Sweden, 1846–1916)
* John N. Bahcall (United States, 1934–2005)
* Yoshiaki Banno (Japan, 1952–1991)
* Benjamin Baillaud (France, 1848–1934)
* Jules Baillaud (France, 1876–1960)
* Jean-Baptiste Baille (France, 1841–1918)
* Jean Sylvain Bailly (France, 1736–1793)
* Francis Baily (United Kingdom, 1774–1844)
* John Bainbridge (United Kingdom, 1582–1643)
* John E. Baldwin (United Kingdom, 1931–2010)
* Sallie Baliunas (United States, 1953–)
* Zoltán Balog (Hungary/United States, 1972–)
* Benjamin Banneker (United States, 1731–1806)
* Pietro Baracchi (Italy, Australia, 1851–1926)
* Beatriz Barbuy (Brazil, 1950–)
* Edward Emerson Barnard (United States, 1857–1923)
* Julius Bauschinger (France, 1860–1934)
* Johann Bayer (Germany, 1572–1625)
* Antonín Bečvář (Czechoslovakia, 1901–1965)
* Wilhelm Beer (Germany, 1797–1850)
* Eric F. Bell (United States)
* Sergei Ivanovich Belyavsky (Russia, 1883–1953)
* Charles L. Bennett (United States, 1956–)
* Jocelyn Bell Burnell (United Kingdom, 1943–)
* Friedrich Wilhelm Bessel (Germany, 1784–1846)
* Somnath Bharadwaj (India, 1964–)
* Wilhelm Freiherr von Biela (Austria, 1782–1856)
* Ludwig Biermann (Germany, 1907–1986)
* Wolf Bickel (Germany. 1942–)
* Guillaume Bigourdan (France, 1851–1932)
* James Binney (United Kingdom, 1950–)
* Biruni (Persia, 973–1048)
* Gennady S. Bisnovatyi-Kogan (Russia, 1941–)
* Adriaan Blaauw (Netherlands, 1914–2010)
* Nathaniel Bliss (United Kingdom, 1700–1764)
* Johann Elert Bode (Germany, 1747–1826)
* Alfred Bohrmann (Germany, 1904–2000)
* Bart Bok (Netherlands, 1906–1983)
* Charles Thomas Bolton (United States/Canada, 1943–2021)
* John Gatenby Bolton (United Kingdom/Australia, 1922–1993)
* William Cranch Bond (United States, 1789–1859)
* Alphonse Borrelly (France, 1842–1926)
* Rudjer Boscovich (Dalmatia, 1711–1787)
* Lewis Boss (United States, 1846–1912)
* Alexis Bouvard (France, 1767–1843)
* Rychard Bouwens (United States, 1972–)
* Edward L. G. Bowell (United States, 1943–)
* Ira Sprague Bowen (United States, 1898–1973)
* Louis Boyer (France, 1901–1999)
* Brian J. Boyle (Scotland and Australia, 1960–)
* Ronald N. Bracewell (Australia, United States, 1921–2007)
* James Bradley (United Kingdom, 1693–1762)
* William A. Bradfield (New Zealand, Australia, 1927–2014)
* Tycho Brahe (Denmark, 1546–1601)
* John Alfred Brashear (United States, 1840–1920)
* William Robert Brooks (United States, 1844–1922)
* Theodor Brorsen (Denmark, 1819–1895)
* Dirk Brouwer (Netherlands–United States, 1902–1966)
* Ernest William Brown (United Kingdom, 1866–1938)
* Michael (Mike) E. Brown (United States, 1965–)
* Hermann Alexander Brück (Germany, 1905–2000)
* Ismael Bullialdus (France, 1605–1694)
* Margaret Burbidge (United Kingdom–United States, 1919–2020)
* Robert Burnham Jr. (United States, 1931–1993)
* Sherburne Wesley Burnham (United States, 1838–1921)
* Schelte J. Bus (United States, 1956–)
* Bimla Buti (India, 1933–)

### C

* Daniela Calzetti (United States, Italy)
* William Wallace Campbell (United States, 1862–1938)
* Annie Jump Cannon (United States, 1863–1941)
* Luigi Carnera (Italy, 1875–1962)
* Edwin Francis Carpenter (United States, 1898–1963)
* James Carpenter (United Kingdom, 1840–1899)
* Richard Christopher Carrington (United Kingdom, 1826–1875)
* Sir John Carroll (United Kingdom, 1899–1974)
* Anthony W. Case (United States, 1980–)
* César-François Cassini de Thury (France, 1714–1784)
* Dominique, comte de Cassini (France, 1748–1845)
* Giovanni Domenico Cassini (France, 1625–1712)
* Jacques Cassini (France, 1677–1756)
* Bonaventura Cavalieri (Italy, 1598–1647)
* Anders Celsius (Sweden, 1701–1744)
* Vincenzo Cerulli (Italy, 1859–1927)
* Jean Chacornac (France, 1823–1873)
* James Challis (United Kingdom, 1803–1882)
* Radha Gobinda Chandra (Bangladesh, India, 1878–1975)
* Subrahmanyan Chandrasekhar (India, United States, 1910–1995)
* Carl Charlier (Sweden, 1862–1934)
* Auguste Charlois (France, 1864–1910)
* Lyudmila Ivanovna Chernykh (Russia/Ukraine, 1935–2017)
* Nikolai Stepanovich Chernykh (Russia/Ukraine, 1931–2004)
* James Christy (United States, 1938–)
* Klim Churyumov (Ukraine, 1937–2016)
* Barry G. Clark (United States, 1938–)
* Edwin Foster Coddington (United States, 1870–1950)
* Jérôme Eugène Coggia (France, 1849–1919)
* Josep Comas i Solà (Spain, 1868–1937)
* Andrew Ainslie Common (United Kingdom, 1841–1903)
* Guy Consolmagno (United States, 1952–)
* Nicolaus Copernicus (Prussia/Poland), 1473–1543)
* Corsono Carsono (Spain)
* Janine Connes (France, 1934–)
* Pablo Cottenot (France)
* Heather Couper (United Kingdom, 1949–2020)
* Leopold Courvoisier (Switzerland, 1873–1955)
* Arthur Edwin Covington (Canada, 1914–2001)
* Philip Herbert Cowell (United Kingdom, 1870–1949)
* Thomas George Cowling (United Kingdom, 1906–1990)
* Andrew Claude de la Cherois Crommelin (United Kingdom, 1865–1939)
* Luíz Cruls (Brazil, 1848–1908)
* James Cuffey (United States, 1911–1999)
* Heber Doust Curtis (United States, 1872–1942)
* Florence Cushman (United States, 1860–1940)

### D

* Alexander Dalgarno (United States, 1928–2015)
* Jacques Eugène d'Allonville (France, 1671–1732)
* Andre Louis Danjon (France, 1890–1967)
* Heinrich d'Arrest (Germany, 1822–1875)
* George Howard Darwin (United Kingdom, 1845–1912)
* Roger Davies (United Kingdom, 1954–)
* Tamara Davis (Australia)
* Leonardo da Vinci (Italy, 1452–1519)
* William Rutter Dawes (United Kingdom, 1799–1868)
* Bernhard Dawson (Argentina, 1890–1960)
* Leo de Ball (Germany, Austria, 1853–1916)
* Duília de Mello (Brazil, 1963–)
* Henri Debehogne (Belgium, 1928–2007)
* Annibale de Gasparis (Italy, 1819–1892)
* Jean Baptiste Joseph Delambre (France, 1749–1822)
* Charles-Eugène Delaunay (France, 1816–1872)
* Eugène Joseph Delporte (Belgium, 1882–1955)
* Audrey C. Delsanti (France, 1976–)
* William Frederick Denning (United Kingdom, 1848–1931)
* Alíz Derekas (Hungary, 1977–)
* Willem de Sitter (Netherlands, 1872–1934)
* Henri-Alexandre Deslandres (France, 1853–1948)
* Alexander Nikolaevich Deutsch (Russia, 1900–1986)
* Gérard de Vaucouleurs (France/United States, 1918–1995)
* Robert Dicke (United States, 1916–1997)
* Terence Dickinson (Canada, 1943–)
* Thomas Digges (United Kingdom, 1546–1595)
* Herbert Dingle (United States, 1890–1978)
* Andrea Di Paola (Italy, 1970–)
* Ewine van Dishoeck (Netherlands, 1955–)
* Giovanni Battista Donati (Italy, 1826–1873)
* Frank Drake (United States, 1930–)
* Henry Draper (United States, 1837–1882)
* Mary Anna Draper (United States, 1839–1914)
* John Dreyer (Ireland, 1852–1926)
* Alexander D. Dubyago (Russia), 1903–1959)
* Dmitrij I. Dubyago (Russia), 1850–1918)
* Jean C. B. Dufay (France, 1896–1967)
* Raymond Smith Dugan (United States, 1878–1940)
* James Dunlop (Scotland, 1793–1848)
* Richard B. Dunn (United States, 1927–2005)
* Petar Đurković (Serbia, 1908–1981)
* Frank Watson Dyson (United Kingdom, 1868–1939)

### E

* Arthur Eddington (United Kingdom, 1882–1944)
* Frank K. Edmondson (United States, 1912–2008)
* Olin J. Eggen (United States, 1919–1998)
* David J. Eicher (United States, 1961–)
* Albert Einstein (Germany, 1879–1955)
* Eise Eisinga (Netherlands, 1744–1828)
* Eric Walter Elst (Belgium, 1936–2022)
* Johann Franz Encke (Germany, 1791–1865)
* Kin Endate (Japan, 1960–)
* Eratosthenes (Alexandria, 276 BC – 194 BC)
* Emil Ernst (Germany, 1889–1942)
* Ernest Esclangon (France, 1876–1954)
* Fred Espenak (United States, 1953–)
* Larry W. Esposito (United States, 1951–)
* Eudoxus (Cnidus, c. 408 BC – c. 355 BC)
* Robert Evans (Australia, 1937–2022)

### F

* David Fabricius (Netherlands, 1564–1617)
* Sandra M. Faber (United States, 1945–)
* Johannes Fabricius (Netherlands, 1587–1615)
* Fearon Fallows (United Kingdom, 1789–1831)
* Hervé Faye (France, 1814–1902)
* Charles Fehrenbach (France, 1914–2008)
* Farghani (Persia, 800–870)
* James Ferguson (United States, 1797–1867)
* Alex Filippenko (United States, 1958–)
* Erwin Finlay-Freundlich (Germany, 1885–1964)
* Axel Firsoff (United Kingdom, 1910–1981)
* Debra Fischer (United States)
* J. Richard Fisher (United States, 1943–)
* Camille Flammarion (France, 1842–1925)
* Gabrielle Renaudot Flammarion (France, 1867–1962)
* John Flamsteed (United Kingdom, 1646–1719)
* Honoré Flaugergues (France, 1755–1835)
* Williamina Fleming (United States, 1857–1911)
* Wilhelm Julius Foerster (Germany, 1832–1921)
* Alfred Fowler (United Kingdom, 1868–1940)
* William Alfred Fowler (United States, 1911–1995)
* Philip Fox (United States, 1878–1944)
* Andrew Fraknoi (United States, 1948–)
* Joseph von Fraunhofer (Germany, 1787–1826)
* Herbert Friedman (United States, 1916–2000)
* Dirk D. Frimout (Belgium, 1941–)
* Edwin Brant Frost (United States, 1866–1935)
* Shigehisa Fujikawa (Japan)
* Naoshi Fukushima (Japan, 1925–2003)
* Kiichirō Furukawa (Japan, 1929–2016)
* Toshimasa Furuta (Japan)

### G

* Bryan Gaensler (Australia, 1973–)
* Gan De (China, fl. 4th century BC)
* Galileo Galilei (Italy, 1564–1642)
* Julio Garavito Armero (Colombia, 1865–1920)
* Gordon J. Garradd (Australia, 1959–)
* Ben Gascoigne (New Zealand, Australia, 1915–2010)
* Margaret Geller (United States, 1947)
* Gautama Siddha (China, fl. 8th century AD)
* Johann Gottfried Galle (Germany, 1812–1910)
* George Gamow (Russia, United States, 1904–1968)
* Carl Friedrich Gauss (Germany, 1777–1855)
* Tom Gehrels (Netherlands, United States, 1925–2011)
* Neil Gehrels (United States, 1952–2017)
* Andrea M. Ghez (United States, 1965–)
* Riccardo Giacconi (Italy, 1931–2018)
* Michel Giacobini (France, 1873–1938)
* Henry L. Giclas (United States, 1910–2007)
* David Gill (United Kingdom, 1843–1914)
* Fred Gillett (United States, 1937–2001)
* Karl Glazebrook (UK, 1965–)
* Ian Glass (Ireland/South Africa, 1939–)
* Thomas Gold (United States, 1920–2004)
* Leo Goldberg (United States, 1913–1987)
* Peter Goldreich (United States, 1939–)
* Hermann Goldschmidt (Germany, 1802–1866)
* François Gonnessiat (France, 1856–1934)
* John Goodricke (United Kingdom, 1764–1786)
* Alyssa A. Goodman (United States, 1962–)
* Abu Sa'id Gorgani (Persia, 9th century)
* Paul Götz (Germany, 1883–1962)
* Benjamin Apthorp Gould (United States, 1824–1896)
* Andrew Graham (Ireland, 1815–1907)
* Kathryn Aurora Gray (Canada, 2000–)
* Charles Green (England, 1735–1771)
* Jesse Greenstein (United States, 1909–2002)
* John Grunsfeld (United States, 1956–)
* Jay U. Gunter (United States, 1911–1994)
* Alexander A. Gurshtein (Russia, 1937–2020)
* Bengt Gustafsson (Sweden, 1943–)
* Guo Shoujing (China, 1231–1316)
* Alan Harvey Guth (United States, 1947–)

### H

* Yusuke Hagihara (Japan, 1897–1979)
* Alan Hale (United States, 1958–)
* George Ellery Hale (United States, 1868–1938)
* Asaph Hall (United States, 1829–1907)
* Edmond Halley (England, 1656–1742)
* Erika Hamden (United States, ?–)
* Heidi Hammel (United States, 1960–)
* Mario Hamuy (Chile, 1960–?)
* Peter Andreas Hansen (Denmark, 1795–1874)
* Abulfazl Harawi (Persia, 10th century)
* Karl Ludwig Harding (Germany, 1765–1834)
* Thomas Hariot (United Kingdom, 1560–1621)
* Guillermo Haro (Mexico, 1913–1988)
* Robert George Harrington (United States, 1904–1987)
* Robert Sutton Harrington (United States, 1942–1993)
* Edward Robert Harrison (United Kingdom/United States, 1917–2007)
* William Kenneth Hartmann (United States, 1939–)
* Lisa Harvey-Smith (Australia, 1979–)
* Takeo Hatanaka (Japan, 1914–1963)
* Tim Hawarden (South Africa, 1943–2009)
* Stephen Hawking (United Kingdom, 1942–2018)
* Will Hay (United Kingdom, 1888–1949)
* Chushiro Hayashi (Japan, 1920–2010)
* Otto Hermann Leopold Heckmann (Germany, 1901–1983)
* Carl Heiles (United States, 1939–)
* Joseph Helffrich (Germany, 1872–1971)
* Eleanor Helin (United States, 1932–2009)
* Maximilian Hell (Austria-Hungary, 1720–1792)
* Karl Ludwig Hencke (Germany, 1793–1866)
* Thomas Henderson (Scotland, 1798–1844)
* Paul Henry (France, 1848–1905)
* Prosper Henry (France, 1849–1903)
* Abraham bar Hiyya (Spanish Jewish), (1070–1136)
* George Howard Herbig (United States, 1920–2013)
* Carl W. Hergenrother (United States, 1973–)
* Caroline Herschel (United Kingdom, 1750–1848)
* John Herschel (United Kingdom, 1792–1871)
* William Herschel (United Kingdom/Germany, 1738–1822)
* Ejnar Hertzsprung (Denmark, 1873–1967)
* Johannes Hevelius (Poland, 1611–1687)
* Antony Hewish (United Kingdom, 1924–2021)
* George William Hill (United States, 1838–1914)
* John Russell Hind (United Kingdom, 1823–1895)
* Hipparchus (Nicaea, c. 190 BC–120 BC)
* Masanori Hirasawa (Japan)
* Kiyotsugu Hirayama (Japan, 1874–1943)
* Shin Hirayama (Japan, 1868–1945)
* Gustave-Adolphe Hirn (France, 1815–1890)
* Sebastian von Hoerner (Germany), 1919–2003)
* Cuno Hoffmeister (Germany, 1892–1968)
* Dorrit Hoffleit (United States, 1907–2007)
* Helen Sawyer Hogg (Canada, 1905–1993)
* Minoru Honda (Japan, 1917–1990)
* Kamil Hornoch (Czech Republic, 1972–)
* Jeremiah Horrocks (United Kingdom, c. 1619–1641)
* Cornelis Johannes van Houten (Netherlands, 1920–2002)
* Ingrid van Houten-Groeneveld (Netherlands, 1921–2015)
* Martin van den Hove (Netherlands, 1605–1639)
* Herbert Alonzo Howe (USA, 1858–1926)
* Fred Hoyle (United Kingdom, 1915–2001)
* Su-Shu Huang (China/USA, 1915-1977)
* Edwin Powell Hubble (United States, 1889–1953)
* William Huggins (United Kingdom, 1824–1910)
* Russell Alan Hulse (United States, 1950–)
* Hendrik Christoffel van de Hulst (Netherlands, 1918–2000)
* Milton Lasell Humason (United States, 1891–1972)
* Thomas John Hussey (England, 1792–1854)
* Christiaan Huygens (Netherlands, 1629–1695)
* Yuji Hyakutake (Japan, 1950–2002)
* Josef Allen Hynek (United States, 1910–1986)
* Hypatia (Egypt, (born c. 350–370; died 415 AD)
* Christopher Hansteen (Norway, 1784–1873)

### I

* Icko Iben Jr. (United States, 1931–)
* Kaoru Ikeya (Japan, 1943–)
* Chris Impey (United Kingdom/United States, 1956–)
* Robert Thorburn Ayton Innes (Scotland/South Africa, 1861–1933)
* Shigeru Inoda (Japan, 1955–2008)
* Jamal Nazrul Islam (Bangladesh, 1939–2013)
* Edward Israel (United States, 1859–1884)
* Iwahashi Zenbei (Japan, 1756–1811)
* Masayuki Iwamoto (Japan, 1954–)
* Shun-ei Izumikawa (Japan)

### J

* Cyril V. Jackson (South Africa, 1903–1988)
* Karan Jani (India, 1988–)
* Pierre Jules César Janssen (France, 1824–1907)
* James Jeans (United Kingdom, 1877–1946)
* Benjamin Jekhowsky (Russia/France/Algeria, 1881–1953)
* Louise Freeland Jenkins (United States, 1888–1970)
* David C. Jewitt (United Kingdom, 1958–)
* Jiao Bingzhen (China, 1689–1726)
* John A. Johnson (United States, 1977–)
* Alfred Harrison Joy (United States, 1882–1973)
* Vinod Johri (India, 1935–2014)

### K

* Ali Kuşçu (Turkey, 1403–1474)
* Tetsuo Kagawa (Japan, 1969–)
* Franz Kaiser (Germany, 1891–1962)
* Kiyotaka Kanai (Japan, 1951–)
* Hiroshi Kaneda (Japan, 1953–)
* Henry Kandrup (United States, 1955–2003)
* Jacobus Kapteyn (Netherlands, 1851–1922)
* Lyudmila Karachkina (Ukraine, 1948–)
* Ghiyath al-Kashi (Persia, 1380–1429)
* Karlis Kaufmanis (Latvia/United States, 1910–2003
* Kōyō Kawanishi (Japan, 1959–)
* Nobuhiro Kawasato (Japan)
* James Edward Keeler (United States, 1857–1900)
* Paul Kempf (Germany, 1856–1920)
* Johannes Kepler (Germany, 1571–1630)
* Omar Khayyám (Persia, 1048–1131)
* Al-Khujandi (Persia, 10th century)
* Muhammad ibn Mūsā al-Khwārizmī, (Persia, 780–850)
* Kidinnu (Babylon, 4th century BC; d. 330 BC?)
* Hisashi Kimura (Japan, 1870–1943)
* Maria Margarethe Kirch (Germany, 1670–1720)
* Daniel Kirkwood (United States, 1814–1895)
* Robert Kirshner (United States, 1949–)
* Minoru Kizawa (Japan, 1947–)
* Ernst Friedrich Wilhelm Klinkerfues (Germany, 1827–1884)
* Viktor Knorre (Russia, 1840–1919)
* Takao Kobayashi (Japan, 1961–)
* Toru Kobayashi (Japan)
* Luboš Kohoutek (1935–)
* Masahiro Koishikawa (Japan, 1952–2020)
* Nobuhisa Kojima (Japan, 1933–)
* Takuo Kojima (Japan, 1955–)
* Yoji Kondo (Japan, 1933–2017)
* Zdeněk Kopal (Czechoslovakia, United Kingdom, United States, 1914–1993)
* August Kopff (Germany, 1882–1960)
* Korado Korlević (Croatia, 1958–)
* Hiroki Kosai (Japan, 1933–)
* Charles T. Kowal (United States, 1940–2011)
* Robert Kraft (United States, 1927–2015)
* Ľubor Kresák (Czechoslovakia, 1927–1994)
* Heinrich Kreutz (Germany, 1854–1927)
* Kazuo Kubokawa (Japan, 1903–1943)
* Marc Kuchner (United States, 1972–)
* Gerard Kuiper (Netherlands, United States, 1905–1973)
* Donald Kurtz (1948–)
* Reiki Kushida (Japan)
* Yoshio Kushida (Japan, 1957–)
* György Kulin (Austria-Hungary, 1905–1989)

### L

* Lagadha (India, 1st millennium BCE)
* Nicolas Louis de Lacaille (France, 1713–1762)
* Claes-Ingvar Lagerkvist (Sweden, 1944–)
* Joseph-Louis Lagrange (France, 1736–1813)
* Jérôme Lalande (France, 1732–1807)
* Johann Heinrich Lambert (France, Germany, 1728–1777)
* David J. Lane (Canada, 1983–)
* Andrew E. Lange (United States, 1957–2010)
* Samuel Pierpont Langley (United States, 1834–1906)
* Pierre-Simon Laplace (France, 1749–1827)
* Jacques Laskar (France, 1955–)
* William Lassell (United Kingdom, 1799–1880)
* Joseph Jean Pierre Laurent (France, fl. 1858)
* Henrietta Swan Leavitt (United States, 1868–1921)
* Typhoon Lee (United States and Taiwan, 1948–)
* Guillaume Le Gentil (France, 1725–1792)
* Georges Lemaître (Belgium, 1894–1966)
* Pierre Lemonnier (France, 1715–1799)
* Frederick C. Leonard (United States, 1896–1960)
* Armin Leuschner (US, 1868–1953)
* Geraint Lewis (Australia, 1969–)
* Urbain Le Verrier (France, 1811–1877)
* Li Fan (China, fl. 1st century AD)
* James Lind (UK, 1736–1812)
* Bertil Lindblad (Sweden, 1895–1965)
* Adolph Friedrich Lindemann (Germany/UK, 1846–1927)
* Chris Lintott (United Kingdom, 1980–)
* Joseph Johann Littrow (Austria, 1781–1840)
* Karl L. Littrow (Austria, 1811–1877)
* Liu Xin (China, fl. 1st century AD)
* Joseph Lockyer (United Kingdom, 1836–1920)
* Avi Loeb (Israel, USA 1962–)
* Maurice Loewy (Austria/France, 1833–1907)
* Christian Sørensen Longomontanus (Denmark, 1562–1647)
* Percival Lowell (United States, 1855–1916)
* Ángel López (Spain, 1955–)
* Álvaro López-García (Spain, 1941–2019)
* John William Lubbock (United Kingdom, 1803–1865)
* Knut Lundmark (Sweden, 1889–1958)
* Robert Luther (Germany, 1822–1900)
* Lupitus of Barcelona (Spain)
* Jane Luu (South Vietnam, United States 1965–)
* Willem Luyten (Dutch East Indies, Netherlands, 1899–1994)
* Donald Lynden-Bell (United Kingdom, 1935–2018)
* Andrew Lyne (UK, 1942–)
* Bernard Lyot (France, 1897–1952)

### M

* Mahendra Suri (India, 14th century CE)
* Ma Yize (China, 910–1005)
* Adriaan van Maanen (United States, 1884–1946)
* George Parker, 2nd Earl of Macclesfield (United Kingdom, c. 1697–1764)
* Johann Heinrich von Mädler (Germany, 1794-1874)
* Amy Mainzer (United States, 1974–)
* Steve Mandel (United States)
* Geoff Marcy (United States, 1954–)
* Simon Marius (Germany, 1573–1624)
* Brian G. Marsden (United States, 1937–2010)
* Albert Marth (Germany, 1828–1897)
* Nevil Maskelyne (United Kingdom, 1732–1811)
* Charles Mason (United Kingdom, United States, 1730–1787)
* John C. Mather (United States, 1946–)
* Janet Akyüz Mattei (Turkey/United States, 1943–2004)
* Edward Walter Maunder (United Kingdom, 1851–1928)
* Pierre Louis Maupertuis (France, 1698–1759)
* Alain Maury (France, 1958–)
* Antonia Maury (United States, 1866–1952)
* Matthew Fontaine Maury (United States, 1806–1873)
* Brian May (United Kingdom, 1947–)
* Cornell Mayer (United States, 1922–2005)
* Tobias Mayer (Germany, 1723–1762)
* Michel Mayor (Switzerland, 1942–)
* Christopher McKee (United States, 1942–)
* Robert S. McMillan (United States)
* William H. McCrea (United Kingdom, 1904–1999)
* Bruce A. McIntosh (Canada, 1929–2015)
* Jess McIver (United States)
* Robert H. McNaught (Australia, 1956–)
* Pierre Méchain (France, 1744–1804)
* Thebe Medupe (South Africa, 1973–)
* Karen Jean Meech (United States, 1956–)
* Aden Baker Meinel (United States, 1922–2011)
* Marjorie Pettit Meinel (United States, 1922–2008)
* Fulvio Melia (United States, 1956–)
* Philibert Jacques Melotte (United Kingdom, 1880–1961)
* Paul Willard Merrill (United States, 1887–1961)
* David Merritt (United States)
* Charles Messier (France, 1730–1817)
* Joel Hastings Metcalf (United States, 1866–1925)
* Andreas Gerasimos Michalitsianos (United States, 1947–1997)
* John Michell (United Kingdom, 1724–1793)
* Elia Millosevich (Italy, 1848–1919)
* Edward Arthur Milne (United Kingdom, 1896–1950)
* Rudolph Minkowski (Germany, 1895–1976)
* Marcel Gilles Jozef Minnaert (Belgium, Netherlands, 1893–1970)
* Maria Mitchell (United States, 1818–1889)
* Seidai Miyasaka (Japan, 1955–)
* Yoshikane Mizuno (Japan, 1954–)
* August Ferdinand Möbius (Germany, 1790–1868)
* Anthony Moffat (Canada)
* Johan Maurits Mohr (Netherlands, 1716–1775)
* Samuel Molyneux (United Kingdom, 1689–1728)
* Geminiano Montanari (Italy, 1633–1687)
* Patrick Moore (United Kingdom, 1923–2012)
* James Michael Moran (United States, 1943–)
* William Wilson Morgan (United States, 1906–1994)
* Hiroshi Mori (Japan, 1958–)
* Amédée Mouchez (France, 1821–1892)
* Antonín Mrkos (Czechoslovakia, 1918–1996)
* Jean Mueller (United States, 1950–)
* Masaru Mukai (Japan, 1949–)
* Christiaan Alexander Muller (Netherlands, 1923-2004)
* Gustav Müller (Germany, 1851–1925)
* Johannes Müller (Germany, 1436–1476)
* Carole Mundell (United Kingdom)
* Harutaro Murakami (Japan, 1872–1947)
* Osamu Muramatsu (Japan, 1949–)
* Tara Murphy (Australia)
* bin Musa, Ahmad (Persia, 805–873)
* bin Musa, Hasan (Persia, 810–873)
* bin Musa, Muhammad (Persia, (800–873)
* Nils Mustelin (Finland, 1931–2004)

### N

* Nilakantha Somayaji (India, 1444–1544)
* Valentin Naboth (Germany, Italy, 1523–1593)
* Naburimannu (Babylonia, sometime between 6th century BC and 2nd century BC)
* Takeshi Nagata (Japan, 1913–1991)
* Ahmad Nahavandi (Persia, 7th–8th century)
* Akimasa Nakamura (Japan, 1961–)
* Syuichi Nakano (Japan, 1947–)
* Jayant Narlikar (India, 1938–)
* Naubakht (Persia, d. 776)
* Al-fadl ibn Naubakht (Persia, 8th century)
* Otto Neugebauer (Germany, United States, 1899–1990)
* Grigoriy Nikolaevich Neujmin (Russia, 1886–1946)
* Simon Newcomb (United States, 1835–1909)
* Isaac Newton (United Kingdom, 1643–1727)
* Seth Barnes Nicholson (United States, 1891–1963)
* Albertus Antonie Nijland (Netherlands, 1868–1936)
* Tsuneo Niijima (Japan, 1955–)
* Peter Nilson (Sweden, 1937–1998)
* Hōei Nojiri (Japan, 1885–1977)
* Jaime Nomen (Spain, 1960–)
* Toshiro Nomura (Japan, 1954–)

### O

* Knut Jørgen Røed Ødegaard (Norway, 1966–)
* Okuro Oikawa (Japan, 1896–1970)
* Tarmo Oja (Sweden, 1934–2024)
* Tomimaru Okuni (Japan, 1931–)
* Nicolaus Olahus (Hungarian, 1493–1568)
* Heinrich Wilhelm Matthias Olbers (Germany, 1758–1840)
* Gerard O'Neill (United States, 1927–1992)
* Jan Hendrik Oort (Netherlands, 1900–1992)
* Pieter Oosterhoff (Netherlands, 1904–1978)
* Ernst Öpik (Estonia, Ireland, 1893–1985)
* José Luis Ortiz Moreno (Spain, 1967–)
* Yoshiaki Oshima (Japan, 1952–)
* Donald Edward Osterbrock, United States, 1924–2007)
* Liisi Oterma (Finland, 1915–2001)
* Satoru Otomo (Japan, 1957–)
* Jean Abraham Chrétien Oudemans (Netherlands, 1827–1906)

### P

* Rafael Pacheco (Spain, 1954–)
* Bohdan Paczyński (Poland, 1940–2007)
* Ľudmila Pajdušáková (Czechoslovakia, 1916–1979)
* Johann Palisa (Austria, 1848–1925)
* Johann Palitzsch (Germany, 1723–1788)
* Anton Pannekoek (Netherlands, 1873–1960)
* Eugene Parker (United States, 1927–2022)
* George Parker, 2nd Earl of Macclesfield (United Kingdom, c. 1697–1764)
* William Parsons, Lord Rosse (Ireland, 1800–1867)
* André Patry (France, 1902–1960)
* Cecilia Payne-Gaposchkin (United Kingdom, United States, 1900–1979)
* Ruby Payne-Scott (Australia, 1912–1981)
* Jean-Claude Pecker (France, 1923–2020)
* James Peebles (Canada, United States, 1935–)
* Sir Cuthbert Peek, 2nd Baronet (UK, 1855–1901)
* Manuel Peimbert (Mexico, 1941–)
* Leslie Copus Peltier (United States, 1900–1980)
* Roger Penrose (United Kingdom, 1931–)
* Arno Penzias (United States, Germany, 1933–2024)
* Luboš Perek (Czech Republic, 1919–2020)
* Saul Perlmutter (United States, 1959–)
* Charles Dillon Perrine (United States, Argentina, 1867–1951)
* Henri Joseph Anastase Perrotin (France, 1845–1904)
* Christian Heinrich Friedrich Peters (Germany, United States, 1813–1890)
* George Henry Peters (United States, 1863–1947)
* Mark M. Phillips (United States, 1951–)
* Giuseppe Piazzi (Italy, 1746–1826)
* Edward Charles Pickering (United States, 1846–1919)
* William Henry Pickering (United States, 1858–1938)
* Phil Plait (United States, 1964–)
* Giovanni Antonio Amedeo Plana (Italy, 1781–1864)
* Petrus Plancius (Netherlands, 1552–1622)
* John Stanley Plaskett (Canada, 1865–1941)
* Norman Robert Pogson (United Kingdom, 1829–1891)
* Christian Pollas (France, 1947–)
* John Pond (England, 1767–1836)
* Jean-Louis Pons (France, 1761–1831)
* Carolyn Porco (United States, 1953–)
* Vladimír Porubčan (Czechoslovakia, 1940–)
* Charles Pritchard (United Kingdom, 1808–1893)
* Richard Proctor (England, 1837–1888)
* Milorad B. Protić (Serbia, 1911– 2001)
* Antoni Przybylski (Poland, Australia, 1913–1985)
* Ptolemy of Alexandria (Roman Egypt, c. 85–165)
* Pierre Puiseux (France, 1855–1928)
* Georg Purbach (Germany, 1423–1461)
* Pythagoras of Samos (Greece, 580 BC–500 BC)
* Paris Pişmiş (Armenia/Mexico, 1911–1999)

### Q

* Adolphe Quetelet (Belgium, 1796–1874)
* Ali Qushji (Ottoman, 1403–1474)
* M. Shahid Qureshi (Pakistan)

### R

* David Lincoln Rabinowitz (United States, 1960–)
* Grote Reber (United States, 1911–2002)
* Martin Rees (United Kingdom, 1942–)
* Hubert Reeves (Canada, 1932–)
* Regiomontanus (Johannes Müller) (Germany, 1436–1476)
* Julius Reichelt (Germany, 1637–1717)
* Erasmus Reinhold (Prussia, Germany, 1511–1553)
* Karl Reinmuth (Germany, 1892–1979)
* Pieter Johannes van Rhijn (Netherlands, 1886–1960)
* Giovanni Battista Riccioli (Italy, 1598–1671)
* Mercedes Richards (Jamaica, 1955–2016)
* Jean Richer (France, 1630–1696)
* Edward Riddle (England, 1788–1854)
* Adam Riess (United States, 1969–)
* Fernand Rigaux (Belgium, 1905–1962)
* George Willis Ritchey (United States, 1864–1945)
* David Rittenhouse (United States, 1732–1796)
* Hans-Walter Rix (Germany, 1964–)
* Arjen Roelofs (Netherlands, 1754–1824)
* Nancy G. Roman (United States, 1925–2018)
* Elizabeth Roemer (United States, 1929–2016)
* Gustavo E. Romero (Argentina, (1964–)
* Roger of Hereford (England, c. 1176–1198)
* Ole Christensen Rømer (Denmark, 1644–1710)
* Otto A. Rosenberger (Germany, 1800–1890)
* Svein Rosseland (Norway, 1894–1985)
* Bruno Rossi (Italy, 1905–1993)
* Marta Graciela Rovira (Argentina)
* Vera Rubin (United States, 1928–2016)
* Henry Chamberlain Russell (Australia, 1836–1907)
* Henry Norris Russell (United States, 1877–1957)
* Martin Ryle (United Kingdom, 1918–1984)

### S

* Sir Edward Sabine (Ireland, 1788–1883)
* Carl Sagan (United States, 1934–1996)
* Megh Nad Saha (India, 1893–1956)
* Edwin Ernest Salpeter (Austria, Australia, United States, 1924–2008)
* Allan Rex Sandage (United States, 1926–2010)
* Hendricus Gerardus van de Sande Bakhuyzen (Netherlands, 1838–1923)
* Wallace Leslie William Sargent (United Kingdom, United States, 1935–2012)
* Anneila Sargent (United Kingdom, United States, 1942–)
* Naoto Sato (Japan, 1953–)
* Alexandre Schaumasse (France, 1882–1958)
* Giovanni Schiaparelli (Italy, 1835–1910)
* Frank Schlesinger (United States, 1871–1943)
* Bernhard Schmidt (Estonia, Sweden, Germany, 1879–1935)
* Brian P. Schmidt (United States, 1967–)
* Maarten Schmidt (Netherlands, 1929–)
* Robert Schommer (United States, 1946–2001)
* Johann Hieronymus Schröter (Germany, 1745–1816)
* Lipót Schulhof (Hungary, 1847–1921)
* Heinrich Christian Schumacher (Germany, 1780–1850)
* Hans-Emil Schuster (Germany, 1934–)
* Samuel Heinrich Schwabe (Germany, 1789–1875)
* Karl Schwarzschild (Germany, 1873–1916)
* Martin Schwarzschild (Germany, United States, 1912–1997)
* Friedrich Karl Arnold Schwassmann (Germany, 1870–1964)
* James Vernon Scotti (United States, 1960–)
* Frederick Hanley Seares (United States, 1873–1964)
* George Mary Searle (United States, 1839–1918)
* Angelo Secchi (Italy, 1818–1878)
* Sadao Sei (Japan)
* Waltraut Seitter (Germany, 1930–2007)
* Tsutomu Seki (Japan, 1930–)
* Carl Keenan Seyfert (United States, 1911–1960)
* Grigory Abramovich Shajn (Russia, 1892–1956)
* Pelageya Fedorovna Shajn (Russia, 1894–1956)
* Harlow Shapley (United States, 1885–1972)
* Richard Sheepshanks (United Kingdom, 1794–1855)
* Shen Kuo (China, 1031–1035)
* Shi Shen (China, fl. 4th century BC)
* Shibukawa Shunkai (Japan, 1639–1715)
* Yoshisada Shimizu (Japan, 1943–)
* Shinzo Shinjo (Japan, 1873–1938)
* Qutb eddin Shirazi (Persia, 1236–1311)
* Iosif Samuilovich Shklovsky (Russia, 1916–1985)
* Vladimir Shkodrov (Bulgaria, 1930–2010)
* Carolyn Jean Spellmann Shoemaker (United States, 1929–2021)
* Eugene Merle Shoemaker (United States, 1928–1997)
* Seth Shostak (United States, 1943–)
* Andrew Siemion (United States, 1980–)
* Willem de Sitter (Netherlands, 1872–1934)
* Charlotte Moore Sitterly (United States, 1898–1990)
* Brian A. Skiff (United States)
* John Francis Skjellerup (Australia, South Africa, 1875–1952)
* Vesto Melvin Slipher (United States, 1875–1969)
* William Marshall Smart (United Kingdom, 1889–1975)
* Tamara Mikhaylovna Smirnova (Russia, 1935–2001)
* George Smoot (United States, 1945–)
* William Henry Smyth (United Kingdom, 1788–1865)
* Willebrord Snellius (Netherlands, 1580–1626)
* Mary Fairfax Somerville (United Kingdom, 1780–1872)
* Sir James South (United Kingdom, 1785–1867)
* Sir Harold Spencer Jones (United Kingdom, 1890–1960)
* Lyman Spitzer (United States, 1914–1997)
* Friederich Wilhelm Gustav Spörer (Germany, 1822–1895)
* Rainer Spurzem (Germany, 1956–)
* Anton Staus (Germany, 1872–1955)
* Joel Stebbins (United States, 1878–1966)
* Milan Rastislav Štefánik (Czechoslovakia, 1880-1919)
* Johan Stein (Netherlands, 1871–1951)
* Karl August von Steinheil, (Germany, 1801–1870)
* Édouard Stephan (France, 1837–1923)
* Denise Stephens (United States)
* Charles Bruce Stephenson (United States, 1929–2001))
* David J. Stevenson (New Zealand, 1948–)
* Edward James Stone (1831–1897)
* F. J. M. Stratton (United Kingdom, 1881–1960)
* Bengt Georg Daniel Strömgren (Denmark, 1908–1987)
* Friedrich Georg Wilhelm (von) Struve (Germany, Russia, 1793–1864)
* Karl Hermann Struve (Russia, Germany, 1854–1920)
* Gustav Wilhelm Ludwig Struve (Russia, 1858–1920)
* Otto Struve (Russia, United States, 1897–1963)
* Otto Wilhelm (von) Struve (Russia, 1819–1905)
* Su Song (China, 1020–1101)
* Abd Al-Rahman Al Sufi (Persia, 903–986)
* Matsuo Sugano (Japan, 1939–)
* Atsushi Sugie (Japan)
* Nicholas Suntzeff (United States, 1952–)
* Rashid Alievich Sunyaev (Uzbekistan Russia Germany, 1943–)
* Shohei Suzuki (Japan)
* Lewis A. Swift (United States, 1820–1913)
* Frédéric Sy (France)

### T

* Akihiko Tago (Japan, 1932–)
* Atsushi Takahashi (Japan, 1965–)
* Kesao Takamizawa (Japan, 1952–)
* Jill Tarter (United States, 1944–)
* Joseph Hooton Taylor Jr. (United States, 1941–)
* John Tebbutt (Australia, 1834–1916)
* Ernst Wilhelm Leberecht Tempel (Germany, 1821–1889)
* Thabit ibn Qurra (Iraq, 826–901)
* Thorvald Nicolai Thiele (Denmark, 1838–1910)
* Louis Thollon (France, 1829–1887)
* Norman G. Thomas (United States, 1930–2020)
* John Thome (United States, Argentina, 1843–1908)
* Kip Stephen Thorne (United States, 1940–)
* Friedrich Tietjen (Germany, 1834–1895)
* Beatrice Muriel Hill Tinsley (New Zealand, United States, 1941–1981)
* François Félix Tisserand (France, 1845–1896)
* Johann Daniel Titius (Germany, 1729–1796)
* Yasuo Tanaka (Japan, 1931–2018)
* Clyde Tombaugh (United States, 1906–1997)
* Kōichirō Tomita (Japan, 1925–2006)
* Richard Tousey (United States, 1908–1997)
* Charles Townes (United States, 1915–2015)
* Virginia Trimble (United States, 1943–)
* Chad Trujillo (United States, 1973–)
* Robert Julius Trumpler (United States, 1886–1956)
* R. Brent Tully (United States, 1943–)
* Herbert Hall Turner (England, 1861–1930)
* Nasir al-Din Tusi (Persia, 1201–1274)
* Horace Parnell Tuttle (United States, 1839–1923)
* Neil deGrasse Tyson (United States, 1958–)

### U

* Seiji Ueda (Japan, 1952–)
* Ulugh Beg (Uzbekistan, 1394–1449)
* Antonio de Ulloa (Spain), 1716–1795)
* Anne Barbara Underhill (Canada, 1920–2003)
* Albrecht Unsöld (Germany, 1905–1995)
* Takeshi Urata (Japan, 1947–2012)
* Mu’ayyad al-Din al-’Urdi (Persia d. 1266)
* Fumiaki Uto (Japan)

### V

* Yrjö Väisälä (Finland, 1891–1971)
* Benjamin Valz (France, 1787–1867)
* James Van Allen (United States, 1914–2006)
* George Van Biesbroeck (Belgium, United States, 1880–1974)
* Hendrik Christoffel van de Hulst (Netherlands, 1918–2000)
* Peter van de Kamp (United States, 1901–1995)
* Sidney van den Bergh (Canada, 1929–)
* Martin van den Hove (Netherlands, 1605–1639)
* Hendricus Gerardus van de Sande Bakhuyzen (Netherlands, 1838–1923)
* Hendrik van Gent (Netherlands, South Africa, 1900–1947)
* Cornelis Johannes van Houten (Netherlands, 1920–2002)
* Pieter Johannes van Rhijn (Netherlands, 1886–1960)
* Gérard de Vaucouleurs (France, United States, 1918–1995)
* Zdeňka Vávrová (Czechoslovakia, 1945–)
* Jean-Pierre Verdet (France, 1932–)
* Philippe Véron (France, 1939–2014)
* Frank Washington Very (United States, 1852–1927)
* Yvon Villarceau (France, 1813–1883)
* Julie Vinter Hansen (Denmark), 1890–1960)
* Hermann Carl Vogel (Germany, 1841–1907)
* Friedrich Georg Wilhelm von Struve (Germany, Russia, 1793–1864)
* Otto Wilhelm von Struve (Russia, 1819–1905)
* Alexander N. Vyssotsky (Russia/United States, 1888–1973)
* Emma Vyssotsky (United States, 1894–1975)

### W

* Arno Arthur Wachmann (Germany, 1902–1990)
* Abul Wáfa (Persia, 940–997/998)
* Walcher of Malvern (England d. 1135)
* George Wallerstein (1930–2021)
* William Wales (United Kingdom, c. 1734–1798)
* Dennis Walsh (United Kingdom, 1933–2005)
* Qingde Wang (United States/China)
* Brian Warner (astronomer) (United Kingdom, 1939–)
* Brian D. Warner (United States, 1952–)
* Kazuro Watanabe (Japan, 1955–)
* James Craig Watson (United States, 1838–1880)
* Edmund Weaver (United Kingdom, 1663–1748)
* Kim Weaver (United States, 1969–)
* Thomas William Webb (United Kingdom, 1807–1885)
* Rachel Webster (Australia, 1951–)
* Alfred Lothar Wegener (Germany, 1880–1930)
* Gary A. Wegner (United States, 1944–)
* Wei Pu (China, 960–1279)
* Karl von Weizsäcker (Germany, 1912–2007)
* Godefroy Wendelin (Belgium, 1580–1667)
* Richard M. West (Denmark, 1941–)
* Gart Westerhout (Netherlands, United States, 1927–2012)
* Bengt Westerlund (Sweden, 1921–2008)
* J. G. Westphal (Germany, 1824–1859)
* Johann Heinrich Westphal (Germany, Italy, 1794–1831)
* George Wetherill (1925–2006)
* John Archibald Wheeler (United States, 1911–2008)
* Fred Lawrence Whipple (United States, 1906–2004)
* Albert Whitford (United States, 1905–2002)
* Mary Watson Whitney (United States, 1847–1921)
* Chandra Wickramasinghe (United Kingdom, 1939–)
* Paul Wild (Switzerland, 1925–2014)
* Olin C. Wilson (United States, 1909–1994)
* Ida E. Woods (United States, 1870–1940)
* Robert Wilson (United States, 1936–)
* Rogier Windhorst (United States, 1955–)
* Vincent Wing (UK, 1619–1668)
* Anna Winlock (United States, 1857–1904)
* Henry "Trae" Winter (United States, 1972)
* John Winthrop (Massachusetts Bay Colony, 1714–1779)
* Friedrich August Theodor Winnecke (Germany, 1835–1897)
* Carl Wirtanen (United States, 1910–1990)
* Jack Wisdom (United States, 1953–)
* Gustav Witt (Germany, 1866–1946)
* Maximilian Wolf (Germany, 1863–1932)
* Aleksander Wolszczan (Poland, 1946–)
* Edith Jones Woodward (United States), (1914–2002)
* Richard van der Riet Woolley (United Kingdom, 1906–1986)
* Frances Woodworth Wright (United States, 1897–1989)
* Thomas Wright (United Kingdom, 1711–1786)
* Gillian Wright (United Kingdom)
* Arthur Bambridge Wyse (United States, 1909–1942)

### Y

* Issei Yamamoto (Japan, 1889–1959)
* Masayuki Yanai (Japan, 1959–)
* Yi Xing (China, 683–727)
* Anne Sewell Young (United States, 1871–1961)
* Charles Augustus Young (United States, 1834–1908)
* James Whitney Young (United States, 1941–)
* Judith Young (United States, 1952–2014)

### Z

* Franz Xaver von Zach (Germany, 1753–1832)
* Abraham Zacuto (Spain/Portugal, 1450–1510)
* John Zarnecki (UK, 1949–)
* Yakov Borisovich Zel'dovich (USSR, 1914–1987)
* Zhang Daqing (China, 1969–)
* Zhang Heng (China, 78–139)
* Zhang Yuzhe (China, 1902–1986)
* Lyudmila Vasil'evna Zhuravleva (Russia/Ukraine, 1946–)
* Felix Ziegel (Soviet Union, 1920–1988)
* Zu Chongzhi (China, 429–500)
* Fritz Zwicky (Switzerland, United States, 1898–1974)

## Others who influenced astronomy and astrophysics

The following is a list of people who are not astronomers but made a contribution to the field of astronomy and astrophysics.

* Hans Bethe (1906–2005), (physicist)
* Niels Bohr (1885–1962), (physicist)
* Andreas Cellarius (Netherlands, Germany, 1596–1665), (cartographer)
* Freeman Dyson (1923–2020), (physicist)
* Albert Einstein (1879–1955), (physicist)
* Karl Guthe Jansky (United States, 1905–1950), (radio astronomer)
* James Clerk Maxwell (United Kingdom, 1831–1879), (physicist)
* Thomas Young (United Kingdom, 1773–1829), (physicist)
* Abdus Salam (1926–1996), (physicist)
* Riazuddin (1936–2013), (physicist)

## See also

* List of astronomical instrument makers
* List of women astronomers
* List of Russian astronomers and astrophysicists
* List of women in leadership positions on astronomical instrumentation projects

## References

### Citations

1. ↑ "Women in Astronomy Bibliography – Library of Congress, Science Reference Services". https://www.loc.gov/rr/scitech/womenastro/womenastro-all.html.
2. ↑ Linda Vu, Spitzer Science Center (3 Oct, 2006) Planets Prefer Safe Neighborhoods retrieved 18 Aug, 2010
3. ↑ Ridpath, Ian. "Johann Bayer's southern star chart". http://www.ianridpath.com/startales/bayer-southern.html.
4. ↑ [Anon.] (2001)
5. ↑ Vaughan Jr., Arthur H. (May 1973). "Obituary: Ira Sprague Bowen". Physics Today 26 (5): 77–78. doi:10.1063/1.3128066. Bibcode: 1973PhT....26e..77V. Archived from the original on 2013-09-22. https://web.archive.org/web/20130922101841/http://www.physicstoday.org/resource/1/phtoad/v26/i5/p77_s1?bypassSSO=1.
6. ↑ Calzetti, Daniela; Kinney, Anne L.; Storchi-Bergmann, Thaisa (July 1994). "Dust extinction of the stellar continua in starburst galaxies: The ultraviolet and optical extinction law" (in en). The Astrophysical Journal 429: 582. doi:10.1086/174346. ISSN 0004-637X. http://adsabs.harvard.edu/doi/10.1086/174346.
7. ↑ "c11371-07" (in en-GB). https://imagesonline.bl.uk/asset/148404/.
8. ↑ 8.0 8.1 8.2 8.3 8.4 "Minor Planet Discoverers (by number)". Minor Planet Center. 20 June 2016. http://www.minorplanetcenter.net/iau/lists/MPDiscsNum.html. Retrieved 9 August 2016.
9. ↑ "International Astronomical Union | IAU". https://www.iau.org/administration/membership/individual/3997/.
10. ↑ "The Burke-Gaffney Observatory". https://www.smu.ca/academic/science/ap/bgo.html.
11. ↑ "The Abbey-Ridge Observatory". http://www.davelane.ca/aro/#.
12. ↑ The Earth Centered Universe Planetarium Software
13. ↑ Lubbock, J. W. (1831). "On the tides on the coast of Great Britain". The Philosophical Magazine 9 (53): 333–335. doi:10.1080/14786443108647618. https://archive.org/details/lubbock-1831-philosophical-magazine-s-2id-13416500.
14. ↑ Schmadel, Lutz D. (2007). "(1303) Luthera". Dictionary of Minor Planet Names – (1303) Luthera. Springer Berlin Heidelberg. p. 107. doi:10.1007/978-3-540-29925-7_1304. ISBN 978-3-540-00238-3.
15. ↑ Luyten, W.J. (1922). "The mean parallax of early-type stars of determined proper motion and apparent magnitude". Publications of the Astronomical Society of the Pacific 34 (199): 156. doi:10.1086/123176. Bibcode: 1922PASP...34..156L.
16. ↑ Luyten, W.J. (1922). "Note on some faint early-type stars with large proper motions". Publications of the Astronomical Society of the Pacific 34 (197): 54. doi:10.1086/123146. Bibcode: 1922PASP...34...54L.
17. ↑ Luyten, W.J. (1922). "Additional note on faint early-type stars with large proper motions". Publications of the Astronomical Society of the Pacific 34 (198): 132. doi:10.1086/123168. Bibcode: 1922PASP...34..132L.
18. ↑ Aitken, R.G. (1922). "Comet c 1922 (Baade)". Publications of the Astronomical Society of the Pacific 34 (202): 353. doi:10.1086/123244. Bibcode: 1922PASP...34..353A.
19. ↑ Glick, ed (2005). Medieval Science, Technology, and Medicine: An Encyclopedia. Routledge. p. 464. ISBN 0-415-96930-1. "the Jain astronomer Mahendra Suri (fl. 1370)...wrote the first Indian treatise on the astrolabe, called the Yantraraja (1370)"
20. ↑ "Principle of least action". https://www.britannica.com/science/principle-of-least-action.
21. ↑ Hicks, Tom R.; May, Brian H.; Reay, N. Ken (1972). "MgI Emission in the Night Sky Spectrum". Nature 240 (5381): 401–402. doi:10.1038/240401a0. ISSN 0028-0836. Bibcode: 1972Natur.240..401H.
22. ↑ Hicks, T. R.; May, B. H.; Reay, N. K.; Ring, J. (1974). "An Investigation of the Motion of Zodiacal Dust Particles—I: Radial Velocity Measurements on Fraunhofer Line Profiles". Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society 166 (2): 439–448. doi:10.1093/mnras/166.2.439. ISSN 0035-8711. Bibcode: 1974MNRAS.166..439H.
23. ↑ Sullivan, Patricia (November 27, 2005). "Cornell H. Mayer Dies; Radio Astronomy Pioneer". Washington Post. https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2005/11/26/AR2005112601017.html. Retrieved 6 February 2014.
24. ↑ Radhakrishnan, Venkataraman (December 2006). "Obituary: Cornell H. Mayer, 1921-2005". Bulletin of the American Astronomical Society 38 (4): 1279–1280. Bibcode: 2006BAAS...38.1279R.
25. ↑ George G. Joseph (2000). The Crest of the Peacock: Non-European Roots of Mathematics, p. 408. Princeton University Press.
26. ↑ Vibart, Henry Meredith (1885–1900). "Pogson, Norman Robert". Dictionary of National Biography. London: Smith, Elder & Co.
27. ↑ "E Paper". epaper.thestatesman.com. 29 November 2016. http://epaper.thestatesman.com/1018159/Dainik-Statesman/29TH-NOVEMBER-2016#page/10/1.
28. ↑ "Telescopic Alidade" (in en). National Museum of American History. https://americanhistory.si.edu/collections/nmah_765754.
29. ↑ ""Astronomical Unit," or Earth-Sun Distance, Gets an Overhaul". http://www.scientificamerican.com/article.cfm?id=astronomical-unit-or-earth-sun-distance-gets-an-overhaul.
30. ↑ Schmadel, Lutz D. (2007). "(2090) Mizuho". Dictionary of Minor Planet Names – (2090) Mizuho. Springer Berlin Heidelberg. p. 169. doi:10.1007/978-3-540-29925-7_2091. ISBN 978-3-540-00238-3.
31. ↑ Habing, H. J. (February 2001). "Obituaries: Hendrik Christoffel van de Hulst, 1918-2000". Astronomy & Geophysics 42 (1): 1.33–1.37. doi:10.1046/j.1468-4004.2001.0420011.33.x. Bibcode: 2001A&G....42a..33H.
32. ↑ van de Hulst, H. C. (1957). Light scattering by small particles. New York: John Wiley and Sons. ISBN 9780486139753. https://books.google.com/books?id=6ivW_TgIdjIC.
33. ↑ Van Helden, Albert (1986). Measuring the Universe: Cosmic Dimensions from Aristarchus to Halley. Chicago & London: University of Chicago Press. p. 104. ISBN 978-0-226-84882-2.

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