Overvote

Short description: Spoiled vote in an election

An overvote occurs when one votes for more than the maximum number of selections allowed in a contest.[1] The result is a spoiled vote which is not included in the final tally.

One example of an overvote would be voting for two candidates in a single race with the instruction "Vote for not more than one." Robert's Rules of Order notes that such votes are illegal.[2]

The exact definition of overvotes is ambiguous in a contest with N-of-M voting, where N of M choices can be selected and N>1 (vote for no more than N). Sometimes overvotes are reported as the number of ballots overvoted in the contest, and sometimes it is reported as N*overvoted-ballots.

Undervotes combined with overvotes (known as residual votes) can be an academic indicator in evaluating the accuracy of a voting system when recording voter intent.[3]

While an overvote in a plurality voting system or limited voting is always illegal, in certain other electoral methods including approval voting, this style of voting is valid, and thus invalid overvotes are not possible.[4]

In the corporate world, the term "overvote" describes a situation in which someone votes more proxies than they are authorized to, or for more shares than they hold of record.[5]

## References

1. ↑ 2005 Voluntary Voting System Guidelines , p. A-13 Election Assistance Commission
2. ↑ Robert, Henry M. (2011). Robert's Rules of Order Newly Revised, 11th ed., p. 416-417 (RONR)
3. ↑ Alvarez, R. Michael; Katz, Jonathan N.; Hill, Jonathan N. (September 20, 2005). "Machines Versus Humans: The Counting and Recounting of Pre-scored Punchcard Ballots". CALTECH/MIT Voting Technology Project. http://www.vote.caltech.edu/media/documents/wps/vtp_wp32.pdf.
4. ↑ "Approval Voting". https://electionscience.org/library/approval-voting/.
5. ↑ "Briefing Paper: Roundtable on Proxy Voting Mechanics". https://www.sec.gov/spotlight/proxyprocess/proxyvotingbrief.htm.

## External links

* USAToday.com – How USA Today and others examined overvote

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