X window manager

Short description: Type of window manager

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The windowing system based on the X11 protocol keeps display server and window manager as separate components.

An X window manager is a window manager that runs on top of the X Window System, a windowing system mainly used on Unix-like systems.

Unlike MacOS Classic, macOS, and Microsoft Windows platforms (excepting Microsoft Windows explorer.exe shell replacements), which have historically provided a vendor-controlled, fixed set of ways to control how windows and panes display on a screen, and how the user may interact with them, window management for the X Window System was deliberately kept separate from the software providing the graphical display. The user can choose between various third-party window managers, which differ from one another in several ways, including:

* customizability of appearance and functionality:
* textual menus used to start programs and/or change options
* docks and other graphical ways to start programs
* multiple desktops and virtual desktops (desktops larger than the physical monitor size), and pagers[1] to switch between them
* consumption of memory and other system resources
* degree of integration with a desktop environment, which provides a more complete interface to the operating system, and provides a range of integrated utilities and applications.

## Contents

* 1 How X window managers work
* 2 Types of window managers
* 2.1 Stacking window managers
* 2.2 Tiling window managers
* 2.3 Compositing window managers
* 2.4 Virtual window managers
* 2.5 Extensible window managers
* 3 See also
* 4 References
* 5 External links

## How X window managers work

When a window manager is running, some kinds of interaction between the X server and its clients are redirected through the window manager. In particular, whenever an attempt to show a new window is made, this request is redirected to the window manager, which decides the initial position of the window. Additionally, most modern window managers are reparenting, which usually leads to a banner being placed at the top of the window and a decorative frame being drawn around the window. These two elements are controlled by the window manager rather than the program. Therefore, when the user clicks or drags these elements, it is the window manager that takes the appropriate actions (such as moving or resizing the window).

Window managers are also responsible for icons. Indeed, icons do not exist at the X Window System core protocol level. When the user requests a window to be iconified, the window manager unmaps it (makes it non-visible) and takes the appropriate actions to show an icon in its place. Most modern window managers do not literally show icons to represent iconified windows anymore. Often, an auxiliary toolbar program will allow access to iconified windows.

While the main aim of a window manager is to manage the windows, many window managers have additional features such as handling mouse clicks in the root window, presenting panes and other visual elements, handling some keystrokes (e.g., Alt-F4 may close a window), deciding which application to run at start-up, etc.

## Types of window managers

### Stacking window managers

Main article: Software:Stacking window manager

A stacking window manager renders the windows one-by-one onto the screen at specific co-ordinates. If one window's area overlaps another, then the window "on top" overwrites part of the other's visible appearance. This results in the appearance familiar to many users in which windows act a little bit like pieces of paper on a desktop, which can be moved around and allowed to overlap.

In contrast to compositing window managers (see below), the lack of separate off-screen buffers can mean increased efficiency, but effects such as translucency are not possible.

Stacking window managers include Amiwm, Blackbox, CTWM, Enlightenment, Fluxbox, FLWM, FVWM, IceWM, MWM, Openbox, TWM and Window Maker.

### Tiling window managers

Main article: Tiling window manager

A tiling window manager is a window manager with an organization of the screen into mutually non-overlapping frames (hence the name tiling), as opposed to the traditional approach of coordinate-based stacking of objects (windows) that tries to emulate the desk paradigm.

Tiling window managers include awesome, dwm, ion, larswm, ratpoison, Stumpwm, wmii, i3, xmonad, and XWEM.

### Compositing window managers

Main article: Compositing window manager

A compositing window manager may appear to the user similar to a stacking window manager. However, the individual windows are first rendered in individual buffers, and then their images are composited onto the screen buffer; this two-step process means that visual effects (such as shadows, translucency) can be applied. It also means that compositing window managers are inherently more resource-hungry than an equivalently-powerful stacking window manager. For this reason, some window managers for X do not support compositing by default, such as Openbox.

Historically, the Amiga in 1985, OSX in 2001, Java Looking Glass in 2003, and the Windows Longhorn demo in 2003 (delayed until Vista in 2007) preceded compositing efforts under X11. Compositing window managers for X include:

* GNOME's Mutter née Metacity (first dev-branch compositor in 2.7 or 2.8 Wayback Machine of 2004 Linux Today - Release Digest: GNOME, August 30, 2004 —original stable-branch compositor since 2.14 in 2005 Re: About Compositing or 2006 Metacity branched for 2.14—current compositor architecture since 2.22 Enable Metacity Compositing in GNOME 2.22 | Tombuntu in 2008—Metacity+Clutter begat Mutter in 2011),
* Xfce's Xfwm (since 4.2 of 2004 or 2005 Xfce 4.2.0 released!),
* Unity's Compiz (since 2005—was forked as Beryl in 2006 but the projects re-merged in 2007), and
* KDE's KWin (since 4.0 of 2008).

Compositing support can be added to non-compositing window managers, through the use of compositors such as compton.

### Virtual window managers

A virtual window manager is a window manager that uses virtual screens, whose resolution can be higher than the resolution of one's monitor/display adapter thus resembling a two dimensional virtual desktop with its viewport. This environment is very useful when one wishes to have a large number of windows open at the same time. A number of virtual window managers have been made, including FVWM, Tvtwm, HaZe[2] and others.

### Extensible window managers

See also: Category:X window managers extensible by scripting

Some window managers are extensible, or programmable, by user scripts.

In these window managers, users can define new actions or override the default, or reactions to various events, like window size and position changes, window creation and deletion, key and mouse input, timer, etc. They often provide on-the-fly code execution, too.

Some examples of such window managers and the used languages are:

* Awesome \- Lua[3]
* KWin \- ECMAScript
* Qtile \- Python
* Sawfish \- "rep", a Lisp dialect
* Xmonad \- haskell
* StumpWM \- Common Lisp
* GWM - "WOOL", a Lisp dialect
* Bspwm - C

## See also

* Comparison of X window managers
* Re-parenting window manager for a popular implementation technique
* X Window System protocols and architecture for context
* Windowing system
* Wmctrl \- a command-line utility used to control windows in EWMH and NetWM compatible window managers
* xdotool - another command-line utility used to control windows
* Wayland compositor

## References

1. ↑ "Extended Window Manager Hints". http://standards.freedesktop.org/wm-spec/wm-spec-latest.html#id2504750.
2. ↑ "HaZe - a real B&W; window manager". http://geocities.com/hazewm/.
3. ↑ "home". https://awesomewm.org/.

## External links

* The Comprehensive List of Window Managers for Unix
* ArchWiki List of Window Managers for Linux

* v
* t
* e

X Window System

Architecture|

* Core protocol
* X Window selection
* X Window authorization
* X11 color names
* X Input Method
* Wayland

Extensions|

* X Image Extension
* X keyboard extension
* RandR
* X Rendering Extension
* Shape extension
* Shared memory extension
* X Display Manager Control Protocol
* X video extension
* X-Video Motion Compensation
* AIGLX
* GLX
* Multi-Pointer X
* Display PostScript
* Composite
* Xinerama

Components
and notable
implementations|

| display servers|

* X.Org Server
* Cygwin/X
* X-Win32
* X386
* XFree86
* XDarwin
* Xming
* Xsgi
* Xsun
* Xgl
* Xephyr
* XQuartz
* XWayland

|

client libraries|

* Xlib
* XCB
* X Toolkit Intrinsics

display managers
session managers|

* GDM
* KDM
* SDDM
* XDM
* LightDM
* LXDM
* SLiM
* Entrance
* WDM

window managers
(comparison)|

| Compositing|

* Compiz
* KWin
* Metacity
* Mutter
* Xfwm
* Enlightenment

|

Stacking|

* AfterStep
* amiwm
* Blackbox
* cwm
* Fluxbox
* FVWM
* IceWM
* JWM
* Matchbox
* mwm
* Openbox
* Sawfish
* twm
* Window Maker

Tiling|

* awesome
* dwm
* i3
* Ion
* ratpoison
* wmii
* xmonad
* StumpWM
* larswm

Standards|

* ICCCM
* EWMH
* XDS
* freedesktop.org

Applications|

* xcalc
* xclock
* xedit
* xload
* xterm
* xeyes
* desktop environments

* v
* t
* e

Desktop environments and window managers based on X11 or Wayland

Desktop
environments
(comparison)|

| GTK-based|

* Budgie
* Cinnamon
* GNOME
* GPE
* LXDE
* MATE
* ROX Desktop
* Sugar
* Xfce

|

Qt-based|

* KDE Plasma
* Lumina
* LXQt (Razor-qt perpetuated)
* OPIE
* Trinity

Motif-based|

* CDE
* DECwindows
* IRIX Interactive Desktop
* VUE

Other|

* EDE (FLTK-based)
* Étoilé (GNUstep-based)
* Mezzo
* OpenWindows (OLIT-based)
* UDE (Xlib/XCB-based)
* Enlightenment (EFL-based)

Graphical
shells|

* GNOME Shell
* KDE Plasma 4
* KDE Plasma 5
* Maynard
* Unity

X window
managers
(comparison)|

| Compositing|

* Compiz
* KWin
* Metacity
* Muffin
* Mutter
* Xfwm
* Enlightenment

|

Stacking|

* 4Dwm
* 9wm
* AfterStep
* amiwm
* Blackbox
* CTWM
* cwm
* Fluxbox
* FLWM
* FVWM
* IceWM
* JWM
* Matchbox
* Motif Window Manager
* olwm
* Openbox
* Qvwm
* Sawfish
* swm
* twm
* tvtwm
* vtwm
* Window Maker
* WindowLab
* wm2

Tiling|

* awesome
* dwm
* i3
* Ion
* larswm
* ratpoison
* StumpWM
* wmii
* xmonad

Wayland
compositors|

* Enlightenment
* Gala
* KWin
* Mir
* Mutter
* Muffin
* Budgie-wm
* sway
* Weston

Related|

* Display server
* GUI
* GUI widget
* Painter's algorithm
* Resolution independence
* Shell
* Virtual desktop
* Widget toolkit
* WIMP
* Windowing system

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