Hierarchy theory

Hierarchy theory is a means of studying ecological systems in which the relationship between all of the components is of great complexity. Hierarchy theory focuses on levels of organization and issues of scale, with a specific focus on the role of the observer in the definition of the system.[1] Complexity in this context does not refer to an intrinsic property of the system but to the possibility of representing the systems in a plurality of non-equivalent ways depending on the pre-analytical choices of the observer. Instead of analyzing the whole structure, hierarchy theory refers to the analysis of hierarchical levels, and the interactions between them.

## See also

* Biological organisation
* Timothy F. H. Allen
* Deep history
* Big history
* Deep time
* Deep ecology
* Infrastructure-based development
* World-systems theory
* Structuralist economics
* Dependency theory

## References

1. ↑ Allen, Timothy F. H. (2001). "A summary of the principles of hierarchy theory". http://isss.org/hierarchy.htm.

## Further reading

* Brooks, Daniel Stephen (August 2014). The concept of levels of organization in the biological sciences (Ph.D. thesis). Bielefeld: Bielefeld University. OCLC 942715109.
* Eronen, Markus I. (August 2014). "Levels of organization: a deflationary account". Biology and Philosophy 30 (1): 39–58. doi:10.1007/s10539-014-9461-z. https://philarchive.org/rec/EROLOO.
* Potochnik, Angela; McGill, Brian J. (January 2012). "The limitations of hierarchical organization". Philosophy of Science 79 (1): 120–140. doi:10.1086/663237. http://homepages.uc.edu/~potochaa/hierarchy.pdf.
* Ahl, Valerie; Allen, Timothy F. H. (1996). Hierarchy theory: a vision, vocabulary, and epistemology. New York: Columbia University Press. ISBN 0231084803. OCLC 34149766.
* Allen, Timothy F. H.; Hoekstra, Thomas W. (2015). Toward a unified ecology. Complexity in ecological systems series (2nd ed.). New York: Columbia University Press. ISBN 9780231168885. OCLC 920475391.
* O'Neill, Robert V.; Deangelis, Donald Lee; Waide, J. B.; Allen, Timothy F. H. (1986). A hierarchical concept of ecosystems. Monographs in population biology. 23. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press. ISBN 069108436X. OCLC 13526197. https://books.google.com/books?id=DOU9DwAAQBAJ.
* Allen, Timothy F. H; Starr, Thomas B. (2017). Hierarchy: perspectives for ecological complexity (2nd ed.). Chicago: University of Chicago Press. doi:10.7208/chicago/9780226489711.001.0001. ISBN 978-0226489544. OCLC 967919711.
* Guttman, Burton S. (February 1976). "Is 'levels of organization' a useful biological concept?". BioScience 26 (2): 112–113. doi:10.2307/1297326.
* Pattee, Howard Hunt (1973). Hierarchy theory: the challenge of complex systems. International library of systems theory and philosophy. New York: George Braziller. ISBN 080760674X. OCLC 638741.

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