Florida (U.S. state)

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This editable Main Article is under development and subject to a disclaimer.

[edit intro]

This article is about Florida (U.S. state). For other uses of the term Florida, please see Florida (disambiguation).

A map of the state of Florida (2006).

Florida is a large state in the U.S., located at the southeast tip of the country. It became a state in 1845. In the American Civil War (1861-1865), Florida was one of the eleven states that seceded the United States to form the Confederate States of America.

Geographically, Florida is a peninsula largely surrounded by water. The eastern coast borders the Atlantic Ocean, while the western coast touches the Gulf of Mexico. To the north, Florida is bordered by a succession of southern states, Mississippi, Alabama, and Georgia. The capital of Florida is Tallahassee, while the largest city by population is Jacksonville. Other significant locations in Florida include the cities of Miami, Tampa, and Orlando (home of the Walt Disney World).

## Contents

* 1 Politics
* 2 History
* 2.1 Colony
* 2.2 Territory
* 2.3 Prehistory of Florida
* 2.4 Native American tribes
* 2.4.1 Seminole invasion
* 2.5 Spanish rule
* 2.6 British rule
* 2.7 Second Spanish rule
* 2.8 American rule
* 2.9 The Civil War and Reconstruction
* 2.10 Tourism industry
* 2.10.1 1920s Boom
* 2.11 Military and space industry
* 2.12 Since 1945
* 2.13 2000 Presidential election controversy
* 2.13.1 Hurricanes and environment
* 2.13.2 Hurricanes
* 3 See also
* 4 References

## Politics[edit]

As a Southern state, Florida's politics is generally dominated by conservatives.

## History[edit]

See Florida, history

Florida has been occupied for 14,000 years, beginning with the arrival of Paleo-Indians. Around 8000 BC the paleo-indian culture was replaced by, or evolved into, the Archaic culture. Large shell middens and purpose-built mounds appeared beginning around 3000 BC, and fired pottery appeared in Florida by 2000 BCE. By about 500 BCE, the Archaic culture that had been fairly uniform across Florida began to fragment into regional cultures. At the time of first European contact, many different languages were spoken and many different, though related, cultures were practiced in Florida. The cultures of the Florida panhandle and the north and central Gulf of Mexico coast of the Florida peninsula were strongly influenced by the mound-building cultures of the Mississippi Valley, but retained a distinctive character. Maize was cultivated in the panhandle and the northern part of the peninsula, but agriculture in general was absent or very restricted in the tribes that lived in the southern half of the peninsula.[1]

Juan Ponce de León is usually credited with the discovery of Florida, although he may not have been the first Spainard to reach Florida, as he reported an encounter with a Spanish-speaking Indian on the southwest coast of the peninsula later in his voyage. Ponce de León landed on Florida on April 2, 1513, somewhere on the northwest coast of the present state of Florida, and claimed the land for Spain. He named the new land la Florida, Spanish for flowery.[2]

### Colony[edit]

Spain was slow to establish control of Florida. Ponce de León tried to plant a colony on the southwest coast of the peninsula in 1521, but the colonists were driven off by Calusas, with Ponce de León receiving a mortal wound. Pánfilo de Narváez led an expedition that landed on the west coast of the peninsula in 1528, but he had proceeded only to the area near present-day Tallahassee before attempting to return to Mexico by sea. Only four members of the expedition eventually reached Mexico. Hernando de Soto led another expedition which also landed on the west of the peninsula in 1539. That expedition eventually traversed much of what is now the southeastern United States, but it left no lasting mark. A colony was planted at Pensacola in 1559, but it was devastated by a hurricane the same year, and abandoned two years later.

French Huguenots established Fort Caroline near the mouth of the St. Johns River in 1564. The Spanish responded in 1565 by founding St. Augustine on the coast south of the mouth of the St. Johns River. Later that same year the Spanish attacked and destroyed Fort Caroline. Late in the 17th century Franciscan missionaries operating out of St. Augustine began establishing missions to the tribes of northern Florida and southeastern Georgia. Spain established a fort and small port at San Marcos (St. Marks, Florida), near the western end of the territory served by the missions, sometime during the 17th century. Pensacola was re-established in 1698. Spanish presence and control outside of those areas was minimal. Disease and Spanish suppression of revolts greatly reduced the Indian population throughout the 17th century. Late in the 17th century and at the beginning of the 18th century, raids by tribes allied with the English colonies further reduced the Florida tribes, until the few remaining Indians sought refuge at St. Augustine.

At the invitation of Spanish authorities and on their own initiative, bands of Indians from tribes to the north of Florida began moving into the now vacant lands in Florida. The name "Seminole" was applied to some of these Indians at first, and later to all of them. The Seminoles of Florida and Oklahoma, and the Miccosukees of Florida, are their descendents.

At the end of the French and Indian War in 1763, Spain ceded Florida to Great Britain in exchange for the return of Havana, and France ceded that part of Louisiana that was east of the Mississippi River, except for New Orleans. Britain organized these territories into East Florida, with its capital at St. Augustine, and West Florida, with its capital at Pensacola. West Florida stretched from the Apalachicola River to the Mississippi River, and Britain moved its northern boundary up to the latitude of the mouth of the Yazoo River. Britain tried to develop the two Floridas, but Spain captured West Florida during the American Revolutionary War, and Britain returned East Florida to Spain as part of the peace treaty at the end of the war.

Spain was soon in contention with the newly independent United States over Florida. As West Florida extended to the east bank of the Mississippi River, and Spain also possessed Louisiana on the west bank of the Mississippi, Spain controlled the lower part of the Mississippi, and restricted the free passage that Americans believed was necessary for the development of the territories west of the Appalachian Mountains. Spain and the U.S. also disagreed over the northern boundary of West Florida, with the U.S. claiming all of the area added to it by the British. The U.S. acquired the northern part of West Florida by treaty in 1795. After acquiring Louisiana in 1803, the U.S. also claimed that part of West Florida that had been part of Louisiana prior to 1763. In a series of actions from 1810 until 1812 the U.S. seized all West Florida west of the Perdido River. Pre-occupied with war in Europe, Spain was not able to resist.

Spanish Florida was a refuge for runaway slaves. Slaves running away from plantations in the U.S. were welcomed into the "Seminole" bands in Florida, and the Spanish authorities allowed runaway slaves to settle in villages close to St. Augustine, and even converted them into a militia to help defend the town. American settlers were also pushing into southern Georgia and into Florida, encroaching on lands being used by Creeks and Seminoles. Cattle stealing and raids were carried out by both sides. The Americans accused the Spanish of sheltering the Indians and their black allies, and even of supplying them and encouraging them to attack Americans.

During the War of 1812 Britain established a base at Pensacola for operations against the Gulf coast of the U.S., even though Spain was not at war with the U.S. After an attempt to seize Mobile failed, Americans under the leadership of Colonel Andrew Jackson drove the British out of Pensacola. In 1816 the U.S. invaded Florida and destroyed the "Negro Fort", a fortification on the Apalachicola River built by the British for their Creek allies in 1814, but occupied primarily by runaway slaves when the Indians showed no interest in staying in it. In 1818 now-General Jackson again invaded Florida, in what is known as the First Seminole War. He burned Indian villages, captured the Spanish posts at St. Marks and Pensacola, and court-martialed and executed two British subjects while on Spanish soil. The U.S. occupied Pensacola for nine months. In 1819 Spain agreed to cede Florida to the U.S., and the transfer officially occurred in 1821.

### Territory[edit]

On July 17, 1821, Spain formally turned over East and West Florida to the U.S. in a ceremony in Pensacola. General Andrew Jackson, first governor of Florida, represented the U.S. Jackson quickly organized East Florida and what was left of West Florida into a single territory with two counties. Pensacola and St. Autgustine were still the centers of the only substantially developed areas of the state. At first the territorial council alternated meeting in the two cities, but the land journey between them took some twenty days, and the sea voyage was always included the danger of shipwreck. In 1823 Tallahassee, a former Indian town located approximately half-way between Pensacola and St. Augustine, was selected as the site for the territorial capital.

Middle Florida, between the Suwannee and Apalachicola Rivers, was the fastest growing part of Florida during the territorial years, and by 1845 held almost half of the state's population. Many plantations were established in Middle Florida, as well along the northern part of the east coast of Florida. The peninsula, however, remained very sparsely populated.

In 1823 the Treaty of Moultrie Creek moved most of the Indians in Florida onto a reservation in the interior of the Florida peninsula. After Andrew Jackson's election as President of the United States, a campaign to move all Indians to west of the Mississippi River gained momentum. The 1832 Treaty of Payne's Landing provided for the removal of the Indians in Florida to the West, but most Seminole leaders denounced the treaty and refused to leave, eventually leading to the Second Seminole War, which lasted from 1835 to 1842. Some 300 Seminoles who had avoided capture were allowed to remain in southern Florida.

* * *

The following material has been brought from Florida, history. I am in the process of merging that information back into this article, as there is unnecessary duplication there. I will remove this statement when it's done. Pat Palmer (talk) 13:06, 31 March 2023 (CDT)

* * *

The history of Florida is the history of the U.S. state of Florida. It was acquired by the U.S. in 1821 and remained a small, peripheral state until the late 20th century, when migrants from cold-weather areas of the north relocated by the millions, making giving it the 4th largest population by 2000.

### Prehistory of Florida[edit]

Paleo-Indians entered Florida 14,000 years ago to an area twice what it is today, with a drier and cooler climate. Most paleo-Indian activity was around the watering holes, and sinkholes and basins in the beds of modern rivers (such as the Page-Ladson prehistory site in the Aucilla River) have yielded a artifacts, including Clovis points.[3]

As the climate became warmer and wetter, and the sea level rose, the paleo-Indian culture was replaced by the "Early Archaic culture." The latter evolved into the "Middle Archaic period" around 5000 BCE. Villages appeared near wetlands. The "Late Archaic period" started around 3000 BCE, when Florida's climate had reached current conditions. Large villages had purpose-built mounds, such as at the Horr's Island site. Fired pottery appeared by 2000 BCE. By about 500 BCE, the Archaic culture that had been fairly uniform across Florida began to fragment into regional cultures.[4]

The post-Archaic cultures of eastern and southern Florida developed in relative isolation, and it is likely that the peoples living in those areas at the time of first European contact were direct descendants of the inhabitants of the areas in late Archaic times. The cultures of the Florida panhandle and the north and central Gulf coast of the Florida peninsula were strongly influenced by the Mississippian culture, although there is continuity in cultural history, suggesting that the peoples of those cultures were also descended from the inhabitants of the Archaic period. Cultivation of maize was adopted in the panhandle and the northern part of the peninsula, but was absent or very restricted in the tribes that lived south of the Timucuan-speaking people (i.e., south of a line approximately from present-day Daytona Beach, Florida to a point on or north of Tampa Bay.[5]

### Native American tribes[edit]

At the time of first European contact, Florida was inhabited by an estimated 350,000 people belonging to a number of tribes. The Spanish recorded nearly one hundred names of groups they encountered, ranging from organized political entities such as the Apalachee, with a population of around 50,000, to villages with no known political affiliation. There were an estimated 150,000 speakers of dialects of the Timucua language, but the Timucua were only organized as groups of villages, and did not share a common culture. Other tribes in Florida at the time of first contact included the Ais, Calusa, Jaega, Mayaimi, Tequesta and Tocobaga. All of these tribes steadily lost population after 1600.

#### Seminole invasion[edit]

At the beginning of the 18th century, Creek Indians from the north raided throughout Florida, burning villages and killing most of the Indians. The few survivors sought refuge at St. Augustine, and were taken to Cuba when the Spanish left in 1763. The Seminole, originally an offshoot of the Creek nation, absorbed other groups and developed as a distinct tribe in Florida during the 19th century.[6]

### Spanish rule[edit]

For more information, see: Spanish Florida.

According to popular legend, unlikely to be true, Juan Ponce de León discovered Florida while searching for the Fountain of Youth in 1513, naming the land La Pascua Florida, or "Flowery Easter." Spain attempted a few settlements but they were abandoned. France set up Fort Caroline in what is now Jacksonville in 1564 as a haven for Protestant Huguenots. The Spanish created San Agustín (St. Augustine), in 1565; it is the oldest continuously inhabited European settlement in the United States. In 1565 the Spanish wiped out Fort Caroline, leaving St. Augustine as the only important European settlement. From this base of operations, the Spanish began sending out Catholic missionaries to convert the Indians. They converted 26,000 natives by 1655, but a revolt in 1656 and an epidemic in 1659 proved devastating. It was little more than a fortress for many years, and was frequently attacked and burned, with most residents killed or fled. It was devastated in 1586 by the English. Pirate attacks were unrelenting against small outposts and even St Augustine itself.

In 1702, Colonel James Moore of South Carolina (an English colony) and allied Yamasee and Creek Indians attacked and razed the village of St. Augustine, but they could not gain control of the fort. In 1704, Moore and his soldiers began burning Spanish missions in north Florida and executing Indians friendly with the Spanish. The collapse of the Spanish mission system and the defeat of the Spanish-allied Apalachee Indians opened Florida up to the Seminoles. [7] The Yamasee War of 1715-1717 in South Carolina resulted in large numbers of Indian refugees, such as the Yamasee, moving south to Florida.

The British and their colonies made war repeatedly against the Spanish, especially in 1702, and captured St Augustine in 1740. The British were angry that Spanish officials tolerated and invited runaway slaves into Florida. Invading Seminoles killed off most of the local Indians. Florida had about 3000 Spaniards when Britain took control 1763. Nearly all quickly left. Even though in 1783 control was restored to Spain, Spain sent no more settlers or missionaries. The US took control in 1819.

### British rule[edit]

In 1763, Spain traded Florida (which, at the time, extended south only to around the area of present day Gainesville) to Great Britain for control of Havana, Cuba, which had been captured by the British during the Seven Years' War. Almost the entire Spanish population left along with most of the remaining indigenous population. The British divided the territory into East Florida and West Florida, and began aggressive recruitment programs designed to attract settlers to the area, offering free land and backing for export-oriented businesses.

East Florida was the site of the largest single importation of white settlers in the colonial period, about 1,400 people indentured by Scottish Physician Dr. Andrew Turnbull arrived in July 1768. These people settled at New Smyrna, where they began to farm various crops needed in the Empire, such as indigo, grapes, silk, etc. Unfortunately for them, most crops did not do well in the sandy Florida soil, and those that did rarely equaled the quality produced in other areas. Colonists eventually tired of their servitude and the increasingly uncompromising nature of Turnbull, who on several occasions used black slaves to whip his unruly settlers. The settlement collapsed and the survivors fled to St. Augustine. Their relatives survive to this day, as does the name New Smyrna.

In 1767, the British moved the northern boundary of West Florida to a line extending from the mouth of the Yazoo River east to the Chattahoochee River (32° 28′north latitude), consisting of approximately the lower third of the present states of Mississippi and Alabama (U.S. state). During this time, there was a migration into Florida of Creek Indians, who would form the Seminole tribe.

During the American Revolutionary War, the Spanish, then allied with the French (who were actively at war with Britain), took advantage of the distraction and recaptured portions of West Florida, including Pensacola. In 1784, the Treaty of Paris ending the Revolutionary War returned all of Florida to Spanish control, but without specifying the boundaries. The Spanish wanted the expanded boundary, while the United States demanded the old boundary at the 31st parallel. In the Treaty of San Lorenzo of 1795, Spain recognized the 31st parallel as the boundary.

### Second Spanish rule[edit]

East and West Florida in 1810

Spanish presence was minor during that empire's second rule over Florida. Spain offered extremely lucrative free land packages in Florida as a means of attracting settlers, and foreigners came in droves, especially from the United States. The territory became a haven for escaped slaves and a base for Indian attacks against the U.S., and the U.S. demanded Spain reform. There were almost no Spanish settlers and only a few soldiers. In the meantime, American settlers established a foothold in the area and ignored Spanish officials. British settlers who had remained also resented Spanish rule, leading to a rebellion in 1810 and the establishment for exactly ninety days of the so-called Free and Independent Republic of West Florida on September 23. After meetings beginning in June, rebels overcame the Spanish garrison at Baton Rouge (now in Louisiana), and unfurled the flag of the new republic: a single white star on a blue field. This flag would later become known as the "Bonnie Blue Flag".

Throughout this period, Spain offered land grants to anyone who settled in Florida. As a result, hundreds of Americans came into the colony. Once Florida became a U.S. Territory, these grants -- which the U.S. agreed to honor if found valid -- caused years of litigation as settlers attempted to prove the validity of their claims.

On October 27, 1810, parts of West Florida were annexed by proclamation of U.S. President James Madison, who claimed the region as part of the Louisiana Purchase. At first, purchase negotiator Fulwar Skipwith and the West Florida government were opposed to the proclamation, preferring to negotiate terms to join the Union. However, William C. C. Claiborne, who was sent to take possession of the territory, refused to recognize the legitimacy of the West Florida government. Skipwith proclaimed that he was ready to "die in defense of the Lone Star flag." However, Skipwith and the legislature eventually backed down, and agreed to accept Madison's proclamation. Possession was taken of St. Francisville on 6 December 1810, and of Baton Rouge on 10 December 1810. These portions were incorporated into the newly formed Orleans Territory. The U.S. annexed the Mobile District of West Florida to the Mississippi Territory in 1812. Spain continued to dispute the area, though the United States gradually increased the area it occupied.

After settler attacks on Indian towns, Seminole Indians based in East Florida began raiding Georgia settlements, purportedly at the behest of the Spanish. The United States Army led increasingly frequent incursions into Spanish territory, including the 1817 – 1818 campaign against the Seminole Indians by Andrew Jackson that became known as the First Seminole War. Following the war, the United States effectively controlled East Florida.

The Adams-Onís Treaty was signed between the United States and Spain on February 22, 1819 and took effect on July 10, 1821. According to the terms of the treaty, the United States acquired Florida and, in exchange, renounced all claims to Texas. Andrew Jackson formally took control of Florida from Spanish authorities on July 17, 1821 at Pensacola.

### American rule[edit]

For more information, see: Florida Territory.
File:Andrew Jackson.jpegAndrew Jackson served as the first military Governor of Florida. Seminole leader Osceola

Florida became an organized territory of the United States in 1822. The Americans merged East Florida and West Florida (although the majority of West Florida was annexed to Orleans Territory and Mississippi Territory), and established a new capital in Tallahassee.

As settlement increased, pressure grew on the United States government to remove the Indians from their lands in Florida. To the chagrin of Georgia landowners, the Seminoles harbored and integrated runaway blacks, and clashes between whites and Indians grew with the influx of new settlers. In 1832, the United States government signed the Treaty of Payne's Landing with some of the Seminole chiefs, promising them lands west of the Mississippi River if they agreed to leave Florida voluntarily. Many of the Seminoles left at this time, while those who remained prepared to defend their claims to the land. White settlers pressured the government to remove all of the Indians, by force if necessary, and in 1835, the U.S. Army arrived to enforce the treaty.

The Second Seminole War began at the end of 1835 with the Dade Massacre, when Seminoles ambushed Army troops marching from Fort Brooke (Tampa) to reinforce Fort King (Ocala), killing or mortally wounding all but one of the 108 troops. Between 900 and 1,500 Seminole Indian warriors effectively employed hit and run guerrilla tactics against United States Army troops for seven years. Osceola, a charismatic young war leader, came to symbolize the war and the Seminoles after he was arrested at truce negotiations in 1837 and died in prison less than a year later. The war dragged on until 1842. The U.S. government is estimated to have spent between US$20 million and US$40 million on the war, at the time an astronomical sum. Almost all of the Seminoles were forcibly exiled to Creek lands west of the Mississippi; about 300 were allowed to remain in the Everglades.

On March 3, 1845, Florida became the 27th state of the United States of America. Almost half of the state's population were black slaves working on plantations.

### The Civil War and Reconstruction[edit]

Following Abraham Lincoln's election in 1860, Florida secededg from the Union in January 1861 and joined the Confederate States of America. The state provided soldiers and food. The Union Navy blockaded around the entire state and seized all the mnajor ports. The only major battle was the Battle of Olustee near Lake City.

After meeting the requirements of Reconstruction, Florida was readmitted to Congress in July 1868.

### Tourism industry[edit]

Shamu, a popular SeaWorld attraction.

During the late 19th century, Florida started to become a popular tourist destination as railroads expanded into the area. Railroad magnate Henry Plant built a luxury hotel in Tampa, which later became the campus for the University of Tampa. Henry Flagler built the Florida East Coast Railway from Jacksonville to Key West and built numerous luxury hotels along the route, including in the cities of St. Augustine, Ormond Beach, and West Palm Beach.

#### 1920s Boom[edit]

The 1920s were a prosperous time for much of the nation. Florida's new railroads opened up large areas to development, spurring the land boom of the 1920s. Investors of all kinds, mostly from outside Florida, raced to buy and sell rapidly appreciating land in newly platted communities, especially Miami and Palm Beach. By 1925, the market ran out of buyers to pay the high prices and soon the boom became a bust. The 1926 Miami Hurricane further depressed the real estate market. The Great Depression arrived in 1929.

Florida's first theme parks emerged in the 1930s and include Cypress Gardens (1936) near Winter Haven and Marineland (1938) near St. Augustine. Walt Disney chose Central Florida as the site of his planned "Walt Disney World" in the 1960s and began purchasing land. In 1971, the first component of the resort, "The Magic Kingdom", opened and began the dramatic transformation of the Orlando area into a resort destination with a wide variety of themed parks. Besides Disney, the Orlando area today features theme parks including Universal Orlando Resort, SeaWorld, and Wet 'n Wild.

### Military and space industry[edit]

Starting in the early twentieth century and accelerating as World War II, Homefront, U.S. World War II began, the state has proven itself to be a major military and naval hub. Naval Air Station Pensacola]] was originally established as a naval station in 1826 and became the first American naval aviation facility in 1917. The entire nation mobilized for World War II and many bases were established in Florida during this time, including Naval Air Station Jacksonville, Naval Station Mayport, Naval Air Station Cecil Field,Naval Air Station Whiting Field and Homestead Air Force Base. Eglin Air Force Base and MacDill Air Force Base (now the home of United States Central Command) were also developed during this time. During the Cold War, Florida's coastal access and proximity to Cuba continued the development of these and other military facilities. Since the end of the Cold War, Florida has seen some facilities close, including major bases at Homestead and Cecil Field, but the military presence is still significant.

Due to Florida's low latitude, it was chosen in 1949 as a test site for the country's nascent missile program. Patrick Air Force Base and the Cape Canaveral launch site began to take shape as the 1950s progressed. By the early 1960s, the Space Race was in full swing and generated a huge boom in the communities around Cape Canaveral. This area is now collectively known as the Space Coast and features the Kennedy Space Center. To date, all manned orbital spaceflights launched by the United States, including the only men to visit the Moon, have been launched from Kennedy Space Center.

### Since 1945[edit]

Florida's populations are continually changing. After World War II, Florida was transformed as air conditioning and the Interstate highway system encouraged migration from the north. In 1950, Florida was ranked twentieth among the states in population; 50 years later it was ranked fourth.[8] Due to low tax rates and warm climate, Florida became the destination for many retirees from the Northeast and Canada. The Cuban Revolution of 1959 led to a large wave of Cuban immigration into South Florida, which transformed Miami into a major center of commerce, finance and transportation for all of Latin America. Immigration from Haiti and other Caribbean states continues to the present day.

### 2000 Presidential election controversy[edit]

Florida became the battleground of the controversial 2000 presidential election, when a count of the popular votes held on Election Day was extremely close, with Bush at all times holding a small lead over Gore. Official recounts efforts degenerated into arguments over mispunched ballots, "hanging chads," and controversial decisions by the courts. Finally the United States Supreme Court ended all recounts and let stand the official count favoring Bush, which was accepted by Gore and Congress.

#### Hurricanes and environment[edit]

Hurricanes and tropical storms are an increasing problem stemming from Florida's rapidly developing coastal areas. Hurricane Andrew in 1992 struck Homestead, just south of Miami, and was, until Hurricane Katrina in 2005, the most expensive natural disaster in US history. Besides heavy property damage, the hurricane nearly destroyed the region's insurance industry.

#### Hurricanes[edit]

The western panhandle of the state was damaged heavily in 1995, with storms Allison, Erin, and Opal hitting the area within the span of a few months. The storms increased in strength as the season went on, culminating with Opal's landfall as a Category 3 in October. Florida also suffered heavily in 2004, when four storms struck the state. Damage from all four storms was estimated to be at least $22 billion, with some estimates going as high as $40 billion. In 2005, Florida was struck by Hurricane Katrina and two other hurricanes.

Environmental issues include preservation and restoration of the Everglades and how to respond to pressure to drill for oil in the eastern Gulf of Mexico. To date, large-scale drilling off of the coasts of Florida has been prevented.

## See also[edit]

U.S. States and Territories

## References[edit]

1. ↑ Milanich. (1998) P. 3-132
2. ↑ Smith and Gottlob
3. ↑ Milanich 1998 3-12
4. ↑ Milanich 1998 12-37
5. ↑ Milanich 1998 38-132
6. ↑ They are now represented in the Seminole Nation of Oklahoma, the Seminole Tribe of Florida, and the Miccosukee Tribe of Indians of Florida.
7. ↑ Gallay 144-147
8. ↑ http://www.census.gov/population/cen2000/phc-t2/tab01.pdf