Unemployment

Unemployment is the state of being unemployed.

The U.S. Government classifies the labor force as persons who are employed and unemployed. A person is classifed as "unemployed" if 1) s/he does not have a job, 2) is currently available for work, and 3) has actively looked for work in the prior 4 weeks. (Persons who are not considered unemployed include retirees, persons attending school full time, stay-at-home parents not working from home, and other persons who are not actively looking for work such as bums.) [1]

"Involuntary unemployment" is when people are unable to find jobs at the prevailing wages for their skills and experience. "Voluntary unemployment" is a normal process when people join the labor force (after leaving school, for example), leave one job to seek another, or move to a new area in search of employment.

Contrary to a campaign ad for Obama's reelection, "the Massachusetts unemployment rate fell steadily even as the working-age population rose when Romney was governor." (Source: a column in the liberal Boston Globe [2])

* * *

United States Unemployment after President Obama's economic stimulus was passed.

After reaching a low of 4.1% in October, 2006, the U.S. unemployment rate moved upward, reaching 10.0% in January 2010. By May 2017, under the Trump Administration, unemployment was back down to 4.4%, but wages remain stagnant. By May 3, 2019, the unemployment rate had fallen to only 3.6%, its lowest rate since wartime December 1969.

Weekly estimates of unemployment use the number of persons filing new claims for unemployment insurance (UI) benefits. Much more accurate data is based on large scale interview surveys, and is reported on the first Friday of the following month. Since 1940 the monthly Current Population Survey (CPS) has been used.[1]

## Contents

* 1 Causes
* 2 Natural rate
* 3 See also
* 4 Further reading
* 5 References

## Causes[edit]

Three types of unemployment can be distinguished by their causes. Frictional unemployment is the normal churning of the job market; people enter the labor force from school or home, and spend time looking for the best job. Most frictional unemployment is voluntary and is desirable to keep the economy working. Seasonal unemployment refers to jobs that operate at certain seasons, such as construction and tourism industries. Because teachers are paid during summer vacation, they are not counted as unemployed in the summertime. The "normal unemployment rate" (frictional plus seasonal) is about 3% to 4%. Unemployment insurance is designed to help people smooth over their financial needs during frictional and seasonal unemployment.

Structural unemployment is much more serious. It means a mis-match of jobs and workers. For example, there may be jobs in the cities and unemployment in mining or logging areas, but people are reluctant to move because of family ties. There may be jobs available in some fields but people who are unemployed lack the necessary skills. This is a structural problem solved by migration, job training and education.

Finally—and most serious—is cyclic unemployment (as in 2008-2009 and the Great Depression), when the whole economy is sagging and businesses lay off tens of thousands of workers every day. Some new jobs are created every month but they are overwhelmed by the jobs that are lost. In February 2009, the U.S. economy lost 651,000 jobs net (that is, jobs that disappeared outnumbered jobs that were created by 651,000). Through April 30, 2009, about 5.7 million jobs were lost in 2008-9.

update for April 2009

US job losses January 1-March 31, 2009

In times of recession people are unemployed for much longer periods. In July 2009, 5 million people (one out of three unemployed) had been out of work for six months or longer.[2]

## Natural rate[edit]

Conservative economist Milton Friedman in 1968 introduced the concept of the "natural rate of unemployment," which is the rate generated by the economy which does not cause inflation or deflation.

Friedman notes:

All of the progress that the US has made over the last couple of centuries has come from unemployment. It has come from figuring out how to produce more goods with fewer workers, thereby releasing labor to be more productive in other areas. It has never come about through permanent unemployment, but temporary unemployment, in the process of shifting people from one area to another.[3]

## See also[edit]

* Cyclical unemployment
* Great Depression
* Recession of 2008
* Jobless recovery
* Phillips curve, for Keynesian model
* Barack Obama and United States Unemployment
* Economic preparedness

## Further reading[edit]

* Blanchard, Olivier J. "European Unemployment: The Evolution of Facts and Ideas," Economic Policy, Vol. 21, No. 45, pp. 5–59, January 2006
* Gallaway, Lowell, Richard Vedder, Martin Bronfenbrenner. Out of Work: Unemployment and Government in Twentieth-Century America 336 pp online edition, by conservative economists
* Garraty John A. Unemployment in History: Economic Thought and Public Policy (1978)
* Jensen, Richard J. "The Causes and Cures of Unemployment in the Great Depression," Journal of Interdisciplinary History 19 (1989) 553-83. online at JSTOR
* Layard, Richard, etr al. Unemployment: macroeconomic performance and the labour market‎ (2005) 623 pages excerpt and text search
* Marshalle, Mary I. Economics of unemployment‎ (2006) 230 pages excerpt and text search

## References[edit]

1. ↑ See Bureau of Labor Statistics
2. ↑ Bureau of Labor Statistics, "The Employment Situation -- July 2009" online
3. ↑ See interview

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