Hypothetical technology

Short description: Technology that does not exist yet

Hypothetical technology is technology that does not exist yet, but that could exist in the future.[1] This article presents examples of technologies that have been hypothesized or proposed, but that have not been developed yet. An example of hypothetical technology is teleportation.

## Contents

* 1 Artificial general intelligence
* 2 Mind uploading
* 3 Space flight
* 3.1 Space elevator
* 3.2 Rotating skyhook
* 3.3 Light sail
* 4 See also
* 5 References

## Artificial general intelligence

Main article: Artificial general intelligence

Artificial general intelligence (AGI) is a hypothetical artificial intelligence that demonstrates a human-like ability to learn. AGI is a machine which could do all human activities with the efficiency of a machine. It is a primary goal of artificial intelligence research and a common topic among science fiction writers and futurists. Artificial general intelligence is also referred to as strong AI,[2] full AI[3] or one that has the ability to perform "general intelligent action".[4] AGI is associated with traits such as consciousness, sentience, sapience, and self-awareness, which are observed in living beings.

## Mind uploading

Main article: Philosophy:Mind uploading

Whole brain emulation (WBE) or mind uploading (sometimes called mind copying or mind transfer) is the hypothetical process of copying mental content (including long-term memory and "self") from a particular brain substrate and copying it to a computational or storage device, such as a digital, analog, quantum-based, or software-based artificial neural network. The computational device could then run a simulation model of the brain information processing, such that it responds in essentially the same way as the original brain (i.e., indistinguishable from the brain for all relevant purposes) and experiences having a conscious mind.[5][6][7]

Mind uploading may potentially be accomplished by at least two methods: Copy-and-Transfer or Gradual Replacement of neurons. In the former method, mind uploading would be achieved by scanning and mapping the salient features of a biological brain, and then by copying, transferring and storing that information state into a computer system or another computational device.[8][9][10][11][12] The simulated mind could be within a virtual reality or simulated world, supported by an anatomic 3D body simulation model. Alternatively, the simulated mind could reside in a computer that's inside (or connected to) a humanoid robot or a biological body.[13]

## Space flight

There are many forms of spaceflight that have been proposed that have not, so far, been developed but are thought to be possible. Some, like the space elevator are under active development.[citation needed] Others, like Project Orion, a nuclear bomb propulsion system, are entirely paper exercises. As it happens, Orion is thought to be entirely achievable with existing technology (the obstacles to it are environmental and political rather than technological),[14] whereas the space elevator depends on the development of a material for the cable with a very high specific strength.[15]

### Space elevator

Main article: Astronomy:Space elevator

A space elevator is a proposed type of space transport system.[16] Its main component is a ribbon-like cable (also called a tether) starting at or near a planetary surface and extending into space. It is designed to permit vehicle transport along the cable directly into space or orbit without the use of large rockets. An Earth-based space elevator would consist of a cable with one end attached to the surface near the equator and the other end in space beyond geostationary orbit (35,800 km altitude). The competing forces of gravity, which are stronger at the lower end, and the outward/upward centrifugal force, which is stronger at the upper end, would result in the cable staying up under tension, and stationary over a single position on Earth. Once deployed, the tether would be ascended repeatedly by mechanical means to orbit, and descended to return to the surface from orbit.[17]

On Earth, with its relatively strong gravity, current technology is not capable of manufacturing tether materials that are sufficiently strong and light enough to build a space elevator. However, recent concepts for a space elevator are notable for their plans to use carbon nanotube or boron nitride nanotube-based materials as the tensile element in the tether design.

### Rotating skyhook

Main article: Engineering:Skyhook (structure)

The rotating skyhook, or momentum-exchange tether, is an idea related to the space elevator concept. It is one of the many proposed applications of space tethers, which include some propulsion systems. The tether is rotated from a heavy orbiting vehicle such that the far end, weighted with a docking station, periodically enters Earth's atmosphere. With the right timing, a fast aircraft can transfer cargo and passengers during the brief time the skyhook is at the bottom of its cycle and stationary relative to Earth's surface.[18]

### Light sail

Main article: Physics:Solar sail

A light sail is a proposed propulsion system that uses the momentum transferred to a sail by light impinging on it. A light sail could use sunlight to achieve interplanetary travel without carrying large quantities of onboard fuel. Just as a sailboat on Earth can tack into the wind, the light sail can be tacked against the direction of light for a return journey from the outer planets.[19]

At the beginning of the 21st century, light sails were still entirely hypothetical. The Japanese IKAROS spacecraft was launched in 2010 as a proof-of-concept mission for the light sail. It successfully completed a fly-by of Venus using a light sail as its main means of propulsion.

## See also

* Exploratory engineering
* Fictional technology
* Futures studies
* List of hypothetical technologies

## References

1. ↑ Andersen, David; Dawes, Sharon (1991). Government Information Management: A Primer and Casebook. Prentice Hall. pp. 125.
2. ↑ Kurzweil, Ray (2005), The Singularity is Near, Viking Press, p. 260 or see Advanced Human Intelligence where he defines strong AI as "machine intelligence with the full range of human intelligence."
3. ↑ "Redirecting". http://tedxtalks.ted.com/video/The-Age-of-Artificial-Intellige.
4. ↑ * Newell, Allen; Simon, H. A. (1976). "Computer Science as Empirical Inquiry: Symbols and Search". Communications of the ACM 19 (3): 113–126. doi:10.1145/360018.360022. This the term they use for "human-level" intelligence in the physical symbol system hypothesis.
5. ↑ A framework for approaches to transfer of a mind's substrate
6. ↑ GOERTZEL, BEN; IKLE', MATTHEW (1 June 2012). "INTRODUCTION". International Journal of Machine Consciousness 04 (1): 1–3. doi:10.1142/s1793843012020015.
7. ↑ COALESCING MINDS: BRAIN UPLOADING-RELATED GROUP MIND SCENARIOS
8. ↑ Koene, Randal A. (1 June 2012). "Fundamentals of Whole Brain Emulation: State, Transition and Update Representations". International Journal of Machine Consciousness 04 (1): 5–21. doi:10.1142/s179384301240001x.
9. ↑ "Is mind uploading existentially risky? (Part One)". http://ieet.org/index.php/IEET/more/danaher20130101.
10. ↑ "uploading - Technoprogressive Wiki". http://ieet.org/index.php/tpwiki/uploading.
11. ↑ NON-DESTRUCTIVE WHOLE-BRAIN MONITORING USING NANOROBOTS: NEURAL ELECTRICAL DATA RATE REQUIREMENTS
12. ↑ "Archived copy". http://www.brainpreservation.org/sites/default/files/ElectronImagingTechnologyForWholeBrainNeuralCircuitMapping_Hayworth2012.pdf.
13. ↑ Sandberg, Anders; Boström, Nick (2008). Whole Brain Emulation: A Roadmap. Technical Report #2008‐3. Future of Humanity Institute, Oxford University. http://www.fhi.ox.ac.uk/Reports/2008-3.pdf. Retrieved 5 April 2009. "The basic idea is to take a particular brain, scan its structure in detail, and construct a software model of it that is so faithful to the original that, when run on appropriate hardware, it will behave in essentially the same way as the original brain."
14. ↑ George Dyson, Project Orion: The True Story of the Atomic Spaceship, Henry Holt and Company, 2003 ISBN 0805072845.
15. ↑ Nicola Pugno, "A review of the design of superstrong carbon nanotube or graphene fibers and composites", ch. 18 in, Mark Schulz, Vesselin Shanov, Zhangzhang Yin (eds), Nanotube Superfiber Materials, William Andrew (Elsevier), 2013 ISBN 1455778648.
16. ↑ "What is a Space Elevator?". www.isec.org. April 11, 2012. http://www.isec.org/index.php/what-is-a-space-elevator.
17. ↑ Edwards, Bradley Carl. The NIAC Space Elevator Program. NASA Institute for Advanced Concepts
18. ↑

* Michel van Pelt, Space Tethers and Space Elevators, p. 53, Springer, 2009 ISBN 0387765565.
* Patrick Barry, "A little physics and a lot of string", pp. 24-29 in, Ray Villard (ed), Changes Within Physical Systems And/or Conservation of Energy and Momentum, The Rosen Publishing Group, 2005 ISBN 1404204040.

19. ↑ Colin R. McInnes, Solar Sailing: Technology, Dynamics and Mission Applications, Springer, 2013 ISBN 1447139925.

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