Magazine

A magazine[1] is a periodical publication, print or digital, produced on a regular schedule, that contains any of a variety of subject-oriented textual and visual content forms. Magazines are generally financed by advertising, purchase price, prepaid subscriptions, or by a combination of the three. They are categorised by their frequency of publication (i.e., as weeklies, monthlies, quarterlies, etc.), their target audiences (e.g., women's and trade magazines), their subjects of focus (e.g., popular science and religious), and their tones or approach (e.g., works of satire or humor). Appearance on the cover of print magazines has historically been understood to convey a place of honor or distinction to an individual or event.

## Contents

* 1 Term origin and definition
* 1.1 Origin
* 1.2 Definitions
* 2 Distribution
* 2.1 Paid circulation
* 2.2 Non-paid circulation
* 2.3 Controlled circulation
* 3 History
* 3.1 Britain
* 3.2 France
* 3.3 Turkey
* 3.3.1 General
* 3.3.2 Satire
* 3.4 United States
* 3.4.1 Colonial America
* 3.4.2 Late 19th century
* 3.4.3 1930s–1990s
* 3.4.4 21st century
* 4 See also
* 4.1 Lists
* 4.2 Categories
* 5 References
* 6 Further reading
* 6.1 General
* 6.2 U.S. magazines
* 6.3 Magazine cover-art related
* 7 External links

## Term origin and definition

### Origin

The etymology of the word "magazine" suggests derivation from the Arabic makhāzin (مخازن), the broken plural of makhzan (مخزن) meaning "depot, storehouse" (originally military storehouse); that comes to English via Middle French magasin and Italian magazzino.[2] In its original sense, the word "magazine" referred to a storage space or device.[2]

### Definitions

In the case of written publication, it refers to a collection of written articles; hence, magazine publications share the moniker with storage units for military equipment such as gunpowder, artillery and firearm magazines, and in French and Russian (adopted from the French, as магазин), retailers such as department stores.[3]

The difference between magazines and journals are their audience, purpose, and publication process. Journal articles are written by experts for experts, while magazine articles are usually intended for the general public or a demographic. Journals contain recent research on specific areas, while magazines aim to entertain, inform, or educate a general audience on a wide range of topics. Journals are published by academic or professional organizations, and may be peer-reviewed, while magazine articles are typically shorter and more accessible than journal articles, often written in a journalistic style.[4][5]

## Distribution

German print magazines

Print magazines can be distributed through the mail, through sales by newsstands, bookstores, or other vendors, or through free distribution at selected pick-up locations, such as within libraries, near railway or bus stations.[6] Electronic distribution methods can include social media, email, news aggregators, and visibility of a publication's website and search engine results.[7] The traditional subscription business models for distribution fall into three main categories; Paid, Non-paid and Controlled.[8]

### Paid circulation

In this model, the magazine is sold to readers for a price, either on a per-issue basis or by subscription, where an annual fee or monthly price is paid and issues are sent by post to readers. Paid circulation allows for defined readership statistics.[9][10]

### Non-paid circulation

This means that there is no cover price and issues are given away, for example in street dispensers, on airlines, or included with other products or publications.[7] Because this model involves giving issues away to unspecific populations, the statistics only entail the number of issues distributed, and not who reads them.

### Controlled circulation

This is the model used by many trade magazines (industry-based periodicals) distributed only to qualifying readers, often for free and determined by some form of survey.[8] Because of costs (e.g., printing and postage) associated with the medium of print, publishers may not distribute free copies to everyone who requests one (unqualified leads); instead, they operate under controlled circulation, deciding who may receive free subscriptions based on each person's qualification as a member of the trade (and likelihood of buying, for example, likelihood of having corporate purchasing authority, as determined by job title). This allows a high level of certainty that advertisements will be received by the advertiser's target audience,[11] and it avoids wasted printing and distribution expenses. This latter model was widely used before the rise of the World Wide Web and is still employed by some titles. For example, in the United Kingdom, a number of computer-industry magazines use this model, including Computer Weekly and Computing, and in finance, Waters Magazine. For the global media industry, an example would be VideoAge International.

## History

Front cover of 1 October 1892 issue of The Illustrated London News.

The earliest example of magazines was Erbauliche Monaths Unterredungen, a literary and philosophy magazine, which was launched in 1663 in Germany.[12] The Gentleman's Magazine, first published in 1741 in London was the first general-interest magazine.[13] Edward Cave, who edited The Gentleman's Magazine under the pen name "Sylvanus Urban", was the first to use the term "magazine", on the analogy of a military storehouse,[14] the quote being: "a monthly collection, to treasure up as in a magazine".Cite error: Invalid `<ref>` tag; refs with no name must have content Founded by Herbert Ingram in 1842, The Illustrated London News was the first illustrated weekly news magazine.[13]

### Britain

The oldest consumer magazine still in print is The Scots Magazine,[15] which was first published in 1739, though multiple changes in ownership and gaps in publication totalling over 90 years weaken that claim. Lloyd's List was founded in Edward Lloyd's England coffee shop in 1734; although its online platform is still updated daily, it has not been published as a printed magazine since 2013, when it ended print publication after 274 years.[16]

### France

La Gazette, 26 December 1786

Under the Ancien Régime, the most prominent magazines were Mercure de France, Journal des sçavans, founded in 1665 for scientists, and Gazette de France, founded in 1631. Jean Loret was one of France's first journalists. He disseminated the weekly news of music, dance and Parisian society from 1650 until 1665 in verse, in what he called a gazette burlesque, assembled in three volumes of La Muse historique (1650, 1660, 1665). The French press lagged a generation behind the British, for they catered to the needs of the aristocracy, while the newer British counterparts were oriented toward the middle and working classes.[17][non-primary source needed]

Periodicals were censored by the central government in Paris. They were not totally quiescent politically—often they criticized Church abuses and bureaucratic ineptitude. They supported the monarchy and they played at most a small role in stimulating the revolution.[18] During the Revolution, new periodicals played central roles as propaganda organs for various factions. Jean-Paul Marat (1743–1793) was the most prominent editor. His L'Ami du peuple advocated vigorously for the rights of the lower classes against the enemies of the people Marat hated; it closed when he was assassinated. After 1800 Napoleon reimposed strict censorship.[19]{{page needed|date=January 2025} Magazines flourished after Napoleon left in 1815. Most were based in Paris and most emphasized literature, poetry and stories. They served religious, cultural and political communities. In times of political crisis they expressed and helped shape the views of their readership and thereby were major elements in the changing political culture.[20] For example, there were eight Catholic periodicals in 1830 in Paris. None were officially owned or sponsored by the Church and they reflected a range of opinion among educated Catholics about current issues, such as the 1830 July Revolution that overthrew the Bourbon monarchy. Several were strong supporters of the Bourbon kings, but all eight ultimately urged support for the new government, putting their appeals in terms of preserving civil order. They often discussed the relationship between church and state. Generally, they urged priests to focus on spiritual matters and not engage in politics. Historian M. Patricia Dougherty says this process created a distance between the Church and the new monarch and enabled Catholics to develop a new understanding of church-state relationships and the source of political authority.[21][non-primary source needed]

### Turkey

#### General

The Moniteur Ottoman was a gazette written in French and first published in 1831 on the order of Mahmud II. It was the first official gazette of the Ottoman Empire, edited by Alexandre Blacque at the expense of the Sublime Porte. Its name perhaps referred to the French newspaper Le Moniteur Universel. It was issued weekly. Takvim-i vekayi was published a few months later, intended as a translation of the Moniteur into Ottoman Turkish. After having been edited by former Consul for Denmark "M. Franceschi", and later on by "Hassuna de Ghiez", it was lastly edited by Lucien Rouet. However, facing the hostility of embassies, it was closed in the 1840s.[22]

#### Satire

Satirical magazines of Turkey have a long tradition. One of the earliest satirical magazines was Diyojen which was launched in 1870.[23] There are around 20 satirical magazines; the leading ones are Penguen (70,000 weekly circulation),[24] LeMan (50,000) and Uykusuz. Historical examples include Oğuz Aral's magazine Gırgır (which reached a circulation of 750,000 in the 1970s)[25] and Marko Paşa (launched in 1946).[23] Others include L-Manyak and Lombak.

### United States

#### Colonial America

Publishing was a very expensive industry in colonial times. Paper and printer's ink were taxed imported goods and their quality was inconsistent. Interstate tariffs and a poor road system hindered distribution, even on a regional scale. Many magazines were launched, most failing within a few editions, but publishers kept trying. Benjamin Franklin is said to have envisioned one of the first magazines of the American colonies in 1741, the General Magazine and Historical Chronicle. The Pennsylvania Magazine, edited by Thomas Paine, ran only for a short time but was a very influential publication during the Revolutionary War. The final issue containing the text of the Declaration of Independence was published in 1776.[26]

#### Late 19th century

In the mid-19th century, monthly magazines gained popularity. They were general interest to begin, containing some news, vignettes, poems, history, political events, and social discussion.[27] Unlike newspapers, they were more of a monthly record of current events along with entertaining stories, poems, and pictures. The first periodicals to branch out from news were Harper's and The Atlantic, which focused on fostering the arts.Cite error: Closing `</ref>` missing for `<ref>` tag

The development of the magazines stimulated an increase in literary criticism and political debate, moving towards more opinionated pieces from the objective newspapers.[28] The increased time between prints and the greater amount of space to write provided a forum for public arguments by scholars and critical observers.Cite error: Closing `</ref>` missing for `<ref>` tag One cause was the heavy coverage of corruption in politics, local government and big business, especially by Muckrakers. They were journalists who wrote for popular magazines to expose social and political sins and shortcomings. They relied on their own investigative journalism reporting; muckrakers often worked to expose social ills and corporate and political corruption. Muckraking magazines–notably McClure's–took on corporate monopolies and crooked political machines while raising public awareness of chronic urban poverty, unsafe working conditions, and social issues such as child labor.[29] The journalists who specialized in exposing waste, corruption, and scandal operated at the state and local level, like Ray Stannard Baker, George Creel, and Brand Whitlock. Others, including Lincoln Steffens, exposed political corruption in many large cities; Ida Tarbell went after John D. Rockefeller's Standard Oil Company. Samuel Hopkins Adams in 1905 showed the fraud involved in many patent medicines, Upton Sinclair's 1906 novel The Jungle gave a horrid portrayal of how meat was packed, and, also in 1906, David Graham Phillips unleashed a blistering indictment of the U.S. Senate. Roosevelt gave these journalists their nickname when he complained that they were not being helpful by raking up all the muck.[30] [31]

#### 1930s–1990s

File:Fatima Rushdi - Al-Kawakeb cover.jpgActress Fatima Rushdi on the cover of Al-Kawakeb magazine, 12 September 1932

#### 21st century

Full scan of the January 2009 issue of State Magazine, published by the United States Department of State

According to the Research Department of Statista, closures of magazines outnumbered launches in North America during 2009. Although both figures declined during 2010–2015, launches outnumbered closures in each of those years, sometimes by a 3:1 ratio.[32] Focusing more narrowly, MediaFinder.com found that 93 new magazines were launched during the first six months of 2014, while only 30 closed in that time frame. The category which produced the most new publications was "Regional interest", of which six new magazines were launched, including 12th & Broad and Craft Beer & Brewing.[33]Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24". Being on the cover of a magazine is sometimes considered an honor, or even historic;[55] examples are one-time common statements to the effect that an individual had "appeared on the cover of Time" or of the Rolling Stone, etc.[56][57]

The English Wikipedia presents a number of List-type articles that survey subjects and individuals appearing in the covers of specific magazines; see for example:

* List of stories on the cover of National Geographic;
* List of individuals on the cover of Rolling Stone;
* List of people/stories on the cover of Time magazine;
* List of individuals on the cover of U.S. Vogue.

## See also

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* History of journalism
* Automobile magazines
* Boating magazines
* British boys' magazines
* Business magazines
* Computer magazines
* Customer magazines
* Fantasy fiction magazines
* Fashion journalism
* Horror fiction magazines
* Humor magazines
* Inflight magazines
* Lifestyle magazine
* Literary magazines
* Luxury magazines
* Music magazines
* News magazines
* Online magazines
* Pornographic magazines
* Pulp magazines
* Science fiction magazines
* Scientific journals
* Shelter magazines (home design and decorating)
* Sports magazines
* Sunday magazines
* Teen magazines
* Trade journals
* Video game magazine
* Video magazines
* Zines

### Lists

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* List of 18th-century British periodicals
* List of 19th-century British periodicals
* List of amateur radio magazines
* List of architecture magazines
* List of art magazines
* List of avant-garde magazines
* List of computer magazines
* List of environmental periodicals
* List of fashion magazines
* List of food and drink magazines
* List of gadget magazines
* List of health and fitness magazines
* List of horticultural magazines
* List of lesbian periodicals
* List of LGBT periodicals
* List of literary magazines
* List of magazines by circulation
* List of manga magazines
* List of manga magazines published outside of Japan
* List of men's magazines
* List of music magazines
* List of online magazine archives
* List of political magazines
* List of pornographic magazines
* List of railroad-related periodicals
* List of satirical magazines
* List of science magazines
* List of travel magazines
* List of teen magazines
* List of video game magazines
* List of wildlife magazines
* List of women's magazines

### Categories

* Periodicals
* Religious magazines
* Satirical magazines
* Wildlife magazines

## References

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1. ↑ Dorsey, Ralph. "Get This Magazine". https://getthismagazine.com/.
2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 "magazine | Origin and meaning of magazine" (in en). https://www.etymonline.com/word/magazine.
3. ↑ Merriam-Webster Staff. "Magazine, n.". Merriam-Webster.com. https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/magazine.
4. ↑ Holtze, Terri. "UofL Libraries: Differences between Magazines and Journals: Home" (in en). https://library.louisville.edu/c.php?g=526061&p=3596891.
5. ↑ "What's the difference between a journal, magazine, or newspaper article? - Ask Us!". https://askus.library.tulsacc.edu/faq/221684.
6. ↑ "Free Magazines & Books". 5 November 2025. https://www.freebielist.com/magazines-books/.
7. ↑ 7.0 7.1 Bannister, Ulric (13 January 2026). "Discovering the Best Places to Pick Up Free Magazines - InfoHeist". https://infoheist.com/where-can-i-pick-up-free-magazines/.
8. ↑ 8.0 8.1 "What Is Magazine Circulation? Definition and Types.". 11 November 2025. https://climbtheladder.com/what-is-magazine-circulation-definition-and-types/.
9. ↑ "Circulation 101: U.S. Newspaper Terms for Paid and Business/Traveler Circulation". https://knowledge.auditedmedia.com/featured-content/circulation-101-us-newspaper-terms-for-paid-and-business-traveler-circulation.
10. ↑ Beech, Valerie. "Research Guides: Advertising & Public Relations: Circulation data" (in en). https://libguides.marquette.edu/c.php?g=36683&p=233038.
11. ↑ "Home Page – PPA". http://www.ppa.co.uk/all-about-magazines/circulation.
12. ↑ "History of magazines". 26 March 2013. http://www.magazinedesigning.com/history-of-the-magazines/.
13. ↑ 13.0 13.1 "The History of Magazines". Magazines.com. https://www.magazines.com/history-of-magazines.
14. ↑ OED, s.v. "Magazine", and "Magazine – A Dictionary of the English Language – Samuel Johnson – 1755". http://johnsonsdictionaryonline.com/?p=5695.
15. ↑ "App launches for The Scots Magazine - allmediascotland…media jobs, media release service and media resources for all". http://www.allmediascotland.com/press/20344/app-launches-for-the-scots-magazine/.
16. ↑ "Lloyd's List set to become a totally digital service on 20 December 2013". https://www.lloydslist.com/ll/incoming/article429827.ece.
17. ↑ Botein, Stephen; Censer, Jack R. & Ritvo, Harriet. "The periodical press in eighteenth-century English and French society: a cross-cultural approach." Comparative Studies in Society and History 23#3 (1981): 464–490.
18. ↑ Censer, Jack (2002). The French press in the age of Enlightenment. Taylor & Francis. ISBN 9781134861606.
19. ↑ Darnton, Robert, ed (1989). Revolution in Print: The Press in France, 1775-1800 (1 ed.). University of California Press. ISBN 978-0520064317.
20. ↑ Keith Michael Baker, et al., The French Revolution and the Creation of Modern Political Culture: The transformation of the political culture, 1789–1848 (1989).
21. ↑ Dougherty, M. Patricia. "The French Catholic press and the July Revolution." French History 12#4 (1998): 403–428.
22. ↑ Qiling, Ma'muriyatiga Murojaat (2019). "Usually a periodical publication: MAGAZINE". hozir.org. http://hozir.org/usually-a-periodical-publication.html.
23. ↑ 23.0 23.1 Aviv, Efrat E. (2013). "Cartoons in Turkey – From Abdülhamid to Erdoğan" (in en). Middle Eastern Studies 49 (2): 221–236. doi:10.1080/00263206.2012.759101. ISSN 0026-3206. http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/00263206.2012.759101.
24. ↑ Osservatorio Balcani e Caucaso. "Turkish humor / Turkey / Regions and countries / Homepage - Osservatorio Balcani e Caucaso" (in en-GB). http://www.balcanicaucaso.org:80/eng/Regions-and-countries/Turkey/Turkish-humor.
25. ↑ "GIRGIR as a sociological phenomenon in Turkey: The transformation of a humor magazine" (in en). HUMOR 14 (3): 243–254. 2001-10-19. doi:10.1515/humr.2001.002. ISSN 1613-3722. https://www.degruyterbrill.com/document/doi/10.1515/humr.2001.002/html.
26. ↑ 26.0 26.1 Hill, Daniel Delis (2004). As Seen in Vogue: A Century of American Fashion in Advertising. Texas Tech University Press. p. 2. ISBN 9780896726161. https://books.google.com/books?id=MvilOZhaRkAC&pg=PA2.
27. ↑ Straubhaar, LaRose, Davenport. Media Now: Understanding Media, Culture, and Technology (Nelson Education, 2015).
28. ↑ Cite error: Invalid `<ref>` tag; no text was provided for refs named `Biagi`
29. ↑ Herbert Shapiro, ed., The muckrakers and American society (Heath, 1968), contains representative samples as well as academic commentary.
30. ↑ Robert Miraldi, ed. The Muckrakers: Evangelical Crusaders (Praeger, 2000).
31. ↑ Stein, Harry H. "American Muckrakers and Muckraking: The 50-Year Scholarship", Journalism Quarterly, (1979) 56#1 pp 9–17.
32. ↑ "Number of magazine launches and closures in North America 2015 | Statistic". http://www.statista.com/statistics/248772/number-of-magazine-launches-and-closures-in-north-america/.
33. ↑ Sass, Erik (1 July 2014). "93 Magazines Launch in First Half of 2014". http://www.mediapost.com/publications/article/229207/93-magazines-launch-in-first-half-of-2014.html.
34. ↑ Kaufman, Leslie (7 May 2014). "Jet Magazine to Shift to Digital Publishing Next Month | Johnson Publishing Company". http://www.johnsonpublishing.com/index.php/in-the-news/jet-magazine-to-shift-to-digital-publishing-next-month/.
35. ↑ Cohen, Noam (24 April 2014). "Ladies' Home Journal to Become a Quarterly". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. https://www.nytimes.com/2014/04/25/business/media/ladies-home-journal-to-become-a-quarterly.html.
36. ↑ "A Brief History of Magazines and Subscriptions". MagazineDeals.com. http://www.magazinedeals.com/magazine/articles/brief-history-of-magazines-and-subscriptions.jsp.
37. ↑ Branch, John (2024-06-16). "In a Digital Age, High-End Outdoors Magazines Are Thriving in Print" (in en-US). The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. https://www.nytimes.com/2024/06/16/business/media/outdoors-print-magazines.html.
38. ↑ Harrington-Lowe, Sam (1 September 2025). "Title Media White Paper – The Big Print Questions". https://titlemedia.co.uk/title-media-white-paper-the-big-print-questions.
39. ↑ Endres, Kathleen L., ed (1995). Women's periodicals in the United States: consumer magazines. Historical guides to the world's periodicals and newspapers. Westport, Conn: Greenwood Press. ISBN 978-0-313-02930-1.
40. ↑ Best, Kate (2017). The history of fashion journalism. London; New York: Bloomsbury Academic, an imprint of Bloomsbury Publishing Plc. ISBN 978-1-84788-656-9.
41. ↑ Harris, Laura. "Resource Guides: Distinguish between types of publications: Popular Magazines" (in en). https://libraryguides.oswego.edu/publication-types/popularmags.
42. ↑ "Women's magazines down the ages". The Guardian. 2008-12-20. http://www.theguardian.com/books/2008/dec/20/women-pressandpublishing.
43. ↑ Nina Sylvester, "Before Cosmopolitan: The Girl in German women's magazines in the 1920s." Journalism Studies 8#4 (2007): 550–554.
44. ↑ 44.0 44.1 Weaver, Heather; Proctor, Helen (May 2018). "The Question of the Spotted Muumuu: How the Australian Women's Weekly Manufactured a Vision of the Normative School Mother and Child, 1930s–1980s". History of Education Quarterly 58 (2): 229–260. doi:10.1017/heq.2018.4. ISSN 0018-2680.
45. ↑ Waters, Ken (2001-06-01). "Vibrant, But Invisible: A Study of Contemporary Religious Periodicals" (in EN). Journalism & Mass Communication Quarterly 78 (2): 307–320. doi:10.1177/107769900107800207. ISSN 1077-6990. https://doi.org/10.1177/107769900107800207.
46. ↑ "Innen-Dekoration". https://www.arthistoryresearch.net/review/innen-dekoration.html.
47. ↑ "Top 20 Best-Selling Magazines In Supermarkets". 2002-08-26. https://www.supermarketnews.com/archive/top-20-best-selling-magazines-supermarkets.
48. ↑ "Reach of popular magazines in the United States in June 2019". 2020-10-09. https://www.statista.com/statistics/208807/estimated-print-audience-of-popular-magazines/.
49. ↑ "Q. What is a trade publication or trade magazine?". Middle Tennessee State University. https://libanswers.mtsu.edu/faq/220193.
50. ↑ "LIS1001: Resource Types". University of North Florida. https://libguides.unf.edu/lisresourcetypes/tradepublications.
51. ↑ "Journals & Magazines". Piedmont University. https://library.piedmont.edu/c.php?g=521332&p=3564565.
52. ↑ Tobitt, Charlotte (2024-06-10). "Informa closes two B2B news brands covering TV business" (in en-US). https://pressgazette.co.uk/publishers/b2b/informa-closes-book-on-76-years-of-b2b-publishing-axing-two-tv-titles/.
53. ↑ Maher, Bron (2024-02-14). "The Stage and Bookseller shift resources towards digital future" (in en-US). https://pressgazette.co.uk/publishers/b2b/the-stage-the-bookseller-cuts-digital/.
54. ↑ Trott, Vincent (2022-01-01). "Humour, neutrality, and preparedness: American satirical magazines and the First World War, 1914–1917" (in EN). War in History 29 (1): 104–136. doi:10.1177/0968344520944205. ISSN 0968-3445. https://doi.org/10.1177/0968344520944205.
55. ↑ "Time's Person of the Year: Not always an honour, but often historic". 2016-12-07. https://www.cbc.ca/news/time-s-person-of-the-year-not-always-an-honour-but-often-historic-1.3885040.
56. ↑ "WYEP's Rolling Stone Covers Day" (in en). 2022-11-09. https://www.wyep.org/wyep-programming/2022-11-09/wyeps-rolling-stone-covers-day.
57. ↑ "Time Magazine's "Man of the Year" | The Martin Luther King, Jr. Research and Education Institute" (in en). https://kinginstitute.stanford.edu/time-magazines-man-year.

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## Further reading

### General

* Angeletti, Norberto & Oliva, Alberto (2004). Magazines That Make History: Their Origins, Development, and Influence. Gainesville, FL: University Press of Florida. ISBN 9780813027661. https://books.google.com/books?id=MxZ_QgAACAAJ. Retrieved 2025-01-08. This work, by two Vogue magazine historians, also covers such magazine titles as Der Spiegel, ¡Hola!, Life, National Geographic, Paris Match, Reader's Digest, People, and Time.
* Thacker, Andrew & Brooker, Peter (2009) (edited volume). The Oxford Critical and Cultural History of Modernist Magazines. Volume I: Britain and Ireland 1880–1955. Oxford, England: Oxford University Press. ISBN 9780199654291. https://books.google.com/books?id=U8NKAQAACAAJ. Retrieved 2025-01-08.
* Buxton, William J. & McKercher, Catherine (Autumn 1988). "Newspapers, Magazines and Journalism in Canada: Towards a Critical Historiography" (in en). Acadiensis: Journal of the History of the Atlantic Region 28 (1): 103–126. https://journals.lib.unb.ca/index.php/Acadiensis/article/view/10835. Retrieved 2025-01-08.
* Cox, Howard & Mowatt, Simon (2014). Revolutions from Grub Street: A History of Magazine Publishing in Britain. Oxford, England: Oxford University Press. ISBN 9780199601639. https://books.google.com/books?id=fKzSAgAAQBAJ. Retrieved 2025-01-08.
* Würgler, Andreas (2012-11-26). "National and Transnational News Distribution 1400–1800". in Wilke, Jürgen (in en). European History Online (EGO). Mainz, Germany: Leibniz Institute of European History (IEG). https://www.ieg-ego.eu/wuerglera-2012-en.

### U.S. magazines

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* Baughman, James L. Henry R. Luce and the Rise of the American News Media (2001) excerpt and text search
* Brinkley, Alan. The Publisher: Henry Luce and His American Century, Alfred A. Knopf (2010) 531 pp.
* "A Magazine Master Builder" Book review by Janet Maslin, The New York Times, 19 April 2010
* Damon-Moore, Helen. Magazines for the Millions: Gender and Commerce in the Ladies' Home Journal and the Saturday Evening Post, 1880–1910 (1994) online
* Elson, Robert T. Time Inc: The Intimate History of a Publishing Enterprise, 1923–1941 (1968); vol. 2: The World of Time Inc.: The Intimate History, 1941–1960 (1973), official corporate history
* Endres, Kathleen L. and Therese L. Lueck, eds. Women's Periodicals in the United States: Consumer Magazines (1995) online
* Haveman, Heather A. Magazines and the Making of America: Modernization, Community, and Print Culture, 1741–1860 (Princeton UP, 2015)
* Johnson, Ronald Maberry and Abby Arthur Johnson. Propaganda and Aesthetics: The Literary Politics of Afro-American Magazines in the Twentieth Century (1979) online {{dead link|date=January 2025} * Mott, Frank Luther. A History of American Magazines (five volumes, 1930–1968), detailed coverage of all major magazines, 1741 to 1930 by a leading scholar.
* Nourie, Alan and Barbara Nourie. American Mass-Market Magazines (Greenwood Press, 1990) online
* Rooks, Noliwe M. Ladies' Pages: African American Women's Magazines and the Culture That Made Them (Rutgers UP, 2004) online
* Summer, David E. The Magazine Century: American Magazines Since 1900 (Peter Lang Publishing; 2010) 242 pages. Examines the rapid growth of magazines throughout the 20th century and analyzes the form's current decline.
* Tebbel, John, and Mary Ellen Zuckerman. The Magazine in America, 1741–1990 (1991), popular history
* Wood, James P. Magazines in the United States: Their Social and Economic Influence (1949) online
* Zuckerman, Mary Ellen. A History of Popular Women's Magazines in the United States, 1792–1995 (Greenwood Press, 1998) online

### Magazine cover-art related

* Mauney, Anna Claire (May 4, 2021). "A Brief History of Magazine Cover Illustration" (in en). Art & Object (Chapel Hill, NC: Journalistic, Inc.). https://www.artandobject.com/slideshows/brief-history-magazine-cover-illustration. Retrieved 2025-01-08.
* The Saturday Evening Post Staff (2025-01-08). "Norman Rockwell Biography". The Saturday Evening Post. https://www.saturdayeveningpost.com/norman-rockwell-biography/. This work discusses the history behind the 322 cover illustrations, generally painted, that Rockwell created for this magazine, through November 1963, before turning to another decade of painting illustrations about civil rights, poverty, and space exploration for Look magazine, en route to his 1977 Presidential Medal of Freedom for his contribution to American portraiture.
* MoMA Staff (2025-01-08). "Dennis Wheeler / American, born 1935". New York, NY: The Museum of Modern Art (MoMA). https://www.moma.org/artists/6333. This work presents images of the seven cover graphic arts illustrations that Wheeler created for Life magazine, throughout 1963, originals and other materials related to which are now a part of this museum's collection.

## External links

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