Lambert conformal conic projection

Short description: Conic conformal map projection

Lambert conformal conic projection with standard parallels at 20°N and 50°N. Projection extends toward infinity southward and so has been cut off at 30°S.

The Lambert conformal conic projection with standard parallels at 15°N and 45°N, with Tissot's indicatrix of deformation.

Aeronautical chart on Lambert conformal conic projection with standard parallels at 33°N and 45°N.

A Lambert conformal conic projection (LCC) is a conic map projection used for aeronautical charts, portions of the State Plane Coordinate System, and many national and regional mapping systems. It is one of seven projections introduced by Johann Heinrich Lambert in his 1772 publication Anmerkungen und Zusätze zur Entwerfung der Land- und Himmelscharten (Notes and Comments on the Composition of Terrestrial and Celestial Maps[1]).

Conceptually, the projection seats a cone over the sphere of the Earth and projects the surface conformally onto the cone. The cone is unrolled, and the parallel that was touching the sphere is assigned unit scale. That parallel is called the standard parallel.

By scaling the resulting map, two parallels can be assigned unit scale, with scale decreasing between the two parallels and increasing outside them. This gives the map two standard parallels. In this way, deviation from unit scale can be minimized within a region of interest that lies largely between the two standard parallels. Unlike other conic projections, no true secant form of the projection exists because using a secant cone does not yield the same scale along both standard parallels.[2]

## Contents

* 1 Use
* 2 History
* 3 Transformation
* 4 See also
* 5 References
* 6 External links

## Use

Pilots use aeronautical charts based on LCC because a straight line drawn on a Lambert conformal conic projection approximates a great-circle route between endpoints for typical flight distances. The US systems of VFR (visual flight rules) sectional charts and terminal area charts are drafted on the LCC with standard parallels at 33°N and 45°N.

The European Environment Agency[3] and the INSPIRE specification for coordinate systems [4] recommends using this projection (also named ETRS89-LCC) for conformal pan-European mapping at scales smaller or equal to 1:500,000. In Metropolitan France, the official projection is Lambert-93,[5] a Lambert conic projection using RGF93 geodetic system[6] and defined by references parallels that are 44°N and 49°N.

The National Spatial Framework for India uses Datum WGS84 with a LCC projection and is a recommended NNRMS standard. Each state has its own set of reference parameters given in the standard.[7]

The U.S. National Geodetic Survey's "State Plane Coordinate System of 1983" uses the Lambert conformal conic projection to define the grid-coordinate systems used in several states, primarily those that are elongated west to east such as Tennessee . The Lambert projection is relatively easy to use: conversions from geodetic (latitude/longitude) to State Plane Grid coordinates involve trigonometric equations that are fairly straightforward and which can be solved on most scientific calculators, especially programmable models.[8] The projection as used in CCS83 yields maps in which scale errors are limited to 1 part in 10,000.

## History

The Lambert conformal conic is one of several map projection systems developed by Johann Heinrich Lambert, an 18th-century Swiss mathematician, physicist, philosopher, and astronomer.[1]

## Transformation

Coordinates from a spherical datum can be transformed into Lambert conformal conic projection coordinates with the following formulae:[9]

[math]\displaystyle{ \begin{align} x &= \rho \sin\left[n \left(\lambda - \lambda_0\right)\right] \\\ y &= \rho_0 - \rho \cos\left[n \left(\lambda - \lambda_0\right)\right] \end{align} }[/math]

where:

[math]\displaystyle{ \begin{align} x &= \text{Lambert x-coordinate} \\\ y &= \text{Lambert y-coordinate} \\\ \lambda &= \text{longitude} \\\ \phi &= \text{latitude} \\\ \lambda_0 &= \text{central meridian} \\\ \phi_0 &= \text{latitude at which y coordinate is to be 0 on central meridian} \\\ \phi_1 &= \text{first standard parallel} \\\ \phi_2 &= \text{second standard parallel} \\\ R &= \text{radius of the Earth} \end{align} }[/math]

and:

[math]\displaystyle{ \begin{align} n &= \frac{\ln\left(\cos \phi_1 \sec \phi_2\right)}{\ln \left[\tan \left(\frac14 \pi + \frac12 \phi_2\right) \cot \left(\frac14 \pi + \frac12\phi_1\right)\right]} \\\ \rho &= RF \cot^{n} \left(\tfrac14 \pi + \tfrac12 \phi\right) \\\ \rho_0 &= RF \cot^{n} \left(\tfrac14 \pi + \tfrac12 \phi_0\right) \\\ F &= \frac{\cos \phi_1 \tan^{n} \left(\frac14 \pi + \frac12 \phi_1\right)}{n} \end{align} }[/math]

If one standard parallel is used (i.e. [math]\displaystyle{ \phi_1 = \phi_2 }[/math]), the formula for n above is indeterminate, but then [math]\displaystyle{ n=\sin(\phi_1) }[/math].[10]

Formulae for ellipsoidal datums are more involved.[10]

## See also

* List of map projections
* Albers projection
* Lambert cylindrical equal-area projection
* Lambert azimuthal equal-area projection
* Spatial reference system

## References

1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 Lambert, Johann Heinrich (1772). Tobler, Waldo. ed. Notes and Comments on the Composition of Terrestrial and Celestial Maps (Translated and Introduced by W. R. Tobler, 1972). ESRI Press. ISBN 978-1-58948-281-4. http://esripress.esri.com/display/index.cfm?fuseaction=display&websiteID=196&moduleID=0. Retrieved 2014-07-13.
2. ↑ "CMAPF FAQ". NOAA. http://www.arl.noaa.gov/faq_ms1.php#Q8.
3. ↑ "Short Proceedings of the 1st European Workshop on Reference Grids, Ispra, 27-29 October 2003". European Environment Agency. 2004-06-14. p. 6. http://eusoils.jrc.ec.europa.eu/Projects/Alpsis/Docs/ref_grid_sh_proc_draft.pdf.
4. ↑ "D2.8.I.1 INSPIRE Specification on Coordinate Reference Systems - Guidelines". European Commission. 2009-09-07. p. 15. http://inspire.jrc.ec.europa.eu/documents/Data_Specifications/INSPIRE_Specification_CRS_v3.0.pdf.
5. ↑ "RGF93 / Lambert-93: EPSG Projection -- Spatial Reference". https://spatialreference.org/ref/epsg/rgf93-lambert-93/.
6. ↑ "RGF93". https://georepository.com/crs_4964/RGF93.html.
7. ↑ "NNRMS standards, Government of India". Government of India. http://www.nnrms.gov.in/greennrms/download/NnrmsStandardsDoc.pdf.
8. ↑ "State Plane Coordinate System of 1983, NOAA Manual NOS NGS 5". National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. March 1990. http://www.ngs.noaa.gov/PUBS_LIB/ManualNOSNGS5.pdf.
9. ↑ Weisstein, Eric. "Lambert Conformal Conic Projection". Wolfram MathWorld. Wolfram Research. http://mathworld.wolfram.com/LambertConformalConicProjection.html.
10. ↑ 10.0 10.1 Snyder, John (1987). "Map Projections:A Working Manual (USGS Professional Paper: 1395)". USGS. pp. 107–109. https://pubs.er.usgs.gov/publication/pp1395.

## External links

* Table of examples and properties of all common projections, from radicalcartography.net
* An interactive Java Applet to study the metric deformations of the Lambert Conformal Conic Projection
* This document from the U.S. National Geodetic Survey describes the State Plane Coordinate System of 1983, including details on the equations used to perform the Lambert Conformal Conic and Mercator map projections of CCS83
* Lambert Conformal Conic to Geographic Transformation Formulae from Land Information New Zealand

* v
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Map projection

* History
* List
* Portal

By surface

| Cylindrical|

| Mercator-conformal|

* Gauss–Krüger
* Transverse Mercator
* Oblique Mercator

|

Equal-area|

* Balthasart
* Behrmann
* Gall–Peters
* Hobo–Dyer
* Lambert
* Smyth equal-surface
* Trystan Edwards

* Cassini
* Central
* Equirectangular
* Gall stereographic
* Gall isographic
* Miller
* Space-oblique Mercator
* Web Mercator

Pseudocylindrical|

* Eckert II
* Eckert IV
* Eckert VI
* Equal Earth
* Goode homolosine
* Kavrayskiy VII
* Mollweide
* Sinusoidal
* Tobler hyperelliptical
* Wagner VI
* Winkel I and II

Conical|

* Albers
* Equidistant
* Lambert conformal

Pseudoconical|

* Bonne
* Bottomley
* Polyconic
* American
* Werner

Azimuthal
(planar)|

| General perspective|

* Gnomonic
* Orthographic
* Stereographic

|

* Equidistant
* Lambert equal-area

Pseudoazimuthal|

* Aitoff
* Hammer
* Wiechel
* Winkel tripel

By metric

| Conformal|

* Adams hemisphere-in-a-square
* Gauss–Krüger
* Guyou hemisphere-in-a-square
* Lambert conformal conic
* Mercator
* Peirce quincuncial
* Stereographic
* Transverse Mercator

|

Equal-area|

| Bonne|

* Sinusoidal
* Werner

|

Bottomley|

* Sinusoidal
* Werner

Cylindrical|

* Balthasart
* Behrmann
* Gall–Peters
* Hobo–Dyer
* Lambert cylindrical equal-area
* Smyth equal-surface
* Trystan Edwards

Tobler hyperelliptical|

* Collignon
* Mollweide

* Albers
* Briesemeister
* Eckert II
* Eckert IV
* Eckert VI
* Equal Earth
* Goode homolosine
* Hammer
* Lambert azimuthal equal-area
* Quadrilateralized spherical cube
* Strebe 1995

Equidistant in
some aspect|

* Conic
* Equirectangular
* Sinusoidal
* Two-point
* Werner

Gnomonic|

* Gnomonic

Loxodromic|

* Loximuthal
* Mercator

Retroazimuthal
(Mecca or Qibla)|

* Craig
* Hammer
* Littrow

By construction

| Compromise|

* Chamberlin trimetric
* Kavrayskiy VII
* Miller cylindrical
* Natural Earth
* Robinson
* Van der Grinten
* Wagner VI
* Winkel tripel

|

Hybrid|

* Goode homolosine
* HEALPix

Perspective|

| Planar|

* Gnomonic
* Orthographic
* Stereographic

|

* Central cylindrical

Polyhedral|

* Cahill Butterfly
* Cahill–Keyes M-shape
* Dymaxion
* ISEA
* Quadrilateralized spherical cube
* Waterman butterfly

See also

* Interruption (map projection)
* Latitude
* Longitude
* Tissot's indicatrix
* Map projection of the tri-axial ellipsoid

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