Liniment

Liniment (from Latin: linere, meaning "to smear, anoint"), also called embrocation and heat rub, is a medicated topical preparation for application to the skin. Some liniments have a viscosity similar to that of water; others are lotion or balm; still, others are in transdermal patches, soft solid sticks, and sprays. Liniment usually is rubbed into the skin, which the active ingredients penetrate.

Liniments are typically sold to relieve pain and stiffness, such as from muscular aches and strains, and arthritis. These are typically formulated from alcohol, acetone, or similar quickly evaporating solvents and contain counterirritant aromatic chemical compounds, such as methyl salicylate, benzoin resin, menthol, and capsaicin. They produce a feeling of warmth within the muscle of the area they are applied to, typically acting as rubefacients via a counterirritant effect.

Methyl salicylate, which is the analgesic ingredient in some heat rubs, can be toxic if used in excess.[1] Heating pads are also not recommended for use with heat rubs, because the added warmth may cause overabsorption of the active ingredients.

## Contents

* 1 Notable liniments
* 2 Use on horses
* 3 References
* 4 External links

## Notable liniments

An old bottle of AA Hyde Mentholatum Ointment

* A.B.C. Liniment was used from approximately 1880 to 1935.[2][3] It was named for its three primary ingredients: aconite, belladonna, and chloroform.[2] There were numerous examples of poisoning from the mixture, resulting in at least one death.[4][5][6][7]
* Amrutanjan is an analgesic balm manufactured by Amrutanjan Healthcare.[8] It was created in 1893 by an Indian journalist and freedom fighter, Kasinathuni Nageswara Rao.[9][8]
* Bengay, spelled Ben-Gay before 1995, was developed in France by Dr. Jules Bengué, and brought to America in 1898. It was originally produced by Pfizer Consumer Healthcare, which was acquired by Johnson & Johnson.
* Dr. Cox's Barbed Wire Liniment and Antiseptic, made by Myers Laboratory. Marketed as treatment for minor wounds (contains iodine) for livestock and humans, such as barbed wire scratches.[10]
* IcyHot is a line of liniments produced and marketed by Chattem, now a subsidiary of Sanofi.[11]
* Mentholatum Ointment, branded Deep Heat outside of the US, was introduced in December 1894 and is still produced today with numerous variations.[12]
* Minard's Liniment: Dr. Levi Minard of Nova Scotia, branded as "The King of Pain,"[13] created his well-known liniment from camphor, ammonia water, and medical turpentine.
* Nine oils: a 19th-century preparation used on both horses and humans. Although druggists' books sometimes specified recipes, street doctors often promoted any kind of oil as the "nine oils".[14][15]
* Opodeldoc: invented by the Renaissance physician Paracelsus.
* RUB A535: introduced in 1919 and manufactured by Church & Dwight in Canada.
* Thermacare: Acquired in 2020 by Italy's Angelini when it was spun off following the merger of Pfizer with GlaxoSmithKline's consumer healthcare division.
* Tiger Balm was developed during the 1870s in Rangoon, Burma by herbalist Aw Chu Kin, and brought to market by his sons. It is composed of 16% menthol and 28% oil of wintergreen.[16]
* Watkins Liniment: One of Watkins Incorporated's original products.

## Use on horses

A 1914 advertisement for "Antiphlogistine"

Liniments are commonly used on horses following exercise, applied either by rubbing on full-strength, especially on the legs; or applied in a diluted form, usually added to a bucket of water and sponged on the body. They are used in hot weather to help cool down a horse after working, the alcohol cooling through rapid evaporation, and counterirritant oils dilating capillaries in the skin, increasing the amount of blood releasing heat from the body.[17]

Many horse liniment formulas in diluted form have been used on humans, though products for horses which contain DMSO are not suitable for human use, as DMSO carries the topical product into the bloodstream.[18] Horse liniment ingredients such as menthol, chloroxylenol, or iodine are also used in different formulas in products used by humans.[19]

Absorbine, a horse liniment product manufactured by W.F. Young, Inc., was reformulated for humans and marketed as Absorbine Jr.[20] The company also acquired other liniment brands including Bigeloil and RefreshMint.[21] The equine version of Absorbine is sometimes used by humans,[22] though, anecdotally, its benefits in humans may be because the smell of menthol releases serotonin, or due to a placebo effect.[20]

Earl Sloan was an American entrepreneur who made his initial fortune selling his father's horse liniment formula beginning in the period following the Civil War. Sloan's liniment with capsicum as a key ingredient was also marketed for human use. He later sold his company to the predecessor of Warner–Lambert, which was purchased in 2000 by Pfizer.[23][24]

## References

1. ↑ "Muscle cream caused NYC teen's death". The Associated Press. June 9, 2007. https://www.usatoday.com/news/health/2007-06-09-4199171116_x.htm.
2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 Everybody's Family Doctor. London, UK: Odhams Press LTD. 1935. pp. 7.
3. ↑ Cross, John (March 13, 1880). "Letters, Notes, and Answers to Correspondents". Br Med J 1 (1002): 424–426. doi:10.1136/bmj.1.1002.424.
4. ↑ Sinha, R P.; Mitra, S K.; Roy, P K. (16 March 1967). "Liniment A.B.C. poisoning". Journal of the Indian Medical Association 48 (6): 278–9. PMID 6038536.
5. ↑ Weir, Archibald (February 15, 1896). "Fatal Case Of Poisoning By A.B.C. Liniment". The British Medical Journal 1 (1833): 399–400. doi:10.1136/bmj.1.435.399-a.
6. ↑ Fisher, O D. (November 1954). "Accidental Poisoning of Children in Belfast: A Report of two years' experience at the Royal Belfast Hospital for Sick Children". Ulster Med J. 23 (2): 124–131. PMID 20476409.
7. ↑ Swinscow, Douglas (February 1953). "Accidental Poisoning of Young Children". Arch Dis Child 28 (137): 26–29. doi:10.1136/adc.28.137.26. PMID 13031693.
8. ↑ 8.0 8.1 "Amrutanjan relaunches pain balm". 20 November 2008. https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/todays-paper/tp-marketing/Amrutanjan-relaunches-pain-balm/article20147972.ece.
9. ↑ Strategist Team (November 11, 2013). "Answers to last week's quiz (#329)". Business Standard India. https://www.business-standard.com/article/management/answers-to-last-week-s-quiz-329-113111000505_1.html.
10. ↑ "Dr. Cox's Barbed Wire Lniment". https://americanhistory.si.edu/collections/object/nmah_1348738.
11. ↑ "Icy Hot - Chempedia". 2 August 2008. https://dopamine.chem.umn.edu/chempedia/index.php/Icy_Hot.
12. ↑ Springville Journal Staff. January 30, 2015 The Mentholatum Company thanks WNY residents for success
13. ↑ Freeman, Beverly J. (1998) (in en). Levi Minard, M.D., King of Pain. B.J. Freeman. OCLC 40881236. https://books.google.com/books?id=MPn9GgAACAAJ. Retrieved 2022-03-14.
14. ↑ "Victorian London - Publications - Social Investigation/Journalism - Toilers in London, by One of the Crowd [James Greenwood, [1883] - Doctor Quackinbosh"]. https://www.victorianlondon.org/publications3/toilers-19.htm.
15. ↑ FRANCIS, George William (1853) (in en). The Dictionary of Practical Receipts; Containing the Arcana of Trade and Manufacture; Domestic Economy; Artistical, Ornamental&scientific Processes; Pharmaceutical and Chemical Preparations, Etc. (Third Edition.).. J. Allen, D. Francis. https://books.google.com/books?id=pDddAAAAcAAJ&q="nine+oils"+patent+medicine&pg=RA1-PA21. Retrieved 2020-10-18.
16. ↑ Tiger Balm: Heritage, https://www.tigerbalm.com/index.php?id=7, retrieved 2009-09-30
17. ↑ "Liniments and Poultices for Sore Horses". https://www.horsechannel.com/horse-health/liniments-poultices-10382.aspx.
18. ↑ "How is Horse Liniment Helpful to Humans?". https://orientalherb.com/how-is-horse-liniment-helpful-to-humans/.
19. ↑ "Is Horse Liniment Safe for Humans?". 4 August 2015. https://www.reference.com/health/horse-liniment-safe-humans-4fd8f682b65bf829#.
20. ↑ 20.0 20.1 Millward, Robin (6 December 2010). "To all you neigh-sayers, this horse rub really does work". https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/health/8178836/To-all-you-neigh-sayers-this-horse-rub-really-does-work.html.
21. ↑ "Horse Muscle Care And Joint Care Products - Absorbine". https://absorbine.com/products/muscle-care/.
22. ↑ "Horse liniment helps the pain". https://askdrgottmd.com/horse-liniment-helps-the-pain/.
23. ↑ Hodges, Jim (2 August 2014). "Historical Society Curator Reveals Early 20th Century Success Story". New Bern, NC. https://www.newbernsj.com/news/local/historical-society-curator-reveals-early-20th-century-success-story/article_43af1ca9-ad72-5d78-ad0f-f9dcfef21942.html.
24. ↑ "Warner Lambert. 2000: Pfizer joins forces with Warner-Lambert". Pfizer. https://www.pfizer.com/about/history/pfizer_warner_lambert.

## External links

* v
* t
* e

Routes of administration, dosage forms

Oral|

| Digestive
tract (enteral)|

| Solids|

* Pill
* Tablet
* Capsule
* Pastille
* Time release technology
* Osmotic delivery system (OROS)

|
|

Liquids|

* Decoction
* Elixir
* Electuary
* Emulsion
* Extended-release syrup
* Effervescent powder or tablet
* Herbal tea
* Hydrogel
* Molecular encapsulation
* Powder
* Softgel
* Solution
* Suspension
* Syrup
* Syrup Concentrate for dilution and/or addition of carbonated water
* Tincture

Buccal (sublabial),
sublingual|

| Solids|

* Orally disintegrating tablet (ODT)
* Film
* Lollipop
* Sublingual drops
* Lozenges
* Effervescent buccal tablet
* Chewing gum

|

Liquids|

* Mouthwash
* Toothpaste
* Ointment
* Oral spray

Respiratory
tract|

| Solids|

* Smoking device
* Dry-powder inhaler (DPI)

|
|

Liquids|

* Anaesthetic vaporizer
* Vaporizer
* Nebulizer
* Metered-dose inhaler (MDI)

Gas|

* Oxygen mask and Nasal cannula
* Oxygen concentrator
* Anaesthetic machine
* Relative analgesia machine

Ophthalmic,
otologic, nasal]]|

* Nasal spray
* Ear drops
* Eye drops
* Ointment
* Hydrogel
* Nanosphere suspension
* Insufflation
* Mucoadhesive microdisc (microsphere tablet)

Urogenital|

* Ointment
* Pessary (vaginal suppository)
* Vaginal ring
* Vaginal douche
* Intrauterine device (IUD)
* Extra-amniotic infusion
* Intravesical infusion

Rectal (enteral)|

* Ointment
* Suppository
* Enema
* Solution
* Hydrogel
* Murphy drip
* Nutrient enema

Dermal|

* Ointment
* Topical cream
* Topical gel
* Liniment
* Paste
* Film
* DMSO drug solution
* Electrophoretic dermal delivery system
* Hydrogel
* Liposomes
* Transfersome vesicles
* Cream
* Lotion
* Lip balm
* Medicated shampoo
* Dermal patch
* Transdermal patch
* Contact (rubbed into break in the skin)
* Transdermal spray
* Jet injector

Injection,
infusion<br />(into tissue/blood)

| Skin|

* Intradermal
* Subcutaneous
* Transdermal implant

|
|

Organs|

* Intracavernous
* Intravitreal
* Intra-articular injection
* Transscleral

Central nervous system|

* Intracerebral
* Intrathecal
* Epidural

Circulatory,
musculoskeletal|

* Intravenous
* Intracardiac
* Intramuscular
* Intraosseous
* Intraperitoneal
* Nanocell injection
* Patient-controlled analgesia pump
* PIC line

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