Abraham Ha-Yakini (This Name Seems To Be Of Turkish Origin, And Is Pronounced

One of the chief agitators in the Shabbethaian movement, the son of Pethahiah of Constantinople; born—according to a not entirely reliable source,  (Lemberg, 1871, p. 3)—on Sept. 8, 1611. He studied under Joseph di Trani of Constantinople (died 1644), and under Mordecai, a German cabalist. From the latter he probably derived the touch of mysticism which, combined with cunning and great intelligence, made him the most suitable representative of Shabbethai Ẓebi. Ha-Yakini persuaded Shabbethai, who at that time was convinced that he was the Messiah but was timid and fearful of proclaiming himself, boldly to declare his claims. It was in Constantinople, about 1653, that Shabbethai Ẓebi became acquainted with Ha-Yakini, who, on account of his learning and oratorical powers, enjoyed a great reputation in his native town. He is described by contemporaries as the best preacher of his day.

Ha-Yakini put into the hands of Shabbethai Ẓebi a spurious book in archaic characters, which, he assured him, contained the Scriptural proof of his Messianic origin. This fabrication, entitled "The Great Wisdom of Solomon," began as follows:

"I, Abraham, was confined in a cave for forty years, and I wondered greatly that the time of miracles did not arrive. Then was heard a voice, proclaiming, 'A son will be born in the year 5386 [1626] to Mordecai Ẓebi and he will be called Shabbethai. He will humble the great dragon . . . he, the true Messiah, will sit upon My [God's] throne.'"

In this manner, and in a style imitating the ancient apocalypses, this fabrication, attributed to Ha-Ya-kini, who was a master of Hebrew diction, continues to describe the vision which had appeared to the fictitious Abraham. Shabbethai Ẓebi accepted this work as an actual revelation and determined to go to Salonica—the paradise of cabalists—and there begin his public activity. Ẓebi was not ungrateful, and later appointed Ha-Yakini among the kings whom he purposed to enthrone over his prospective worldwide empire. Ha-Yakini on his side proved himself not unworthy of the confidence shown by his master. He gave proof of his devotion at the time when Shabbethai Ẓebi was in prison in Constantinople, and when even the greatest enthusiast could no longer be in doubt concerning his true character. Heforged official opinions of the rabbinical council of Constantinople in favor of Shabbethai's claims to Messiahship. With great subtlety he obtained influence over two Polish rabbis who, as delegates of the Jews of eastern Europe, had come to Constantinople in order to investigate the claims of Shabbethai, and exercised such influence over them as to lead them to declare themselves his adherents. The conversion of Shabbethai to Mohammedanism put an end to the career of Ha-Yakini as an agitator. Notwithstanding his activity in this direction, he found time for literary work, which is of such merit that, had it not been for the deceptions he practised, it would have secured him an honorable place among the Jewish scholars of his time. He is the author of one hundred and fifty psalms (composed in imitation of those in the Bible), which appeared under the title "Hod Malkut" (Glory of the Kingdom), Constantinople, 1655. He also wrote "Eshel Abraham" (Abraham's Oak), a collection of sermons, and "Tosefet Merubbah" (Additions to Additions), a commentary upon the Tosefta, and responsa. At the request of the Dutch scholar and bibliophile L. Warner, whom he knew personally and for whom he copied many Karaitic manuscripts, he composed a work on the genealogy of the patriarch Abraham, which is still preserved in the Warner collection at Leyden. From a Hebrew letter of Ha-Yakini to Warner it is learned that the former was in favor with the Dutch minister at the Turkish court, and it must be stated to the credit of Ha-Yakini that he used his influence in behalf of strangers. It may be mentioned that with the Crimean Jews (Crimchaki) Ha-Yakini is still a name to conjure with; at their prayers in memory of Israel's great dead his name is mentioned with special solemnity.

Bibliography:

  * Steinschneider, Cat. Bodl. No. 4240;
  * idem, Leyden Catalogue, p. 290;
  * Fürst, Gesch. d. Karäert. iii. 53;
  * Anmerkungen, p. 92;
  * Grätz, Gesch. d. Juden, 3d ed., x. 191, 211, 217;
  * D. Kahana, Eben ha-To'im, pp. 6, 29, 37;
  * Azulai, Shem ha-Gedolim he-Ḥadash, letter Aleph, No. 58;
  * Deinard, Massa Krim, ii. 159.



L. G.