Barack Obama

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Barack Obama

Democratic Party

Prior offices

Illinois State Senate

* * *

U.S. Senate Illinois

* * *

President of the United States

* * *

Education

High school

Punahou Academy

Bachelor's

Columbia University

Law

Harvard University Law School

Personal

Profession

Politician, Lawyer

Contact

Personal website

Barack Hussein Obama II (b. August 4, 1961, in Honolulu, HI) was the 44th President of the United States. He was first elected November 4, 2008, and was sworn in January of 2009. Obama successfully won election to a second term on November 6, 2012.[1]

Previously, he served as the junior United States Senator from Illinois and was the nominee of the Democratic Party in the 2008 presidential election. He is the first African American to win enough support for the nomination of any major American political party and became the first African American president in the United States.

## Biography[edit]

Born on August 4, 1961, to a Kenyan father and an American mother, he spent most of his childhood and adolescent years in Honolulu, Hawaii. His parents separated when he was an infant and divorced before he turned three. At age six, he moved to Jakarta, Indonesia, where he lived with his mother and Indonesian stepfather for four years. At age ten, Obama was sent back to Hawaii to live with his grandparents. He attended Punahou Academy and graduated with honors in 1979.[2] Obama's father, Barack Obama, Sr., died in a car accident in Kenya in 1982. His mother, Ann Dunham, died of ovarian cancer in 1995.[3]

Obama graduated from Columbia University in 1983 and earned his law degree from Harvard University in 1991.[3] While interning with Sidley & Austin in 1989, he met Michelle Robinson the two began dating.[2] He helped organize voter registration drives during the Clinton campaign, lectured at the University of Chicago law school and practiced law after graduating. As a civil rights lawyer, he tried cases dealing with discrimination, voters' rights and community organizers. In 1995 he published his autobiography titled Dreams from My Father. He and Robinson married on October 3, 1992.[3]

He was elected to the Illinois Senate in 1997 and served until 2004.[4] Following an unsuccessful bid for a seat in the U.S. House of Representatives in 2000, he announced his campaign for U.S. Senate in January 2003. After winning a landslide primary victory in March 2004 to become the Democratic nominee for U.S. Senate, Obama delivered the keynote address at the Democratic National Convention in July 2004. He was elected to the U.S. Senate in November 2004 with 70% of the vote.[2]

He announced his candidacy for the United States presidency in February 2007 and defeated Hillary Clinton in the Democratic primary before defeating John McCain in the presidential election in 2008. He was sworn in as the first African-American president on January 20, 2009. Obama then ran for re-election in 2012, defeating Mitt Romney. He was sworn in for his second term on January 21, 2013.[2]

## Career[edit]

Below is an abbreviated outline of Obama's academic, professional, and political career:[2][3][5]

* 1983: Graduated from Columbia University
* 1989: Interned at Sidley & Austin law firm
* 1991: Earned law degree magna cum laude from Harvard University
* 1992: Organized voter registration drives for Clinton campaign
* 1992-1996: Attorney for Miner, Barnhill & Galland
* 1992-2004: Part-time Lecturer and Professor at University of Chicago Law School
* 1997-2005: Illinois state Senator
* 2005-2009: United States Senator from Illinois
* 2009-2017: President of the United States of America

## Committee assignments[edit]

### U.S. Senator[edit]

#### 2007-08[edit]

Obama served on the following committees:[6]

* United States Senate Committee on Foreign Relations
* Subcommittee on African Affairs
* Subcommittee on East Asian and Pacific Affairs
* Subcommittee on European Affairs
* Subcommittee on International Development and Foreign Assistance, Economic Affairs and International Environmental Protection
* United States Senate Committee on Health, Education, Labor, and Pensions
* Subcommittee on Children and Families
* Subcommittee on Employment and Workplace Safety
* United States Senate Committee on Homeland Security and Governmental Affairs
* Ad Hoc Subcommittee on State, Local, and Private Sector Preparedness and Integration
* Permanent Subcommittee on Investigations
* Subcommittee on Federal Financial Management, Government Information, Federal Services, and International Security
* United States Senate Committee on Veterans' Affairs

#### 2005-06[edit]

Obama served on the following committees:[7]

* United States Senate Committee on Environment and Public Works
* Subcommittee Clean Air, Climate Change, and Nuclear Safety
* Subcommittee on Fisheries, Wildlife, and Water
* United States Senate Committee on Foreign Relations
* Subcommittee on African Affairs
* Subcommittee on East Asian and Pacific Affairs
* Subcommittee on International Economic Policy, Export and Trade Promotion
* Subcommittee on Near Eastern and South Asian Affairs
* United States Senate Committee on Veterans' Affairs

## Issues[edit]

### Presidential administration[edit]

#### Secret Service security breaches[edit]

See also: Secret Service security breaches, September 2014

Director of the U.S. Secret Service Julia Pierson resigned from office on October 1, 2014, following congressional hearings about Secret Service security breaches in September 2014.[8][9] An Iraq veteran, Omar Gonzalez, armed with a pocket knife, scaled the White House fence on September 19, 2014, and proceeded to get past five levels of security, including crossing the lawn, entering the unlocked front door, and reaching the East Room before being arrested by Secret Service.[10] At hearings, Pierson acknowledged the failure in service but denied any further security breaches in 2014. However, the Washington Examiner reported shortly after the hearing that days prior to the incident a Centers for Disease Control and Prevention contract security officer was allowed on an elevator with President Obama while carrying a firearm which is against Secret Service protocol.[11]

In another incident, happening in 2011, a gunman, Oscar R. Ortega-Hernandez, fired on the White House residence from his nearby vehicle, drawing attention of the Secret Service, but a Secret Service supervisor advised the agents to stand down and called the gunfire the back-firing of a car. The incident wasn't investigated until four days later, after which the gunman was apprehended.[12]

#### West African Ebola outbreak[edit]

President Barack Obama addressed the nation about the Ebola outbreak in West Africa on September 16, 2014.

See also: West African Ebola outbreak, 2014

An outbreak of the Ebola virus began in West Africa in early 2014, after which it spread to multiple countries. Following a briefing by the U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention on September 16, 2014, President Obama announced the assignment of 3,000 military medical and logistical personnel to West Africa in order to prevent any further spreading of the virus. In addition to the military aid, he promised an "air bridge," of open transportation between the affected area and the United States through which supplies could be sent to West Africa.[13] The administration also planned the building of 17 hospitals of 100 beds each to be used to treat more patients and agreed to train more medical care professionals as well as the local populations on what to do with infected patients.[14] The administration also provided $500 million to the containment of the virus.[15]

#### CIA interrogation tactics report[edit]

Portions of an investigation of the interrogation methods of the CIA after September 11, 2001, were made public on July 30, 2014, while the full report was released on December 9, 2014.[16] The 6,300 page report found that former Secretary of State Colin Powell and many U.S. ambassadors abroad were not initially told of harsh interrogation tactics being used on potential terrorists at "black sites" in foreign countries. Powell was eventually informed of the tactics and sat in on meetings during which they were discussed. President Bush, who defended the CIA's tactics, was not originally informed of the interrogation methods until 2006.[17] During a weekly press conference on August 1, 2014, prior to the release of the official report, President Barack Obama acknowledged that the U.S. had "tortured some folks."[18] The release of the report detailed numerous incidents where the CIA used interrogation techniques that fell outside the scope of the U.S. Department of Justice. The techniques used included: slapping, humiliation, confinement, stress positions, sleep deprivation and waterboarding.[19]

The White House accidentally released a list of talking points to the Associated Press while preparing for the public release of the report. Among the statements, was one proposed by the State Department, claiming, "This report tells a story of which no American is proud. But it is also part of another story of which we can be proud. America’s democratic system worked just as it was designed to work in bringing an end to actions inconsistent with our democratic values." The talking points also posed questions that the administration might face following the report's release, including, "Will the Justice Department revisit its decision not to prosecute anyone?"[20] After the official release of the document, President Obama emphasized that the techniques previously used must not be condoned. He however remained ambiguous as to whether the CIA should be held accountable for having potentially mislead outsiders.“Rather than another reason to refight old arguments, I hope that today’s report can help us leave these techniques where they belong — in the past,” Obama said in the White House statement.[21]

Sen. Dianne Feinstein (D-CA) wrote a letter to President Barack Obama arguing that too much of the document was redacted by the administration, including key points to the committee's findings. In her letter, she claimed, "I have concluded the redactions eliminate or obscure key facts that support the report’s findings and conclusions. Until these redactions are addressed to the committee’s satisfaction, the report will not be made public." According to the Office of the Director of National Intelligence, the administration redacted about 15 percent of the 6,000 page document.[22] Feinstein however pushed for the report to be released after the general election on November 4, 2014. The International Business Times reported that Feinstein was pressured to release the report since her position as chair of the  U.S. Senate Committee on Intelligence was likely to diminish when Republicans would gain senate majority.[23]

#### Shooting in Ferguson, Missouri[edit]

See also: Shooting in Ferguson, Missouri

Michael Brown, an 18-year-old resident of the St. Louis suburb of Ferguson, Missouri, was shot and killed by a police officer on August 9, 2014. Brown and a friend reportedly got into an altercation with a police officer, Darren Wilson, who fired his weapon on Brown. Attorney General Eric Holder announced a federal investigation into the matter on August 11, 2014. Riots and violence from Ferguson citizens began the night of August 10, 2014, and persisted for over a week.[24] President Obama called for peace in Ferguson following the fourth day of rioting and protests in the streets.[25] On August 18, 2014, he met with Holder and decided to send Holder to Ferguson to look into the incident and ongoing problems.[26] He did not rule out a personal visit after the violence subsided.[27]

#### 2014 illegal immigration surge[edit]

See also: 2014 illegal immigration surge

The William Wilberforce Trafficking Victims Protection Reauthorization Act delayed the deportation of unaccompanied minors crossing the border in order to protect them from traffickers.[28] Other factors argued by lawmakers included increased gang violence in Central America, as well as claims that the administration has been enforced immigration laws too lightly.[29] As of June 2014, it was estimated that 52,000 unaccompanied minors have entered into the program since October 2013. The process can take months or even years for the children to be given asylum or be reunited with their families.[28]

##### Detention center increase[edit]

File:Border Mexico USA.jpg

U.S.-Mexico border

On June 20, 2014, Obama released a plan to increase the amount of detention centers, use more ankle bracelets to track immigrants waiting for hearings and shift more immigration judges to southern Texas in order to speed up the hearings process.[29] The same day, Vice President Joe Biden met with the leaders of Central American countries to discuss plans to slow the surge. While the White House announced it would provide Guatemala with $40 million to mitigate gang violence and $25 million to El Salvador to start youth programs for those pressured by gang violence, Guatemalan President Otto Perez Molina suggested, "I proposed to the Vice-President the possibility of considering temporary work programs, which would allow (Guatemalans) to go for a time and return." An unnamed U.S. official claimed that the administration's message to those seeking entry into the U.S. legally was increasing, "'Don't come.' And if you think you're coming and once you're here you won't be returned, that's not the case. You're not going to be able to stay."[30]

Democratic lawmakers showed concern over the administration's response to what Obama called a "humanitarian crisis." A spokesperson for Rep. Luis Gutierrez (D-IL) insisted Gutierrez, "does not support the idea of putting children and families fleeing violence in detention while they await our courts to catch up to the current crisis."[29] On the other hand, Speaker of the House John Boehner (R-OH) argued in a letter to Obama that the National Guard could assume the duty of handling undocumented children crossing the border freeing up Border Patrol to focus on guarding the boundary. He stated in his letter, "While we understand that many of these individuals are coming to this country to escape violence and hardship in their home country, the current climate along the border and our enforcement policies are only encouraging them to risk their lives and those of their children."[29]

##### Executive order[edit]

Having failed to get legislation through Congress, Obama stated on June 30, 2014, that he would use the power of the executive order to achieve his intended goals on immigration if action were not taken. He insisted, "While I will continue to push House Republicans to drop the excuses and act — and I hope their constituents will, too — America cannot wait forever for them to act."[31] On July 19, 2014, Rep. Gutierrez announced at a speech in Los Angeles, California, that he believed Obama would sign an executive order in the coming months that would grant legal status to millions of immigrants.[32]

Due to the House's continued failure to pass a bill, President Obama was expected to issue an executive order in August 2014. Possible order that would be issued included granting working visas to many illegal immigrants, easing the pressure on immigration courts, expanding the Deferred Action for Childhood Arrivals or reordering the deportation priority list.[33]

On July 31, 2014, Speaker of the House John Boehner (R-OH) claimed that if President Obama used an executive order to carry out immigration reform, he would set his "legacy of lawlessness" in stone. Boehner stated, "He’ll be sacrificing the integrity of our laws on the altar of political opportunity, and I can guarantee you the American people would hold him to account,” he told reporters. “The actions he’s threatening to take are not about policy. They’re about politics."[34]

President Obama announced on September 6, 2014, that he would delay any executive actions on immigration until after the November 4, 2014 elections in order to keep the issue from being politicized as a campaign issue.[35] Obama explained, "The truth of the matter is – is that the politics did shift midsummer because of that problem. I want to spend some time, even as we’re getting all our ducks in a row for the executive action, I also want to make sure that the public understands why we’re doing this, why it’s the right thing for the American people, why it’s the right thing for the American economy."

##### Funding increase request[edit]

On July 9, 2014, Obama requested a $3.7 billion budget increase in order to carry out the administration's plan to create new detention centers and speed up the hearings process. A spokesman for Boehner suggested, "The speaker still supports deploying the National Guard to provide humanitarian support in the affected areas — which this proposal does not address."[36] However, in a closed meeting with House Republicans, Boehner urged action on the bill prior to the August recess.[37]

##### Refugee status extension[edit]

The White House announced the consideration of a proposal allowing for citizens of Honduras, where many unaccompanied minors are illegally migrating from due to gang violence, to file for refugee status on July 24, 2014. The ability to file as a refugee would prevent migrants from having to make the dangerous journey from Honduras with an unknown outcome and would allow them to apply for refugee status prior to leaving the country. While supporters of the idea believe offering refugee status would greatly cut down the flow of immigrants crossing the border, a Federation for American Immigration Reform spokesperson warned, "Once you stretch the definition of refugee to include people in countries where there is violence or widespread poverty, you are going to create the expectation that people will be granted asylum, based on the same claim, if they get to the United States." The White House acknowledged the proposal was being considered, but a spokesperson clarified, "It doesn't mean we're going to do it."[38]

##### ISIS border threat[edit]

See also: ISIS insurgency in Iraq and Syria

In an exchange between Sen. John McCain (R-AZ) and Francis Taylor, an undersecretary at the U.S. Department of Homeland Security, on September 10, 2014, McCain questioned whether the terrorist group Islamic State in Iraq and Syria (ISIS), was attempting to cross the southern border of the U.S. in order to carry out terrorist attacks. While he pointed out to the Washington Free Beacon, "There is no credible intelligence to suggest that there is an active plot by ISIL to attempt to cross the southern border," the discussion between he and McCain revealed social media exchanges encouraging ISIS militants to cross the border into the country. McCain was not satisfied with Taylor's confidence that border intelligence would halt any such attempts, leading Taylor to state, "If I gave you the impression I thought the border security was what it needed to be to protect against all the risks coming across the state that’s not what I meant to say."[39]

#### ISIS insurgency[edit]

See also: ISIS insurgency in Iraq and Syria

File:Iraq map.png

Map of Iraq

Iraqi security forces were not well-trained or well-equipped enough following the American withdrawal of troops to stave off the al-Qaeda off-shoot, Islamic State in Iraq and Syria (ISIS), which had grown in power due to their actions in the civil war in neighboring Syria. On June 12, 2014, while reviewing options in dealing with increasing violence in Iraq by ISIS, Obama stated, "What we’ve seen over the last couple of days indicates Iraq’s going to need more help," however, the administration pointed out they would not send ground troops into Iraq. Obama authorized airstrikes in Iraq if necessary, on August 7, 2014.[40][41] Several airstrikes took place in the following days, as well as humanitarian drops to those battling ISIS troops.[42][43]

Iraqi Prime Minister Nouri al-Maliki was ousted by the president of Iraq on August 11, 2014, a move that brought support from Obama and other heads of state around the world. Haider al-Abadi, of the same political party as Maliki, was nominated to replace Maliki in hopes of forming a more inclusive government to the region.[44]

Two American citizens were beheaded by ISIS as a message to the president about America's military involvement in their movement. Obama responded, stating, "It’s not only that we’re going to be bringing to justice those who perpetrated this terrible crime against these two fine young men, but more broadly the United States will continue to lead a regional and international effort against the barbaric and ultimately empty vision that ISIL represents and that’s going to take some time, but we’re going to get it done,” Obama said. “I’m very confident of it."[45]

##### Obama's strategy[edit]

During a September 10, 2014 national address President Obama outlined air strikes, including in Syria, an increased number of U.S. military advisers in Iraq, aid for Iraqi ground forces and continued humanitarian support to those displaced by ISIS in an attempt to "degrade, and ultimately destroy" the terrorist group. Obama stated that with the help of a "broad coalition" and assistance from the new Iraqi government, the United States would help eliminate the group. The national address came on the heels of much debate during the congressional recess on the proper way to deal with ISIS, another issue covered in the address, with Obama calling on Congress to grant the administration provisions to help Syrian opposition forces battle ISIS in Syria.[46]

ISIS insurgency timeline

Date |  Event
June 10, 2014 |  ISIS took control of the city of Mosul, Iraq.[47]
June 14, 2014 |  The U.S. Department of Defense ordered an aircraft carrier to the Persian Gulf.[48]
June 16, 2014 |  275 military personnel were moved to the American embassy in Baghdad for protection of the embassy.[49]
June 19, 2014 |  300 U.S. military advisers were ordered to Iraq in order to help Iraqi forces improve intelligence, surveillance and reconnaissance.[50]
June 24, 2014 |  President Obama briefed all 100 senators on the situation between Iraq, Syria and ISIS.[51]
June 28, 2014 |  United States unmanned drones were deployed above Baghdad to serve as surveillance.[52]
June 30, 2014 |  Another 300 U.S. military advisers were ordered to Baghdad.[53]
July 25, 2014 |  The U.S. House passed legislation blocking the president from sending ground troops to Iraq without congressional approval passed by a vote of 370-40.[54]
August 7, 2014 |  The U.S. carried out a humanitarian mission on to provide needed supplies to over 40,000 Yazidi people trapped in the Sinjar Mountains by ISIS forces. The same day, President Obama authorized the U.S. to carry out air strikes on ISIS targets surrounding the Sinjar Mountains in hopes of creating a way for the Yazidi people to escape ISIS.[55]
August 11, 2014 |  Iraqi Prime Minister Nouri al-Maliki was ousted by the president of Iraq on August 11, 2014, a move that brought support from Obama and other heads of state around the world. Haider al-Abadi, of the same political party as Maliki, was nominated to replace Maliki.[56]
August 12, 2014 |  President Obama ordered 130 more military advisers to Iraq to manage the humanitarian efforts of the U.S. government.[57]
August 14, 2014 |  The combination of United States air strikes and Kurdish forces allowed the Yazidis to escape the Sinjar Mountains.[58]
August 15, 2014 |  Prime Minister Maliki agreed to step down.[59]
August 17, 2014 |  Air strikes were ordered on ISIS forces surrounding the Mosul Dam.[60]
August 19, 2014 |  ISIS released a video portraying the beheading of American photojournalist James Wright Foley.[61]
August 21, 2014 |  U.S. Attorney General Eric Holder launched a criminal investigation into the execution of James Foley by ISIS members.[62]
August 26, 2014 |  The U.S. military began expanding its mission when President Obama approved unmanned surveillance drone flights over Syria in preparation of possible air strikes of ISIS in the country.[63]
August 30, 2014 |  The U.S. and a coalition of European countries provided humanitarian aid drops into the city of Amirli, about 100 miles north of Baghdad, which had been under siege by ISIS forces for nearly two months. The help was requested by the Iraqi government.[64]
September 2, 2014 |  Another video was released by ISIS, this one portraying the death of American journalist Steven Sotloff.[65]
September 8, 2014 |  A new cabinet was established in Iraq under Prime Minister al-Abadi, which allowed the government to move forward in establishing plans against ISIS.[66]
September 10, 2014 |  President Obama announced the administration's plan to form a coalition to fight ISIS as well as a plan to arm and train Syrian rebels fighting against the terrorist group.[46]
September 11, 2014 |  Secretary of State John Kerry was to meet with Middle East diplomats on September 11, 2014, in order to establish the coalition.[67]
September 13, 2014 |  ISIS releases third video of a beheading, this time of British aid worker David Haines.[68]
September 19, 2014 |  President Obama signed into law congressional authorization for the U.S. military to arm and train Syrian rebels in order to fight ISIS.[69]
September 21, 2014 |  ISIS released 46 Turkish hostages captured during the takeover of Mosul.[70]
September 21, 2014 |  About 70,000 Kurds fled border towns in Syria to Turkey to escape ISIS advances.[71]
September 23, 2014 |  United States and coalition forces struck ISIS targets in Syria with missile strikes for the first time.[72]

#### 2014 Crisis in Gaza[edit]

See also: Crisis in Gaza, 2014

Beginning July 8, 2014, Israeli forces began Operation Protective edge, which involved missile attacks by sea and air on over 50 sites in Gaza as well as mobilizing ground troops for a possible assault.[73] One of the main objectives of Israel's ground assaults was to eliminate Hamas' elaborate tunnel system. Hamas expanded their system of tunnels extensively beginning in 2007. It was built to facilitate attacks and kidnappings, provide logistics between weapons plants, rocket launch points and military command. Egypt destroyed a similar set of tunnels on their border which were used to get key supplies into Palestine that Hamas could place taxes on.[74]

#### Boehner lawsuit[edit]

See also: Boehner's lawsuit against the Obama administration

File:Barack Obama and John Boehner enjoying Saint Patrick's Day 2014.jpg

House Speaker John Boehner

Speaker of the House John Boehner (R-OH) announced in June 2014 that he was filing a lawsuit against Obama focusing on Obama's failure to enforce the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act's employer mandate. House Rules Committee Chairman Pete Sessions (R-TX) released a draft resolution July 10 that could be considered by the committee as early as next week and the House floor the following week. Boehner argued that Obama "changed the healthcare law without a vote of Congress, effectively creating his own law by literally waiving the employer mandate and the penalties for failing to comply with it."[75]

Obama was asked in 2013 about the legality of the delay, to which he responded, "If Congress thinks that what I’ve done is inappropriate or wrong in some fashion, they’re free to make that case. But there’s not an action that I take that you don't have some folks in Congress who say that I'm usurping my authority."[76] The administration called the move a political stunt and a waste of time.[77]

#### Bergdahl exchange[edit]

See also: Bowe Bergdahl exchange

The Obama administration exchanged five Guantanamo Bay prisoners for U.S. Army Sgt. Bowe Bergdahl on May 31, 2014. Bergdahl was captured by Taliban forces in Afghanistan in 2009 and held captive just across the border in Pakistan.[78] Bergdahl has been accused of deserting his unit before being captured, leading to more controversy over whether or not the administration should have made a deal with the Taliban. Critics claimed the action showed American weakness by setting the precedent that the United States would make deals with terrorists. The House Armed Services committee chair Rep. Buck McKeon (R-CA) went further and insisted President Obama violated the 2014 National Defense Authorization Act by not giving Congress at least 30 days notice before engaging in talks to get Bergdahl back.[79]

File:USA PFC BoweBergdahl ACU Cropped.png

Sgt. Bowe Bergdahl

White House Press Secretary Jay Carney claimed the exchange was rushed due to Bergdahl's "deteriorating" health. Secretary of Defense Chuck Hagel also defended the exchange and hoped it would create "a new opening" in future talks with the Taliban.[79] When asked the reasoning behind the negotiations on June 3, 2014, President Obama explained, "Regardless of the circumstances, whatever those circumstances may turn out to be, we still get an American soldier back if he’s held in captivity. Period. Full stop. We don’t condition that." He also stated that the administration had been consulting with Congress prior to the swap, a statement House Intelligence committee chair Mike Rogers (R-MI) disputed, stating, "In 2011, they did come up and present a plan that included a prisoner transfer that was, in a bipartisan way, pushed back. We hadn't heard anything since on any details of any prisoner exchange." Senate Majority Leader Harry Reid (D-NV) reported that he was told of the exchange but only "the day before or the day of."[80]

#### VA hospital waiting lines[edit]

See also: Veterans Affairs' secret waiting lists

According to reports by CNN, veterans hospitals across the country were delaying care of veteran patients, at times to the point that some veterans conditions deteriorated vastly or died due to the wait times. To cover for the long delays, some hospitals resorted to "secret lists" for patients awaiting care in order to keep their official wait times down.[81] A VA internal report showed that staff at nearly two-thirds of the nation's 216 facilities were instructed to falsify wait time information on reports. In an editorial in Time, Rep. Jeff Miller, chair of the House Veterans Affairs committee, stated, "Any VA administrator who ordered subordinates to purposely manipulate appointment data should be fired immediately."[82]

##### Shinseki resignation[edit]

On May 5, 2014, the American Legion, the largest veteran organization in the U.S., and Concerned Veterans for America called for the resignation of Secretary Shinseki.[83] American Legion's director stated, "At least let us know that the problems exist and they have a plan to take care of it," when asked about the lack of communication from the VA. Shinseki responded to the calls for resignation, saying, "I serve at the pleasure of the president. I signed on to make some changes, I have work to do."[84]

President Obama accepted Veterans Affairs Secretary Eric Shinseki's resignation on May 30, 2014.[85] He was replaced by Robert McDonald. Obama announced that Deputy White House Chief of Staff Rob Nabors would lead a review of the VA's scheduling process and patient safety rules.[86]

#### Obamacare[edit]

See also: Obamacare overview

##### Healthcare.gov rollout[edit]

See also: Healthcare.gov website rollout

Pat Roberts calls for Sebelius' resignation.

The launch of the Healthcare.gov website featuring the federal healthcare exchanges created by the Affordable Care Act was met with error messages, faulty information being sent to insurers and problems with direct enrollment through insurance companies.[87][88][89] At an October 10, 2013, promotional event for the website, Health and Human Services Secretary Kathleen Sebelius stated, "Believe me, we had some early glitches, but it's getting better every day."[90] Sebelius testified before the House Energy and Commerce committee on October 30, 2013. During testimony, Sebelius stated: "In these early weeks, access to HealthCare.gov has been a miserably frustrating experience for way too many Americans, including many who have waited years, in some cases their entire lives, for the security of health insurance."[91][92] Officials have not released an estimated timeframe for fixes.[93]

##### Health insurance policy cancellations[edit]

See also: Health insurance policy cancellations since Obamacare

Leading up to the passage of Obamacare into law, one statement made repeatedly by the President, administration and Congressional supporters, was some form of the line Obama gave in an August 22, 2009, internet address, claiming, "If you like your private health insurance plan, you can keep your plan. Period."[94]

However, when the law was enacted on October 1, 2013, many individually insured people began receiving letters from their insurance carriers notifying them that their current plans would be canceled at the end of the policy term. The plans were canceled because they did not meet new minimum coverage requirements set by the law.[95]

##### Cost overruns[edit]

The Government Accountability Office (GAO) investigated the costs of the Healthcare.gov federal exchange website, estimating that the total cost, as of March 2014, was $840 million.[96] GAO Director of Acquisition and Sourcing Management William Woods claimed that the overrun was due to inconsistent oversight and constantly changing requirements, which were noted by contractors when asked to testify during the website rollout.[97] According to Kathleen Sebelius' House testimony on October 30, 2013, the website had a cost of $118 million plus another $56 million for IT support.[98]

##### Sebelius resignation[edit]

Sebelius resigned on April 10, 2014.

On April 10, 2014, Secretary of Health and Human Services Kathleen Sebelius resigned from her position following the troubled rollout of Obamacare. She and President Obama determined that the end of the open enrollment period provided a chance for change. She was replaced by Sylvia Mathews Burwell.

#### Warrantless wiretapping[edit]

In a classified presentation provided to The Guardian by former National Security Agency contractor Edward Snowden, it was made public that the NSA had been collecting information from top tech companies about U.S. citizens starting in 2007. Tech companies implicated in the Prism program began with Microsoft in 2007, followed by Yahoo (2008), Google (2009), Facebook (2009), PalTalk (2009), YouTube (2010), Skype (2011), AOL (2011) and Apple (2012). Prism gave the intelligence agency a direct connection to the servers of the companies, allowing the agency to gain information about email, videos, photos, stored data, file transfers, logins and social networking details. Instead of requiring FISA courts' permissions to acquire each piece of information, the agency is permitted to investigate anyone as long as it has reasonable suspicion. When asked about the NSA program, American Civil Liberties Union Director Jameel Jaffer stated, "It's shocking enough just that the NSA is asking companies to do this. The NSA is part of the military. The military has been granted unprecedented access to civilian communications."[99]

The data collected by the NSA not only included the information from tech companies but communications companies such as Verizon, AT&T and Sprint. The information collected from cellular companies not only include the metadata collected but also the content of phone calls under the Prism program. The information collection was first allowed by the Bush administration and then renewed under the Obama administration in 2012 under the Patriot Act.[100] According to a September 17, 2013 release by the FISA court, no telecommunications companies have challenged the demand of the NSA to disclose records.[101]

Snowden was indicted on two charges under the Espionage Act of 1917 on June 21, 2013, but he sought asylum in Russia. His asylum was granted on August 1, 2013, for one year.[102][103][104]

#### Wiretapping journalists[edit]

Over a two month period, federal prosecutors obtained phone records of Associated Press journalists, their headquarters and offices in New York, Hartford, Washington, D.C., and the U.S. House during an investigation in early 2012 of leaked, sensitive information. The AP released a story in May 2012, which is believed to be linked to the wiretapping, connecting a CIA counterterrorism operation in Yemen to the killing of Osama bin Laden in May 2011. At least 20 phone lines were believed to be monitored by federal prosecutors with the Department of Justice.[105]

On May 19, 2013, another case of federal investigators wiretapping journalists was uncovered when a Fox News employee, James Rosen, had his personal email correspondence seized in relation to a story published on June 11, 2009. The investigation into leaked documents from the State Department's Stephen Jin-Woo Kim, led them to Rosen through phone and email communication leading up to the publishing of Rosen's story.[106] In the affidavit, an FBI agent named Rosen a "co-conspirator" under the Espionage Act in order to obtain the warrant. All correspondence with Kim was seized along with two additional days of personal correspondence. Fox News also claimed the Justice Department seized several phone records, including one listed as Rosen's parents.[107]

The U.S. Attorney's Office for the District of Columbia released a statement on May 22, 2013 denying the use of wiretaps on phones and the seizure of any computer records of any news organization.[108]

#### IRS targeting[edit]

See also: IRS targeting allegations

On May 10, 2013, news broke that various branches of the Internal Revenue Service had specifically targeted conservative groups' applications for tax-exempt status. It began during the tea party surge in 2010. The agency was separating tax-exempt applications by searching for political terms such as "tea party" and "patriot." In June 2011, an IRS official was briefed on these transgressions and asked that this practice end. The flagging continued, however, when the criteria was changed in January 2012 to look out for groups educating on the Constitution and the Bill of Rights.[109] President Obama said he learned about the targeting through news reports and stated, "If in fact IRS personnel engaged in the kind of practices that have been reported on and were intentionally targeting conservative groups, then that's outrageous. And there's no place for it."[110]

On May 16, 2013, IRS Commissioner Steven Miller announced his resignation.[111] Lois Lerner, the head of the tax-exempt organizations division throughout the targeting scandal retired on September 23, 2013, when an IRS review board informed her she would be removed from her position due to "neglect of duties."[112]

The House Ways and Means Committee announced on June 13, 2014, that emails from Lerner between January 2009 and April 2011 to those outside of the IRS were lost due to a computer crash. Koskinen promised all documentation from Lerner would be handed over for investigation, but it was revealed in a letter that emails from that period could not be found. Chairman Dave Camp (R-MI) released a response, stating, "The Administration has repeatedly referred us back to the IRS for production of materials. It is clear that is wholly insufficient when it comes to determining the full scope of the violation of taxpayer rights." Chairman of the Oversight Subcommittee Charles Boustany Jr., (D-LA) questioned the administration's transparency claiming, "This is not the transparency promised to the American people. If there is no smidgeon of corruption what is the Administration hiding?"[113]

#### Benghazi[edit]

See also: 2012 Benghazi attack overview

On October 15, 2012, Secretary of State Hillary Clinton claimed responsibility for the security of the diplomatic mission to Libya that was attacked on September 11, 2012. The attack left four Americans dead, including Ambassador to Libya Christopher Stevens.[114] A State Department employee, Eric Nordstrom, claimed at a congressional hearing on October 11, that his request for more security to be present in Libya was denied by his superiors prior to the attack.[115] Clinton was also under fire because of the initial classification of the attack by then-United States Ambassador to the United Nations Susan Rice as a spontaneous response to an anti-Muslim video instead of a planned terrorist attack.[114] On December 19, the State Department announced the forced leave of four officials after an independent report was produced suggesting the officials "showed a lack of ownership of Benghazi's security issues."[116] Clinton was summoned before congressional committees on January 23 to testify on her knowledge of the attack. During the heated testimony, Clinton said of the requests for more security, "I didn't see those requests. They didn't come to me."[117] On August 20, 2013, the State Department announced the reassignment of the four officials placed on leave.[118]

On May 2, 2014, newly released documents from the White House led Issa to accuse the president of withholding the documents about the talking points used by Rice.[119] The document, an email from deputy national security advisor Ben Rhodes, went to, among others in the administration, White House Press Secretary Jay Carney. The email was meant to prep Rice for a media appearance, urging her "to underscore that these protests are rooted in an Internet video, and not a broader failure of policy," as well as instructing her "to reinforce the President and Administration’s strength and steadiness in dealing with difficult challenges."[120] Carney disputed that the statements originated with the administration, claiming, "The only thing that refers to Benghazi is a cut-and-paste which, much to your disappointment and your boss’ disappointment, turned out to be produced by the CIA."[119]

On May 8, 2014, Rep. Trey Gowdy (R-SC) was chosen to lead a special committee investigating the attack in Benghazi and the administration's actions regarding the attack. The committee was made up of seven Republicans and five democrats.[121] When asked if the State Department would comply with the committee's requests, Kerry stated, "We’ll respond because we have absolutely nothing to hide whatsoever and I look forward to complying with whatever responsibilities we have."[122]

#### Operation Fast and Furious[edit]

From 2009-2011, the Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco, Firearms and Explosives (ATF) ran Operation Fast and Furious, intended to get guns into the black market and sold to Mexican drug cartels. The guns were to be tracked, allowing the ATF to halt drug trafficking and catch the traffickers along the U.S.-Mexico border. The operation was part of an overarching border patrol initiative, Project Gunrunner, run by the U.S. Department of Justice "to combat Mexico-based trafficking groups." However, an estimated 1,400 guns were lost in the operation. A total of 34 trafficking suspects were indicted.On December 14, 2010, about a month before the end of Operation Fast and Furious, Border Patrol Agent Brian Terry was killed in Arizona and two guns from the operation were found near his body.[123]

Attorney General Eric Holder testified before Congress on May 3, 2011, stating he, "probably heard about Fast and Furious for the first time over the last few weeks." Sens. Chuck Grassley and Darrell Issa led the investigations into the scandal, and subpoenas were issued to the Justice Department on October 12, 2011, in order to secure documents between the White House and the Department regarding Operation Fast and Furious.[124]

On June 20, 2012, President Obama used his executive privilege over documents sought by the congressional investigative committee, saving Holder from possible charges in the investigation. On June 28, 2012, the House voted to hold Holder in contempt for failure to disclose the documents.[123] It was the first time in U.S. history a sitting cabinet member was held in contempt by Congress.[125]

The House Oversight Committee filed a civil lawsuit over the documents on August 13, 2012.[123] Holder asked U.S. District Court Judge Amy Berman Jackson for the case to be dismissed on September 30, 2013, which she denied. Holder requested an immediate appeal, which was turned down November 18, 2013.[126]

### Presidential preference[edit]

### 2016 presidential endorsement[edit]

✓ Obama endorsed Hillary Clinton for the Democratic primary in the 2016 U.S. presidential election.[127]

See also: Endorsements for Hillary Clinton
2016 Presidential Endorsements by Influencer Individuals

Name  |  Candidate  |  Date  |  Source
Colin Powell  |  Hillary Clinton |  October 2016  |  Newsday
DeRay McKesson |  Hillary Clinton |  October 2016  |  The Washington Post
Michael Chertoff |  Hillary Clinton |  October 2016  |  Bloomberg.com
Larry Pressler |  Hillary Clinton |  August 2016  |  The Hill
George P. Bush |  Donald Trump |  August 2016  |  CNN
Michael Bloomberg |  Hillary Clinton |  July 2016  |  The Hill
Jesse Ventura |  Gary Johnson |  July 2016  |  CNBC
William G. Milliken |  Hillary Clinton |  August 2016  |  Detroit Free Press
Meg Whitman |  Hillary Clinton |  August 2016  |  Reuters
Al Gore |  Hillary Clinton |  July 2016  |  CNN
Jeff DeWit |  Donald Trump |  January 2016  |  The Arizona Republic
Joe Biden |  Hillary Clinton |  June 2016  |  Politico
Barack Obama |  Hillary Clinton |  June 2016  |  CNN
Newt Gingrich |  Donald Trump |  May 2016  |  CBS News
Roger F. Villere Jr. |  Donald Trump |  May 2016  |  Republican Party of Louisiana
Steve Beshear |  Hillary Clinton |  May 2016  |  The Courier-Journal
Sheldon Adelson |  Donald Trump |  May 2016  |  Politico
Kathleen Sebelius |  Hillary Clinton |  February 2016  |  CBS News
Scott Brown |  Donald Trump |  February 2016  |  Boston Herald
Lincoln Almond |  Jeb Bush |  January 2016  |  Bloomberg
Ann Marie Buerkle |  Carly Fiorina |  November 2015  |  Syracuse.com
Eric Holder |  Hillary Clinton |  January 2016  |  Politico
Tony Perkins |  Ted Cruz |  January 2016  |  The Huffington Post
Jon Kyl |  Marco Rubio |  January 2016  |  The Arizona Republic
Norm Coleman |  Jeb Bush |  January 2016  |  Minnesota Public Radio
Lucy Flores |  Bernie Sanders |  November 2015  |  Cleveland.com
Sarah Palin |  Donald Trump |  January 2016  |  The New York Times
Eric Cantor |  Jeb Bush |  November 2015  |  CNN
Brian Schweitzer |  Martin O'Malley |  October 2015  |  CNN Politics
Nina Turner |  Bernie Sanders |  November 2015  |  Cleveland.com
Gabrielle Giffords |  Hillary Clinton |  January 2016  |  CNN
Peter Bragdon |  Chris Christie |  January 2016  |  New Hampshire Union Leader
Bob Vander Plaats |  Ted Cruz |  December 2015  |  ABC News
Paul Singer |  Marco Rubio |  October 2015  |  The New York Times
Frank VanderSloot |  Marco Rubio |  November 2015  |  Politico
Kenneth Griffin |  Marco Rubio |  December 2015  |  The New York Times
Julian Castro |  Hillary Clinton |  October 2015  |  MSNBC
Tom Vilsack |  Hillary Clinton |  August 2015  |  MSNBC
Tom Perez |  Hillary Clinton |  December 2015  |  Politico
Peter Franchot |  Hillary Clinton |  October 2015  |  Baltimore Sun

## Key legislation[edit]

# Education[edit]

### Race to the Top[edit]

* * *

* * *

Education policy in the U.S.
Public education in the U.S.
School choice in the U.S.
Charter schools in the U.S.
Higher education in the U.S.
Glossary of education terms
Education statistics

Race to the Top was the seminal policy of Secretary Arne Duncan's Department of Education term. It was a reform designed to induce competition among states and school districts for federally allocated grants. Duncan argued that the incentive to attain Federal grant money and the resulting competition would spur innovation and improve student achievement. The program was funded by the American Recovery and Reinvestment Act of 2009 and had an initial budget of $4.35 billion. To become eligible, states needed to satisfy a "Common Core" of achievement standards. States proposed sweeping reform objectives and then submit grant proposals for programs they believe would achieve the objectives outlined. Proposals were measured against a scoring criteria, and grants were awarded. The Department of Education then measured states' progress towards their target objectives as the grant renewal process proceeded. Several states were unable to meet proposed targets in Race to the Top funded programs. As a result, grant allocation slowed significantly after three initial rounds. In 2012, the Department of Education began a new grant allocation round -- Race to the Top-District -- in which school districts, rather than state school systems, may apply for Race to the Top program grants.[128]

### Common Core[edit]

The Race to the Top Common Core Standards were developed by the National Association of Governors and the Council of Chief State School Officers. They were "informed by the highest, most effective models from states across the country and countries around the world and provide teachers and parents with a common understanding of what students are expected to learn" in order to "provide a clear and consistent framework to prepare our children for college and the workforce." Forty-five states and the District of Columbia, along with four territories, adopted Common Core Standards. Developed specifically for English Language Arts and Mathematics instruction, "the Standards are (1) research and evidence based, (2) aligned with college and work expectations, (3) rigorous, and (4) internationally benchmarked."[129]

#### Grant criteria[edit]

Grants are rewarded based on these scores and subsequent rankings:[130]

* A. State Success Factors (125 points)
* (A)(1) Articulating State’s education reform agenda and LEAs’ participation in it (65 points)
* (A)(2) Building strong statewide capacity to implement, scale up, and sustain proposed plans (30 points)
* (A)(3) Demonstrating significant progress in raising achievement and closing gaps (30 points)
* B. Standards and Assessments (70 points)
* (B)(1) Developing and adopting common standards (40 points)
* (B)(2) Developing and implementing common, high-quality assessments (10 points)
* (B)(3) Supporting the transition to enhanced standards and high-quality assessments (20 points)
* C. Data Systems to Support Instruction (47 points)
* (C)(1) Fully implementing a statewide longitudinal data system (24 points)
* (C)(2) Accessing and using State data (5 points)
* (C)(3) Using data to improve instruction (18 points)
* D. Great Teachers and Leaders (138 points)
* (D)(1) Providing high-quality pathways for aspiring teachers and principals (21 points)
* (D)(2) Improving teacher and principal effectiveness based on performance (58 points)
* (D)(3) Ensuring equitable distribution of effective teachers and principals (25 points)
* (D)(4) Improving the effectiveness of teacher and principal preparation programs (14 points)
* (D)(5) Providing effective support to teachers and principals (20 points)
* E. Turning Around the Lowest-Achieving Schools (50 points)
* (E)(1) Intervening in the lowest-achieving schools and LEAs (10 points)
* (E)(2) Turning around the lowest-achieving schools (40 points)
* F. General Selection Criteria (55 points)
* (F)(1) Making education funding a priority (10 points)
* (F)(2) Ensuring successful conditions for high-performing charters and other innovative schools (40 points)
* (F)(3) Demonstrating other significant reform conditions (5 points)

#### Goals[edit]

The goals of the Race to the Top reforms were:[130]

* to use data to inform instruction
* to raise achievement standards and graduation rates
* to turn around historically low-performing schools
* to improve teacher and principal quality.

#### Opposing viewpoints[edit]

* Critics argued that the Race to the Top funding model would take resources from already struggling school systems and create vast disparities in achievement. Supporters maintained that only a "small but significant" portion of Race to the Top funds would go to states with the "best, homegrown plans for education reform," and that absent these incentives, the status-quo Federal funding model would continue to fail students by ignoring innovation.[131]

* Other opponents questioned whether these reforms could adequately induce innovation. They saw Race to the Top as evidence of "cartel federalism" in line with the Bush administration's No Child Left Behind policy. They did not believe reform would be achieved by further centralization of standards because “the ends of the educational system are still set by the same small group of officials, who are protected from competition.”[132]

#### Supporting viewpoints[edit]

* American Federation of Teachers president Randi Weingarten supported Race to the Top, but in May of 2013, she called for a moratorium on full implementation:

“  | Done right, Common Core standards will 'lead to a revolution in teaching and learning' that puts critical thinking, problem solving and teamwork ahead of rote memorization and endless test-taking, Weingarten said. Done wrong, 'they will end up in the overflowing dustbin of abandoned reforms, with people throwing up their hands, believing that public schools are too broken to save.[133] |  ”

|
|

—American Federation of Teachers[134]

* Supporters also pointed out that Race to the Top incentivized states to design and pursue serious reforms before any money was handed out. The competition for potential grants induced reforms to improve instruction in both quality and kind across the board, not just among states who ultimately receive grants.[135]

#### Results[edit]

Race to the Top grants recipients were announced in three initial rounds.[136][137] [138]

* Round 1 (March 29, 2010): Delaware, Tennessee
* Round 2 (August 24, 2010): Florida, Georgia, Hawaii, Maryland, Massachusetts, New York, North Carolina, Ohio, Rhode Island, District of Columbia
* Round 3 (December 23, 2011): Arizona, Colorado, Illinois, Kentucky, Louisiana, New Jersey, Pennsylvania

Race to the Top grant allocations slowed significantly after the first three rounds as many states faced delayed implementation of promised reforms.[139]

In 2012, the Department of Education announced a new round of grant allocation -- Race to the Top-District -- in which individual school districts and charter school programs would be eligible for grants. Sixteen grant winners were selected in 2012. A second round of Race to the Top-District grants will be allocated, and in October 2013, 16 finalists for were announced.[140][141]

### Noteworthy events[edit]

Despite 45 states and four territories formally adopting Race to the Top's Common Core, public backlash against the new standards became a frequent occurance. On September 19, 2013, a group of parents in California protested the state's adoption of Common Core when Secretary of Education Arne Duncan (D) visited their city.[142] Duncan later drew criticism in November 2013 when he described the opposition to Common Core as "white suburban moms who — all of a sudden — their child isn’t as brilliant as they thought they were, and their school isn’t quite as good as they thought they were," to a group of state school superintendents.[143] On November 18, 2013, a number of parents in at least 17 states, including South Carolina and New York, chose to keep their children home from school as part of a "National Common Core Protest Day" to demonstrate opposition to Common Core's "one-size-fits all curriculum" and standardized testing methods.[144][145] On December 8, 2013, the Buffalo Teachers Federation in New York protested outside the residence of a state education regent in response to Common Core implementation and its emphasis on continually testing students.[146]

In response to the public outcry, several states delayed implementation or rescinded adoption of the standards entirely. The Alabama state school board voted to revoke their agreement to adhere to the Common Core standards on November 14, 2013. However, their existing state standards were still in line with Common Core.[147] Alabama was the only state to pull away entirely from its commitment to the Common Core standards. However, others such as Pennsylvania and Indiana chose to halt implementation.[148][149] Louisiana chose to delay Common Core's accountability measures for two years; additionally, Massachusetts, Oklahoma, Georgia and Michigan chose to delay or abandon Common Core testing.[150][151][152][153][154]

Both Utah and Florida withdrew from the Partnership for Assessment of Readiness for College and Careers and Smarter Balanced Assessment consortium, although both states planned to continue Common Core implementation.[155][156] In Ohio, Representative Andrew Thompson introduced House Bill 237 to the Ohio House of Representatives in order to prevent the state from implementing Common Core.[157]

# Healthcare[edit]

### Affordable Care Act[edit]

See also: Obamacare overview

The Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act, commonly known as Obamacare, was passed in its finality on March 21, 2010, and signed into law by President Obama on March 23, 2010.[158]

The aim of the law was to provide an expansion of health insurance coverage to more Americans through both individual health insurance marketplaces as well as through employer-provided plans. Minimum requirements of coverage were established and both individual and employer mandates were established over a period of years in order to achieve the goal of expanded coverage. Subsidies and tax credits are provided to individual consumers based on income level and dependents, and existing programs such as medicaid and CHIP were expanded to increase reach. Small businesses receive tax credits based on the level of insurance offered to employees, as well.[159]

#### Ten essential benefits for coverage[edit]

The law included ten essential benefits that plans created after the law's passage needed to include. Existing plans were grandfathered in, but few of the grandfathered plans remain due to frequent changes to health insurance policies.[160] The ten essential benefits outlined by the ACA are:[161]

* Ambulatory patient services
* Emergency services
* Hospitalization
* Maternity and newborn care
* Mental health and substance abuse disorder services, including behavioral health treatment
* Prescription drugs
* Rehabilitative and habilitative services and devices
* Laboratory services
* Preventive and wellness services and chronic disease management
* Pediatric services, including oral and vision care

#### Contraception mandate in the Supreme Court[edit]

See also: Obamacare lawsuits

On March 25, 2014, the Supreme Court heard the case put forward by Hobby Lobby and Conestoga Wood Specialties. The case argued that mandated coverage of birth control violated religious freedoms. Both companies' appeals were heard together during a one-hour public session.[162]

The Supreme Court ruled in favor of Hobby Lobby in Burwell v. Hobby Lobby on June 30, 2014. The 5-4 decision allowed companies to opt out of offering contraceptives on the basis of religious beliefs. Justice Samuel Alito wrote the court's opinion, stating, "We doubt that the Congress that enacted RFRA — or, for that matter, ACA–would have believed it a tolerable result to put family-run businesses to the choice of violating their sincerely held religious beliefs or making all of their employees lose their existing healthcare plans."[163]

The dissenting justices claimed the ruling would allow companies to "opt out of any law (saving only tax laws) they judge incompatible with their sincerely held religious beliefs." Likewise, the Obama administration argued that companies that did not wish to provide the contraceptive coverage or other areas of coverage due to religious beliefs could decide not to provide any company-wide options.[163]

Although the decision expanded the notion of corporate personhood to include religious rights "to provide protection for human beings," members of the public found it highly divisive in nature as it reaffirmed the Court's "pro-business" stance.[164] Senate Majority Leader Harry Reid (D-NV) pledged to restore the Affordable Care Act's contraception coverage, stating, "If the Supreme Court will not protect women’s access to health care, then Democrats will. We will continue to fight to preserve women’s access to contraceptive coverage and keep bosses out of the examination room."[165]

# Energy[edit]

### Carbon cap executive order[edit]

* * *

* * *

Fracking in the U.S.

* * *

Energy use in the U.S.

* * *

Energy policy in the U.S.

* * *

Environmental policy

* * *

State fracking policy

* * *

State environmental policy

* * *

Glossary of energy terms

* * *

Public policy news

* * *

* * *

Energy on the ballot
Local fracking on the ballot
Statewide fracking on the ballot

On June 2, 2014, President Obama signed an executive order intended to cut carbon pollution in the United States by 30% of 2005 levels by 2030. The order allowed states to individually determine which policies would be more effective for them to reach their goals. A similar bill was debated by Congress during Obama's first term in office, but it failed to pass. Obama used powers established by the 1970 Clean Air Act to sign the executive order.[166] Legal challenges were expected to arise over the 645-page order. EPA Administrator Gina McCarthy said of the rule, "This is not just about disappearing polar bears or melting ice caps. This is about protecting our health and our homes. This is about protecting local economies and jobs."[167]

President Obama gave the EPA until June 2015 to finalize the rule, and states had until June 2016 to submit their plans, but the EPA pushed the deadline for states back to 2017 for those working individually and 2018 for those working together on plans.[167]

#### Possible ramifications[edit]

Coal plants were most likely to be hit the hardest, with estimates that hundreds of the nation's 6,000 plants would be shut down by 2030. The Chamber of Commerce estimated that the new rule could result in a lowering of the gross domestic product (GDP) by as much as $50 billion annually.[166]

The United Mine Workers of America (UMWA) president spoke out against the action, suggesting 75,000 jobs could be lost by 2020. He stated, "The proposed rule … will lead to long-term and irreversible job losses for thousands of coal miners, electrical workers, utility workers, boilermakers, railroad workers and others without achieving any significant reduction of global greenhouse gas emissions."[168] Additionally, Democratic lawmakers and candidates in coal-driven states came out in opposition to the president's plan. Those lawmakers included Alison Lundergan Grimes, Natalie Tennant and Rep. Nick Rahall (D-WV).[169]

# Executive orders[edit]

### Response to VA problems[edit]

On August 26, 2014, President Obama announced 19 new executive orders aimed at improving the functionality of Veterans Affairs hospitals across the country in addition to providing other benefits for veterans. The executive orders enacted programs in the following areas.[170]

* Access to quality healthcare - improved efficiency, accountability and transparency
* Mental health initiatives for veterans
* Mortgage interest rate reductions
* Student debt relief
* Improvements on the GI Bill
* Job placement programs
* Combating veteran homelessness
* Increased funding to the U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs
* Working through the disability claims backlog

## State of the Union addresses[edit]

Every year in office, the president of the United States addresses Congress on the present state of affairs as well as the administration's goals for the coming year.[171] Addresses made by presidents in their inauguration years are not technically "State of the Union" addresses and are typically held in February.[172] Following are transcripts from Obama's State of the Union addresses.

* January 12, 2016
* January 20, 2015
* January 28, 2014
* February 12, 2013
* January 24, 2012
* January 26, 2011
* January 27, 2010
* February 24, 2009

## Elections[edit]

### U.S. President[edit]

#### 2012[edit]

See also: Endorsements by state officials of presidential candidates in the 2012 election

Obama sought and won re-election as President of the United States in 2012.[1][1]

Mitt Romney ran for the Republican Party, while Gary Johnson ran as a Libertarian and Jill Stein ran for the Green Party.

U.S. presidential election, 2012

Party | Candidate | Vote % | Votes | Electoral votes
| Democratic  | Barack Obama/Joe Biden Incumbent | 51.3% | 65,899,660 | 332
| Republican  |  Mitt Romney/Paul Ryan | 47.4% | 60,932,152 | 206
| Libertarian  |  Gary Johnson/Jim Gray  | 1% | 1,275,804 | 0
| Green  |  Jill Stein/Cheri Honkala  | 0.4% | 469,501 | 0
Total Votes | 128,577,117 | 538
Election results via: FEC official election results

Other candidates that appeared on the ballot received less than 0.1% of the vote. Those candidates included: Roseanne Barr, Rocky Anderson, Thomas Hoefling, Jerry Litzel, Jeff Boss, Merlin Miller, Randall Terry, Jill Reed, Richard Duncan, Andre Barnett, Chuck Baldwin, Barbara Washer, Tom Stevens, Virgil Goode, Will Christensen, Stewart Alexander, James Harris, Jim Carlson, Sheila Tittle, Peta Lindsay, Gloria La Riva, Jerry White, Dean Morstad and Jack Fellure.[173]

#### 2008[edit]

In 2008, Obama defeated John McCain (R), Ralph Nader (Peace and Freedom), Bob Barr (L), Chuck Baldwin (Constitution) and Cynthia McKinney (Green) in the Presidential election on November 4, 2008.

U.S. presidential election, 2008

Party | Candidate | Vote % | Votes | Electoral votes
| Democratic  | Barack Obama/Joe Biden | 53% | 69,498,516 | 365
| Republican  |  John McCain/Sarah Palin | 45.7% | 59,948,323 | 173
| Peace and Freedom  |  Ralph Nader/Matt Gonzalez  | 0.6% | 739,034 | 0
| Libertarian  |  Bob Barr/Wayne Allyn Root  | 0.4% | 523,715 | 0
| Constitution  |  Chuck Baldwin/Darrell Castle  | 0.2% | 199,750 | 0
| Green  |  Cynthia McKinney/Rosa Clemente  | 0.1% | 161,797 | 0
Total Votes | 131,071,135 | 538
Election results via: Archives.gov official election results

Other candidates that appeared on the ballot received less than 0.1% of the vote. Those candidates included: Alan Keyes, Ron Paul, Gloria La Riva, Brian Moore, Roger Calero, Richard Duncan, James Harris, Charles Jay, John Joseph Polachek, Frank Edward McEnulty, Jeffrey J. Wamboldt, Thomas Robert Stevens, Gene C. Amondson, Jeffrey Jeff Boss, George Phillies, Ted Weill, Jonathan E. Allen and Bradford Lyttle.[174]

## Campaign donors[edit]

* * *

The finance data shown here comes from the disclosures required of candidates and parties. Depending on the election or state, this may not represent all the funds spent on their behalf. Satellite spending groups may or may not have expended funds related to the candidate or politician on whose page you are reading this disclaimer, and campaign finance data from elections may be incomplete. For elections to federal offices, complete data can be found at the FEC website. Click here for more on federal campaign finance law and here for more on state campaign finance law.

* * *

Barack Obama campaign contribution history

Year | Office | Result | Contributions
2012 | U.S. Presidency (Incumbent) |  | $715,677,692
2008 | U.S. Presidency |  | $744,985,624
2004 | U.S. Senate (Illinois) |  | $14,964,184
Grand total raised | $1,475,627,500
Source: [[175][176][177] Follow the Money]

### 2012[edit]

Breakdown of the source of Obama's campaign funds before the 2012 election.

Obama won re-election to the U.S. Presidency in 2012. During that election cycle, Obama's campaign committee raised a total of $715,677,692 and spent $683,546,548.[178]

#### Cost per vote[edit]

Obama spent $10.37 per vote received in 2012.

#### Campaign donors[edit]

U.S. Presidency, 2012 - Barack Obama Campaign Contributions

Total Raised | $715,677,692
Total Spent | $683,546,548
Total Raised by Election Runner-up | $446,135,997
Total Spent by Election Runner-up | $433,281,516
Top contributors to Barack Obama's campaign committee
University of California| $1,212,245
Microsoft Corp.| $814,645
Google Inc.| $801,770
U.S. Government| $728,647
Harvard University| $668,368
Top 5 industries that contributed to campaign committee
Retired| $54,522,578
Lawyers/Law Firms| $27,533,147
Education| $21,615,820
Health Professionals| $10,456,340
Business Services| $8,646,106

### 2008[edit]

Breakdown of the source of Obama's campaign funds before the 2008 election.

Obama won election to the U.S. Presidency in 2008. During that election cycle, Obama's campaign committee raised a total of $744,985,624 and spent $729,519,581.[179]

#### Cost per vote[edit]

Obama spent $10.50 per vote received in 2008.

#### Campaign donors[edit]

U.S. Presidency, 2008 - Barack Obama Campaign Contributions

Total Raised | $744,985,624
Total Spent | $729,519,581
Total Raised by General Election Opponent | $368,039,764
Total Spent by General Election Opponent | $333,375,676
Top contributors to Barack Obama's campaign committee
University of California| $1,799,460
Goldman Sachs| $1,034,615
Harvard University| $900,909
Microsoft Corp.| $854,717
JPMorgan Chase and Co.| $847,895
Top 5 industries that contributed to campaign committee
Lawyers/Law Firms| $46,988,063
Retired| $43,213,842
Education| $25,418,843
Securities and Investment| $16,580,277
Health Professionals| $13,864,142

### 2004[edit]

Breakdown of the source of Obama's campaign funds before the 2004 election.

Obama won election to the U.S. Senate in 2004. During that election cycle, Obama's campaign committee raised a total of $14,964,184 and spent $14,371,464.[180]

#### Cost per vote[edit]

Obama spent $3.99 per vote received in 2004.

#### Campaign donors[edit]

U.S. Senate, 2004 - Barack Obama Campaign Contributions

Total Raised | $14,964,184
Total Spent | $14,371,464
Total Raised by General Election Opponent | $2,803,878
Total Spent by General Election Opponent | $2,664,471
Top contributors to Barack Obama's campaign committee
University of Chicago| $153,054
Kirkland & Ellis| $96,138
Henry Crown & Co.| $76,000
Sidley, Austin et al| $75,682
Exelon Corp.| $73,450
Top 5 industries that contributed to campaign committee
Lawyers/Law Firms| $2,325,317
Securities and Investment| $1,184,036
Retired| $798,870
Real Estate| $623,460
Education| $532,946

## Candidate endorsements[edit]

* Obama endorsed Sen. Brian Schatz in the 2014 Hawaii special election to replace the late Sen. Daniel Inouye. Rep. Colleen Hanabusa ran against Schatz in the Democratic primary as the desired choice of Inouye to replace him. Governor of Hawaii Neil Abercrombie appointed Schatz, who was Lt. Governor. Schatz won the general election on November 4, 2014.[181]

## Analysis[edit]

### Net Worth[edit]

See also: Changes in Net Worth of U.S. Senators and Representatives (Personal Gain Index) and Net worth of United States Senators and Representatives

#### 2011[edit]

Based on congressional financial disclosure forms and calculations made available by OpenSecrets.org, Obama's net worth as of 2011 was estimated between $2,566,014.00 and $8,265,000.00. That averages to $5,415,507.00, which ranked 8th among executive branch members. His average calculated net worth[182] decreased by %2.6 from 2010.[183]

#### 2010[edit]

Based on congressional financial disclosure forms and calculations made available by OpenSecrets.org, Obama's net worth as of 2010 was estimated between $2,802,012.00 and $11,830,000.00. That averages to $7,316,006.00, which ranked 9th among executive branch members.[184]

### Elected office turnover[edit]

#### 2012 elections[edit]

According to Sabato's Crystal Ball, the Democratic Party gained 8 U.S. House seats and 2 Senate seats in 2012.

In state government elections, the Democratic Party lost one governor's office and gained control of two state legislatures.[185]

#### 2010 elections[edit]

According to Sabato's Crystal Ball, the Democratic Party lost 63 U.S. House seats and 6 Senate seats in 2010. The House turnover was the largest differential since the 1948 general election.

In state government elections, the Democratic Party lost 8 governors' offices and lost control of 10 state legislatures. The turnover in state legislature control was the largest differential since the 1974 general election.[185]

## 2016 Democratic National Convention[edit]

* Delegate to the 2016 DNC (click to expand)

See also: Democratic National Convention, 2016

|

Barack Obama
Democratic National Convention, 2016
Status:| Superdelegate
State:| Illinois
Supporting:| Hillary Clinton
Delegates to the DNC 2016
Calendar and delegate rules overview • Types of delegates • State election law and delegates • Superdelegates by state

## Contents

* 1 Biography
* 2 Career
* 3 Committee assignments
* 3.1 U.S. Senator
* 3.1.1 2007-08
* 3.1.2 2005-06
* 4 Issues
* 4.1 Presidential administration
* 4.1.1 Secret Service security breaches
* 4.1.2 West African Ebola outbreak
* 4.1.3 CIA interrogation tactics report
* 4.1.4 Shooting in Ferguson, Missouri
* 4.1.5 2014 illegal immigration surge
* 4.1.5.1 Detention center increase
* 4.1.5.2 Executive order
* 4.1.5.3 Funding increase request
* 4.1.5.4 Refugee status extension
* 4.1.5.5 ISIS border threat
* 4.1.6 ISIS insurgency
* 4.1.6.1 Obama's strategy
* 4.1.7 2014 Crisis in Gaza
* 4.1.8 Boehner lawsuit
* 4.1.9 Bergdahl exchange
* 4.1.10 VA hospital waiting lines
* 4.1.10.1 Shinseki resignation
* 4.1.11 Obamacare
* 4.1.11.1 Healthcare.gov rollout
* 4.1.11.2 Health insurance policy cancellations
* 4.1.11.3 Cost overruns
* 4.1.11.4 Sebelius resignation
* 4.1.12 Warrantless wiretapping
* 4.1.13 Wiretapping journalists
* 4.1.14 IRS targeting
* 4.1.15 Benghazi
* 4.1.16 Operation Fast and Furious
* 4.2 Presidential preference
* 4.3 2016 presidential endorsement
* 5 Key legislation
* 6 Education
* 6.1 Race to the Top
* 6.2 Common Core
* 6.2.1 Grant criteria
* 6.2.2 Goals
* 6.2.3 Opposing viewpoints
* 6.2.4 Supporting viewpoints
* 6.2.5 Results
* 6.3 Noteworthy events
* 7 Healthcare
* 7.1 Affordable Care Act
* 7.1.1 Ten essential benefits for coverage
* 7.1.2 Contraception mandate in the Supreme Court
* 8 Energy
* 8.1 Carbon cap executive order
* 8.1.1 Possible ramifications
* 9 Executive orders
* 9.1 Response to VA problems
* 9.2 State of the Union addresses
* 9.3 Elections
* 9.3.1 U.S. President
* 9.3.1.1 2012
* 9.3.1.2 2008
* 9.4 Campaign donors
* 9.4.1 2012
* 9.4.1.1 Cost per vote
* 9.4.1.2 Campaign donors
* 9.4.2 2008
* 9.4.2.1 Cost per vote
* 9.4.2.2 Campaign donors
* 9.4.3 2004
* 9.4.3.1 Cost per vote
* 9.4.3.2 Campaign donors
* 9.5 Candidate endorsements
* 9.6 Analysis
* 9.6.1 Net Worth
* 9.6.1.1 2011
* 9.6.1.2 2010
* 9.6.2 Elected office turnover
* 9.6.2.1 2012 elections
* 9.6.2.2 2010 elections
* 9.7 2016 Democratic National Convention
* 9.7.1 What is a superdelegate?
* 9.7.2 Illinois primary results
* 9.7.3 Delegate allocation
* 9.8 Personal
* 9.9 Recent news
* 9.10 See also
* 9.11 External links
* 9.12 Footnotes

Obama was a superdelegate to the 2016 Democratic National Convention from Illinois.[186] Obama was one of 27 superdelegates from Illinois. Superdelegates to the 2016 Democratic National Convention were not bound by the results of their state’s primary or caucus to support a specific presidential candidate. Obama supported Hillary Clinton for the Democratic nomination.[187] Clinton formally won the Democratic nomination for president on July 26, 2016.[188]

### What is a superdelegate?[edit]

See also: Superdelegates and the 2016 Democratic National Convention

Superdelegates in 2016 were automatic delegates to the Democratic National Convention, meaning that, unlike regular delegates, they were not elected to this position. Also unlike regular delegates, they were not required to pledge their support to any presidential candidate, and they were not bound by the results of their state's presidential primary election or caucus. In 2016, superdelegates included members of the Democratic National Committee, Democratic members of Congress, Democratic governors, and distinguished party leaders, including former presidents and vice presidents. All superdelegates were free to support any presidential candidate of their choosing at the 2016 Democratic National Convention.[189]

### Illinois primary results[edit]

See also: Presidential election in Illinois, 2016
Hillary Clinton won the Illinois Democratic primary election, beating Bernie Sanders by less than two percentage points. Clinton carried Cook County, where the city of Chicago is located, 54 to 46 percent. African American voters made up 28 percent of the Democratic electorate in Illinois, according to exit poll data. Clinton won African Americans 70 to 30 percent over Sanders.[190] Illinois Democratic Primary, 2016

Candidate | Vote % | Votes | Delegates
Hillary Clinton | 50.6% | 1,039,555 | 79
Bernie Sanders  | 48.6% | 999,494 | 77
Willie Wilson  | 0.3% | 6,565 | 0
Martin O'Malley  | 0.3% | 6,197 | 0
Larry Cohen  | 0.1% | 2,407 | 0
Roque De La Fuente  | 0.1% | 1,802 | 0
David Formhals  | 0% | 25 | 0
Brian O'Neill  | 0% | 2 | 0
Totals | 2,056,047 | 156
Source: The New York Times and Illinois State Board of Elections

### Delegate allocation[edit]

See also: 2016 presidential nominations: calendar and delegate rules

100px

Illinois had 183 delegates at the 2016 Democratic National Convention. Of this total, 156 were pledged delegates. National party rules stipulated how Democratic delegates in all states were allocated. Pledged delegates were allocated to a candidate in proportion to the votes he or she received in a state's primary or caucus. A candidate was eligible to receive a share of the state's pledged delegates if he or she won at least 15 percent of the votes cast in the primary or caucus. There were three types of pledged Democratic delegates: congressional district delegates, at-large delegates, and party leaders and elected officials (PLEOs). Congressional district delegates were allocated proportionally based on the primary or caucus results in a given district. At-large and PLEO delegates were allocated proportionally based on statewide primary results.[191][192]

Twenty-seven party leaders and elected officials served as unpledged delegates. These delegates were not required to adhere to the results of a state's primary or caucus.[191][193]

## Personal[edit]

Note: Please contact us if the personal information below requires an update.

Introducing Bo and Sunny, the first family's dogs.

Obama and his wife Michelle have two girls, Malia and Sasha. They also shared the White House with their two Portuguese Water Dogs, Bo and Sunny. Obama won a Grammy Award in 2006 for the reading of his memoir The Dreams From My Father, and is an avid reader and sports fan.[194] Obama was nominated, along with actor Zack Galifianakis for an Emmy award on July 10, 2014, in the Outstanding Short-Format Live-Action Entertainment Program category for his interview on Galifianakis' Between Two Ferns.[195] He had the White House tennis court adapted to create a full sized basketball court shortly after taking office.[196]

## Recent news[edit]

This section links to a Google news search for the term Barack + Obama.

Barack Obama News Feed

## See also[edit]

* United States Congress
* Endorsements by state officials of presidential candidates in the 2012 election
* Presidential candidates, 2016

## External links[edit]

* Official White House website
* Official campaign website
* Barack Obama on MySpace

* Social media:
* Facebook
* Twitter
* YouTube
* Biographies:
* U.S. Congress
* Wikipedia
* Political profiles:
* Project Vote Smart
* Interest group ratings:
* Project Vote Smart
* Issue positions:
* On The Issues
* Project Vote Smart
* Public statements:
* Project Vote Smart
* Voting record:
* Project Vote Smart
* Washington Post
* Media coverage:
* New York Times
* Washington Post

## Footnotes[edit]

1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 The Cincinnati Herald, "Obama re-elected to historic second term," November 10, 2012 Cite error: Invalid `<ref>` tag; name "reelect" defined multiple times with different content
2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 2.2 2.3 2.4 Biography.com, "Barack Obama biography," accessed November 14, 2013
3. ↑ 3.0 3.1 3.2 3.3 CNN, "Barack Obama Fast Facts," January 20, 2013
4. ↑ Washington Post, "Obama Forged Political Mettle In Illinois Capitol," February 9, 2007
5. ↑ Washington Post, "Who Runs Gov: Barack Obama," accessed November 14, 2013
6. ↑ Government Printing Office, "Standing Committees of the Senate, 110th Congress" (accessed June 25, 2013)
7. ↑ Government Printing Office, "Standing Committees of the Senate, 109th Congress" (accessed June 25, 2013)
8. ↑ WJLA, "Key highlights of Secret Service director's testimony before Congress," September 30, 2014
9. ↑ Time, "Secret Service Director Resigns," October 1, 2014
10. ↑ CNN, "Official: Secret Service twice interviewed, released would-be White House intruder," September 23, 2014
11. ↑ Washington Examiner, "Exclusive: Secret Service missed man with gun in elevator with Obama," September 30, 2014
12. ↑ The Washington Post, "Secret Service fumbled response after gunman hit White House residence in 2011," September 27, 2014
13. ↑ The Hill, "Obama at CDC warns Ebola outbreak ‘spiraling out of control’," September 16, 2014
14. ↑ The Guardian, "Obama to announce Ebola force of 3,000 US military personnel," September 16, 2014
15. ↑ The Hill, "White House to request $500M to fight Ebola," September 16, 2014
16. ↑ Politico, "Senate report: CIA misled public, Bush on use of torture," December 9, 2014
17. ↑ Politico, "Senate report: CIA misled public, Bush on use of torture," December 9, 2014
18. ↑ Politico, "Obama: 'We tortured some folks'," August 1, 2014
19. ↑ Politico, "Senate report: CIA misled public, Bush on use of torture," December 9, 2014
20. ↑ Associated Press, "Topline Messages (as proposed by State)," accessed August 1, 2014
21. ↑ Politico, "Senate report: CIA misled public, Bush on use of torture," December 9, 2014
22. ↑ The Washington Post, "Senate, CIA clash over redactions in interrogation report," August 5, 2014
23. ↑ International Business Times, "Why The CIA Torture Report Release Took Years of Wrangling And Negotiations," December 9, 2014
24. ↑ CNN, "Gunshots, tear gas in Missouri town where police shot teen," August 12, 2014
25. ↑ The Hill, "Obama calls for calm after ‘disturbing’ events in Ferguson," August 14, 2014
26. ↑ The Hill, "Obama sends Holder to Ferguson," August 18, 2014
27. ↑ The Hill, "White House hasn’t ruled out sending Obama to Ferguson," August 19, 2014
28. ↑ 28.0 28.1 Politico, "What to know: ‘08 immigration law," July 10, 2014
29. ↑ 29.0 29.1 29.2 29.3 Politico, "White House unveils new plan to address immigration crisis," June 20, 2014
30. ↑ Reuters, "Central America presses Biden on migrant rights as U.S. vows aid," June 20, 2014
31. ↑ New York Times, "Obama Says He’ll Order Action to Aid Immigrants," June 30, 2014
32. ↑ L.A. Times, "Congressman optimistic Obama will grant immigrants legal status," July 19, 2014
33. ↑ Politico, "Barack Obama's immigration moves could be unstoppable," July 30, 2014
34. ↑ The Hill, "Boehner: Obama will cement ‘legacy of lawlessness’ with immigration order," July 31, 2014
35. ↑ Fox News, "Obama Delays Any Immigration Action Until After November Elections," September 6, 2014
36. ↑ USA Today, "Obama seeks $3.7B to stem tide of kids crossing border," July 9, 2014
37. ↑ Politico, "John Boehner urges action on border bill," July 9, 2014
38. ↑ Wall Street Journal, "Proposal Would Alter Process for Migrating," July 24, 2014
39. ↑ Washington Free Beacon, "U.S. Confirms ISIL Planning Infiltration of U.S. Southern Border," September 10, 2014
40. ↑ The Guardian, "40,000 Iraqis stranded on mountain as Isis jihadists threaten death," August 6, 2014
41. ↑ ABC News, "Airstrikes in Iraq," August 8, 2014
42. ↑ CNN, "Iraq crisis: Troops swell in Baghdad amid ISIS threat, humanitarian nightmare," August 11, 2014
43. ↑ CNN, "Officials: U.S. airstrikes pound ISIS militants firing at Iraq's Yazidis," August 10, 2014
44. ↑ The Telegraph, "Tanks on Baghdad's streets, but Iraqi prime minister Nouri al-Maliki finally ousted," August 11, 2014
45. ↑ Politico, "Barack Obama vows 'justice' for Steven Sotloff," September 3, 2014
46. ↑ 46.0 46.1 CNN, "Obama escalates ISIS campaign in Iraq, broadens it to war-ravaged Syria," September 10, 2014
47. ↑ The Guardian, "Isis insurgents seize control of Iraqi city of Mosul," June 10, 2014
48. ↑ Politico, "Chuck Hagel orders U.S. aircraft carrier to Persian Gulf," June 14, 2014
49. ↑ Politico, "Up to 275 U.S. military personnel headed to Iraq," June 16, 2014
50. ↑ USA Today, "Obama plans to send up to 300 military advisers to Iraq," June 19, 2014
51. ↑ Politico, "Senators invited to Iraq briefing," June 24, 2014
52. ↑ The Guardian, "US flying armed drones in Iraq," June 28, 2014
53. ↑ CBS News, "300 more U.S. troops headed to Iraq," June 30, 2014
54. ↑ The Guardian, "House votes to block president from sending US troops to fight in Iraq," July 25, 2014
55. ↑ ABC News, "US Carries Out More Airstrikes Against ISIS in Iraq," August 8, 2014
56. ↑ The Telegraph, "Tanks on Baghdad's streets, but Iraqi prime minister Nouri al-Maliki finally ousted," August 11, 2014
57. ↑ The Hill, "Obama orders more than 100 advisers to Iraq," August 12, 2014
58. ↑ Time, "U.S. Says That Insurgents’ Siege of Iraqi Mountain Has Ended," August 14, 2014
59. ↑ Al Jazeera, "Maliki gives up Iraq PM job to rival," August 15, 2014
60. ↑ Politico, "White House broadens Iraq air mission," August 17, 2014
61. ↑ The Guardian, "Islamic State militants claim to have killed US journalist James Foley," August 20, 2014
62. ↑ The Hill, "DOJ investigating ISIS killing of Foley," August 21, 2014
63. ↑ The Guardian, "US launches reconnaissance flights over Syria," August 26, 2014
64. ↑ Politico, "U.S. military launches airstrikes, drops humanitarian aid to help beleaguered city in Iraq," August 30, 2014
65. ↑ CBS DC, "New ISIS Video Purports To Show Beheading Of Another US Journalist," September 2, 2014
66. ↑ The Guardian, "Iraqi government names new cabinet as Islamic State advance," September 8, 2014
67. ↑ NBC News, "Tricky Diplomacy Awaits U.S. in ISIS Fight, Analysts Say," September 10, 2014
68. ↑ Daily Mail Online, "'We will hunt down the killers of this British hero': Cameron vows to bring Jihadi John to justice after he beheads David Haines and threatens that second British aid worker will be next," September 13, 2014
69. ↑ Star Tribune, "Obama signs bill authorizing arms and training for Syrian rebels fighting Islamic State group," September 19, 2014 (dead link)
70. ↑ Al Jazeera, "ISIL released Turks held hostage in Iraq," September 21, 2014
71. ↑ Al Jazeera, "Thousands of Syrian Kurds flee ISIL," September 21, 2014
72. ↑ Al Jazeera, "US and allies strike ISIL targets in Syria," September 23, 2014
73. ↑ The Guardian, "Operation Protective Edge: Israel bombs Gaza in retaliation for rockets," July 8, 2014
74. ↑ Washington Post, "Hamas tunnel threat at center of war with Israel," July 25, 2014
75. ↑ L.A. Times, "House lawsuit over Obamacare to focus on employer mandate delay," July 10, 2014
76. ↑ Cite error: Invalid `<ref>` tag; no text was provided for refs named `hilldelay`
77. ↑ Politico, "GOP’s Obama lawsuit to focus on employer mandate," July 10, 2014
78. ↑ CBS News, "Bowe Bergdahl, a Taliban captive since 2009, has been freed," May 31, 2014
79. ↑ 79.0 79.1 Politico, "Criticism of Bergdahl deal mounts," June 6, 2014
80. ↑ Politico, "President Obama defends Bowe Bergdahl deal," June 3, 2014
81. ↑ CNN, "A fatal wait: Veterans languish and die on a VA hospital's secret list," April 24, 2014
82. ↑ Time, "Why Veterans Affairs Can’t Root Out Its Corruption," June 2, 2014
83. ↑ CNN, "Two key veterans groups call for VA chief Eric Shinseki to resign," May 5, 2014
84. ↑ Wall Street Journal, "Veterans Affairs Secretary Eric Shinseki Says He Won't Resign," May 6, 2014
85. ↑ Politico, "President Barack Obama accepts Eric Shinseki’s resignation," May 30, 2014
86. ↑ Politico, "Eric Shinseki ‘mad as hell’ over VA scandal," May 15, 2014
87. ↑ Chicago Tribune, "Computer glitches, overloads hit health care exchanges," October 1, 2013
88. ↑ Bloomberg, "Insurers Getting Faulty Data From U.S. Health Exchanges," October 8, 2013
89. ↑ Politico, "Another obstacle to signing up for ACA crops up," October 21, 2013
90. ↑ Pittsburgh Tribune-Review, "Sebelius visit fails to reassure as health care website glitches persist," October 10, 2013
91. ↑ CNN, "Sebelius: 'I apologize, I'm accountable' for Obamacare website flaws," October 30, 2013
92. ↑ Politico, "Kathleen Sebelius offers to testify on Obamacare," October 22, 2013
93. ↑ Politico, "Tech 'surge' to tackle Obamacare websites," October 20, 2013
94. ↑ Boston Globe, "Obama slams 'outrageous myths' on health care; Republicans say president 'plays fast and loose' with facts," August 22, 2009
95. ↑ New York Times, "Cancellation of Health Care Plans Replaces Website Problems as Prime Target," October 29, 2013
96. ↑ Wall Street Journal, "Poorly Managed HealthCare.gov Construction Cost $840 Million, Watchdog Finds," July 30, 2014
97. ↑ CBS News, "HealthCare.gov has already cost $840 million," July 30, 2014
98. ↑ USA Today, "Health chief Sebelius apologizes for botched website," October 30, 2013
99. ↑ Cite error: Invalid `<ref>` tag; no text was provided for refs named `prism`
100. ↑ The Guardian, "NSA spying scandal: what we have learned," June 10, 2013
101. ↑ The Guardian, "Fisa court:no telecoms company has ever challenged phone records orders," September 17, 2013
102. ↑ Cite error: Invalid `<ref>` tag; no text was provided for refs named `snowdencharges`
103. ↑ Cite error: Invalid `<ref>` tag; no text was provided for refs named `snowdenindicted`
104. ↑ Cite error: Invalid `<ref>` tag; no text was provided for refs named `snowdenasylum`
105. ↑ News Day, "AP files complaint over federal wiretaps," May 13, 2013
106. ↑ Washington Post, "A rare peek into a Justice Department leak probe," May 19, 2013
107. ↑ Fox News, "DOJ seized phone records for Fox News numbers, reporter's parents," May 23, 2013
108. ↑ Huffington Post, "DOJ: We Did Not Wiretap Reporters' Phones," May 22, 2013
109. ↑ USA Today, "IRS knew of Tea Party profiling in 2011, report shows," accessed May 16, 2013
110. ↑ CNN, "Obama: Alleged IRS political targeting 'outrageous'," May 14, 2013
111. ↑ CNN, "'Angry' Obama announces IRS leader's ouster after conservatives targeted," accessed May 16, 2013
112. ↑ Wall Street Journal, "Lois Lerner, at Center of IRS Investigation, Retires," September 23, 2013
113. ↑ Ways and Means Committee, "IRS Claims to Have Lost Over 2 Years of Lerner Emails," June 13, 2014
114. ↑ 114.0 114.1 CNN, "Clinton: I'm responsible for diplomats' security," October 16, 2012
115. ↑ CNN, "U.S. official says superiors worked against effort to boost Benghazi," October 11, 2012
116. ↑ New York Times, "4 Are Out at State Dept. After Scathing Report on Benghazi Attack," December 19, 2012
117. ↑ CNN, "Clinton takes on Benghazi critics, warns of more security threats," January 24, 2012
118. ↑ Huffington Post, "State Department Officials Reassigned After Leave Related To Benghazi Attacks," August 20, 2013
119. ↑ 119.0 119.1 Politico, "Benghazi returns to the spotlight," May 1, 2014
120. ↑ Politico, "Charles Krauthammer on Benghazi emails," April 30, 2014
121. ↑ Roll Call, "Republicans’ Benghazi Panel Appointments Likely Friday," May 8, 2014
122. ↑ Politico, "John Kerry: I’ll comply with House GOP’s Benghazi request," May 6, 2014
123. ↑ 123.0 123.1 123.2 CNN, "Operation Fast and Furious Fast Facts," August 27, 2013
124. ↑ Fox News, "Issa Issues Subpoena to Holder in Fast and Furious Investigation," October 12, 2011
125. ↑ New York Times, "House Finds Holder in Contempt Over Inquiry on Guns," June 28, 2012
126. ↑ Politico, "Judge won't allow Holder appeal now in contempt case," November 18, 2013
127. ↑ CNN, "President Barack Obama endorses Hillary Clinton in video," June 9, 2016
128. ↑ Huffington Post, "Race To The Top For Districts Piques Interest Of Chicago And Los Angeles Mayors," March 3, 2012
129. ↑ Common Core State Standards Initiative, "About the Standards," accessed December 10, 2013
130. ↑ 130.0 130.1 ED.gov, "Race to the Top Executive Summary," accessed December 10, 2013
131. ↑ NPR, "The New Republic: Defending Obama's Education Plan," July 29, 2010
132. ↑ FEE, "Common Core: A Tocquevillean Education or Cartel Federalism?" May 14, 2013
133. ↑ Note: This text is quoted verbatim from the original source. Any inconsistencies are attributable to the original source.
134. ↑ AFT, "AFT calls for moratorium on Common Core consequences," May 1, 2013
135. ↑ Christian Science Monitor, "As Race to the Top competition intensifies, so do education reforms," July 27, 2010
136. ↑ ED.gov, "Delaware and Tennessee Win First Race to The Top Grants," accessed December 10, 2013
137. ↑ ED.gov, "Nine States and the District of Columbia Win Second Round Race to the Top Grants," August 24, 2010
138. ↑ ED.gov, "Department of Education Awards $200 Million to Seven States to Advance K-12 Reform," December 23, 2011
139. ↑ Huffington Post, "Race To The Top State Reports: New York, Florida, Hawaii Backtracked On Reform Commitments," Jauary 10, 2012
140. ↑ ED.gov, "2012 Race to the Top—District Awards, Grantee Applications, Peer Reviewer Scores and Comments," accessed December 10, 2013
141. ↑ ED.gov, "Race to the Top- District," December 23, 2011
142. ↑ Susan Luzarro, San Diego Reader, "Chula Vista parents protest switch to Common Core State Standards," September 19, 2013
143. ↑ Valerie Strauss, Washington Post, "Arne Duncan: ‘White suburban moms’ upset that Common Core shows their kids aren’t ‘brilliant’," November 16, 2013
144. ↑ Allie Bidwell, U.S. News, "South Carolina Parents Remove Children From School to Protest Common Core," November 18, 2013
145. ↑ Diane C. Lore, Staten Island Advance, "Some Staten Island parents planning to keep their children home from school Monday for National Common Core Protest Day," November 15, 2013
146. ↑ Denise Jewell Gee, The Buffalo News, "BTF, parents picket Regent’s home in protest over state standards, tests," December 8, 2013
147. ↑ AL.com, "Common Core: Alabama votes to distance itself from controversial standards (week in review)," November 16, 2013
148. ↑ The Patriot-News, "Corbett orders delay in Common Core academic standards' implementation," May 21, 2013
149. ↑ Indiana Public Media, "House Bill 1427: What 'Pausing' The Common Core Means For Indiana Schools," accessed December 10, 2013
150. ↑ The Times Picayune, "Louisiana announces major changes to how students, schools held accountable under Common Core," November 21, 2013
151. ↑ Education Week, "Two-Year Transition to Common-Core Tests Approved in Massachusetts," November 19, 2013
152. ↑ Education Week, "Tech Challenges Lead Oklahoma to Opt Out of PARCC Exams," July 3, 2013
153. ↑ Heartland, "Common Core Testing Costs Increase; Georgia Withdraws," July 22, 2013
154. ↑ CBS Detroit, "Michigan Gives Final OK To Common Core Standards," November 2, 2013
155. ↑ The Salt Lake Tribune, "Utah drops out of consortium developing Common Core tests," August 4, 2013
156. ↑ Khristopher J. Brooks, The Florida-Times Union, "Common Core still moving ahead in Florida," October 16, 2013
157. ↑ Lancaster Eagle Gazette, "Ohio Republicans target Common Core," November 29, 2013
158. ↑ New York Times, "Obama Signs Health Care Overhaul Bill, With a Flourish," March 23, 2010
159. ↑ Kaiser Family Foundation, "Summary of the Affordable Care Act," March 12, 2014
160. ↑ Washington Post, "This is why Obamacare is canceling some people's insurance plans," October 29, 2013
161. ↑ National Association of Insurance Commissioners, "Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act of 2009: Health Insurance Exchanges," April 20, 2010
162. ↑ CNN, "Justices to hear 'Hobby Lobby' case on Obamacare birth control rule," March 23, 2014
163. ↑ 163.0 163.1 Politico, "Supreme Court sides with Hobby Lobby on contraception mandate," June 30, 2014
164. ↑ Reuters, "U.S. birth control ruling fuels battle over corporate rights," July 1, 2014
165. ↑ Politico, "SCOTUS sides with Hobby Lobby on birth control," June 30, 2014
166. ↑ 166.0 166.1 New York Times, "Obama to Take Action to Slash Coal Pollution," June 1, 2014
167. ↑ 167.0 167.1 USA Today, "EPA seeks 30% cut in power plant carbon emissions by 2030," June 2, 2014
168. ↑ Fox News, "Unions slam Obama EPA rule," June 3, 2014
169. ↑ New York Times, "Democrats in Coal Country Run From E.P.A.," June 2, 2014
170. ↑ The White House, "FACT SHEET: President Obama Announces New Executive Actions to Fulfill our Promises to Service Members, Veterans, and Their Families," August 26, 2014
171. ↑ Congressional Research Service, "The President’s State of the Union Address: Tradition, Function, and Policy Implications," January 24, 2014
172. ↑ The American Presidency Project, "State of the Union Addresses and Messages," accessed October 14, 2014
173. ↑ FEC, "2012 Presidential Election Results," accessed June 24, 2013
174. ↑ FEC, "2008 Presidential Popular Vote Summary," accessed June 24, 2013
175. ↑ OpenSecrets, "2012 Presidential Race," accessed October 14, 2013
176. ↑ OpenSecrets, "2008 Presidential Race," accessed October 14, 2013
177. ↑ OpenSecrets, "2004 Race: Illinois Senate," accessed October 14, 2013
178. ↑ OpenSecrets, "Barack Obama 2012 Election Cycle," accessed October 14, 2013
179. ↑ OpenSecrets, "2008 Election Cycle," accessed October 14, 2013
180. ↑ OpenSecrets, "2004 Race: Illinois Senate," accessed October 14, 2013
181. ↑ Real Clear Politics, "Obama Endorses Schatz in Hawaii Senate Race," March 31, 2014
182. ↑ This figure represents the total percentage growth from either 2004 (if the member entered office in 2004 or earlier) or the member's first year in office (as noted in the chart below).
183. ↑ OpenSecrets, "Barack Obama (D), 2011"
184. ↑ OpenSecrets, "Barack Obama (D), 2010"
185. ↑ 185.0 185.1 Sabato's Crystal Ball, "The Presidency's Political Price," August 1, 2013
186. ↑ Ballotpedia's list of superdelegates to the 2016 Democratic National Convention is based on our own research and lists provided by the Democratic National Committee to Vox.com in February 2016 and May 2016. If you think we made an error in identifying superdelegates, please send an email to editor@ballotpedia.org.
187. ↑ “New York Times, “Obama Endorses Hillary Clinton, and Urges Democrats to Unite,” June 9, 2016
188. ↑ To find out which candidate a superdelegate supported, Ballotpedia sought out public statements from the superdelegate in other media outlets and on social media. If we were unable to find a public statement that clearly articulated which candidate the superdelegate supported at the national convention, we listed that superdelegate as "unknown." If you believe we made an error in identifying which candidate a superdelegate supported, please email us at editor@ballotpedia.org.
189. ↑ Congressional Research Service, "The Presidential Nominating Process and the National Party Conventions, 2016: Frequently Asked Questions," December 30, 2015
190. ↑ CNN, "Illinois exit polls," March 16, 2016
191. ↑ 191.0 191.1 Democratic National Committee, "2016 Democratic National Convention Delegate/Alternate Allocation," updated February 19, 2016
192. ↑ The Green Papers, "2016 Democratic Convention," accessed May 7, 2021
193. ↑ Democratic National Committee's Office of Party Affairs and Delegate Selection, "Unpledged Delegates -- By State," May 27, 2016
194. ↑ The Telegraph, "Barack Obama: The 50 facts you might not know," November 7, 2008
195. ↑ CNN, "Obama-Galifianakis interview nominated for Emmy," July 10, 2014
196. ↑ The White House, "The Basketball Court," accessed May 9, 2014

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U.S. Executive Branch

Elected offices|

President Joe Biden • Vice President Kamala Harris

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Executive departments|

Department of Defense • Department of State • Department of Homeland Security • Department of Justice • Department of Commerce • Department of Education • Department of the Treasury • Department of Agriculture • Department of Energy • Department of Labor • Department of Transportation • Department of the Interior • Department of Health and Human Services • Department of Veterans Affairs • Department of Housing and Urban Development

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Cabinet-level offices|

Environmental Protection Agency • Office of Management and Budget • U.S. Mission to the United Nations • Council of Economic Advisors • Small Business Administration • White House Chief of Staff

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Federally appointed offices|

Federal Reserve System • National Security Advisor • White House Press Secretary • U.S. Postmaster General • Central Intelligence Agency • Federal Bureau of Investigation • Internal Revenue Service • Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco, Firearms and Explosives • National Security Agency • Congressional Budget Office • Federal Election Commission • Transportation Security Administration • Drug Enforcement Administration • Federal Communications Commission

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Glossary|

Appointment confirmation process • United States Constitution • Electoral College • Deferred action • Deferred Action for Childhood Arrivals (DACA) • Deferred Action for Parents of U.S. Citizens and Lawful Permanent Residents (DAPA) • Impeachment of federal officials • Investor-State Dispute Settlement (ISDS) • North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA) • P5+1 and E3+3 • Trade adjustment assistance (TAA) • Trade promotion authority (TPA)

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