Erosion control

Short description: Practice of preventing soil erosion in agriculture and land development

Terraces, conservation tillage, and conservation buffers save soil and improve water quality on this Iowa farm. Hydroseeding in the United Kingdom Tateyama Sabō Erosion Control Works Service Train (description page) Erosion control construction entrance (description page)

Erosion control is the practice of preventing or controlling wind or water erosion in agriculture, land development, coastal areas, river banks and construction. Effective erosion controls handle surface runoff and are important techniques in preventing water pollution, soil loss, wildlife habitat loss and human property loss.

## Contents

* 1 Usage
* 2 Examples
* 3 Mathematical modeling
* 4 See also
* 5 Notes
* 6 References
* 7 External links

## Usage

Erosion controls are used in natural areas, agricultural settings or urban environments. In urban areas erosion controls are often part of stormwater runoff management programs required by local governments. The controls often involve the creation of a physical barrier, such as vegetation or rock, to absorb some of the energy of the wind or water that is causing the erosion. They also involve building and maintaining storm drains. On construction sites they are often implemented in conjunction with sediment controls such as sediment basins and silt fences.

Bank erosion is a natural process: without it, rivers would not meander and change course. However, land management patterns that change the hydrograph and/or vegetation cover can act to increase or decrease channel migration rates. In many places, whether or not the banks are unstable due to human activities, people try to keep a river in a single place. This can be done for environmental reclamation or to prevent a river from changing course into land that is being used by people. One way that this is done is by placing riprap or gabions along the bank.

## Examples

Examples of erosion control methods include the following:

* cellular confinement systems[1]
* crop rotation
* conservation tillage
* contour plowing
* contour trenching
* cover crops
* fiber rolls (also called straw wattles)
* gabions
* hydroseeding
* level spreaders
* mulching
* perennial crops
* plasticulture
* polyacrylamide (as a coagulant)
* reforestation
* riparian buffer
* riprap
* strip farming
* sand fence
* vegetated waterway (bioswale)
* terracing
* windbreaks[2]

## Mathematical modeling

Since the 1920s and 1930s[3] scientists have been creating mathematical models for understanding the mechanisms of soil erosion and resulting sediment surface runoff, including an early paper by Albert Einstein applying Baer's law.[4] These models have addressed both gully and sheet erosion. Earliest models were a simple set of linked equations which could be employed by manual calculation. By the 1970s the models had expanded to complex computer models addressing nonpoint source pollution with thousands of lines of computer code.[5] The more complex models were able to address nuances in micrometeorology, soil particle size distributions and micro-terrain variation.

## See also

* Bridge scour
* Burned area emergency response
* Certified Professional in Erosion and Sediment Control
* Coastal management
* Dust Bowl
* Natural Resources Conservation Service (United States)
* Tillage erosion
* Universal Soil Loss Equation
* Vetiver System

## Notes

1. ↑ State of California Department of Transportation, Division of Environmental Analysis, Stormwater Program. Sacramento, CA."Cellular Confinement System Research." 2006.
2. ↑ Tennessee Department of Environment and Conservation. Nashville, TN."Tennessee Erosion and Sediment Control Handbook." 2002.
3. ↑ Robert E. Horton. 1933
4. ↑ Albert Einstein. 1926
5. ↑ C. Michael Hogan, Leda Patmore, Gary Latshaw, Harry Seidman et al. 1973

## References

* Albert Einstein. 1926. Die Ursache der Mäanderbildung der Flußläufe und des sogenannten Baerschen Gesetzes, Die Naturwissenschaften, 11, S. 223–224
* C. Michael Hogan, Leda Patmore, Gary Latshaw, Harry Seidman et al. 1973. Computer modeling of pesticide transport in the soil for five instrumented watersheds, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency Southeast Water laboratory, Athens, Ga. by ESL Inc., Sunnyvale, California
* Robert E. Horton. 1933. The Horton Papers
* U.S. Natural Resources Conservation Service (NRCS). Washington, DC. "National Conservation Practice Standards." National Handbook of Conservation Practices. Accessed 2009-03-28.

## External links

* "Saving Runaway Farm Land", November 1930, Popular Mechanics One of the first articles on the problem of soil erosion control
* Erosion Control Technology Council \- a trade organization for the erosion control industry
* International Erosion Control Association \- Professional Association, Publications, Training
* Soil Bioengineering and Biotechnical Slope Stabilization \- Erosion Control subsection of a website on Riparian Habitat Restoration

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Rivers, streams and springs

Rivers|

* Alluvial river
* Braided river
* Blackwater river
* Channel
* Channel pattern
* Channel types
* Confluence
* Distributary
* Drainage basin
* Subterranean river
* River bifurcation
* River ecosystem
* River source
* Tributary
* more...

Streams|

* Arroyo
* Bourne
* Burn
* Chalk stream
* Coulee
* Current
* Stream
* Stream bed
* Stream channel
* Stream gradient
* Stream pool
* Perennial stream
* Winterbourne
* more...

Springs|

* Geyser
* Sacred spring
* Hot spring
* Karst spring
* Mineral spring
* Rhythmic spring
* Spring
* Spring horizon
* more...

Sedimentary processes
and erosion|

* Abrasion
* Anabranch
* Aggradation
* Armor
* Bed load
* Bed material load
* Granular flow
* Debris flow
* Deposition
* Dissolved load
* Downcutting
* Erosion
* Headward erosion
* Knickpoint
* Palaeochannel
* Progradation
* Retrogradation
* Saltation
* Secondary flow
* Sediment transport
* Suspended load
* Wash load
* Water gap

Fluvial landforms|

* Ait
* Alluvial fan
* Antecedent drainage stream
* Avulsion
* Bank
* Bar
* Bayou
* Billabong
* Canyon
* Chine
* Cut bank
* Estuary
* Fluvial terrace
* Gill
* Gulch
* Gully
* Glen
* Meander scar
* Mouth bar
* Oxbow lake
* Riffle-pool sequence
* Point bar
* Ravine
* Rill
* River island
* Rock-cut basin
* Sedimentary basin
* Sedimentary structures
* Strath
* Thalweg
* River valley
* Wadi

Fluvial flow|

* Helicoidal flow
* International Scale of River Difficulty
* Meander
* Plunge pool
* Rapids
* Riffle
* Shoal
* Waterfall
* Whitewater

Surface runoff|

* Agricultural wastewater treatment
* Effluent
* First flush
* Urban runoff
* Wastewater

Floods and stormwater|

* 100-year flood
* Crevasse splay
* Flash flood
* Flood
* Flood barrier
* Flood control
* Flood forecasting
* Flood-meadow
* Floodplain
* Flood pulse concept
* Flooded grasslands and savannas
* Storm Water Management Model
* Return period

River measurement
and modelling|

* Baer's law
* Baseflow
* Bradshaw model
* Discharge (hydrology)
* Drainage density
* Exner equation
* Groundwater model
* Hack's law
* Hjulström curve
* Hydrograph
* Hydrological modelling
* Hydrological transport model
* Infiltration (hydrology)
* Main stem
* Playfair's Law
* Relief ratio
* River continuum concept
* Rouse number
* Runoff curve number
* Runoff model (reservoir)
* Stream gauge
* Universal Soil Loss Equation
* WAFLEX
* Wetted perimeter
* Volumetric flow rate

River engineering|

* Aqueduct
* Balancing lake
* Canal
* Check dam
* Dam
* Drop structure
* Daylighting
* Detention basin
* Erosion control
* Fish ladder
* Floodplain restoration
* Flume
* Infiltration basin
* Leat
* Levee
* Retention basin
* Revetment
* Riparian zone restoration
* Stream restoration
* Weir

River sports|

* Canyoning
* Rafting
* River surfing
* Riverboarding
* Whitewater canoeing
* Whitewater kayaking
* Whitewater slalom

Other topics|

* Aquifer
* Aquatic toxicology
* Body of water
* Limnology
* Riparian zone
* River civilization
* River cruise
* Surface water
* World Rivers Day

Lists of rivers
Rivers by continent
Rivers by length
Rivers by discharge rate
Drainage basins
Whitewater rivers
Flash floods
River name etymologies

* v
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* e

Topics in soil science

Main fields|

* Pedology
* Edaphology
* Soil biology
* Soil microbiology
* Soil zoology
* Soil ecology
* Soil physics
* Soil mechanics
* Soil chemistry
* Environmental soil science
* Agricultural soil science

Soil topics|

* Soil
* Pedosphere
* Soil morphology
* Pedodiversity
* Pedogenesis
* Soil erosion
* Soil contamination
* Soil retrogression and degradation
* Soil compaction
* Soil compaction (agriculture)
* Soil salinity
* Alkali soil
* Soil pH
* Soil acidification
* Soil health
* Soil life
* Soil biodiversity
* Soil quality
* Soil value
* Soil fertility
* Soil resilience
* Soil color
* Soil texture
* Soil structure
* Pore space in soil
* Pore water pressure
* Soil crust
* Soil horizon
* Soil biomantle
* Soil carbon
* Soil gas
* Soil respiration
* Soil organic matter
* Soil moisture
* Soil water (retention)

Soil type|

* v
* t
* e

Soil classification

USDA soil taxonomy|

* Alfisols
* Andisols
* Aridisols
* Entisols
* Gelisols
* Histosols
* Inceptisols
* Mollisols
* Oxisols
* Spodosols
* Ultisols
* Vertisols

World Reference Base
for Soil Resources (1998–)|

* Acrisols
* Alisols
* Andosols
* Anthrosols
* Arenosols
* Calcisols
* Cambisols
* Chernozem
* Cryosols
* Durisols
* Ferralsols
* Fluvisols
* Gleysols
* Gypsisols
* Histosol
* Kastanozems
* Leptosols
* Lixisols
* Luvisols
* Nitisols
* Phaeozems
* Planosols
* Plinthosols
* Podzols
* Regosols
* Retisols
* Solonchaks
* Solonetz
* Stagnosol
* Technosols
* Umbrisols
* Vertisols

Other systems|

* FAO soil classification (1974–98)
* Unified Soil Classification System
* AASHTO Soil Classification System
* Référentiel pédologique (French classification system)
* Canadian system of soil classification
* Australian Soil Classification
* Polish Soil Classification
* 1938 USDA soil taxonomy
* List of U.S. state soils
* List of vineyard soil types

Non-systematic soil types|

* Sand
* Silt
* Clay
* Loam
* Topsoil
* Subsoil
* Soil crust
* Claypan
* Hardpan
* Gypcrust
* Caliche
* Parent material
* Pedosphere
* Laimosphere
* Rhizosphere
* Bulk soil
* Alkali soil
* Bay mud
* Blue goo
* Brickearth
* Brown earth
* Calcareous grassland
* Dark earth
* Dry quicksand
* Eluvium
* Expansive clay
* Fill dirt
* Fuller's earth
* Hydrophobic soil
* Loess
* Lunar soil
* Martian soil
* Mud
* Muskeg
* Paleosol
* Peat
* Pedalfer
* Pedocal
* Podzol
* Prime farmland
* Serpentine soil
* Spodic soil
* Subaqueous soil
* Terra preta
* Terra rossa (soil)
* Tropical peat
* Yedoma

Types of soil

Applications|

* Soil conservation
* Soil management
* Soil guideline value
* Soil survey
* Soil test
* Soil governance
* Soil value
* Soil salinity control
* Erosion control
* Soil policy (Victoria, Australia)
* Agroecology
* Liming (soil)

Related fields|

* Geology
* Geochemistry
* Petrology
* Geomorphology
* Geotechnical engineering
* Hydrology
* Hydrogeology
* Biogeography
* Earth materials
* Archaeology
* Agricultural science
* Agrology

Societies, Initiatives|

* Australian Society of Soil Science Incorporated
* Canadian Society of Soil Science
* Central Soil Salinity Research Institute (India)
* German Soil Science Society
* Indian Institute of Soil Science
* International Union of Soil Sciences
* International Year of Soil
* National Society of Consulting Soil Scientists (USA)
* OPAL Soil Centre (UK)
* Soil Science Society of Poland
* Soil and Water Conservation Society (USA)
* Soil Science Society of America
* World Congress of Soil Science

Scientific journals|

* Acta Agriculturae Scandinavica B
* Journal of Soil and Water Conservation
* Plant and Soil
* Pochvovedenie
* Soil Research
* Soil Science Society of America Journal

See also|

* Land use
* Land conversion
* Land management
* Vegetation
* Infiltration (hydrology)
* Groundwater
* Crust (geology)
* Impervious surface/Surface runoff

* Wikipedia:WikiProject Soil
* Category soil
* Category soil science
* Index of soil-related articles
* List of soil scientists

* v
* t
* e

Viticulture

Biology and
horticulture|

* Ampelography
* Annual growth cycle of grapevines
* Grape varieties
* Grapes
* Hybrid grape
* International Grape Genome Program
* Ripening (Veraison)
* Rootstock
* Vineyard
* Vitis
* Vitis vinifera

Environmental
variation|

* Climate categories
* Diurnal temperature variation
* Drainage
* Microclimate
* Regional climate levels
* Soil types
* Terroir
* Topography
* aspect
* elevation
* slope

Vineyard
planting|

* Grapevine planting
* Propagation
* Row orientation
* Trellis design
* Vine training
* Yield

Vineyard
management|

* Canopy
* Clos
* Coulure
* Erosion control
* Fertilizer
* Frost damage prevention
* Green harvest (Vendange verte)
* Integrated pest management
* Irrigation
* Klopotec
* Millerandage
* Pruning
* Weed control

Harvest|

* Brix
* Festivals
* Noble rot
* Ripeness
* Vintage
* Weather

Pests and
diseases|

* Birds
* Black rot
* Botrytis bunch rot
* Bot canker
* Dead arm
* Downy mildew
* Grapevine yellows
* Great French Wine Blight
* Lepidoptera
* Nematodes
* Phylloxera
* Pierce's disease
* Powdery mildew
* Uncinula necator
* Red spider mite
* Vine moth

Approaches
and issues|

* Adaptive management
* Biodynamic wine
* Climate change
* Effects of climate change on wine production
* Environmental stewardship
* Organic farming
* Sustainable agriculture

See also|

* Glossary of viticulture terms
* Glossary of wine terms
* Glossary of winemaking terms
* Oenology
* Outline of wine
* Wine
* Winemaking

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