Exanthem

Other names: Exanthema
Rash seen in rubella
Specialty| Dermatology

An exanthem is a widespread rash occurring on the skin.[1][2] An exanthem can be caused by toxins, drugs, or microorganisms, or can result from autoimmune disease.[1]

The term exanthem is from the Greek ἐξάνθημα, exánthēma, 'a breaking out'.[3] It can be contrasted with enanthems which occur inside the body, such as on mucous membranes.

## Contents

* 1 Infectious
* 2 Additional images
* 3 See also
* 4 References
* 5 External links

## Infectious[edit | edit source]

In 1905, the Russian-French physician Léon Cheinisse (1871-1924), proposed a numbered classification of the six most common childhood exanthems.[4][5][6][7][8]

Of these six "classical" infectious childhood exanthems,[9] four are viral. Numbers were provided in 1905.[10][dead link]

The four viral exanthema have much in common, and are often studied together as a class. They are:

Name  | Number  | Virus

|
|

measles (rubeola)  | "first disease"  | measles virus
rubella (German measles) identified in 1881.[11] | "third disease"  | rubella virus
erythema infectiosum, identified as a distinct condition in 1896.[12] | "fifth disease"  | parvovirus B19
roseola infantum | "sixth disease"  | HHV-6 and HHV-7

Scarlet fever, or "second disease", is associated with the bacterium Streptococcus pyogenes. Fourth disease, also known as "Dukes' disease" is a condition whose existence is not widely accepted today. It was described in 1900 and is postulated to be related to the bacterium Staphylococcus aureus.[11]

In 1979 and 2001 a possible "seventh diease" was postulated following reports of a condition in Japan also referred to as acute febrile infantile mucocutaneous lymph node syndrome (MCLS).[13]

Many other common viruses apart from the ones mentioned above can also produce an exanthem as part of their presentation, though they are not considered part of the classic numbered list:

* Varicella zoster virus (chickenpox or shingles)
* Mumps
* rhinovirus (the common cold)
* unilateral laterothoracic exanthem of childhood
* Some types of viral haemorrhagic fever are also known to produce a systemic rash of this kind during the progression of the disease.
* Tick-borne diseases like Rocky Mountain spotted fever produce a rash that may become extensive enough so as to be classified as exanthemous in as many as 90% of children with the disease.[14]

## Additional images[edit | edit source]

* Exanthem

* Exanthem

* Exanthem

* Viral exanthem

## See also[edit | edit source]

* List of cutaneous conditions

## References[edit | edit source]

1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 "Exanthems (reactive rashes) | DermNet NZ". dermnetnz.org. Archived from the original on 14 August 2021. Retrieved 14 May 2022.
2. ↑ "Viral exanthems". Primary Care Dermatology Society. Primary Care Dermatology Society. Archived from the original on 5 August 2020. Retrieved 6 December 2022.
3. ↑ "Roseola Glossary of Terms with Definitions on MedicineNet.com". Archived from the original on 2008-09-14.
4. ↑ "Robert R. Briney. Primary Cutaneous Actinomycosis". Archived from the original on 2019-10-03. Retrieved 2021-03-24.
5. ↑ "David M. Morens. Fifth Disease: Still Hazy After All These Years". Archived from the original on 2019-10-03. Retrieved 2021-03-24.
6. ↑ "Dictionary of Virology". Archived from the original on 2021-08-28. Retrieved 2021-03-24.
7. ↑ "St. Louis Courier of Medicine (1906)". Archived from the original on 2021-08-28. Retrieved 2021-03-24.
8. ↑ "Principles and Practice of Clinical Virology". Archived from the original on 2021-08-28. Retrieved 2021-03-24.
9. ↑ Bialecki C, Feder HM, Grant-Kels JM (November 1989). "The six classic childhood exanthems: a review and update". J Am Acad Dermatol. 21 (5 Pt 1): 891–903. doi:10.1016/s0190-9622(89)70275-9. PMID 2681288.
10. ↑ "fifth disease" at Dorland's Medical Dictionary
11. ↑ 11.0 11.1 Weisse ME (January 2001). "The fourth disease, 1900-2000". Lancet. 357 (9252): 299–301. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(00)03623-0. PMID 11214144.
12. ↑ Altman, Lawrence K (November 30, 1982). "THE DOCTOR'S WORLD". The New York Times. Archived from the original on 2018-04-12. Retrieved 2009-11-07.
13. ↑ Patel, Mitesh; Charlton, Rodger (2015-07-27). "First to seventh diseases: discarded diagnoses?". BMJ: h3525. doi:10.1136/bmj.h3525. ISSN 1756-1833. Archived from the original on 2021-08-28. Retrieved 2021-03-24.
14. ↑ https://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/pdf/r/rr5504.pdf

## External links[edit | edit source]

Classification|

* ICD-10: A38, B05-B09
* ICD-9-CM: 034, 055-057, 782.1
* MeSH: D005076
* DiseasesDB: 25831

|

* Overview Archived 2005-09-17 at the Wayback Machine at About.com
* Definition at MedTerms Archived 2013-12-17 at the Wayback Machine
* Differential diagnosis Archived 2015-09-24 at the Wayback Machine
* Dermatology Quiz Includes photo, diagnosis, and treatment of unilateral laterothoracic exanthem (ULE).

* v
* t
* e

Numbered Diseases of Childhood

Diseases|

* First Disease (Measles)
* Second Disease (Scarlet Fever)
* Third Disease (Rubella)
* Fourth Disease (Dukes' Disease)
* Fifth Disease (Erythema Infectiosum)
* Sixth Disease (Roseola)

* v
* t
* e

Diseases of the skin and appendages by morphology

Growths|

| Epidermal|

* Wart
* Callus
* Seborrheic keratosis
* Acrochordon
* Molluscum contagiosum
* Actinic keratosis
* Squamous-cell carcinoma
* Basal-cell carcinoma
* Merkel-cell carcinoma
* Nevus sebaceous
* Trichoepithelioma

|

Pigmented|

* Freckles
* Lentigo
* Melasma
* Nevus
* Melanoma

Dermal and
subcutaneous|

* Epidermal inclusion cyst
* Hemangioma
* Dermatofibroma (benign fibrous histiocytoma)
* Keloid
* Lipoma
* Neurofibroma
* Xanthoma
* Kaposi's sarcoma
* Infantile digital fibromatosis
* Granular cell tumor
* Leiomyoma
* Lymphangioma circumscriptum
* Myxoid cyst

Rashes|

| With
epidermal
involvement|

| Eczematous|

* Contact dermatitis
* Atopic dermatitis
* Seborrheic dermatitis
* Stasis dermatitis
* Lichen simplex chronicus
* Darier's disease
* Glucagonoma syndrome
* Langerhans cell histiocytosis
* Lichen sclerosus
* Pemphigus foliaceus
* Wiskott–Aldrich syndrome
* Zinc deficiency

|

Scaling|

* Psoriasis
* Tinea (Corporis
* Cruris
* Pedis
* Manuum
* Faciei)
* Pityriasis rosea
* Secondary syphilis
* Mycosis fungoides
* Systemic lupus erythematosus
* Pityriasis rubra pilaris
* Parapsoriasis
* Ichthyosis

Blistering|

* Herpes simplex
* Herpes zoster
* Varicella
* Bullous impetigo
* Acute contact dermatitis
* Pemphigus vulgaris
* Bullous pemphigoid
* Dermatitis herpetiformis
* Porphyria cutanea tarda
* Epidermolysis bullosa simplex

Papular|

* Scabies
* Insect bite reactions
* Lichen planus
* Miliaria
* Keratosis pilaris
* Lichen spinulosus
* Transient acantholytic dermatosis
* Lichen nitidus
* Pityriasis lichenoides et varioliformis acuta

Pustular|

* Acne vulgaris
* Acne rosacea
* Folliculitis
* Impetigo
* Candidiasis
* Gonococcemia
* Dermatophyte
* Coccidioidomycosis
* Subcorneal pustular dermatosis

Hypopigmented|

* Tinea versicolor
* Vitiligo
* Pityriasis alba
* Postinflammatory hyperpigmentation
* Tuberous sclerosis
* Idiopathic guttate hypomelanosis
* Leprosy
* Hypopigmented mycosis fungoides

Without
epidermal
involvement|

| Red|

| Blanchable
Erythema|

| Generalized|

* Drug eruptions
* Viral exanthems
* Toxic erythema
* Systemic lupus erythematosus

|

Localized|

* Cellulitis
* Abscess
* Boil
* Erythema nodosum
* Carcinoid syndrome
* Fixed drug eruption

Specialized|

* Urticaria
* Erythema (Multiforme
* Migrans
* Gyratum repens
* Annulare centrifugum
* Ab igne)

Nonblanchable
Purpura|

| Macular|

* Thrombocytopenic purpura
* Actinic/solar purpura

|

Papular|

* Disseminated intravascular coagulation
* Vasculitis

Indurated|

* Scleroderma/morphea
* Granuloma annulare
* Lichen sclerosis et atrophicus
* Necrobiosis lipoidica

Miscellaneous
disorders|

| Ulcers|

|

Hair|

* Telogen effluvium
* Androgenic alopecia
* Alopecia areata
* Systemic lupus erythematosus
* Tinea capitis
* Loose anagen syndrome
* Lichen planopilaris
* Folliculitis decalvans
* Acne keloidalis nuchae

Nail|

* Onychomycosis
* Psoriasis
* Paronychia
* Ingrown nail

Mucous
membrane|

* Aphthous stomatitis
* Oral candidiasis
* Lichen planus
* Leukoplakia
* Pemphigus vulgaris
* Mucous membrane pemphigoid
* Cicatricial pemphigoid
* Herpesvirus
* Coxsackievirus
* Syphilis
* Systemic histoplasmosis
* Squamous-cell carcinoma

* v
* t
* e

Skin infections, symptoms and signs related to viruses

| DNA virus|

| Herpesviridae|

| Alpha.|

| HSV|

* Herpes simplex
* Herpetic whitlow
* Herpes gladiatorum
* Herpes simplex keratitis
* Herpetic sycosis
* Neonatal herpes simplex
* Herpes genitalis
* Herpes labialis
* Eczema herpeticum
* Herpetiform esophagitis

|

B virus|

* B virus infection

VZV|

* Chickenpox
* Herpes zoster
* Herpes zoster oticus
* Ophthalmic zoster
* Disseminated herpes zoster
* Zoster-associated pain
* Modified varicella-like syndrome

Beta.|

* Human herpesvirus 6/Roseolovirus
* Exanthema subitum
* Roseola vaccinia
* Cytomegalic inclusion disease

Gamma.|

* KSHV
* Kaposi's sarcoma

Poxviridae|

| Ortho.|

* Variola
* Smallpox
* Alastrim
* MoxV
* Monkeypox
* CPXV
* Cowpox
* VV
* Vaccinia
* Generalized vaccinia
* Eczema vaccinatum
* Progressive vaccinia
* Buffalopox

|

Para.|

* Farmyard pox: Milker's nodule
* Bovine papular stomatitis
* Pseudocowpox
* Orf
* Sealpox

Other|

* Yatapoxvirus: Tanapox
* Yaba monkey tumor virus
* MCV
* Molluscum contagiosum

Papillomaviridae|

| HPV|

* Wart/plantar wart
* Heck's disease
* Genital wart
* giant
* Laryngeal papillomatosis
* Butcher's wart
* Bowenoid papulosis
* Epidermodysplasia verruciformis
* Verruca plana
* Pigmented wart
* Verrucae palmares et plantares

|

* BPV
* Equine sarcoid

Parvoviridae|

* Parvovirus B19
* Erythema infectiosum
* Reticulocytopenia
* Papular purpuric gloves and socks syndrome

Polyomaviridae|

* Merkel cell polyomavirus
* Merkel cell carcinoma

RNA virus|

| Paramyxoviridae|

* MeV
* Measles

|

Togaviridae|

* Rubella virus
* Rubella
* Congenital rubella syndrome ("German measles")
* Alphavirus infection
* Chikungunya fever

Picornaviridae|

* CAV
* Hand, foot, and mouth disease
* Herpangina
* FMDV
* Foot-and-mouth disease
* Boston exanthem disease

Ungrouped|

* Asymmetric periflexural exanthem of childhood
* Post-vaccination follicular eruption
* Lipschütz ulcer
* Eruptive pseudoangiomatosis
* Viral-associated trichodysplasia
* Gianotti–Crosti syndrome

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