Universal Media Disc

Short description: Optical disc medium for PlayStation Portable

Universal Media Disc

File:200px
Media type| Optical disc
Capacity| 900 MB (single layer), 1.8 GB (dual layer)
Read mechanism| 660 nm laser diode
Developed by| Sony
Usage| Games, movies, music
Released| December 12, 2004; 21 years ago (2004-12-12)
Discontinued| 2017[1]
Optical discs

General

* Optical disc
* Optical disc drive
* Optical disc authoring
* Authoring software
* Recording technologies
* Recording modes
* Packet writing

Optical media types

* Compact disc (CD): CD-DA, CD-ROM]], CD-R, CD-RW, 5.1 Music Disc, Super Audio CD (SACD), Photo CD, CD Video (CDV), Video CD (Video CD|VCD]]), Super Video CD (Super Video CD|Video CD

Standards

* SFF ATAPI/MMC
* Mount Rainier (packet writing)
* Mount Fuji (layer jump recording)
* Rainbow Books
* File systems
* ISO 9660
* Joliet
* Romeo
* Rock Ridge / SUSP
* El Torito
* Apple ISO 9660 Extensions
* Universal Disk Format (UDF)
* ISO 13490

See also

* History of optical storage media
* High-definition optical disc format war

* v
* t
* e

UMD disc front

The Universal Media Disc (UMD) is a discontinued optical disc medium developed by Sony for use on its PlayStation Portable handheld gaming and multimedia platform. It can hold up to 1.8 gigabytes of data and is capable of storing video games, feature-length films, and music.[2][3]

## Contents

* 1 Video storage format
* 2 Specifications
* 2.1 Provisions
* 2.2 Region coding
* 3 Availability and support
* 4 See also
* 5 References
* 6 External links
* 7 History
* 8 Studios
* 8.1 Former
* 9 Other divisions
* 9.1 ICE Team
* 9.2 XDev
* 10 References
* 11 External links

## Video storage format

While the primary application for UMD discs is as a storage medium for PSP games, the format is also used for the storage of motion pictures and, to a lesser degree, television shows for playback on the PSP. The video is encoded in the H.264/MPEG-4 AVC format, with the audio in ATRAC3plus or PCM. Video stored on UMD is typically encoded in 720×480 resolution, but is scaled down when displayed on the PSP. To date, there are around 1,500 films released on UMD (around 1,000 are common for all regions and around 500 are region exclusives). The American punk rock band The Offspring released their Complete Music Video Collection on the format.[4] The BBC released a number of its programmes on UMD in the UK, including The Office, The Mighty Boosh, Doctor Who, and Little Britain. WWE also released some wrestler highlights and documentary content on UMD format, such as the Monday Night War, Jake "The Snake" Roberts: Pick Your Poison, and WWE Raw Homecoming (a special episode of WWE Raw celebrating the return to USA Network); the only WWE pay-per-view released on UMD format was WrestleMania XXIV.[5]

Tupac's performance, Live at the House of Blues, was also released on the UMD, which also included several music videos, including Hit 'Em Up.[6][7]

Some adult films have been released on UMD in Japan.[8] Sony reportedly took offence at adult film studios publishing pornography on the medium, but claimed that they were unable to restrict films on UMD as with games and other software for the PSP.[9]

## Specifications

ECMA-365: Data Interchange on 60 mm Read-Only ODC – Capacity: 1.8 GB (UMD)Cite error: Closing `</ref>` missing for `<ref>` tag

### Provisions

According to the official ECMA specification Sony designed the UMD to support two possible future enhancements and products.[2]

1. Protective Shutter: Similar to the MiniDisc and 3​1⁄2-inch floppy disk, this protective shutter would shield the inner disc from accidental contact.
2. Auto-Loading: UMDs were designed for possible future slot loading devices with Auto-Loading mechanisms.

### Region coding

DVD region coding has been applied to most UMD movies and music. However, all PSP games are region-free, although some require pay-to-continue.[clarification needed]

* Region ALL: Worldwide (region-free)
* Region 1: North America, Central America, Latin America
* Region 2: Europe (without Russia or Belarus), Japan, Middle East, South Africa, Greenland
* Region 3: Southeast Asia, Taiwan, South Korea, Hong Kong
* Region 4: Oceania, South America
* Region 5: Russia, Ukraine, Belarus, India, Pakistan, Africa (without Egypt or South Africa), North Korea, Mongolia
* Region 6: China

## Availability and support

the UMD offered a capacity of around 900 mb to 1.8 gb,[10] and the capability to store audio/standard-definition video content; however, the format's proprietary nature, and lack of writers and accompanying blank media, made adoption difficult. The UMD format never saw implementation on any device other than the PlayStation Portable, and as a result the market was very limited compared to those of other optical media formats. The high price of UMD movie releases were another contributing factor: they often retailed at comparable prices to DVD, but lacked extra content. Poor sales of UMD movies early in the format's life caused major studios like Universal and Paramount to rescind their support.[11][12] Retail support of the format experienced similar troubles, and in 2006, Wal-Mart began phasing out shelf space devoted to UMD movies.[13]

In late 2009, Sony began pushing developers away from the UMD format and towards digital distribution on the PlayStation Network in preparation for the launch of the digital-download-only PSP Go, which was the first (and only) PSP model to not include a UMD drive.[13] However, the system experienced lackluster sales compared to previous models, with most consumers still choosing the UMD-compatible PSP-3000 model, which continued to be sold alongside the PSP Go.[14][15] Despite the earlier push for PlayStation Network releases around the PSP Go's launch, over half of the PSP's library was only made available in UMD format including Software:Crisis Core: Final Fantasy VII and Kingdom Hearts Birth by Sleep, as well as the US releases of Final Fantasy and Final Fantasy II. There have been a few PlayStation Network exclusive releases since the PSP Go's launch, such as LocoRoco Midnight Carnival and the international release of Final Fantasy III. Still, most new games continued to be distributed via UMD, and, aside from those published by SCE, not all have been released on PlayStation Network.

The successor of the PlayStation Portable, the PlayStation Vita, did not include UMD support, nor was it added throughout its lifespan. In a move similar to the PSP Go, Sony focused on digital downloads and opted for low-profile flash-based cartridges as the system's main media format. UMD releases of films ended in 2011. Games were published on UMD up until 2013. Production of UMDs ended when the last Japanese factory producing them closed in late 2016.

UMD can be dumped into disc image files (.iso or .cso), using a modified PSP. This file can be loaded by a modified PSP through the Memory Stick, similar to titles that were distributed through the PlayStation Network.

## See also

* List of optical disc manufacturers
* MiniDisc—a similar Sony format

## References

1. ↑ "株式会社ソニー・ミュージックソリューションズ（旧株式会社ソニーDadcジャパン）". https://www.sonydadc.co.jp/products/index.html.
2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 Cite error: Invalid `<ref>` tag; no text was provided for refs named `UMD-spec`
3. ↑ "Trademark Status & Document Retrieval". United States Patent and Trademark Office. https://tsdr.uspto.gov/#caseNumber=76514359&caseSearchType=US_APPLICATION&caseType=DEFAULT&searchType=statusSearch.
4. ↑ "The Offspring: Complete Music Video Collection [UMD for PSP (2005)"]. 8 November 2005. https://www.amazon.com/Offspring-Complete-Music-Video-Collection/dp/B000B8QFHS.
5. ↑ "Someone Bought This: WWE + UMD + PSP = Not for me!". WrestleCrap. 28 June 2015. http://wrestlecrap.com/sbt/someone-bought-this-wwe-umd-psp-not-for-me/.
6. ↑ "Tupac* - Live At The House Of Blues" (in en). https://www.discogs.com/Tupac-Live-At-The-House-Of-Blues/release/3055617.
7. ↑ "Tupac - Live at the House of Blues (UMD Mini For PSP) (UMD, Region 1) - dvdloc8.com". https://dvdloc8.com/viewdvd_33373.html.
8. ↑ "PSP procures porn in Japan". GameSpot.com. June 2, 2005. https://www.gamespot.com/articles/psp-procures-porn-in-japan/1100-6126863/.
9. ↑ "Sony Computer Entertainment Frowns On PSP UMD Porn, Can't Stop Sales". Game Informer. June 17, 2005. http://www.gameinformer.com/NR/exeres/C25BD059-CD15-485F-A2F6-DFA5EF61277C.htm.
10. ↑ "Universal Media Disc _ AcademiaLab". https://academia-lab.com/encyclopedia/universal-media-disc/.
11. ↑ Arnold, Thomas K. (2006-03-30). "UMD losing H'wood game". The Hollywood Reporter. http://www.hollywoodreporter.com/hr/search/article_display.jsp?vnu_content_id=1002274591.
12. ↑ Erickson, Kris (2008-08-15). "Sony Continues to Support UMD Format with New Pricing". GameFlavor. http://www.pspworld.com/sony-psp/accessories/-sony-continues-to-support-umd-format-with-new-pricing-009164.php.
13. ↑ 13.0 13.1 "Sony PSP2 Rumors Bogus". The Business Insider. December 17, 2008. http://www.businessinsider.com/2008/12/exclusive-sony-psp2-rumors-bogus-no-new-handheld-gaming-gadget-coming-sne.
14. ↑ Moses, Asher (2009-10-20). "PSP Go a no-go as Sony struggles for sales". Fairfax Digital. http://www.theage.com.au/digital-life/games/psp-go-a-nogo-as-sony-struggles-for-sales-20091020-h5wn.html.
15. ↑ Gantayat, Anoop (2009-11-02). "Enterbrain Shares PSP go First Day Sales". andriasang.com. http://www.andriasang.com/e/blog/2009/11/02/psp_go_first_day_sales/.

## External links

* Sony PSP Movie Sales Strong Article on the early success of movie sales on UMD from MP3 Newswire
* Breaking news: Sony's UMDs aren't selling well News story about the disappointing UMD sales.
* UMD Movie Database
* List of film releases on UMD

Template:PlayStation Portable

* v
* t
* e

Video storage formats

Videotape|

| Analog|

* Quadruplex (1956)
* VERA (1958)
* Ampex 2 inch helical VTR (1961)
* Sony 2 inch helical VTR (1961)
* Type A (1965)
* CV-2000 (1965)
* Akai (1967)
* U-matic (1969)
* EIAJ-1 (1969)
* Cartrivision (1972)
* Philips VCR (1972)
* V-Cord (1974)
* VX (1974)
* Betamax (1975)
* IVC (1975)
* Type B (1976)
* Type C (1976)
* VHS (1976)
* VK (1977)
* SVR (1979)
* Video 2000 (1980)
* CVC (1980)
* VHS-C (1982)
* M (1982)
* Betacam (1982)
* Video8 (1985)
* MII (1986)
* S-VHS (1987)
* S-VHS-C (1987)
* Hi8 (1989)
* Ruvi (1998)

|

Digital|

* D1 (1986)
* D2 (1988)
* D3 (1991)
* DCT (1992)
* Digital Betacam (1993)
* D5 (1994)
* Digital-S (D9) (1995)
* Betacam SX (1996)
* Digital8 (1999)
* MicroMV (2001)

High Definition|

* Sony HDVS (1984)
* UniHi (1984)
* BCH 1000 (1992)
* W-VHS (1994)
* HDCAM (1997)
* D-VHS (1998)
* D6 HDTV VTR (2000)
* HDV (2003)
* HDCAM SR (2003)

Videodisc|

| Analog|

* Phonovision (1927)
* Ampex-HS (1967)
* TeD (1975)
* LaserDisc (1978)
* CED (1981)
* VHD (1983)
* Laserfilm (1984)
* CD Video (1987)
* VSD (1990)

|

Digital|

* VCD (1993)
* MovieCD (1996)
* DVD (1996)
* MiniDVD (c. 1996)
* CVD (1998)
* SVCD (1998)
* EVD (2003)
* PVD (Personal Video Disc) (2003)
* UMD (2004)
* FVD (2005)

High Definition|

* MUSE Hi-Vision LD (1994)
* Professional Disc (PFD) (2003)
* HVD (High-Definition Versatile Disc) (2004)
* VMD (2006)
* HD DVD (2006)
* BRD (BD/Blu-ray Disc) (2006)
* MiniBD (c. 2006)
* HVD (Holographic Versatile Disc) (2007)
* CBHD (China Blue High-definition Disc) (2008)

Ultra-High Definition|

* UHD BRD (Ultra HD Blu-ray Disc) (2016)

Virtual|

| Media agnostic|

* DV (1995)
* DVCPRO (1995)
* DVCAM (1996)
* DVCPRO50 (1997)
* DVCPRO HD (2000)

|

Tapeless|

* CamCutter]] Editcam (1995)
* XDCAM (2003)
* MOD (2005)
* AVCHD (2006)
* AVC-Intra (2006)
* TOD (2007)
* iFrame (2009)
* XAVC (2012)

Solid state|

* P2 (2004)
* SxS (2007)
* MicroP2 (2012)

Video recorded to film|

* Kinescope (1947)
* Electronicam kinescope (1950s)
* Electronic Video Recording (1967)

* v
* t
* e

Standards of Ecma International

Application interfaces|

* ANSI escape code
* Common Language Infrastructure
* Office Open XML
* OpenXPS

File systems (tape)|

* Advanced Intelligent Tape
* DDS
* DLT
* Super DLT
* Holographic Versatile Disc
* Linear Tape-Open (Ultrium-1)
* VXA

File systems (disk)|

* CD-ROM
* CD File System (CDFS)
* FAT
* FAT12
* FAT16
* FAT16B
* FD
* UDF
* Ultra Density Optical
* Universal Media Disc

Graphics|

* Universal 3D

Programming languages|

* C++/CLI
* C#
* Eiffel
* JavaScript (E4X, ECMAScript)
* Dart

Radio link interfaces|

* NFC
* UWB

Other|

* ECMA-35

List of Ecma standards (1961 - Present)

* v
* t
* e

Sony

Founders|

* Masaru Ibuka
* Akio Morita

Key personnel|

* Shuzo Sumi (Chairman of the Board)
* Kazuo Matsunaga (Vice Chairman of the Board)
* Kenichiro Yoshida (President and CEO)

Primary businesses|

* Sony Entertainment
* Sony Music Group
* Sony Pictures
* Sony Pictures Japan
* Sony Pictures India
* Sony Financial Holdings
* Sony Life
* Sony Bank
* Sony Interactive Entertainment
* PlayStation
* Sony Mobile
* Sony Music Japan

Technologies
and brands|

* α (Alpha)
* Betacam
* Bionz
* Blu-ray
* BRAVIA
* CD
* Cell
* Cyber-shot
* Dash
* Dream Machine
* DVD
* Exmor
* FeliCa
* Handycam
* HDCAM/HDCAM-SR
* LocationFree
* Memory Stick
* MiniDisc
* MiniDV
* mylo
* PlayStation
* Reader
* S/PDIF
* SDDS
* 8 channel films
* SXRD
* Sony Tablet
* Tunnel diode
* TransferJet
* UMD
* Vaio
* Video8/Hi8/Digital8
* Walkman
* Walkman Phones
* XDCAM
* Xperia
* HMZ-T1

Historical products|

* AIBO
* CV-2000
* DAT
* Betamax
* Sony CLIÉ
* Discman
* Jumbotron
* Lissa
* Mavica
* NEWS
* Sony Optiarc
* Qualia
* Rolly
* TR-55
* Trinitron
* 1 inch Type C (BVH series)
* U-matic
* Watchman
* WEGA

Electronics|

* Sony Electronics (US subsidiary)
* Sony Energy Devices
* Sony Creative Software
* FeliCa Networks (57%)

* v
* t
* e

Sony Interactive Entertainment

Key personnel|

* Kaz Hirai
* Andrew House
* Ken Kutaragi
* Shawn Layden
* Shuhei Yoshida

Short description: Group of video game developers owned by Sony Interactive Entertainment

SIE Worldwide Studios| Formerly| SCE Worldwide Studios (2005–2016)

|

Type| Division
Industry| Video games
Founded| September 14, 2005; 20 years ago (2005-09-14)

Key people

| Hermen Hulst (president)

Number of employees

| 2,700+[1] (2011)
Parent| Sony Interactive Entertainment
Subsidiaries| See § Studios
Website| playstation.com/en-us/corporate/playstation-studios/

Sony Interactive Entertainment Worldwide Studios (SIE Worldwide Studios) is a group of video game developers founded in September 2005 by Sony Interactive Entertainment.[2]

It is a single internal entity overseeing all wholly owned development studios within SIE. It is responsible for the creative and strategic direction of development and production of all computer entertainment software by all SIE–owned studios, all of which is typically produced exclusively for the PlayStation family of consoles.

With the launch of the PlayStation 5 in 2020, Worldwide Studios brands all releases be it internal or externally developed under the "PlayStation Studios" label.[3]

## History

SCE Worldwide Studios (SCE Worldwide Studios) was established on September 14, 2005, with Phil Harrison being appointed as president.[4] On May 16, 2008, Shuhei Yoshida became president.[5] In April 2016, Sony's Sony Computer Entertainment (SCE) and Sony Network Entertainment International (SNEI) divisions merged, creating SIE Worldwide Studios.[5] Hermen Hulst succeeded Shuhei Yoshida as president of SIE Worldwide Studios on November 7, 2019, with Yoshida being delegated to lead Sony's indie development.[6]

## Studios

Name  | Location  | Founded  | Acquired

|
|
|

Bend Studio | Bend, Oregon  | 1993[7] | 2000[7]
Guerrilla Games | Amsterdam | 2000[7] | 2005[7]
Housemarque | Helsinki | 2021[8]
Insomniac Games | Burbank, California  | 1994[7] | 2019[9]
London Studio | London | 2002[7] | —
Malaysia Studio  | Kuala Lumpur | 2020[10] | —
Media Molecule | Guildford  | 2006[7] | 2010[7]
Naughty Dog | Santa Monica, California  | 1984[7] | 2001[7]
Nixxes Software | Utrecht  | 1999[11] | 2021[12]
Pixelopus | San Mateo, California  | 2014[7] | —
Polyphony Digital | Tokyo | 1998[7] | —
San Diego Studio | San Diego  | 2001[7] | —
San Mateo Studio  | San Mateo, California  | 1998[13] | —
Santa Monica Studio | Los Angeles | 1999[7] | —
Sucker Punch Productions | Bellevue, Washington  | 1997[7] | 2011[7]
Team Asobi | Tokyo | 2021[14][lower-alpha 1] | —
XDev  | Liverpool  | 2000[7] | —

1. ↑ Team Asobi was first established in 2012 as an internal team of Japan Studio, and was spun off as its own independent studio in 2021.

### Former

Name  | Location  | Founded  | Acquired  | Divested  | Fate

|
|
|
|
|

Bigbig Studios | Leamington Spa  | 2001[15] | 2007[16] | 2012[15] | Closed[15]
Evolution Studios | Runcorn  | 1999[16] | 2007[16] | 2016[17] | Closed[17]
Guerrilla Cambridge | Cambridge  | 1997[18] | —  | 2017[18] | Closed[18]
Incognito Entertainment | Salt Lake City  | 1999[19] | 2002[19] | 2009[20] | Closed[20]
Japan Studio | Tokyo | 1993[7] | —  | 2021[21] | Reorganized within SIE, primarily to Team Asobi[14]
Manchester Studio  | Manchester  | 2015[7] | —  | 2020[22] | Closed[22]
Studio Liverpool | Liverpool  | 1984[16] | 1993[16] | 2012[23] | Closed[23]
Zipper Interactive | Redmond, Washington  | 1995[24] | 2006[16] | 2012[24] | Closed[24]

## Other divisions

### ICE Team

Naughty Dog is home to the ICE Team, one of Sony's Worldwide Studios central technology groups. The term ICE originally stands for Initiative for a Common Engine which describes the original purpose of the group.[25] The ICE Team focuses on creating core graphics technologies for Sony's worldwide first party published titles, including low-level game engine components, graphics processing pipelines, supporting tools, and graphics profiling and debugging tools. The ICE Team also supports third party developers with a suite of engine components, and a graphics analysis, profiling, and debugging tool for the RSX. Both enable developers to get better performance out of PlayStation hardware.[26][27]

### XDev

XDev Europe, established in 2000 and based in Liverpool, England,[7] collaborates with independent development studios across Europe and other PAL territories to publish content to PlayStation platforms all over the world. XDev has helped to create and publish, titles such as the LittleBigPlanet, Buzz!, MotorStorm and Invizimals series, Super Stardust HD, Heavenly Sword, Heavy Rain, Beyond, Tearaway and Resogun. Partners include independent developers such as Quantic Dream, Magenta Software, Climax Studios, Novarama, Supermassive Games and Sumo Digital, as well as SCE subsidiaries such as Media Molecule and Guerrilla Games. In addition to funding projects, XDev offer full production, project management and game design support. Titles are also supported with community management, online production and dedicated outsourcing management facilities. XDev work directly with Marketing and PR teams in all Sony territories to promote and publish games worldwide.[28][29]

## References

1. ↑ "Sony Computer Entertainment Acquires Sucker Punch Productions, Developer of Top Selling Infamous Franchise". August 2, 2011. https://www.sie.com/en/corporate/release/2011/110802.html.
2. ↑ "SCE Establishes SCE Worldwide Studios" (PDF) (Press release). Sony Computer Entertainment. September 14, 2005. Archived from the original (PDF) on November 5, 2005. Retrieved September 14, 2005.
3. ↑ Dring, Christopher (May 12, 2020). "PlayStation Studios brand will launch alongside PS5". https://www.gamesindustry.biz/articles/2020-05-12-sony-unveils-playstation-studios-brand-to-launch-alongside-ps5.
4. ↑ "SCE Establishes SCE Worldwide Studios" (PDF) (Press release). Sony Computer Entertainment. September 14, 2005. Retrieved 2005-09-14.
5. ↑ 5.0 5.1 "Bitsummit". http://bitsummit.org/2015/?page_id=3388.
6. ↑ "Sony appoints Guerrilla Games' Hermen Hulst new head of PlayStation worldwide studios". https://www.washingtonpost.com/video-games/2019/11/07/sony-appoints-guerrilla-games-hermen-hulst-new-head-playstation-worldwide-studios/.
7. ↑ 7.00 7.01 7.02 7.03 7.04 7.05 7.06 7.07 7.08 7.09 7.10 7.11 7.12 7.13 7.14 7.15 7.16 7.17 7.18 7.19 Barker, Sammy (August 28, 2019). "Guide: All Sony First-Party Studios and What They're Working On". http://www.pushsquare.com/news/2019/08/guide_all_sony_first-party_studios_and_what_theyre_working_on.
8. ↑ Leedham, Robert (June 29, 2021). "Why PlayStation bought Returnal developer Housemarque: the inside story". https://www.gq-magazine.co.uk/culture/article/housemarque-sony-playstation-acquisition.
9. ↑ "Quarterly Securities Report For the three months ended December 31, 2019". p. 39. https://www.sony.net/SonyInfo/IR/library/Sony_Quarterly_Securities_Report_2019Q3.pdf.
10. ↑ "PlayStation to open development studio in Malaysia". November 8, 2019. https://www.gamesindustry.biz/articles/2019-11-08-playstation-to-open-malaysian-development-studio.
11. ↑ "About us". July 1, 2021. https://www.nixxes.com/about-us/. Retrieved July 1, 2021.
12. ↑ Makuch, Eddie (July 1, 2021). "Sony Buys Another Game Studio, Avengers And Rise Of The Tomb Raider's Nixxes Software". GameSpot. https://www.gamespot.com/articles/sony-buys-another-game-studio-avengers-and-rise-of-the-tomb-raiders-nixxes-software/1100-6493477/. Retrieved July 1, 2021.
13. ↑ Varela, Ramón (January 16, 2020). "PlayStation: Todos sus estudios y los juegos en desarrollo" (in es). https://vandal.elespanol.com/reportaje/playstation-todos-sus-estudios-y-los-juegos-en-desarrollo.
14. ↑ 14.0 14.1 LeBlanc, Wesley (June 2, 2021). "Team Asobi Officially Announced as a PlayStation Studio, Reveals New Logo". https://www.ign.com/articles/team-asobi-official-playstation-studios-dev-new-logo.
15. ↑ 15.0 15.1 15.2 Yoon, Andrew (January 10, 2012). "Sony shuts down Little Deviants, Pursuit Force dev". https://www.shacknews.com/article/71918/sony-shuts-down-little-deviants-pursuit-force-dev.
16. ↑ 16.0 16.1 16.2 16.3 16.4 16.5 MCV Staff (August 2, 2011). "IN DETAIL: Sony's sixteen first-party studios". https://www.mcvuk.com/in-detail-sonys-sixteen-first-party-studios/.
17. ↑ 17.0 17.1 Brightman, James (March 22, 2016). "Sony confirms closure of Evolution Studios". https://www.gamesindustry.biz/articles/2016-03-22-sony-confirms-closure-of-evolution-studio.
18. ↑ 18.0 18.1 18.2 Frank, Allegra (January 12, 2017). "Sony shuts down 20-year-old studio in European restructuring". https://www.polygon.com/2017/1/12/14251842/guerrilla-cambridge-closed.
19. ↑ 19.0 19.1 Cifaldi, Frank (May 13, 2011). "How Moving To Austin Energized Starhawk". https://gamasutra.com/view/feature/134746/how_moving_to_austin_energized_.php.
20. ↑ 20.0 20.1 Plunkett, Luke (January 16, 2012). "Every Game Studio That's Closed Down Since 2006". https://kotaku.com/every-game-studio-thats-closed-down-since-2006-5876693.
21. ↑ Robinson, Andy; Calvin, Alex (February 25, 2021). "Sources: PlayStation is winding down Sony Japan Studio". Video Games Chronicle. https://www.videogameschronicle.com/news/sources-playstation-is-winding-down-sony-japan-studio/. Retrieved June 30, 2021.
22. ↑ 22.0 22.1 Dring, Christopher (February 4, 2020). "PlayStation to close Manchester VR studio". https://www.gamesindustry.biz/articles/2020-02-04-playstation-to-close-manchester-vr-studio.
23. ↑ 23.0 23.1 Yin-Poole, Wesley (July 21, 2015). "WipEout: The rise and fall of Sony Studio Liverpool". https://www.eurogamer.net/articles/2013-03-22-wipeout-the-rise-and-fall-of-sony-studio-liverpool.
24. ↑ 24.0 24.1 24.2 Moriarty, Colin (March 31, 2012). "Confirmed: Sony Closes Zipper Interactive". https://www.ign.com/articles/2012/03/30/confirmed-sony-closes-zipper-interactive.
25. ↑ Mark Cerny's "Road to the PS4" @ Gamelab 2013 . YouTube (June 27, 2013). Retrieved on July 16, 2013.
26. ↑ Naughty Dog Careers . Naughtydog.com. Retrieved on July 16, 2013.
27. ↑ Sony’s Secret Super Development Team . PS3 Attitude (June 5, 2009). Retrieved on July 16, 2013.
28. ↑ Sony XDev Europe . Official Site
29. ↑ Worldwide Studios/XDev . XDev on Worldwidestudios.net

## External links

* v
* t
* e

SIE Worldwide Studios

Franchises|

* Ape Escape
* Arc the Lad
* Bloodborne
* Boku no Natsuyasumi
* Colony Wars
* Dark Cloud
* Everybody's Golf
* Fat Princess
* G-Police
* God of War
* Gran Turismo
* Infamous
* Jak and Daxter
* Killzone
* LittleBigPlanet
* MediEvil
* MotorStorm
* PaRappa the Rapper
* Patapon
* Rally Cross
* Ratchet & Clank
* Resistance
* Shadow of the Beast
* Sly Cooper
* SOCOM
* Syphon Filter
* The Last of Us
* Tomba!
* Twisted Metal
* Uncharted
* Vib-Ribbon
* White Knight Chronicles
* Wild Arms
* Wipeout

Divisions|

* Bend Studio
* Japan Studio
* Team Gravity
* London Studio
* Pixelopus
* San Diego Studio
* San Mateo Studio
* Santa Monica Studio

Subsidiaries|

* Guerrilla Games
* Insomniac Games
* Media Molecule
* Naughty Dog
* Polyphony Digital
* Sucker Punch Productions

Former|

* 989 Studios
* Bigbig Studios
* Camden Studio
* Contrail
* Evolution Studios
* Guerrilla Cambridge
* Incognito Entertainment
* Psygnosis
* Studio Liverpool
* Team Ico
* Team Soho
* Zipper Interactive

Related|

* Sony Interactive Entertainment
* list of games

0.00

(0 votes)

|

* v
* t
* e

PlayStation

* Sony Interactive Entertainment
* SIE Worldwide Studios

Consoles|

| Home consoles|

* PlayStation
* Models
* Main hardware
* PlayStation 2
* Models
* Main hardware
* PlayStation 3
* Models
* Main hardware
* System software
* PlayStation 4
* Models
* Main hardware
* System software
* PlayStation 5

|

Handhelds|

* PocketStation
* PlayStation Portable
* System software
* PlayStation Vita
* System software

Miscellaneous|

* PSX
* PlayStation TV
* PlayStation Classic

Games|

| PS1 games|

* A–L
* M–Z
* Best-selling
* PS one Classics
* JP
* NA
* PAL

|

PS2 games|

* A–K
* L–Z
* Best-selling
* Online games
* PS2 Classics for PS3
* PS2 games for PS4

PS3 games|

* Best-selling
* Physical
* Digital only
* 3D games
* PS Move games

PS4 games|

* A–L
* M–Z
* Best-selling
* Free-to-play
* PSVR games

PSP games|

* Physical and digital
* System software compatibilities
* PS Minis

PS Vita games|

* A–L
* M–O
* P–R
* S
* T–V
* W–Z

Other|

* PS Now games
* PS Mobile games
* TurboGrafx-16 Classics
* NEOGEO Station
* Classics HD

Reprints|

* Greatest Hits
* Essentials
* The Best
* BigHit Series

Network|

* PlayStation Network
* 2011 outage
* Central Station
* FirstPlay
* PlayStation App
* PlayStation Home
* PlayStation Mobile
* PlayStation Now
* PlayStation Store
* PlayStation Video
* PlayStation Vue
* PS2 online
* Room for PSP
* VidZone

Accessories|

| Controllers|

* PlayStation controller
* PlayStation Mouse
* Analog Joystick
* Dual Analog
* DualShock
* Sixaxis
* PlayStation Move

|

Cameras|

* EyeToy
* Go!Cam
* PlayStation Eye
* PlayStation Camera

Miscellaneous|

* Multitap
* Link Cable
* PS2 accessories
* PS2 Headset
* PS3 accessories
* PlayTV
* Wonderbook
* PlayStation VR

Kits|

* Net Yaroze
* PS2 Linux
* GScube
* OtherOS
* Zego

Media|

| Magazines|

* Official U.S. PlayStation Magazine
* PlayStation: The Official Magazine
* PlayStation Official Magazine – UK
* PlayStation Official Magazine – Australia
* PlayStation Underground

|

Advertisements|

* Double Life
* Mountain
* PlayStation marketing

Characters|

* Toro
* Polygon Man
* Kevin Butler
* Marcus Rivers

Arcade boards|

* Namco System 11
* System 12
* System 10
* System 246
* System 357

Related|

* Super NES CD-ROM
* Sony Ericsson Xperia Play

* Category

Other|

* Gaikai
* SN Systems
* Cellius (49%)
* Dimps
* toio

* Category

* v
* t
* e

Sony Music Entertainment

Key personnel|

* Rob Stringer
* Kevin Kelleher

Flagship|

* Columbia Records
* RCA Records
* Epic Records
* Arista Records

Nashville|

* Columbia Nashville
* Arista Nashville
* RCA Records Nashville
* Provident Label Group

Sony Masterworks|

* Sony Classical Records
* Portrait Records
* Milan Records
* RCA Red Seal Records
* Okeh Records

UK|

* Black Butter Records
* Syco Music (50%)
* Relentless Records
* Ministry of Sound

Japan|

* Epic Records Japan
* Ki/oon Music
* Ariola Japan
* BMG Japan
* mora
* Sacra Music
* Aniplex
* Aniplex of America
* A-1 Pictures
* CloverWorks
* Funimation (95%, co-owned with Sony Pictures Television)
* Manga Entertainment (UK branch only)
* Madman Anime Group
* AnimeLab
* Music On! TV
* Peanuts Worldwide (39%)

Distribution|

* The Orchard
* IODA
* RED Distribution
* Red Essential
* TVT Records

Other labels|

* RCA Inspiration
* Phonogenic Records
* Ultra Music
* Century Media Records
* Legacy Recordings
* Kemosabe Records
* Ricordi
* Robbins Entertainment
* Sony/ATV Music Publishing
* Sony Music Australia
* Sony Music India
* Sony Music Latin
* Vevo
* Volcano Entertainment

* v
* t
* e

Sony Pictures Entertainment

Key personnel|

* Tony Vinciquerra
* Tom Rothman

Motion
Picture Group|

* Columbia Pictures
* TriStar Pictures
* TriStar Productions
* Screen Gems
* Classics
* Imageworks
* Animation
* Worldwide Acquisitions
* Destination Films
* Stage 6 Films
* Affirm Films
* Sony Pictures Home Entertainment
* Sony Wonder

Television|

| U.S. production|

* Adelaide Productions
* Sony Crackle
* The Minisode Network
* Culver Entertainment
* Embassy Row
* TriStar Television

|

International production|

* 2waytraffic
* Left Bank Pictures
* Playmaker Media
* Silvergate Media
* Stellify Media
* Teleset

Distribution|

* Funimation (95%, co-owned with Aniplex)
* Manga Entertainment (UK)
* Madman Anime Group
* AnimeLab

* v
* t
* e

Sony Pictures Television TV channels and VOD platforms

O = online VOD platform

Americas|

| U.S. networks|

Sony Movie Channel
Game Show Network
getTV
Cine Sony
Sony CrackleO
Defunct
3net (joint venture with Discovery and IMAX)
Fearnet (joint venture with Comcast and Lionsgate)

|

Canada|

Former
Sony Movie Channel and AXN Movies (rebranded)

Latin America|

AXN
Lifetime [50%; joint venture with A&E Networks]
Sony Channel
Defunct
Animax
Locomotion
Sony Spin

Asia|

| Indian
sub-continent|

* v
* t
* e

Sony Pictures Networks India

Hindi entertainment|

* SET
* Sony Sab
* Sony Max
* Sony Max 2
* Sony Pal
* Sony Wah

English entertainment|

* AXN
* Sony Pix

Bengali entertainment|

* Sony Aath

Sports|

* Sony Six
* Sony ESPN (50%; Joint venture with ESPN Inc.)
* Sony Ten
* Sony Ten 1
* Sony Ten 2
* Sony Ten 3
* Sony Ten Golf

Acquisition pending
TEN Sports Pakistan
TEN Cricket International

Music|

* Sony Mix

Other channels|

* Sony BBC Earth (50%; Joint venture with BBC Studios)
* Sony Yay

Other businesses|

* Sony LIV (Online VOD platform)

Former|

* Animax
* Sony Le Plex
* Sony Rox

Japan|

Animax

Animax PlusO
AXN

AXN Mystery
AXN PlusO
Star Channel [25%; joint venture with Tohokushinsha Film and Itochu]

Taiwan|

AXN
Animax

Animax HD

Southeast
Asia|

Gem [50%, joint venture with NTV]
Defunct
AXN Beyond
BeTV
Sony Channel

Europe,
Middle
East,
Africa
(EMEA)|

| Germany|

AnimaxO
Sony AXN
Sony Channel
Defunct
Animax (linear television)

|

Italy|

Defunct
AXN
AXN Sci Fi
Cine Sony
Pop

The
Netherlands|

Former
Film1

Film1 Action
Film1 Drama
Film1 Family
Film1 Premiere

Defunct
Film1 Festival
Film1 Sundance

Portugal|

AXN

AXN Black
AXN White

Defunct
Animax

Russia|

Sony Channel
Sony Turbo
Sony Sci-Fi

Spain|

AXN

AXN SyncO
AXN White

Defunct
Animax

Turkey|

* Sony Channel
* Sony Çocuk
* Planet Mutfak
* Planet Türk

UK & Ireland|

* v
* t
* e

Television channels in the United Kingdom and Ireland operated by Sony Pictures Television

Current|

Pop
Pop Max
Sony Channel
Sony Crime Channel
Sony Movies
Sony Movies Action
Sony Movies Classic
Tiny Pop

Former|

Bliss
Flava
More Than Movies
Movies4Men
Movies4Men 2
Pop Girl
Scuzz
True Crime
True Drama
True Entertainment
True Movies
True Movies 2
TruTV

Miscellaneous|

* Sony Pictures Television
* CSC Media Group
* animaxtv.co.uk (VOD)

Baltics|

Sony Channel
Sony Turbo

Central and
Eastern
Europe
(CEE)|

AXN

Adria
Hungary

AXN NowO
AXN Black
AXN Spin
AXN White
Sony Max
Sony Movie Channel
Viasat Hungary

Viasat 3
Viasat 6

Defunct
Animax
AXN Crime

Middle East|

AXN Middle East

Arabic
English

Defunct
AXN Israel

Africa|

Defunct
Animax
Sony Channel
Sony MAX

Other|

* Digital
* Mobile
* Entertainment Japan
* Family Entertainment Group
* Studios
* Madison Gate Records
* Ghost Corps

Defunct|

* Columbia Pictures Television
* Columbia TriStar Television
* Merv Griffin Enterprises
* ELP Communications

Online distribution
platforms|

* PlayStation Network
* PlayStation Now
* PlayStation Store
* PlayStation Video
* PlayStation Plus
* PlayStation Vue
* Sony Crackle
* Minisodes
* Sony Liv

Other businesses|

* Sony DADC
* Sony Network Communications
* Sony Professional Solutions
* M3 (39.4%)
* Sony/ATV Music Publishing
* APM Music
* EMI Music Publishing
* Extreme Music
* Hickory Records
* EMI Production Music
* Vaio (4.9%)

Other assets|

* Sony Corporation of America (umbrella company in the US)
* Other subsidiaries
* List of acquisitions

Nonprofit organizations|

* Sony Institute of Higher Education Shohoku College

Other|

* History of Sony
* Sony Toshiba IBM Center of Competence for the Cell Processor
* Sony timer

0.00

(0 votes)

Original source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Universal Media Disc. Read more

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