Outline of thought

Short description: Overview of and topical guide to thought

A thinking chimpanzee

The following outline is provided as an overview of and topical guide to thought (thinking):

Thought is the object of a mental process called thinking, in which beings form psychological associations and models of the world. Thinking is manipulating information, as when we form concepts, engage in problem solving, reason and make decisions. Thought, the act of thinking, produces more thoughts. A thought may be an idea, an image, a sound or even control an emotional feeling.

## Contents

* 1 Nature of thought
* 2 Types of thoughts
* 2.1 Content of thoughts
* 3 Types of thought (thinking)
* 3.1 Animal thought
* 3.2 Human thought
* 3.2.1 Classifications of thought
* 3.2.2 Creative processes
* 3.2.3 Decision-making
* 3.2.4 Erroneous thinking
* 3.2.5 Emotional intelligence (emotionally based thinking)
* 3.2.6 Problem solving
* 3.2.7 Reasoning
* 3.3 Machine thought
* 3.4 Organizational thought
* 4 Aspects of the thinker
* 5 Properties of thought
* 6 Fields that study thought
* 7 Thought tools and thought research
* 8 History of thinking
* 9 Nootropics (cognitive enhancers and smart drugs)
* 9.1 Organizational thinking concepts
* 10 Teaching methods and skills
* 11 Awards related to thinking
* 11.1 Awards for acts of genius
* 12 Organizations
* 13 Media
* 13.1 Publications
* 13.1.1 Books
* 13.1.2 Periodicals
* 13.2 Television programs
* 14 Persons associated with thinking
* 14.1 People notable for their extraordinary ability to think
* 14.2 Scientists in fields that study thought
* 14.3 Scholars of thinking
* 15 Related concepts
* 15.1 Awareness and perception
* 15.2 Learning and memory
* 16 See also
* 17 References
* 18 External links

## Nature of thought

Thought (or thinking) can be described as all of the following:

* An activity taking place in a:
* brain - organ that serves as the center of the nervous system in all vertebrate and most invertebrate animals (only a few invertebrates such as sponges, jellyfish, adult sea squirts and starfish do not have a brain). It is the physical structure associated with the mind.
* mind - abstract entity with the cognitive faculties of consciousness, perception, thinking, judgement, and memory. Having a mind is a characteristic of living creatures.[1][2] Activities taking place in a mind are called mental processes or cognitive functions.
* computer (see § Machine thought below) - general purpose device that can be programmed to carry out a set of arithmetic or logical operations automatically. Since a sequence of operations (an algorithm) can be readily changed, the computer can solve more than one kind of problem.
* An activity of intelligence - intelligence is the intellectual process of which is marked by cognition, motivation, and self-awareness.[3] Through intelligence, living creatures possess the cognitive abilities to learn, form concepts, understand, apply logic, and reason, including the capacities to recognize patterns, comprehend ideas, plan, problem solve, make decisions, retaining, and use language to communicate. Intelligence enables living creatures to experience and think.
* A type of mental process - something that individuals can do with their minds. Mental processes include perception, memory, thinking, volition, and emotion. Sometimes the term cognitive function is used instead.
* A biological adaptation mechanism[4]
* Neural network explanation: Thoughts are created by the summation of neural outputs and connections of which vectors form. These vectors describe the magnitude and direction of the connections and action between neurons. The graphs of these vectors can represent a network of neurons whose connections fire in different ways over time as synapses fire. These large thought vectors in the brain cause other vectors of activity. For example: An input from the environment is received by the neural network. The network changes the magnitude and outputs of individual neurons. The altered network outputs the symbols needed to make sense of the input.

## Types of thoughts

1\. Foundational Representations

* Philosophy:Concept
* Abstract concept - Metaphysics concept covering the divide between two types of entities
* Concrete concept - Metaphysics concept covering the divide between two types of entities
* Philosophy:Idea
* Mental image - Representation in the mind of objects, activities or events, whether they existed or not
* Percept / Perception

2\. Propositions and Beliefs

* Logical assertion
* Proposition - Bearer of truth or falsity
* Premise
* Philosophy:Belief

3\. Reasoning and Argumentation

* Argument
* Philosophy:Syllogism

4\. Inquiry and Speculation

* Conjecture - Proposition in mathematics that is unproven
* Hypothesis
* Thought experiment - Hypothetical situation

5\. Explanation and Synthesis

* Philosophy:Explanation
* Theory
* Conceptual model - Theoretical framework
* Mental model - Mental representation of the external world
* Schema - Technique to encode and retrieve memories

6\. Definition

* Philosophy:Definition - Statement that attaches a meaning to a term

7\. Decision Making

* Decision (see Decision-making)

### Content of thoughts

* Biology:Communication
* Data
* Information
* Philosophy:Knowledge
* Philosophy:Self-concept

## Types of thought (thinking)

Listed below are types of thought, also known as thinking processes.

### Animal thought

### Human thought

* Philosophy:Analysis
* Philosophy:Awareness - State or ability to perceive, to feel, or to be conscious of events, objects, or sensory patterns
* Estimation
* Categorization - Organization of things, objects, and ideas
* Medicine:Cognitive restructuring - Type of psychological therapy
* Computational thinking - Set of problem-solving methods
* Convergent thinking - Ability to answer questions correctly without the need for novel ideas
* Philosophy:Counterfactual thinking - Concept in psychology
* Critical thinking - Analysis of facts to form a judgment
* Data thinking - Framework for analyzing data
* Evaluation
* Philosophy:Habit - Routine of behavior that is repeated regularly and tends to occur subconsciously
* Integrative thinking - Reframing Critical Thinking Skills (CTS) for Group-Decision-Support-Systems (GDSS)
* Philosophy:Introspection
* Learning and memory
* Parallel thinking
* Prediction - Statement about a future event
* Social:Strategic thinking - Cognitive activity
* Philosophy:Visual thinking - Thinking through visual processing

#### Classifications of thought

* Bloom's taxonomy
* Philosophy:Dual process theory - Psychological theory of how thought can arise in two different ways
* Philosophy:Fluid and crystallized intelligence
* Philosophy:Higher-order thinking - Concept in education and education reform
* Philosophy:Theory of multiple intelligences - Educational model of human intelligence
* Philosophy:Three-stratum theory - Cognitive ability theory

#### Creative processes

* Social:Brainstorming
* Cognitive module
* Religion:Creativity
* Creativity techniques - Methods devised to encourage creative actions
* Design thinking - Processes by which design concepts are developed

* Divergent thinking - Process of generating creative ideas
* Imagination - Creative ability
* Lateral thinking - Manner of solving problems
* Philosophy:Noogony
* Social:Six Thinking Hats - 1985 book by Edward de Bono
* Philosophy:Speech act - Utterance that serves a performative function
* Stream of consciousness - Metaphor describing how thoughts seem to flow through the conscious mind
* Thinking outside the box - Metaphor for unconventional thinking

#### Decision-making

Main article: Decision-making

* Choice - Deciding between multiple options
* Cybernetics
* Decision theory - Branch of applied probability theory
* Philosophy:Executive functions - Cognitive processes necessary for control of behavior
* Philosophy:Judgement
* Engineering:Planning - Regarding the activities required to achieve a desired goal
* Finance:Rational choice theory - Sociological theory
* Philosophy:Speech act - Utterance that serves a performative function
* Philosophy:Value judgment - Philosophical and ethical concept

#### Erroneous thinking

See also: Error and Human error

* Philosophy:Cognitive bias - Systematic pattern of deviation from norm or rationality in judgment
* Cognitive distortion - Exaggerated or irrational thought patterns
* Philosophy:Dysrationalia
* Philosophy:Emotional reasoning - Cognitive process
* Philosophy:Exaggeration - Statement that represents something in an excessive manner
* Philosophy:Foolishness - Lack of social norms causing offence or similar effect
* Fallacies (see also List of fallacies)
* Philosophy:Fallacies of definition
* Logical fallacy - Form of incorrect argument in natural language
* Groupthink
* Irrationality - Thinking, talking, or acting without inclusion of rationality
* Linguistic error - Unintended deviation from the rules of a language variety
* Philosophy:Magical thinking - Belief in the connection of unrelated events
* Philosophy:Minimisation (psychology) - Type of deception
* Motivated reasoning - Processing personal/social information
* Philosophy:Rationalization (psychology) - Psychological defense mechanism
* Philosophy:Rhetoric - Art of persuasion
* Philosophy:Straight and Crooked Thinking - Book by Robert H. Thouless (book)
* Philosophy:Target fixation - Attentional phenomenon
* Philosophy:Wishful thinking - Formation of beliefs based on what might be pleasing to imagine

#### Emotional intelligence (emotionally based thinking)

* Medicine:Affect logic
* Curiosity
* Finance:Elaboration likelihood model
* Philosophy:Emotions and feelings
* Biology:Emotion and memory - Critical factors contributing to the emotional enhancement effect on human memory
* Social:Emotional contagion - Spontaneous spread of emotions among a group
* Philosophy:Empathy
* Epiphany (feeling) - Sudden understanding of something's essence
* Philosophy:Motivation
* Philosophy:Propositional attitude - Concept in epistemology
* Philosophy:Rhetoric - Art of persuasion
* Philosophy:Self-esteem
* Philosophy:Self-determination theory - Macro theory of human motivation and personality
* Philosophy:Social cognition - Study of cognitive processes involved in social interactions
* Philosophy:Volition (psychology) - Cognitive process by which an individual decides on and commits to a particular course of action

#### Problem solving

Problem solving - Process of achieving a goal by overcoming obstacles

* Problem solving steps
* Problem finding - Problem discovery
* Problem shaping
* Philosophy:Process of elimination - Logical method to identify an entity of interest among several ones by excluding all other entities
* Systems thinking - Examining complex systems as a whole
* Critical systems thinking - Systems thinking multimethodology
* Problem-solving strategy - steps one would use to find the problem(s) that are in the way to getting to one's own goal. Some would refer to this as the 'problem-solving cycle' (Bransford & Stein, 1993). In this cycle one will recognize the problem, define the problem, develop a strategy to fix the problem, organize the knowledge of the problem cycle, figure-out the resources at the user's disposal, monitor one's progress, and evaluate the solution for accuracy.
* Philosophy:Abstraction - solving the problem in a model of the system before applying it to the real system
* Analogy - using a solution that solves an analogous problem
* Social:Brainstorming - (especially among groups of people) suggesting a large number of solutions or ideas and combining and developing them until an optimum solution is found
* Divide and conquer - breaking down a large, complex problem into smaller, solvable problems
* Hypothesis testing - assuming a possible explanation to the problem and trying to prove (or, in some contexts, disprove) the assumption
* Lateral thinking - Manner of solving problems - approaching solutions indirectly and creatively
* Parallel thinking
* Social:Six Thinking Hats - 1985 book by Edward de Bono
* Means-ends analysis - Problem solving technique - choosing an action at each step to move closer to the goal
* Morphological analysis - Exploration of possible solutions - assessing the output and interactions of an entire system
* Proof - Sufficient evidence/argument for truth - try to prove that the problem cannot be solved. The point where the proof fails will be the starting point for solving it
* Reduction - transforming the problem into another problem for which solutions exist
* Research - Systematic study undertaken to increase knowledge - employing existing ideas or adapting existing solutions to similar problems
* Root cause analysis - Method of identifying the fundamental causes of faults or problems - identifying the cause of a problem
* Thinking outside the box - Metaphor for unconventional thinking
* Troubleshooting -
* Problem-solving methodology
* 5 Whys
* Decision cycle - Sequence of steps for decision-making
* How to Solve It - Book by George Pólya
* Philosophy:Learning cycle - How people learn from experience
* OODA loop - Observe–orient–decide–act cycle (observe, orient, decide, and act)
* PDCA - Iterative design and management method used in business (plan–do–check–act)
* Problem structuring methods - Techniques used to model a situation to be changed
* TRIZ (in Russian: Teoriya Resheniya Izobretatelskikh Zadatch, "theory of solving inventor's problems")
* Philosophy:Vertical thinking - Thinking technique that involves an analytical approach to problem solving

#### Reasoning

* Abstract thinking
* Adaptive reasoning
* Analogical reasoning
* Philosophy:Analytic reasoning - Ability to look at information and discern patterns
* Case-based reasoning - Process of solving new problems based on the solutions of similar past problems
* Critical thinking - Analysis of facts to form a judgment
* Defeasible reasoning - Reasoning that is rationally compelling, though not deductively valid - from authority: if p then (defeasibly) q
* Diagrammatic reasoning - reasoning by means of visual representations. Visualizing concepts and ideas with of diagrams and imagery instead of by linguistic or algebraic means
* Philosophy:Emotional reasoning - Cognitive process (erroneous) - a cognitive distortion in which emotion overpowers reason, to the point the subject is unwilling or unable to accept the reality of a situation because of it.
* Heuristics
* History:Historical thinking
* Lateral thinking - Manner of solving problems
* Logic - Study of correct reasoning / Logical reasoning
* Abductive reasoning - Inference seeking the simplest and most likely explanation - from data and theory: p and q are correlated, and q is sufficient for p; hence, if p then (abducibly) q as cause
* Deductive reasoning - Form of reasoning - from meaning postulate, axiom, or contingent assertion: if p then q (i.e., q or not-p)
* Philosophy:Inductive reasoning - Method of logical reasoning - theory formation; from data, coherence, simplicity, and confirmation: (inducibly) "if p then q"; hence, if p then (deducibly-but-revisably) q
* Philosophy:Inference
* Philosophy:Moral reasoning - Study in psychology that overlaps with moral philosophy - process in which an individual tries to determine the difference between what is right and what is wrong in a personal situation by using logic.[5] This is an important and often daily process that people use in an attempt to do the right thing. Every day for instance, people are faced with the dilemma of whether or not to lie in a given situation. People make this decision by reasoning the morality of the action and weighing that against its consequences.
* Proportional reasoning - Reasoning about comparative relationships - using "the concept of proportions when analyzing and solving a mathematical situation."[6]
* Social:Strategic thinking - Cognitive activity
* Philosophy:Verbal reasoning - understanding and reasoning using concepts framed in words
* Philosophy:Visual reasoning - process of manipulating one's mental image of an object in order to reach a certain conclusion – for example, mentally constructing a piece of machinery to experiment with different mechanisms

### Machine thought

* Artificial creativity
* Automated reasoning
* Commonsense reasoning
* Model-based reasoning
* Opportunistic reasoning
* Qualitative reasoning - automated reasoning about continuous aspects of the physical world, such as space, time, and quantity, for the purpose of problem solving and planning using qualitative rather than quantitative information
* Spatial–temporal reasoning
* Textual case based reasoning
* Computer program (recorded machine thought instructions)
* Human-based computation

### Organizational thought

Organizational thought (thinking by organizations)

* Management information system - Information system used for organizational decision-making and coordination
* Organization:Organizational communication - Field of study in communication studies
* Organizational planning
* Social:Strategic planning - Organizational decision making process
* Social:Strategic thinking - Cognitive activity
* Systems theory - Interdisciplinary study of systems

## Aspects of the thinker

Aspects of the thinker which may affect (help or hamper) his or her thinking:

* Ability - Ability to influence the behavior of others
* Software:Aptitude - Text front end for APT
* Social:Behavior
* Philosophy:Cognitive style - Concept in cognitive psychology
* Philosophy:Common sense - Sound practical judgement in everyday matters
* Philosophy:Experience
* Biology:Instinct
* Philosophy:Intelligence
* Philosophy:Metacognition
* Mental image - Representation in the mind of objects, activities or events, whether they existed or not
* Philosophy:Mindset
* Preference
* Philosophy:Rationality - Quality of being agreeable to reason
* Philosophy:Skill
* Philosophy:Wisdom

## Properties of thought

* Accuracy and precision - Measures of observational error
* Philosophy:Dogma - Belief(s) accepted by members of a group without question
* Physics:Effectiveness
* Chemistry:Efficacy
* Physics:Efficiency - Degree to which a process minimizes waste of resources
* Philosophy:Freethought - Position that beliefs should be formed only on the basis of logic, reason, and empiricism
* Philosophy:Frugality
* Meaning
* Philosophy:Prudence - Ability of a person to regulate themselves with the use of reason
* Philosophy:Rights
* Skepticism
* Soundness - Term in logic and deductive reasoning
* Validity - Argument whose conclusion must be true if its premises are
* Philosophy:Value theory - Systematic study of values
* Philosophy:Wrongdoing - Act that is illegal or immoral

## Fields that study thought

* Social:Linguistics - Scientific study of language
* Philosophy:Philosophy
* Logic - Study of correct reasoning
* Philosophy:Philosophy of mind - Branch of philosophy
* Biology:Neuroscience - Scientific study of the nervous system
* Cognitive science - Interdisciplinary scientific study of cognitive processes
* Social:Psychology
* Philosophy:Cognitive psychology - Subdiscipline of psychology
* Social:Social psychology - Scientific study of social effects on people's thoughts, feelings, and behaviors
* Biology:Psychiatry
* Mathematics
* Operations research - Discipline concerning the application of advanced analytical methods

## Thought tools and thought research

* Cognitive model - Model of cognition's operation
* Engineering:Design tool - Objects, media, or computer programs, which can be used to design
* Diagram
* Argument map - Visual representation of the structure of an argument
* Concept map - Diagram showing relationships among concepts
* Mind map - Diagram to visually organize information
* DSRP
* Intelligence amplification - Use of information technology to augment human intelligence
* Social:Language
* Philosophy:Meditation
* Social:Six Thinking Hats - 1985 book by Edward de Bono
* Synectics

## History of thinking

* History of artificial intelligence
* Philosophy:History of the concept of creativity
* Philosophy:History of ideas - A field of research
* Philosophy:History of logic

## Nootropics (cognitive enhancers and smart drugs)

Chemistry:Nootropic

Substances that improve mental performance:

* Chemistry:5-Hydroxytryptophan, also known as 5-HTP
* Chemistry:Adrafinil (Olmifon)
* Chemistry:Aniracetam - Medication
* Biology:Withania somnifera, also known as Ashwagandha - Species of flowering plant
* Biology:Bacopa monnieri - Species of aquatic plant (Brahmi)
* Biology:Caffeine
* Chemistry:Acetylcarnitine, also known as Acetyl-L-carnitine - Form of L-carnitine (ALCAR)
* Chemistry:Meclofenoxate, also known as Centrophenoxine - Chemical compound
* Chemistry:Choline - Chemical compound and essential nutrient
* Biology:Cholinergic - Agent which mimics choline
* Chemistry:Chromium
* Chemistry:Coenzyme Q10 - Biochemical cofactor and antioxidant
* Chemistry:Creatine - Chemical compound
* Chemistry:Dimethylethanolamine (DMAE)
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* Chemistry:Modafinil - Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24". - Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24". (Provigil)
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* Biology:Rhodiola rosea - Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24". - Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24".
* Selegiline (Deprenyl) - Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24". - Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24".
* Biology:Eleutherococcus senticosus, also known as Siberian ginseng - Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24". - Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24".
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### Organizational thinking concepts

* Biology:Communication - Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24". - Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24".
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## Teaching methods and skills

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## Awards related to thinking

### Awards for acts of genius

## Organizations

* Associations pertaining to thought
* Organization:Association for Automated Reasoning - Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24". - Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24".
* Philosophy:Association for Informal Logic and Critical Thinking - Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24". - Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24".

## Media

### Publications

#### Books

* Handbook of Automated Reasoning

#### Periodicals

* Journal of Automated Reasoning
* Journal of Formalized Reasoning
* Positive Thinking Magazine

### Television programs

* Thinkabout (U.S. TV series)

## Persons associated with thinking

### People notable for their extraordinary ability to think

* Geniuses
* List of Nobel laureates (see also Nobel Prize)
* Polymaths
* Intellectual

### Scientists in fields that study thought

* List of cognitive scientists

### Scholars of thinking

Template:More references section

* Aaron T. Beck[7]
* Edward de Bono
* Tony Buzan
* Noam Chomsky
* Albert Ellis
* Howard Gardner
* Eliyahu M. Goldratt
* Douglas Hofstadter
* Ray Kurzweil
* Marvin Minsky
* Richard W. Paul
* Steven Pinker
* Bertrand Russell
* Baruch Spinoza
* Robert Sternberg

## Related concepts

* Cognition
* Knowledge
* Multiple intelligences
* Strategy
* Structure
* System
* Ideation
* Fact

### Awareness and perception

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* Attention
* Analysis paralysis
* Action plan
* Cognition
* Cognitive dissonance
* Cognitive map
* Concept
* Concept map
* Conceptual framework
* Conceptual model
* Consciousness
* Domain knowledge
* focus
* Heuristics in judgment and decision making
* Hyperfocus
* Information
* Intelligence
* Intuition
* Knowledge
* Memory suppression
* Mental image
* Mental model
* Mental state
* Metaknowledge (knowledge about knowledge)
* Mind map
* Mindfulness (psychology)
* Percept
* Perception
* Self-awareness
* Self-concept
* Self-consciousness
* Self-knowledge
* Self-realization
* Sentience
* Situational awareness
* Understanding

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### Learning and memory

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* Autodidacticism
* Biofeedback
* Cognitive dissonance
* Dual-coding theory
* Eidetic memory (total recall)
* Emotion and memory
* Empiricism
* Feedback
* Feedback loop
* Free association
* Heuristics
* Hyperthymesia
* Hypnosis
* Hypothesis
* Imitation
* Inquiry
* Knowledge management
* Language acquisition
* Memorization
* Memory and aging
* Memory inhibition
* Memory-prediction framework
* Method of loci
* Mnemonics
* Neurofeedback
* Neuro-linguistic programming (NLP)
* Observation
* Pattern recognition
* Question
* Reading
* Recall
* Recognition
* Recollection (recall)
* Scientific method
* Self-perception theory
* Speed reading
* Study Skills
* Subvocalization
* Transfer of learning
* Transfer of training
* Visual learning

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Miscellaneous

* Adaptation
* Association of Ideas
* Attacking Faulty Reasoning
* Autistic thinking (see Glossary of psychiatry)
* Backcasting
* Causality
* Chunking (psychology)
* Cognition
* Cognitive biology
* Cognitive computing
* Cognitive deficit
* Cognitive dissonance
* Cognitive linguistics
* Cognitive module
* Cognitive psychology
* Cognitive science
* Cognitive space
* Cognitive style
* Communicating
* Comparative cognition
* Concept-formation
* Conceptual metaphor
* Conceptual thinking
* Conscience
* Consciousness
* Constructive criticism
* Conversation
* Criticism
* Creativity techniques
* Dereistic thinking (see Glossary of psychiatry)
* Design (and re-design)
* Dialectic
* Dream
* Discovery (observation)
* Distinction
* Distributed cognition
* Decision tree
* Distributed multi-agent reasoning system
* Educational assessment
* Emotion
* Empirical knowledge
* Empiricism
* Epistemology
* Evidential reasoning (disambiguation)
* Evidential reasoning approach
* Expectation (epistemic)
* Experimentation
* Explanation
* Expert
* Extension (semantics)
* Facilitation (business)
* Fantasy
* Fideism
* Figure Reasoning Test
* Fuzzy logic
* Fuzzy-trace theory
* Generalizing
* Gestalt psychology
* Group cognition
* Heuristics in judgment and decision making
* Holism
* Human multitasking
* Human self-reflection
* Hypervigilance
* Identification (information)
* Inductive reasoning aptitude
* Intellect
* Intellectual
* Intelligence (trait)
* Intentionality
* Inventing
* Innovation
* Invention
* Judging
* Kinesthetic learning
* Knowledge management
* Knowledge representation and reasoning
* Language
* Linguistics
* List of cognitive scientists
* List of creative thought processes
* List of emotional intelligence topics
* List of emotions
* List of organizational thought processes
* List of perception-related topics
* Mathematics Mechanization and Automated Reasoning Platform
* Mental function
* Mental model theory of reasoning
* Meta-analytic thinking
* Meta-ethical
* Methodic doubt
* Mimesis
* Mind
* Models of scientific inquiry
* Morphological analysis (problem-solving)
* Natural language processing
* Nonduality
* Nous
* Pattern matching
* Personality psychology
* Persuasion
* Philomath
* Philosophical analysis
* Philosophical method
* Planning
* Po (term)
* Practical reason
* Preconscious
* Prediction
* Procedural reasoning system
* Pseudoscience
* Pseudoskepticism
* Psychological projection
* Psychology of reasoning
* Qualitative Reasoning Group
* Rationality and Power
* Reasoning Mind
* Reasoning system
* Recognition-primed decision
* Reflective disclosure
* Scientific method
* Self-deception
* Semantic network
* Semantics
* Semiotics
* Sensemaking
* Situated cognition
* Situational awareness
* Skepticism
* Source criticism
* Spatial cognition
* Speculative reason
* Spiral: The Bonds of Reasoning
* Storytelling
* Stream of consciousness (psychology)
* Subconscious
* Substitution (logic)
* Suspicion (emotion)
* Theories
* Thinking processes (theory of constraints)
* Thought disorder
* Thought sonorization (see Glossary of psychiatry)
* Translation
* Truth
* Unconscious mind
* Understanding
* VPEC-T
* wikt:entrained thinking
* wikt:synthesis
* Working memory
* World disclosure

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## See also

* Artificial intelligence
* Outline of artificial intelligence
* Human intelligence
* Outline of human intelligence
* Neuroscience
* Outline of neuroscience
* Psychology
* Gestalt psychology (theory of mind)
* Outline of psychology

Miscellaneous

* Adaptation
* Association of Ideas
* Attacking Faulty Reasoning
* Autistic thinking (see Glossary of psychiatry)
* Backcasting
* Causality
* Chunking (psychology)
* Cognition
* Cognitive biology
* Cognitive computing
* Cognitive deficit
* Cognitive dissonance
* Cognitive linguistics
* Cognitive module
* Cognitive psychology
* Cognitive science
* Cognitive space
* Cognitive style
* Communicating
* Comparative cognition
* Concept-formation
* Conceptual metaphor
* Conceptual thinking
* Conscience
* Consciousness
* Constructive criticism
* Conversation
* Criticism
* Dereistic thinking (see Glossary of psychiatry)
* Design (and re-design)
* Dialectic
* Discovery (observation)
* Distinction
* Distributed cognition
* Distributed multi-agent reasoning system
* Educational assessment
* Emotion
* Empirical knowledge
* Empiricism
* Epistemology
* Evidential reasoning (disambiguation)
* Evidential reasoning approach
* Expectation (epistemic)
* Experimentation
* Explanation
* Extension (semantics)
* Facilitation (business)
* Fantasy
* Fideism
* Figure Reasoning Test
* Fuzzy logic
* Fuzzy-trace theory
* Generalizing
* Gestalt psychology
* Group cognition
* Heuristics in judgment and decision making
* Holism
* Human multitasking
* Human self-reflection
* Hypervigilance
* Identification (information)
* Inductive reasoning aptitude
* Intellect
* Intelligence (trait)
* Intentionality
* Inventing
* Judging
* Kinesthetic learning
* Knowledge management
* Knowledge representation and reasoning
* Language
* Linguistics
* List of cognitive scientists
* List of creative thought processes
* List of emotional intelligence topics
* List of emotions
* List of organizational thought processes
* List of perception-related topics
* Mathematics Mechanization and Automated Reasoning Platform
* Mental function
* Mental model theory of reasoning
* Meta-analytic thinking
* Meta-ethical
* Methodic doubt
* Mimesis
* Mind
* Models of scientific inquiry
* Morphological analysis (problem-solving)
* Natural language processing
* Nonduality
* Nous
* Pattern matching
* Personality psychology
* Persuasion
* Philomath
* Philosophical analysis
* Philosophical method
* Planning
* Po (term)
* Practical reason
* Preconscious
* Prediction
* Procedural reasoning system
* Pseudoscience
* Pseudoskepticism
* Psychological projection
* Psychology of reasoning
* Qualitative Reasoning Group
* Rationality and Power
* Reasoning Mind
* Reasoning system
* Recognition-primed decision
* Reflective disclosure
* Scientific method
* Self-deception
* Semantic network
* Semantics
* Semiotics
* Sensemaking
* Situated cognition
* Situational awareness
* Skepticism
* Source criticism
* Spatial Cognition
* Speculative reason
* Spiral: The Bonds of Reasoning
* Storytelling
* Stream of consciousness (psychology)
* Subconscious
* Substitution (logic)
* Suspicion (emotion)
* Theories
* Thinking processes (theory of constraints)
* Thought disorder
* Thought sonorization (see Glossary of psychiatry)
* Translation
* Truth
* Unconscious mind
* Understanding
* VPEC-T
* wikt:entrained thinking
* wikt:synthesis
* Working memory
* World disclosure

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Thinking

* Buckminster Fuller: Thinking Out Loud (documentary)
* Critical-Creative Thinking and Behavioral Research Laboratory
* History of political thinking
* Philosophy:Inquiry: Critical Thinking Across the Disciplines
* Partial concurrent thinking aloud
* Po (lateral thinking)
* Six Thinking Hats
* SolidThinking
* Straight and Crooked Thinking
* Systematic Inventive Thinking
* The Art of Negative Thinking
* The Lake of Thinking
* The Magic of Thinking Big
* The Year of Magical Thinking
* Thinking about Consciousness
* Thinking about the immortality of the crab
* Thinking Allowed
* Thinking processes (Theory of Constraints)
* Thinking Skills Assessment
* Thinking, Fast and Slow
* Torrance Tests of Creative Thinking
* Unified structured inventive thinking
* When You're Through Thinking, Say Yes
* World Thinking Day

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Lists

* List of neurobiology topics
* List of cognitive science topics
* List of philosophical theories
* List of psychology topics
* List of cognitive scientists
* Glossary of philosophical isms
* List of cognitive biases
* List of emotions
* List of memory biases
* List of mnemonics
* List of neurobiology topics
* List of psychometric topics
* List of thought processes

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## References

1. ↑ Dictionary.com, "mind": "1. (in a human or other conscious being) the element, part, substance, or process that reasons, thinks, feels, wills, perceives, judges, etc.: the processes of the mind. 2. Psychology. the totality of conscious and unconscious mental processes and activities. 3. intellect or understanding, as distinguished from the faculties of feeling and willing; intelligence."
2. ↑ Google definition, "mind": "The element of a person that enables them to be aware of the world and their experiences, to think, and to feel; the faculty of consciousness." [1]
3. ↑ Tirri, Nokelainen (January 2012). Measuring Multiple Intelligences and Moral Sensitivities in Education. Springer. ISBN 978-94-6091-758-5. https://www.springer.com/gp/book/9789460917585.
4. ↑ Danko Nikolić (2014). "Practopoiesis: Or how life fosters a mind. arXiv:1402.5332 [q-bio.NC."]. http://www.danko-nikolic.com/?smd_process_download=1&download_id=724.
5. ↑ "Definition of: Moral Reasoning". http://www.alleydog.com/glossary/definition.php?term=Moral Reasoning.
6. ↑ "Dictionary Search › proportional reasoning - Quizlet". http://quizlet.com/dictionary/proportional-reasoning/.
7. ↑ Bockting, Claudi L. H. (June 2021). "Laudatio for Distinguished Scholar Dr. Aaron T. Beck". Clinical Psychology in Europe 3 (2). doi:10.32872/cpe.6871. ISSN 2625-3410. PMID 36397958. PMC 9667126. https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9667126/.

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## External links

* The Psychology of Emotions, Feelings and Thoughts, Free Online Book

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