Public education in Arkansas

in  Arkansas

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K-12 education in Arkansas

Education facts
State superintendent:
Johnny Key
Number of students:
486,157
Number of teachers:
34,131
Teacher/pupil ratio:
1:14
Number of school districts:
269
Number of schools:
1,102
Graduation rate:
84.9%
Per-pupil spending:
$9,394
See also
Arkansas Department of Education • List of school districts in Arkansas • Arkansas • School boards portal

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Public education in the United States
Public education in Arkansas
Glossary of education terms
Note: The statistics on this page are mainly from government sources, including the U.S. Census Bureau and the National Center for Education Statistics. Figures given are the most recent as of June 2015, with school years noted in the text or footnotes.

## Contents

* 1 Common Core
* 2 General information
* 2.1 Schools by type
* 3 Demographics
* 3.1 Enrollments by region type
* 4 Academic performance
* 4.1 NAEP scores
* 4.2 Graduation, ACT and SAT scores
* 4.3 Dropout rate
* 5 Educational choice options
* 5.1 Developments
* 5.1.1 Espinoza v. Montana Department of Revenue (2020)
* 6 Education funding and expenditures
* 6.1 Revenue breakdowns
* 6.2 Expenditure breakdowns
* 6.3 Personnel salaries
* 7 Organizations
* 7.1 State agencies
* 7.2 Unions
* 8 Taxpayer-funded lobbying
* 9 Studies and reports
* 9.1 State Budget Solutions education study
* 9.2 Quality Counts 2014
* 10 School districts
* 10.1 District types
* 10.2 School board composition
* 10.2.1 Term limits
* 10.3 Elections
* 10.3.1 Path to the ballot
* 10.3.2 Campaign finance
* 11 Recent legislation
* 12 Education ballot measures
* 13 In the news
* 14 See also
* 15 External links
* 16 Footnotes

The Arkansas public school system (prekindergarten through grade 12) operates within districts governed by locally elected school boards and superintendents. In 2013 Arkansas had 486,157 students enrolled in a total of 1,102 schools in  288 school districts. There were 34,131 teachers in the public schools, or roughly one teacher for every 14 students, compared to the national average of 1:16. There was roughly one administrator for every 295 students, which was on par with the national average of one administrator for every 295 students. On average Arkansas spent $9,394 per pupil in 2013, which ranked it 34th highest in the nation. The state's graduation rate was 84.9 percent in 2013.[1][2][3]

HIGHLIGHTS

* Arkansas reported a graduation rate of nearly 85 percent in 2013. The state's average ACT scores were also roughly on par with the national average.

### Common Core[edit]

Common Core, or the Common Core State Standards Initiative, is an American education initiative that outlines quantifiable benchmarks in English and mathematics at each grade level from kindergarten through high school. The Arkansas State Board of Education adopted the standards on July 12, 2010. Full implementation was set to be achieved in the 2013-2014 academic year.[4][5]

In 2015 a Common Core review panel was established that evaluated the program's performance in Arkansas. The panel advised that Arkansas students may be better served if the state switched from the standardized test then in use, the Partnership for Assessment of Readiness for College and Careers (PARCC) exam, to a more nationally recognized test, such as the ACT.[6] In June 2015, the state Board of Education voted to renew the state's contract with PARCC. The following month, the board voted to instead cancel the contract and switch over to the ACT. The board signed a contract switching the state to the ACT in September 2015.[7]

In September 2015, state Commissioner of Education Johnny Key ordered a review of Common Core standards for mathematics and English.[7] The state Board of Education voted to adopt the revised mathematics standards in April 2016 and the revised English standards in July 2016. The new standards were rolled in over the 2016-2017 and 2017-2018 school years.[8][9]

## General information[edit]

See also: General comparison table for education statistics in the 50 states and Education spending per pupil in all 50 states

The following chart shows how Arkansas compares to three neighboring states with respect to the number of students, schools, teachers per pupil and administrators per pupil for the 2012-2013 school year. The chart also displays that information at the national level. Further comparisons between these states with respect to performance and financial information are given in other sections of this page. In the 2012-2013 school year, Arkansas enrolled fewer students, 486,157, than any neighboring state.

Regional comparison, 2012-2013

State | Schools | Districts | Students | Teachers | Teacher to pupil ratio | Administrator to pupil ratio | Per pupil spending*
Arkansas |  1,102  |  288  |  486,157 |  34,131  |  1:14.2  |  1:294.5  |  $9,394
Louisiana |  1,407  |  131  |  710,903  |  46,493  |  1:15.3  |  1:247.4  |  $10,490
Mississippi |  1,063  |  162  |  493,650  |  32,613  |  1:15.1  |  1:252.8  |  $8,130
Missouri |  2,406  |  567  |  917,900  |  66,248  |  1:13.9  |  1:294.8  |  $9,597
United States | 98,454 | 18,093 | 49,771,118 | 3,109,101 | 1:16 | 1:294.1 | $10,700
*Per pupil spending data reflects information reported for fiscal year 2013.
Sources: National Center for Education Statistics, "Table 2 - Number of operating public schools and districts, state enrollment, teacher, and pupil teacher ratio, by state: School year 2012–13," accessed May 27, 2015
United States Census, "Public Education Finances: 2012," accessed May 27, 2015

Note: In comparing dollar amounts across the states, it is important to note that the cost of living can from state to state and within a state. The amounts given on this page have not been adjusted to reflect these differences. For more information on "regional price disparities" and the Consumer Price Index, see the U.S. Department of Commerce, Bureau of Economic Analysis.

### Schools by type[edit]

Education policy on Ballotpedia

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Education policy in the U.S.

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Public education in the U.S.

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Higher education by state

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School choice in the U.S.

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Education statistics

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State information
Alabama • Alaska • Arizona • Arkansas • California • Colorado • Connecticut • Delaware • Florida • Georgia • Hawaii • Idaho • Illinois • Indiana • Iowa • Kansas • Kentucky • Louisiana • Maine • Maryland • Massachusetts • Michigan • Minnesota • Mississippi • Missouri • Montana • Nebraska • Nevada • New Hampshire • New Jersey • New Mexico • New York • North Carolina • North Dakota • Ohio • Oklahoma • Oregon • Pennsylvania • Rhode Island • South Carolina • South Dakota • Tennessee • Texas • Utah • Vermont • Virginia • Washington • West Virginia • Wisconsin • Wyoming

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School board elections portal
Glossary of education terms
School choice on the ballot
Education on the ballot

See also: Number of schools by school type in the United States

Of the 98,454 schools in the United States, 89,031 were classified as regular schools. After regular schools, magnet schools and charter schools were the most prevalent non-traditional schools in the country, at 6,079 and 5,986, respectively.

The table below breaks down each of the different types of schools in Arkansas and nearby states. Also listed are the numbers of schools in each state that are classified as "Title I" schools. These are public schools that have been specially targeted to correct achievement gaps in public schools.[10]

In Arkansas, there were 1,061 regular schools as of 2013. Charter schools were the second most prevalent type of school in the state, with 45 schools classified as such.

Number of schools by type, 2012-2013

State  |  Total schools  |  Regular  |  Special education  |  Vocational  |  Alternative  |  Charter  |  Magnet  |  Title I
Arkansas |  1,102  |  1,061 |  4  |  26  |  11  |  45  |  38  |  938
Louisiana |  1,407  |  1,218  |  28  |  9  |  152  |  104  |  77  |  1,181
Mississippi |  1,063  |  908  |  4  |  90  |  61  |  0  |  17  |  721
Missouri |  2,406  |  2,173  |  64  |  64  |  105  |  57  |  29  |  1,842
United States |  98,454 | 89,031 | 2,034 | 1,403 | 5,986 | 6,079 | 3,151 | 68,140
† Not applicable. Some states/jurisdictions do not have charter school authorization and some states/jurisdictions do not designate magnet schools.
‡ Reporting standards were not met due to data that were missing for more than 20 percent of schools in the state or jurisdiction.
Source: U.S. Department of Education, National Center for Education Statistics, Common Core of Data (CCD), "Public Elementary/Secondary School Universe Survey," SY 2012–13 Provisional Version 1a

## Demographics[edit]

See also: Demographic information for all students in all 50 states

The following table displays the ethnic distribution of students in Arkansas as reported in the National Center for Education Statistics Common Core of Data for 2012-2013.[11]

During the 2012-2013 school year, just over half of all students in K-12 public schools nationwide were white. About a quarter of the students in the country were Hispanic, with black students making up about 16 percent of the student population.

In Arkansas, the majority of students were white. White students totaled 310,458, which was about 63.9 percent of the student population in the state. There were 102,231 black students in Arkansas, which accounted for 21 percent of the total student population.

Public education enrollment by race/ethnicity, 2012-2013

State  |  Pop. category  |  Am. Indian/Alaska Nat.  |  Asian  |  Black  |  Hawaiian Nat./Pac. Islander  |  Hispanic  |  White  |  Two or more races
Arkansas |  Number  |  3,316  |  7,185  |  102,231  |  2,661  |  51,352  |  310,458 |  8,954
Percentage  |  0.68%  |  1.48%  |  21.03%  |  0.55%  |  10.56%  |  63.86% |  1.84%
Louisiana |  Number  |  5,365  |  10,463  |  319,734  |  526  |  30,899  |  334,175  |  9,741
Percentage  |  0.75%  |  1.47%  |  44.98%  |  0.07%  |  4.35%  |  47.01%  |  1.37%
Mississippi |  Number  |  994  |  4,818  |  244,189  |  161  |  13,389  |  225,715  |  4,384
Percentage  |  0.2%  |  0.98%  |  49.47%  |  0.03%  |  2.71%  |  45.72%  |  0.89%
Missouri |  Number  |  4,078  |  17,278  |  152,275  |  1,686  |  47,269  |  676,377  |  18,937
Percentage  |  0.44%  |  1.88%  |  16.59%  |  0.18%  |  5.15%  |  73.69%  |  2.06%
United States |  Number  | 533,098 | 2,363,484 | 7,798,560 | 179,935 | 12,064,310 | 25,366,857 | 1,390,514
Percentage**  | 1.07% | 4.76% | 15.69% | 0.36% | 24.28% | 51.04% | 2.80%
**Note: This is the percentage of all students in the United States that are reported to be of this ethnicity.
Source: United States Department of Education, National Center for Education Statistics, "Common Core of Data (CCD), State Nonfiscal Public Elementary/Secondary Education Survey, 2012-2013"

### Enrollments by region type[edit]

See also: Student distribution by region type in the United States

According to the National Center for Education Statistics, about 30 percent of all public school students in the country attended city schools during the 2012-2013 school year. About 40 percent attended suburban schools. Approximately 11.5 percent of all students attended schools in towns, while about 18.7 percent attended rural schools.[12]

A plurality of students in Arkansas attended rural schools during the 2012-2013 school year. Approximately 42 percent attended city or suburban schools, compared to the approximately 58 percent of the state's students who attended rural or town schools.

Student distribution by region type, 2012-2013 (as percents)

State  |  City schools  |  Suburban schools  |  Town schools  |  Rural schools
Arkansas |  27.7%  |  13.9%  |  24.3%  |  34.1%
Louisiana |  24.8%  |  30.7%  |  15.8%  |  28.8%
Mississippi |  10.8%  |  14.1%  |  28.9%  |  46.1%
Missouri |  19.2%  |  34%  |  20.1%  |  26.6%
U.S. averages |  30% | 39.8% | 11.5% | 18.7%
Source: U.S. Department of Education, National Center for Education Statistics, Common Core of Data (CCD), "Public Elementary/Secondary School Universe Survey, SY 2012–13 Provisional Version 1a"

## Academic performance[edit]

Education terms

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For more information on education policy terms, see this article.

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School board elections portal
Glossary of education terms
School choice on the ballot
Education on the ballot

### NAEP scores[edit]

See also: NAEP scores by state

The National Center for Education Statistics provides state-by-state data on student achievement levels in mathematics and reading in the National Assessment of Educational Progress (NAEP). The chart below presents the percentage of fourth- and eighth-grade students who scored at or above proficient in reading and math during school year 2012-2013. Compared to three neighboring states (Louisiana, Mississippi, and Missouri), students in Arkansas generally scored above those in Louisiana and Mississippi, and below those in Missouri. The state's highest scores were earned by fourth-grade students in math, which tied with Missouri.[13]

Percent of students scoring at or above proficient, 2012-2013

| Math - Grade 4 | Math - Grade 8 | Reading - Grade 4 | Reading - Grade 8
Arkansas | 39% | 28% | 32% | 30%
Louisiana | 26% | 21% | 23% | 24%
Mississippi | 26% | 21% | 21% | 20%
Missouri | 39% | 33% | 35% | 36%
U.S. averages |  41% |  34% |  34% |  34%
Source: United States Department of Education, ED Data Express, "State Tables"

### Graduation, ACT and SAT scores[edit]

See also: Graduation rates by groups in state and ACT and SAT scores in the United States

The following table shows the graduation rates and average composite ACT and SAT scores for Arkansas and surrounding states during the 2012-2013 school year. All statements made in this section refer to that school year.[13][14][15]

In the United States, public schools reported graduation rates that averaged to about 81.4 percent. About 54 percent of all students in the country took the ACT, while 50 percent reported taking the SAT. The average national composite scores for those tests were 20.9 out of a possible 36 for the ACT, and 1498 out of a possible 2400 for the SAT.[16]

Arkansas schools reported a graduation rate of 84.9 percent, second highest among its neighboring states.

In Arkansas, more students took the ACT than the SAT, earning an average ACT score of 20.2.

Comparison table for graduation rates and test scores, 2012-2013

State  |  Graduation rate, 2013  |  Average ACT composite, 2013  |  Average SAT composite, 2013
Percent  |  Quintile ranking**  |  Score  |  Participation rate  |  Score  |  Participation rate
Arkansas |  84.9% |  Second  |  20.2 |  90%  |  1,697  |  4%
Louisiana |  73.5%  |  Fifth  |  19.5  |  100%  |  1,655  |  5%
Mississippi |  75.5%  |  Fifth  |  18.9  |  95%  |  1,673  |  3%
Missouri |  85.7%  |  Second  |  21.6  |  74%  |  1,773  |  4%
United States |  81.4% | 20.9 | 54% | 1498 | 50%
**Graduation rates for states in the first quintile ranked in the top 20 percent nationally. Similarly, graduation rates for states in the fifth quintile ranked in the bottom 20 percent nationally.
Sources: United States Department of Education, "ED Data Express"
ACT.org, "2013 ACT National and State Scores"
The Commonwealth Foundation, "SAT scores by state, 2013"

### Dropout rate[edit]

See also: Public high school dropout rates by state for a full comparison of dropout rates by group in all states

The high school event dropout rate indicates the proportion of students who were enrolled at some time during the school year and were expected to be enrolled in grades nine through 12 in the following school year but were not enrolled by October 1 of the following school year. Students who have graduated, transferred to another school, died, moved to another country, or who are out of school due to illness are not considered dropouts. The average public high school event dropout rate for the United States remained constant at 3.3 percent for both SY 2010–11 and SY 2011–12. The event dropout rate for Arkansas was higher than the national average at 3.5 percent in the 2010-2011 school year. The dropout rate was lower than the national average at 3.2 percent in the 2011-2012 school year.[17]

## Educational choice options[edit]

See also: School choice in Arkansas

School choice options in Arkansas included charter schools, online learning programs and inter-district and intra-district open enrollment policies as of June 2015. In addition, about 5.41 percent of school-age children in the state attended private schools in the 2011-12 academic year, and 2.67 percent were homeschooled in 2012-13.

### Developments[edit]

#### Espinoza v. Montana Department of Revenue (2020)[edit]

Espinoza v. Montana Department of Revenue

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Espinoza v. Montana Department of Revenue
Media coverage and commentary
U.S. Supreme Court 2019-2020 term

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Blaine Amendment (U.S. Constitution)
Blaine amendments in state constitutions

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School choice on the ballot
Education on the ballot

See also: Espinoza v. Montana Department of Revenue

On June 30, 2020, the U.S. Supreme Court decided Espinoza v. Montana Department of Revenue, which concerned whether the government can exclude religious institutions from student-aid programs. The case related to Article X, Section 6 of the Montana Constitution, also known as Montana’s Blaine Amendment.[18]

In its 5-4 opinion, the court held that the application of Article X, Section 6 violated the free exercise clause of the U.S. Constitution. The majority held Article X, Section 6 barred religious schools and parents who wished to send their children to those schools from receiving public benefits because of the religious character of the school.[19]

The case addressed the tension between the free exercise and Establishment clauses of the U.S. Constitution--where one guarantees the right of individuals' free exercise of religion and the other guarantees that the state won't establish a religion--and the intersections of state constitutions with state law and with the U.S. Constitution.

Arkansas is not one of the states with a Blaine Amendment.

## Education funding and expenditures[edit]

See also: Arkansas state budget and finances

Breakdown of expenditures by function in fiscal year 2013
Source: National Association of State Budget Officers

According to the National Association of State Budget Officers (NASBO), states spent an average of 19.8 percent of their total budgets on elementary and secondary education during fiscal year 2013. In addition, the United States Census Bureau found that approximately 45.6 percent of the country's school system revenue came from state sources, while about 45.3 percent came from local sources. The remaining portion of school system revenue came from federal sources.[20][21]

Arkansas spent approximately 15.6 percent of its budget on elementary and secondary education during fiscal year 2013. The state school systems' revenue came primarily from state funds. Arkansas received over 75 percent of its public education revenue from state funds. This was a greater percentage than any of its neighbors received from state funding during fiscal year 2013.

Comparison of financial figures for school systems, fiscal year 2013

State | Percentage of budget | Per pupil spending | Revenue sources
Percent federal funds |  Percent state funds |  Percent local funds
Arkansas |  15.6% |  $9,394  |  11.3%  |  76.2% |  12.5%
Louisiana |  19.3%  |  $10,490  |  15.2%  |  41.7%  |  43.1%
Mississippi |  16.4%  |  $8,130  |  16%  |  49.9%  |  34.1%
Missouri |  22.8%  |  $9,597  |  8.9%  |  42.2%  |  48.9%
United States |  19.8% | $10,700 | 9.1% | 45.6% | 45.3%
Sources: NASBO, "State Expenditure Report" (Table 8).
U.S. Census Bureau, "Public Education Finances: 2013, Economic Reimbursable Surveys Division Reports" (Table 5 and Table 8).

### Revenue breakdowns[edit]

See also: Public school system revenues in the U.S. to compare all states.

According to the United States Census Bureau, public school system revenues totaled approximately $598 billion in fiscal year 2013.[21]

In Arkansas, the primary source of school system revenue came from state funding, at $3.8 billion. Even though Louisiana reported greater total school system revenue than Arkansas, the latter reported more revenue from state sources during fiscal year 2013.

Revenues by source, fiscal year 2013 (amounts in thousands)

State | Federal revenue | State revenue | Local revenue | Total revenue
Arkansas |  $572,096  |  $3,847,045 |  $631,643  |  $5,050,784
Louisiana |  $1,229,248  |  $3,370,399  |  $3,484,625  |  $8,084,272
Mississippi |  $707,522  |  $2,213,501  |  $1,511,995  |  $4,433,018
Missouri |  $894,168  |  $4,235,564  |  $4,900,767  |  $10,030,499
U.S. totals |  $54,367,305  |  $272,916,892  |  $270,645,402  |  $597,929,599
Source: U.S. Census Bureau, "Public Education Finances: 2013, Economic Reimbursable Surveys Division Reports" (Table 1)

### Expenditure breakdowns[edit]

See also: Public school system expenditures in the United States

According to the National Center for Education Statistics, public school system expenditures totaled approximately $602 billion in fiscal year 2012.[22]

Public education expenditures in Arkansas totaled approximately $5.4 billion in fiscal year 2012. Arkansas reported the second-lowest total expenditures when compared to its neighboring states.

Expenditures by type, fiscal year 2012 (amounts in thousands)

State | General expenditures | Capital outlay | Other | Total expenditures
Arkansas |  $4,606,995  |  $625,078  |  $161,257  |  $5,393,330
Louisiana |  $7,544,782  |  $744,610  |  $168,301  |  $8,457,692
Mississippi |  $3,972,787  |  $402,465  |  $97,791  |  $4,341,018
Missouri |  $8,719,925  |  $894,459  |  $559,071  |  $10,173,456
United States | $527,096,473 | $48,773,386 | $25,897,123 | $601,766,981
Source: National Center for Education Statistics, "Revenues and Expenditures for Public Elementary and Secondary Education: School Year 2011–12 (Fiscal Year 2012)" (Table 5)

### Personnel salaries[edit]

See also: Public school teacher salaries in the United States

Note: Salaries given are averages for the state. Salaries may vary between a state's urban, suburban, and rural districts and should be adjusted for cost of living. For example, a MacIver Institute study of average teacher salaries in 60 metropolitan areas found that salaries in New York City were the third-highest in absolute figures but 59th-highest when adjusted for the cost of living.[23]

According to the National Center for Education Statistics, the average national salary for classroom teachers in public elementary and secondary schools declined by 1.3 percent from the 1999-2000 school year to the 2012-2013 school year. During the same period in Arkansas, the average salary increased by 2.2 percent.[24]

Estimated average salaries for teachers (in constant dollars**)

| 1999-2000 | 2009-2010 | 2011-2012 | 2012-2013 | Percent difference
Arkansas | $45,625  | $49,850  | $47,085  | $46,632  |  2.2%
Louisiana | $45,246  | $52,201  | $51,014  | $51,381  | 13.6%
Mississippi | $43,535  | $48,722  | $42,339  | $41,994  | -3.5%
Missouri | $48,727  | $48,373  | $47,178  | $47,517  | -2.5%
United States | $57,133 | $58,925 | $56,340 | $56,383 | -1.3%
**"Constant dollars based on the Consumer Price Index (CPI), prepared by the Bureau of Labor Statistics, U.S. Department of Labor, adjusted to a school-year basis. The CPI does not account for differences in inflation rates from state to state."

## Organizations[edit]

### State agencies[edit]

See also: Arkansas Department of Education

The Arkansas Department of Education is charged with the following responsibilities:[25]

“  |

* implementing state and federal education laws
* disbursing state and federal funds
* holding schools and districts accountable for performance
* licensing all educators and providing public transparency[26]

|  ”

|
|

The mission statement of the Arkansas Department of Education reads as follows:[27]

“  | The Arkansas Department of Education strives to ensure that all children in the state have access to a quality education by providing educators, administrators and staff with leadership, resources and training.[26] |  ”

|
|

The Arkansas Commissioner of Education is the chief executive of the Arkansas Department of Education. The commissioner is appointed by the Arkansas State Board of Education and approved by the governor.[25]

The state board is composed of nine members appointed by the governor to seven-year terms. Two members come from each of the state's four congressional districts. One member is selected at-large.[27]

### Unions[edit]

In 2012 the Fordham Institute and Education Reform Now assessed the power and influence of state teacher unions in all 50 states and the District of Columbia. Their rankings were based on 37 different variables in five broad areas: resources and membership, involvement in politics, scope of bargaining, state policies and perceived influence. Arkansas ranked 48th overall for union power and influence, or "weakest," which was in the fifth of five tiers.[28]

The main union related to the Arkansas school system is the Arkansas Education Association (AEA), an affiliate of the National Education Association (NEA). For the 2004 tax period, AEA had $3.85 million in total revenue, $4.03 million in total expenses, and $1.07 million in total assets.[29]

List of local Arkansas school unions:[30]

* Arkansas Education Association
* Pulaski Association Of Classroom Teachers

## Taxpayer-funded lobbying[edit]

See also: Arkansas government sector lobbying

The main education government sector lobbying organization is the Arkansas School Boards Association.

## Studies and reports[edit]

### State Budget Solutions education study[edit]

See also: State spending on education v. academic performance (2012)

State Budget Solutions examined national trends in education from 2009 to 2011, including state-by-state analysis of education spending, graduation rates and average ACT scores. The study showed that the states that spent the most did not have the highest average ACT test scores, nor did they have the highest average graduation rates. A summary of the study is available here. The full report can be accessed here.

### Quality Counts 2014[edit]

See also: Education Week survey

Education Week, a publication that reports on many education issues throughout the country, began using an evaluation system in 1997 to grade each state on various elements of education performance. This system, called Quality Counts, uses official data on performance from each state to generate report cards for all 50 states and the District of Columbia. The report card in 2014 used six different categories:

1. Chance for success
2. K-12 achievement
3. Standards, assessments and accountability
4. The teaching profession
5. School finance
6. Transitions and alignment

Each of these six categories had a number of other elements that received individual scores. Those scores were then averaged and used to determine the final score in each category. Every state received two types of scores for each of the six major categories: A numerical score out of 100 and a letter grade based on that score. Education Week used the score for the first category, "chance for success," as the value for ranking each state and the District of Columbia. The average grade received in the entire country was 77.3, or a C+ average. The country's highest average score was in the category of "standards, assessments and accountability" at 85.3, or a B average. The lowest average score was in "K-12 achievement", at 70.2, or a C- average.

Arkansas received a score of 71.8, or a C- average in the "chance for success" category. This was below the national average. The state's highest score was in transitions and alignment at 96.4, or an A average. The lowest score was in K-12 achievement at 66.7, or a D average. Arkansas received relatively high scores for three of the six categories, but received a C- for its chance of success. This may be attributed to the low K-12 achievement score. The chart below displays the scores of Arkansas and its surrounding states.[31]

Note: Click on a column heading to sort the data.

Public education report cards, 2014

State | Chance for success | K-12 achievement | Standards, assessments and accountability | The teaching profession | School finance | Transitions and alignment
Arkansas | 71.8 (C-) | 66.7 (D+) | 94.4 (A) | 88.0 (B+) | 74.1 (C) | 96.4 (A)
Louisiana | 69.9 (C-) | 59.8 (D-) | 97.2 (A) | 79.6 (B-) | 74.9 (C) | 92.9 (A)
Mississippi | 68.9 (D+) | 57.1 (F) | 92.8 (A) | 66.5 (D) | 64.9 (D) | 75.0 (C)
Missouri | 77.3 (C+) | 66.0 (D) | 78.9 (C+) | 69.3 (D+) | 70.5 (C-) | 75.0 (C)
United States | 77.3 (C+) | 70.2 (C-) | 85.3 (B) | 72.5 (C) | 75.5 (C) | 81.1 (B-)
Source: Education Week, "Quality Counts 2014"
A full discussion of how these numbers were generated can be found here.

## School districts[edit]

See also: School board elections portal

### District types[edit]

Arkansas has only one type of school district. A state act in 1947 reorganized all school districts in the state to have the same structure. Thus, all Arkansas school districts are governed by a board of directors, and each district may levy taxes and issue bonds.[32]

### School board composition[edit]

School board members in Arkansas serve terms between three and five years in length. Within a school board, all members have the same term length. The expiration of terms for a specific board must be staggered so that as near as possible to an equal number of members are up for election each election year.[33] If a school board has a vacancy, it must be filled by a majority vote of the remaining members of the school board.[34] School boards have the authority to choose if they would like to be elected at-large, by zone or a combination of the two. To change their current structure, they must adopt a majority resolution describing the procedure of the switch for the next four years.[35] School boards can have five, seven or nine members, depending on the population of the school district.[36]

#### Term limits[edit]

The state does not impose term limits on school board members.[37]

### Elections[edit]

See also: Arkansas school board elections, 2021

No Arkansas school districts within Ballotpedia's coverage scope are holding school board elections in 2021.

#### Path to the ballot[edit]

To qualify for the ballot as a school board candidate in Arkansas, an individual must:[38]

* Be a registered voter and resident in the school district he or she wishes to represent, as well as within the electoral zone in which he or she will be elected, if candidates are elected by zone.
* Be an Arkansas resident and U.S. citizen.
* Not be employed by the school district to be served.
* Not be judged mentally incompetent by a court of competent jurisdiction.
* Never have been convicted of embezzlement of public money, bribery, forgery or any other related crime.

Candidates must file with and be certified by the county clerk of the county in which the school district resides.[38]

#### Campaign finance[edit]

School board candidates are required to file the following campaign finance reports with their county elections department:[39]

* A pre-election report no later than seven days prior to any election in which the candidate's name will appear on the ballot.
* A final report no later than 30 days after any election in which the candidate's name appeared on the ballot.
* Supplemental reports for all contributions received and expenditures made after the final report, within 30 days after the receipt of the contribution or the making of an expenditure.

## Recent legislation[edit]

The following is a list of recent education bills that have been introduced in or passed by the Arkansas state legislature. To learn more about each of these bills, click the bill title. This information is provided by BillTrack50 and LegiScan.

Note: Due to the nature of the sorting process used to generate this list, some results may not be relevant to the topic. If no bills are displayed below, no legislation pertaining to this topic has been introduced in the legislature recently.

## Education ballot measures[edit]

See also: Education on the ballot and List of Arkansas ballot measures

Ballotpedia has tracked the following statewide ballot measures relating to education.

1. Arkansas Act 78, Appointed State Board of Education (1934)
2. Arkansas Appropriation of School Funds, Amendment 2 (1932)
3. Arkansas Assignment of Pupils in Public Schools, Initiated Act 2 (1956)
4. Arkansas Ban on Teaching Evolution, Act 1 (1928)
5. Arkansas College Savings Bonds, Proposed Question Act 683 (1990)
6. Arkansas Community College and Technical School Districts, Proposed Amendment 57 (1964)
7. Arkansas Equal Educational Opportunity, Initiated Act 1 (1980)
8. Arkansas Establish a State Board of Education, Proposed Amendment 30 (1938)
9. Arkansas Federal Government Not Allowed to Exercise Power Over Public Schools (1956)
10. Arkansas Free Education for All Children, Proposed Amendment 52 (1960)
11. Arkansas Free Public Education, Proposed Amendment 51 (1962)
12. Arkansas Free Textbooks, Act 4 (September 1912)
13. Arkansas Higher Education Bonds, Referred Question 2 (December 2005)
14. Arkansas Higher Education Technology and Facility Bonds, Referred Question 1 (2006)
15. Arkansas Interposition, Proposed Amendment 47 (1956)
16. Arkansas Junior College Districts, Proposed Amendment 32 (1942)
17. Arkansas Public Education Age Restriction, Proposed Amendment 53 (1968)
18. Arkansas Public School Finance, Proposed Amendment 41 (1950)
19. Arkansas Public School Fund, Initiated Act 1 (1962)
20. Arkansas School District Reorganization, Initiated Act 1 (1966)
21. Arkansas School District Reorganization, Initiated Act No. 1 (1946)
22. Arkansas School District Reorganization, Initiated Act No. 1 (1948)
23. Arkansas School Property Tax Increase, Referred Question 1 (2004)
24. Arkansas School Tax Limitation, Proposed Amendment 43 (1956)
25. Arkansas State Lottery, Proposed Amendment 3 (2008)
26. Arkansas State School and School District Taxes Amendment (1906)
27. Arkansas Uniform Property Tax for Schools, Proposed Amendment 1 (1996)

## In the news[edit]

The link below is to the most recent stories in a Google news search for the terms Arkansas education policy. These results are automatically generated from Google. Ballotpedia does not curate or endorse these articles.

Public education in Arkansas - Google News

## See also[edit]

* Historical public education information in Arkansas
* Arkansas state budget and finances
* Arkansas Department of Education
* List of school districts in Arkansas
* School choice in Arkansas
* Charter schools in Arkansas
* Arkansas
* Education Policy in the U.S.

## External links[edit]

* Arkansas Department of Education
* Arkansas Public Charter Schools
* Arkansas School Accountability
* Arkansas AYP Reports

## Footnotes[edit]

1. ↑ United States Department of Education, National Center for Education Statistics, "Common Core of Data (CCD); Table 2.—Number of operating public schools and districts, state enrollment, teacher and pupil/teacher ratio by state: School year 2012-13," accessed May 29, 2015
2. ↑ National Association of State Budget Officers, "State expenditure report, Fiscal years 2012-2014," accessed July 14, 2015
3. ↑ United States Department of Education, "ED Data Express," accessed May 29, 2015
4. ↑ Common Core State Standards Initiative, "Core Standards in your State,” accessed June 12, 2014
5. ↑ Arkansas Department of Education, "Common Core State Standards," accessed June 13, 2014
6. ↑ ABC 7, "Common Core review panel suggests ending PARCC testing," June 8, 2015
7. ↑ 7.0 7.1 Times Record, "Arkansas’ Common Core Controversy Led To Changes In 2015," January 4, 2016
8. ↑ THV 11, "Common Core math standards revised," April 15, 2016
9. ↑ Arkansas Online, "Schools to start using new standards," July 22, 2016
10. ↑ U.S. Department of Education, "Title I - Improving the academic achievement of the disadvantaged," accessed May 29, 2015
11. ↑ United States Department of Education, National Center for Education Statistics, "Common Core of Data (CCD), State Nonfiscal Public Elementary/Secondary Education Survey, 2011-2012," accessed May 7, 2014
12. ↑ U.S. Department of Education, National Center for Education Statistics, Common Core of Data (CCD), "Public Elementary/Secondary School Universe Survey, SY 2012–13 Provisional Version 1a," accessed March 2, 2016
13. ↑ 13.0 13.1 United States Department of Education, ED Data Express, "State Tables," accessed May 13, 2014
14. ↑ ACT, "2012 ACT National and State Scores," accessed May 13, 2014
15. ↑ Commonwealth Foundation, "SAT Scores by State 2013," October 10, 2013
16. ↑ StudyPoints, "What's a good SAT score or ACT score?" accessed June 7, 2015
17. ↑ United States Department of Education, National Center for Education Statistics, "Common Core of Data (CCD), State Dropout and Graduation Rate Data File, School Year 2010-11, Provision Version 1a and School Year 2011-12, Preliminary Version 1a," accessed May 13, 2014
18. ↑ Supreme Court of the United States, Espinoza v. Montana Department of Revenue: "Petition for a writ of certiorari," accessed July 3, 2019
19. ↑ Supreme Court of the United States, Espinoza v. Montana Department of Revenue, decided June 30, 2020
20. ↑ NASBO, "State Expenditure Report," accessed July 2, 2015
21. ↑ 21.0 21.1 U.S. Census Bureau, "Public Education Finances: 2013, Economic Reimbursable Surveys Division Reports," accessed July 2, 2015
22. ↑ National Center for Education Statistics, "Revenues and Expenditures for Public Elementary and Secondary Education: School Year 2011–12 (Fiscal Year 2012)," accessed July 2, 2015
23. ↑ Maciver Institute, "REPORT: How much are teachers really paid?" accessed October 29, 2014
24. ↑ United States Department of Education, National Center for Education Statistics, "Table 211.60. Estimated average annual salary of teachers in public elementary and secondary schools, by state: Selected years, 1969-70 through 2012-13," accessed May 13, 2014
25. ↑ 25.0 25.1 Arkansas Department of Education, "About ADE," accessed May 14, 2014
26. ↑ 26.0 26.1 Note: This text is quoted verbatim from the original source. Any inconsistencies are attributable to the original source.
27. ↑ 27.0 27.1 Arkansas Department of Education, "State Board of Education," accessed May 14, 2014
28. ↑ Thomas E Fordham Institute, " How Strong Are U.S. Teacher Unions? A State-By-State Comparison," October 29, 2012
29. ↑ Center for Union Facts, "Arkansas Education Association," accessed March 13, 2010
30. ↑ Center for Union Facts, "Arkansas teachers unions," accessed March 13, 2010 (dead link)
31. ↑ Education Week "Quality Counts 2014," accessed February 19, 2015
32. ↑ United States Census Bureau, "Arkansas," accessed July 8, 2014
33. ↑ Arkansas Code, "Title 6, Chapter 13, Section 608," accessed July 8, 2014
34. ↑ Arkansas Code, "Title 6, Chapter 13, Section 611," accessed July 8, 2014
35. ↑ Arkansas Code, "Title 6, Chapter 13, Section 630," accessed July 8, 2014
36. ↑ Arkansas Code, "Title 6, Chapter 13, Section 634," accessed July 8, 2014
37. ↑ National Association of Counties, "History of County Term Limits," accessed July 8, 2014
38. ↑ 38.0 38.1 Arkansas School Board Association, "Board Candidates," accessed July 8, 2014
39. ↑ Arkansas Secretary of State, "Rules on Campaign Finance and Disclosure," accessed July 8, 2014

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