History of Canada

This article covers the History of Canada from 1600 to the 1990s. For recent developments see Canada.

## Contents

* 1 History
* 1.1 Confederation
* 1.2 Since 1970
* 1.2.1 1982 Constitution
* 1.2.2 1993 Election
* 1.2.3 Freedom Convoy
* 2 Further reading
* 3 Specialized bibliography
* 4 Surveys and reference
* 5 Maps, exploration, environment
* 6 to 1763
* 7 1763-1867
* 8 1867-1920
* 9 1921-1957
* 10 1957-2009
* 11 World Affairs
* 11.1 Relations with US
* 11.2 Cold War and UN
* 12 Regional
* 12.1 Quebec, after 1763
* 12.2 Ontario
* 12.2.1 Ontario to 1869
* 12.2.2 Ontario since 1869
* 12.3 Maritimes
* 12.3.1 New Brunswick
* 12.3.2 Nova Scotia
* 12.3.3 Newfoundland & Labrador
* 12.3.4 P.E.I.
* 12.4 Prairies and B.C.
* 13 Economic and Business History
* 13.1 Labour
* 13.2 Railways
* 13.3 Primary sources
* 14 Cultural history, popular culture
* 15 Women, gender, family
* 16 Social, ethnicity, religion, and population
* 17 Historiography and guides to the scholarly literature
* 18 Primary sources
* 18.1 Historical statistics
* 19 Online sources
* 20 References

## History[edit]

### Confederation[edit]

Canada on the eve of federation

On July 1, 1867, four of the British North American colonies (Nova Scotia, New Brunswick, Quebec, and Ontario) were united as the Dominion of Canada (British North America Act), and so, Canada was officially created. The BNA Act was an Act of the British Parliament, and is also referred to as the Constitution Act of 1867. The first Prime Minister, Sir John A. Macdonald, was a member of the Liberal-Conservative Party.

Since 1909, there existed a Department of External Affairs.

In 1914, Canada entered the Great War when Britain declared war on Germany on behalf of the British Empire. Despite its status as a relatively small nation with little military tradition, Canada made major contributions to the Allied war effort. Over 600,000 men enlisted to fight out of an overall population of 7,000,000.[1] Canadian troops quickly acquired a fearsome reputation on the European front and earned a reputation as courageous and aggressive fighters. In his memoirs, British Prime Minister David Lloyd George wrote that “Whenever the Germans found the Canadian Corps coming into the line they prepared for the worst.”[2]

The famous poem "In Flanders Fields" was penned by Canadian medic John McRae and another Canadian soldier, private George Lawrence Price, is recognized as being the last soldier killed in the war.[3]

Canada's contributions to the war effort furthered official and unofficial independence. Prime minister Sir Robert Borden was a member of the Imperial War Cabinet, and he greatly influenced the Imperial War Resolution IX from 1917, which stated that the dominions were autonomous nations of an Imperial Commonwealth. At the Paris Peace Conference at Versailles in 1919, it was on equal footing with the other victorious nations.

### Since 1970[edit]

#### 1982 Constitution[edit]

The BNA Act was later amended in 1982 by the Constitution Act of 1982. Liberal Prime Minister Pierre Elliot Trudeau, also established the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms as part of the Constitution Act. The Charter sets clear, fundamental freedoms for all Canadians. It has been cited in thousands of court challenges and is the fundamental legal document supporting the national legalization of same-sex marriages and the prevention of government intervention regarding abortion. Dominion Day was also changed to Canada Day in the process, always celebrated on July 1, unless that day falls on a Sunday, when it is celebrated the following Monday.

#### 1993 Election[edit]

The 1993 Canadian general election was an extraordinary one that saw the collapse of a once stable two-party-plus system and the emergence of a less stable one-party dominant system. The governing Progressive Conservative party went down to the most crushing defeat of any governing party in Canadian electoral history, and two new parties displaced two old ones. A new conservative party based in Alberta, the Reform Party, captured the political right. The strategic interests of both of the two new parties, Reform and the independent Bloc Québécois (active only in Quebec), combined to undermine the integrative role that Canadian political parties have traditionally served.[4]

#### Freedom Convoy[edit]

See also: Freedom Convoy

## Further reading[edit]

* The Dictionary of Canadian Biography (1966-2008), thousands of scholarly biographies of notables who died by 1930
* Canadian Encyclopedia (2008) reliable detailed encyclopedia, on-line free
* Artibise, Alan F. J., ed. Interdisciplinary Approaches to Canadian Society: A Guide to the Literature. McGill-Queen's U. Press, 1990. 156 pp.
* Bumsted,J.M. The Peoples of Canada: A Pre-Confederation History; and The Peoples of Canada: A Post-Confederation History. (2004). college textbook
* Conrad, Margaret, and Alvin Finkel. Canada: A National History. (2003), college textbook.
* Conrad, Margaret, and Alvin Finkel, eds. Foundations: Readings in Post-Confederation Canadian History. and Nation and Society: Readings in Post-Confederation Canadian History. Pearson Longman, 2004. articles by scholars
* Creighton, Donald; A History of Canada: Dominion of the North 1958, 626 pp online edition, textbook
* Hallowell, Gerald, ed. The Oxford Companion to Canadian History (2004) 1650 short entries
* Desmond Morton. A Short History of Canada 5th ed (2001)
* National Atlas of Canada (1st ed. 1906; 2nd ed. 1915; 3rd ed. 1957; 4th ed. 1974; 6th ed. 1999 is electronic)
* Prentice, Alison et al. Canadian Women: a history (1996, 2nd edition)
* Pryke, Kenneth G. and Walter C. Soderlund, eds. Profiles of Canada. Toronto: Canadian Scholars' Press, 2003. 3rd edition.
* Riendeau, Roger. A Short History of Canada (2nd ed 2007)
* Toye, William, ed. The Oxford Companion to Canadian Literature. Oxford U. Press, 1983. 843 pp.

## Specialized bibliography[edit]

This is a bibliography of major works on the History of Canada.

* long scholarly book reviews at H-CANADA

## Surveys and reference[edit]

* The Canadian Encyclopedia (2008) the best starting point
* The Dictionary of Canadian Biography(1966-2006), thousands of scholarly biographies of those who died by 1930
* Beck, J. Murray. Pendulum of Power; Canada's Federal Elections (1968)
* Buckner, Phillip. Canada and the British Empire(The Oxford History of the British Empire Companion Series) (2008) excerpt and text search
* Bumsted, J.M. The Peoples of Canada: A Pre-Confederation History; and The Peoples of Canada: A Post-Confederation History. : Oxford University Press, 2004.
* Bumsted, J.M. A History of the Canadian peoples (2007) excerpt and text search
* Conrad, Margaret, and Alvin Finkel. Canada: A National History. Pearson Education Canada, 2003.
* Conrad, Margaret, and Alvin Finkel, eds. Foundations: Readings in Post-Confederation Canadian History. and Nation and Society: Readings in Post-Confederation Canadian History. Pearson Longman, 2004. articles by scholars
* Creighton, Donald; A History of Canada: Dominion of the North 1958, 626 pp online edition, textbook
* Dickason, Olive Patricia. Canada's First Nations: A History of Founding Peoples from Earliest Times (2001) excerpt and text search
* Gough, Barry M. Historical Dictionary of Canada (1999) excerpt and text search
* Hallowell, Gerald, ed. The Oxford Companion to Canadian History (2004) 1650 short entries excerpt and text search
* Morton, Desmond. A Short History of Canada 5th ed (2001)
* Morton, Desmond. A Military History of Canada (1999)
* Marsh, James C. ed. The Canadian Encyclopedia 4 vol 1985; also cd-rom editions
* Moogk, Peter. La Nouvelle France: The Making of French Canada a Cultural History (2000)
* Prentice, Alison et al. Canadian Women: a history (1996, 2nd edition)
* Pryke, Kenneth G. and Walter C. Soderlund, eds. Profiles of Canada. Toronto: Canadian Scholars' Press, 2003. 3rd edition.
* Rawlyk, G. A. ed .The Canadian Protestant Experience (1994)
* Riendeau, Roger. A SHort History of Canada (2nd ed 2007)
* Toye, William, ed. The Oxford Companion to Canadian Literature. Oxford U. Press, 1983. 843 pp.
* Wade, Mason. The French Canadians, 1760-1945 (1955) 2 vol online edition
* Pound, Richard W. Fitzhenry & Whiteside Book of Canadian Facts and Dates, Fitzhenry & Whiteside, 2004. ISBN 1-55041-171-3

## Maps, exploration, environment[edit]

* Colpitts, George. Game in the Garden: A Human History of Wildlife in Western Canada to 1940. (2002) 216pp.
* Dean, William G. Conrad Heidenreich, and Thomas F. McIlwraith. Concise Historical Atlas of Canada, (1998)
* Hayes, Derek. Historical Atlas of Canada: Canada's History Illustrated With Original Maps (2002)
* Matthews, Geoffrey J., and R. Louis Gentilcore eds. Historical Atlas of Canada: Volume II: The Land Transformed, 1800-1891 (1993)
* Loo, Tina. States of Nature: Conserving Canada's Wildlife in the Twentieth Century. (2006) 290pp
* National Atlas of Canada (1st ed. 1906; 2nd ed. 1915; 3rd ed. 1957; 4th ed. 1974; 6th ed. 1999 is electronic)

## to 1763[edit]

* The Dictionary of Canadian Biography(1966-2006), thousands of scholarly biographies of those who died by 1930
* Brecher, Frank W. Losing a Continent: France's North American Policy, 1753-1763 (1998);;
* Dechêne, Louise. Habitants and Merchants in Seventeenth-Century Montreal (2003)
* Eccles, W. J. The Canadian Frontier, 1534-1760 (1983) online edition
* Eccles, W. J. Essays on New France (1988) excerpt and text search
* Gagnon, Serge. Quebec and Its Historians, 1840-1920. (1982). 161 pp.
* Greer, Allan The people of New France (1997)
* Havard, Gilles, and Cécile Vidal, "Making New France New Again: French historians rediscover their American past," Common-Place (July 2007) v 7 #4 online version
* Innis, Harold A. The Fur Trade in Canada (1930)
* Jaenen, Cornelius. Friend and Foe (1976) brief survey of French-Indian relations in the 16th & 17th centuries.
* Lanctot, Gustave. A History of Canada 3 vol Toronto. 1963. Volume One: From its Origins to the Royal Régime, 1663; online, Volume Two: From the Royal Régime to the Treaty of Utrecht, 1663-1713, online
* Moogk, Peter.; La Nouvelle France: The Making of French Canada a Cultural History (2000) to 1763 online edition
* Trigger, Bruce. Children of the Aataentsic: a history of the Huron people to 1660 (1976)
* Trudel, Marcel. The Beginnings of New France 1524-1663 (1973)

## 1763-1867[edit]

See also: War of 1812, Bibliography

* The Dictionary of Canadian Biography(1966-2006), thousands of scholarly biographies of those who died by 1930
* Allen, Robert S. His Majesty's Indian allies: British Indian policy in the defence of Canada, 1774-1815 (1992) online at ACLS e-books
* Beck, J. M. Joseph Howe (2 vols, 1962–63), i: Conservative Reformer 1804-1848; ii: The Briton Becomes Canadian 1848-1873.
* Careless, J. M. S. Brown of the Globe (2 vols, Toronto, 1959–63), vol 1: The Voice of Upper Canada 1818-1859; vol 2: The Statesman of Confederation 1860-1880.
* Careless, J. M. S. The Union of the Canada: The Growth of Canadian Institutions 1841-1857 (1968).
* Creighton, D. G. John A. Macdonald (2 vols, Toronto, 1952–55), vol 1: The Young Politician; ii, The Old Chieftain.
* Greer, Allan. The patriots and the people: the rebellion of 1837 in rural Lower Canada (1993)
* Loo, Tina. Making law, order, and authority in British Columbia, 1821-1871 (1994)
* Martin, Ged. Britain and the Origins of Canadian Confederation, 1837-67 (1995)
* Martin, Ged (ed.), The Causes of Canadian Confederation (Fredericton, 1990).
* Morton, W. L. The Critical Years: The Union of British North America 1857-1873 (Toronto, 1964). standard survey
* Noël, Françoise. Family Life and Sociability in Upper and Lower Canada, 1780-1870. (2003) 384pp
* Sweeny, Alastair. George-Etienne Cartier: A Biography (1976).
* Wood, William. The War With the United States: A Chronicle of 1812, (1915) online edition
* Young, Brian, George-Etienne Cartier: Montreal bourgeois (1981)

## 1867-1920[edit]

* The Dictionary of Canadian Biography(1966-2006), thousands of scholarly biographies of those who died by 1930
* Armstrong, Elizabeth H. The Crisis of Quebec, 1914-1918 (1937)
* Bothwell, Robert, Ian Drummond, and John English. Canada 1900-1945. University of Toronto Press, 1987, textbook
* Brown R. C. Robert Laird Borden: A Biography. 2 vols. (1975, 1980).
* Brown R. C., and Ramsay Cook. Canada, 1896-1921 A Nation Transformed. (1974). the standard survey
* Cook, Tim. "Quill and Canon: Writing the Great War in Canada," American Review of Canadian Studies, Vol. 35, 2005 online edition
* Dafoe, J. W. Laurier: A Study in Canadian Politics (1922) online edition
* Dickson, Paul Douglas. A Thoroughly Canadian General: A Biography of General H.D.G. Crerar (2007) excerpt and text search
* English, John. The Decline of Politics: The Conservatives and the Party System 1901-20 (1993)
* Granatstein, Jack, and J.M. Hitsman, Broken Promises: A History of Conscription in Canada (1977)
* Hou, Charles, and Cynthia Hou, eds. Great Canadian Political Cartoons, 1820-1914. (1997).
* Kaye, Lamb W. History of the Canadian Pacific Railway. (1977).
* MacKenzie, David, ed. Canada and the First World War (2005) 16 essays by leading scholars excerpt and text search
* Morton, Desmond, and J. L. Granatstein. Marching to Armageddon: Canadians and the Great War 1914-1919 (1989), the standard survey
* Neatby, H. Blair. Laurier and a Liberal Quebec: A Study in Political Management (1973) online edition
* Schull, Joseph. Laurier. The First Canadian (1965)
* Skelton, Oscar Douglas. Life and Letters of Sir Wilfrid Laurier 2v (1921)
* Vance, Jonathan F. Death So Noble: Memory, Meaning, and the First World War (1997), cultural history; online edition
* Waite, P. B. Canada, 1874-1896 (1971), standard history

## 1921-1957[edit]

* Allen, Ralph; Ordeal by Fire: Canada, 1910-1945, (1961), 492pp online edition
* Bothwell, Robert, and William Kilbourn. C.D. Howe. (1979).
* Bothwell, Robert, Ian Drummond, and John English. Canada 1900-1945. and Canada since 1945 (2d. ed. 1987-1989), college textbook
* Bouchery, Jean. Canadian Soldier in World War II: From D-Day to VE-Day (2007)
* Copp, Terry. Cinderella Army: The Canadians in Northwest Europe, 1944-1945 (2006) excerpt and text search
* Creighton, Donald. The Forked Road: Canada, 1939-1957 (1976) standard survey
* Dawson, R.M. William Lyon Mackenzie King: A Political Biography. Vol. 1: 1874-1923, (1958)
* Donaghy, Greg, ed. Canada and the Early Cold War, 1943-1957 (1998) online edition
* Granatstein, J. L. Canada's War: The Politics of the Mackenzie King Government, 1939-1945 (1975)
* Granatstein, J. L. The Politics of Survival: The Conservative Party of Canada 1939-45 (1967)
* Hou, Charles, and Cynthia Hou. Great Canadian Political Cartoons, 1915 to 1945. (2002). 244pp
* McNaught, John K. A Prophet in Politics (1959), the standard biography of J. S. Woodsworth online edition
* Neatby, H. Blair. The Politics of Chaos: Canada in the Thirties (1972)
* Neatby, H. Blair. William Lyon Mackenzie King, 1924-1932: The Lonely Heights (1963) standard biography
* Neatby, H. Blair William Lyon Mackenzie King: 1932-1939: the Prism of Unity (1976) standard biography online edition
* Roy, P., J.L. Granatstein, Masako Iino & Hiroko Takamura, Mutual Hostages: Canadians and Japanese During the Second World War (1990)
* Stacey, C. P. Arms, Men and Governments: The War Policies of Canada, 1939-1945 (1970) standard survey
* Thompson, John H., and Allan Seager. Canada 1922-1939. (1985). standard survey

## 1957-2009[edit]

* Bothwell, Robert, Ian Drummond, and John English. Canada since 1945 (2d. ed. 1989). college textbook
* Champion, C.P. The Strange Demise of British Canada

The Liberals and Canadian Nationalism, 1964-68 (2010)

* Clarkson, Stephen. Trudeau and Our Times. (2 vol 1990-1994)
* Cohen, Andrew, J. L. Granatstein, eds. Trudeau's shadow: the life and legacy of Pierre Elliott Trudeau. (1999).
* Couture, Claude, and Vivien Bosley. Paddling with the Current: Pierre Elliott Trudeau, Etienne Parent, Liberalism, and Nationalism in Canada (1998)
* Granatstein, J. L. Canada 1957-1967: The Years of Uncertainty and Innovation. (1986), advanced survey.
* Hillmer, Norman ed. Pearson: The Unlikely Gladiator(1999)
* Igartua, Jose E. The Other Quiet Revolution: National Identities in English Canada, 1945-1971. (2007) 285 pp. ISBN 978-0-7748-1088-3. online review from H-CANADA
* Morton, Desmond. The New Democrats, 1961-1986: The Politics of Change (1986)
* Simpson, Jeffrey. Discipline of Power: The Conservative Interlude and the Liberal Restoration. (1984).
* Smith, Denis. Rogue Tory: The Life and Legend of John G. Diefenbaker (1995).
* Story, Donald C., and R. Bruce Shepard, eds., The Diefenbaker Legacy: Canadian Politics, Law and Society Since 1957. Canadian Plains Proceedings, No. 30. Regina, Sask.: Canadian Plains Research Center, 1998.

## World Affairs[edit]

* Buckner, Phillip. Canada and the British Empire(The Oxford History of the British Empire Companion Series) (2008) excerpt and text search
* James, Patrick, Nelson Michaud, and Marc J. O'Reilly, eds. Handbook of Canadian Foreign Policy. (2006). 610 pp ISBN 978-0-7391-1493-3. online review at H-CANADA
* Molot, Maureen Appel, "Where Do We, Should We, Or Can We Sit? A Review of the Canadian Foreign Policy Literature", International Journal of Canadian Studies (Spring-Fall 1990).
* Nossal Kim Richard. The Politics of Canadian Foreign Policy, 2nd edition. Prentice-Hall 1989
* Stacey C. P. Canada and the Age of Conflict, 1921-1948. Vol. 2. U. of Toronto Press, 1981. the standard history

### Relations with US[edit]

* Bothwell, R. Canada and the United States (1992)
* Cuff, R. D. and Granatstein, J. L. Canadian-American Relations in Wartime: From the Great War to the Cold War. Toronto: Hakkert, 1975. 205 pp.
* J. L. Granatstein. Yankee Go Home?: Canadians and Anti-Americanism (1996)
* Kohn, Edward P. This Kindred People: Canadian-American Relations and the Anglo-Saxon Idea, 1895-1903 (2005)
* Melnyk, George; Canada and the New American Empire: War and Anti-War University of Calgary Press, 2004, highly critical
* Miller, Ronnie ; Following the Americans to the Persian Gulf: Canada, Australia, and the Development of the New World Order Fairleigh Dickinson University Press, 1994
* Mount, Graeme S. and Edelgard Mahant, An Introduction to Canadian-American Relations (1989)
* Perras, Galen Roger ; Franklin Roosevelt and the Origins of the Canadian-American Security Alliance, 1933-1945: Necessary, but Not Necessary Enough Praeger Publishers, 1998 online edition
* Stairs, Denis, and Gilbert R. Winham, eds. The Politics of Canada's Economic Relationship with the United States' University of Toronto Press, 1985.
* Wilson, Robert R. and David R. Deener; Canada-United States Treaty Relations Duke University Press, 1963

### Cold War and UN[edit]

* Balawyder, Aloysius. In the Clutches of the Kremlin: Canadian-East European Relations, 1945-1962. Columbia U. Press, 2000. 192 pp.
* Cavell, Richard, ed. Love, Hate, and Fear in Canada's Cold War (2004). 216 pp.
* Chapnick, Adam. The Middle Power Project: Canada and the Founding of the United Nations (2005).
* Clark-Jones, Melissa. A Staple State: Canadian Industrial Resources in Cold War. U. of Toronto Press, 1987. 260 pp.
* Dewitt David and John Kirton. Canada as a Principal Power. Toronto: John Wiley 1983
* Donaghy, Greg, ed. Canada and the Early Cold War, 1943-1957. Ottawa: Dept. of Foreign Affairs and Int. Trade, 1998. 255 pp.
* Eayrs James. In Defence of Canada. 5 vols. Toronto: University of Toronto, 1964- 1983. the standard history
* Escott, Reid. Time of Fear and Hope: The Making of the North Atlantic Treaty, 1947-1949. McClelland and Stewart, 1977.
* J. L. Granatstein David Stafford. Spy Wars: Espionage and Canada from Gouzenko to Glasnost (1991)
* Jamie Glazov. Canadian Policy Toward Khrushchev's Soviet Union 2003
* Holmes John W. The Shaping of Peace: Canada and the Search for World Order, 1943-1957, 2 vols. University of Toronto Press 1979, 1982
* Kirk,John M. and Peter McKenna; Canada-Cuba Relations: The Other Good Neighbor Policy University Press of Florida, 1997
* Maloney, Sean M. Canada and UN Peacekeeping: Cold War by Other Means. St. Catharines, Ont.: Vanwell, 2002. 265 pp.
* Matthews Robert O. and Cranford Pratt, eds. Human Rights in Canadian Foreign Policy. McGill-Queen's University Press 1988
* Mount, Graeme S. and Edelgard Mahant, Invisible and Inaudible in Washington: American Policies toward Canada during the Cold War (1999)
* Rochlin, James; Discovering the Americas: The Evolution of Canadian Foreign Policy towards Latin America (1994) online edition
* Sharnik, John. Inside the Cold War: An Oral History (1987)
* Smith, Denis. Diplomacy of Fear: Canada and the Cold War, 1941-1948. U. of Toronto Press, 1988. 259 pp.
* Stevenson, Brian J. R . Canada, Latin America, and the New Internationalism: A Foreign Policy Analysis, 1968-1990 2000
* Whitaker, Reg and Gary Marcuse. Cold War Canada: The Making of a National Insecurity State, 1945-1957. (1994)
* Whitaker, Reg and Hewitt, Steve. Canada and the Cold War. Lorimer, (2003). 256 pp.

## Regional[edit]

* Warkentin, John, ed. So Vast and Various: Interpreting Canada’s Regions in the Nineteenth and Twentieth Centuries (2010); looks at 150 years of writings about Canada’s regions.

### Quebec, after 1763[edit]

see additional titles at Quebec

* L’Encyclopédie de l’histoire du Québec / The Quebec History Encyclopedia ed C. Belanger
* Durflinger, Serge Marc. Fighting from Home: The Second World War in Verdun, Quebec. (2006) 296 pp. ISBN 978-0-7748-1261-0. online review
* Linteau, Paul-André, René Durocher, Jean-Claude Robert, and Robert Chodos. Quebec: A History 1867-1929 (1983) Quebec Since 1930 (1991), standard 2 vol textbook.
* Manning, Helen Taft; The Revolt of French Canada, 1800-1835: A Chapter of the History of the British Commonwealth (1962) online edition
* McRoberts, Kenneth. Quebec: Social Change and Political Crisis. (1988).
* Rudin, Ronald. Making History in Twentieth-Century Quebec. (1997).300pp pp.; historiography ISBN 978-0-8020-7838-4 online review in H-CANADA
* Saywell, John. The Rise of the Parti Québécois 1967-76 (1977) online edition
* Trofimenkoff, Susan Mann. Dream of Nation: A Social and Intellectual History of Quebec (1982)
* Wade, Mason. The French Canadians, 1760-1945 (1955), standard history, 1136pp online edition

### Ontario[edit]

* Celebrating One Thousand Years of Ontario's History: Proceedings of the Celebrating One Thousand Years of Ontario's History Symposium, April 14, 15, and 16, 2000. Ontario Historical Society, 2000. 343 pp.
* Baskerville, Peter A. Sites of Power: A Concise History of Ontario. Oxford U. Press., 2005. 296 pp. (first edition was Ontario: Image, Identity and Power, 2002). online review
* Berton, Pierre. Niagara: A History of the Falls. (1992).
* Hall, Roger; Westfall, William; and MacDowell, Laurel Sefton, eds. Patterns of the Past: Interpreting Ontario's History. Dundurn Pr., 1988. 406 pp.
* McGowan, Mark George and Clarke, Brian P., eds. Catholics at the "Gathering Place": Historical Essays on the Archdiocese of Toronto, 1841-1991. Canadian Catholic Historical Assoc.; Dundurn, 1993. 352 pp.
* McKillop, A. B. Matters of Mind: The University in Ontario, 1791-1951. U. of Toronto Press, 1994. 716 pp.
* Mays, John Bentley. Arrivals: Stories from the History of Ontario. Penguin Books Canada, 2002. 418 pp.
* Noel, S. J. R. Patrons, Clients, Brokers: Ontario Society and Politics, 1791-1896. U. of Toronto Press, 1990.

#### Ontario to 1869[edit]

* Careless, J. M. S. Brown of the Globe (2 vols, Toronto, 1959–63), vol 1: The Voice of Upper Canada 1818-1859; vol 2: The Statesman of Confederation 1860-1880.
* Clarke, John. Land Power and Economics on the Frontier of Upper Canada (2001) 747pp.
* Clarke, John. The Ordinary People of Essex: Environment, Culture, and Economy on the Frontier of Upper Canada (2010)
* Cohen, Marjorie Griffin. Women's Work, Markets, and Economic Development in Nineteenth-Century Ontario. (1988). 258 pp.
* Craig, Gerald M Upper Canada: the formative years 1784-1841 McClelland and Stewart, 1963, the standard history online edition
* Dunham, Eileen Political unrest in Upper Canada 1815-1836 (1963).
* Errington, Jane The Lion, the Eagle, and Upper Canada: A Developing Colonial Ideology (1987).
* Gidney, R. D. and Millar, W. P. J. Professional Gentlemen: The Professions in Nineteenth-Century Ontario. (1994).
* Grabb, Edward, James Curtis, Douglas Baer; "Defining Moments and Recurring Myths: Comparing Canadians and Americans after the American Revolution" The Canadian Review of Sociology and Anthropology, Vol. 37, 2000
* Johnson, J. K. and Wilson, Bruce G., eds. Historical Essays on Upper Canada: New Perspectives. (1975). . 604 pp.
* Keane, David and Read, Colin, ed. Old Ontario: Essays in Honour of J. M. S. Careless. (1990).
* Kilbourn, William.; The Firebrand: William Lyon Mackenzie and the Rebellion in Upper Canada (1956) online edition
* Knowles, Norman. Inventing the Loyalists: The Ontario Loyalist Tradition and the Creation of Usable Pasts. (1997). 244 pp.
* Landon, Fred, and J.E. Middleton. Province of Ontario: A History (1937) 4 vol. with 2 vol of biographies
* Lewis, Frank and Urquhart, M.C. Growth and standard of living in a pioneer economy: Upper Canada 1826-1851 Institute for Economic Research, Queen's University, 1997.
* McCalla, Douglas Planting the province: the economic history of Upper Canada 1784-1870 (1993).
* McGowan, Mark G. Michael Power: The Struggle to Build the Catholic Church on the Canadian Frontier. (2005). 382 pp. online review from H-CANADA
* McNairn, Jeffrey L The capacity to judge: public opinion and deliberative democracy in Upper Canada 1791-1854 (2000). online review from H-CANADA
* Oliver, Peter. "Terror to Evil-Doers": Prisons and Punishments in Nineteenth-Century Ontario. (1998). 575 pp. post 1835
* Rea, J. Edgar. "Rebellion in Upper Canada, 1837" Manitoba Historical Society Transactions Series 3, Number 22, 1965–66, historiography online edition
* Reid, Richard M. The Upper Ottawa Valley to 1855. (1990). 354 pp.
* Rogers, Edward S. and Smith, Donald B., eds. Aboriginal Ontario: Historical Perspectives on the First Nations. (1994). 448 pp.
* Styran, Roberta M. and Taylor, Robert R., ed. The "Great Swivel Link": Canada's Welland Canal. Champlain Soc., 2001. 494 pp.
* Westfall, William. Two Worlds: The Protestant Culture of Nineteenth-Century Ontario. (1989). 265 pp.
* Wilton, Carol. Popular Politics and Political Culture in Upper Canada, 1800-1850. (2000). 311pp

#### Ontario since 1869[edit]

* Azoulay, Dan. Keeping the Dream Alive: The Survival of the Ontario CCF/NDP, 1950-1963. (1997). 307 pp.
* Baskerville, Peter A. Ontario: Image, Identity, and Power. (2002). 256pp
* Cameron, David R. and White, Graham. Cycling into Saigon: The Conservative Transition in Ontario. (2000). 224 pp. Analysis of the 1995 transition from New Democratic Party (NDP) to Progressive Conservative (PC) rule in Ontario
* Comacchio, Cynthia R. Nations Are Built of Babies: Saving Ontario's Mothers and Children, 1900-1940. (1993). 390 pp.
* Cook, Sharon Anne. "Through Sunshine and Shadow": The Woman's Christian Temperance Union, Evangelicalism, and Reform in Ontario, 1874-1930. (1995). 281 pp.
* Darroch, Gordon and Soltow, Lee. Property and Inequality in Victorian Ontario: Structural Patterns and Cultural Communities in the 1871 Census. U. of Toronto Press, 1994. 280 pp.
* Devlin, John F. "A Catalytic State? Agricultural Policy in Ontario, 1791-2001." PhD dissertation U. of Guelph 2004. 270 pp. DAI 2005 65(10): 3972-A. DANQ94970 Fulltext: in ProQuest Dissertations & Theses
* Evans, A. Margaret. Sir Oliver Mowat. U. of Toronto Press, 1992. 438 pp. Premier 1872-1896
* Fleming, Keith R. Power at Cost: Ontario Hydro and Rural Electrification, 1911-1958. McGill-Queen's U. Press, 1992. 326 pp.
* Gidney, R. D. From Hope to Harris: The Reshaping of Ontario's Schools. U. of Toronto Press, 1999. 362 pp. deals with debates and changes in education from 1950 to 2000
* Gidney, R. D. and Millar, W. P. J. Inventing Secondary Education: The Rise of the High School in Nineteenth-Century Ontario. McGill-Queen's U. Press, 1990. 440 pp.
* Halpern, Monda. And on that Farm He Had a Wife: Ontario Farm Women and Feminism, 1900-1970. (2001). 234 pp. online review from H-CANADA
* Hines, Henry G. East of Adelaide: Photographs of Commercial, Industrial and Working-Class Urban Ontario, 1905-1930. London Regional Art and History Museum, 1989.
* Hodgetts, J. E. From Arm's Length to Hands-On: The Formative Years of Ontario's Public Service, 1867-1940. U. of Toronto Press, 1995. 296 pp.
* Houston, Susan E. and Prentice, Alison. Schooling and Scholars in Nineteenth-Century Ontario. U. of Toronto Press, 1988. 418 pp.
* Ibbitson, John. Promised Land: Inside the Mike Harris Revolution. Prentice-Hall, 1997. 294 pp. praise for Conservatives
* Kechnie, Margaret C. Organizing Rural Women: the Federated Women's Institutes of Ontario, 1897-1910. McGill-Queen's U. Press, 2003. 194 pp.
* Landon, Fred, and J.E. Middleton. Province of Ontario: A History (1937) 4 vol. with 2 vol of biographies
* Marks, Lynne. Revivals and Roller Rinks: Religion, Leisure and Identity in Late Nineteenth-Century Small-Town Ontario. U. of Toronto Press, 1996. 330 pp.
* Montigny, Edgar-Andre, and Lori Chambers, eds. Ontario since Confederation: A Reader (2000).
* Moss, Mark. Manliness and Militarism: Educating Young Boys in Ontario for War. (2001). 216 pp.
* Neatby, H. Blair and McEown, Don. Creating Carleton: The Shaping of a University. McGill-Queen's U. Press, 2002. 240 pp.
* Ontario Bureau of Statistics and Research. A Conspectus of the Province of Ontario (1947) online edition
* Parr, Joy, ed. A Diversity of Women: Ontario, 1945-1980. U. of Toronto Press, 1996. 335 pp.
* Ralph, Diana; Régimbald, André; and St-Amand, Nérée, eds. Open for Business, Closed for People: Mike Harris's Ontario. Fernwood, 1997. 207 pp. leftwing attack on Conservative party of 1990s
* Roberts, David. In the Shadow of Detroit: Gordon M. McGregor, Ford of Canada, and Motoropolis. Wayne State U. Press, 2006. 320 pp.
* Santink, Joy L. Timothy Eaton and the Rise of His Department Store. U. of Toronto Press, 1990. 319 pp.
* Saywell, John T. "Just Call Me Mitch": The Life of Mitchell F. Hepburn. U. of Toronto Press, 1991. 637 pp. Biography of Liberal premier 1934-1942
* Schryer, Frans J. The Netherlandic Presence in Ontario: Pillars, Class and Dutch Ethnicity. Wilfrid Laurier U. Press, 1998. 458 pp. focus is post WW2
* Schull, Joseph. Ontario since 1867 (1978), narrative history
* Stagni, Pellegrino. The View from Rome: Archbishop Stagni's 1915 Reports on the Ontario Bilingual Schools Question. McGill-Queen's U. Press, 2002. 134 pp.
* Warecki, George M. Protecting Ontario's Wilderness: A History of Changing Ideas and Preservation Politics, 1927-1973.' Lang, 2000. 334 pp.
* White, Graham, ed. The Government and Politics of Ontario. 5th ed. U. of Toronto Press, 1997. 458 pp.
* White, Randall. Ontario since 1985. Eastendbooks, 1998. 320 pp.
* Wilson, Barbara M. ed. Ontario and the First World War, 1914-1918: A Collection of Documents (Champlain Society, 1977)

### Maritimes[edit]

* Buckner, Phillip A., and John G. Reid, eds. The Atlantic Region to Confederation: A History (1994);
* Conrad, Margaret, and James Hiller. Atlantic Canada: A Concise History (2006)."Introduction," online
* MacNutt, W.S. The Atlantic Provinces: The Emergence of Colonial Society (1965)
* Whitelaw, William Menzies; The Maritimes and Canada before Confederation (1934) online edition

#### New Brunswick[edit]

* Acheson, T. W. Saint John: The Making of a Colonial Urban Community (1985)
* Barkley, Murray. "The Loyalist Tradition in New Brunswick." Acadiensis. 4 (1975): 3-45.
* Bell, D. G. Early Loyalist Saint John: The Origins of New Brunswick Politics, 1783-1786 (Fredericton: New Ireland Press, 1983).
* Benedict, William H. New Brunswick in history (1925)
* Gair, Reavley. A Literary and Linguistic History of New Brunswick (1986)
* MacNutt, W. S. New Brunswick: A History, 1784-1867 (1984)
* Marquis, Greg. "Commemorating the Loyalists in the Loyalist City: Saint John, New Brunswick, 1883-1934." Urban History Review . v.33 #1 2004. pp 24+. online edition
* See, Scott. Riots in New Brunswick: Orange Nativism and Social Violence in the 1840s (1993).
* Whitelaw, William Menzies. The Maritimes and Canada before Confederation 1934 online edition
* Woodward, Calvin A. The history of New Brunswick provincial election campaigns and platforms, 1866-1974: With primary source documents on microfiche (1976)

#### Nova Scotia[edit]

see extensive biliography at Nova Scotia

* Beck, J. M. Joseph Howe (2 vols, Kingston and Montreal, 1962–63), vol 1: Conservative Reformer 1804-1848; vol 2: The Briton Becomes Canadian 1848-1873.
* Beck, J. Murray. Politics of Nova Scotia. vol 2: 1896-1988. Tantallon, N.S.: Four East 1985 438 pp.
* Choyce, Lesley. Nova Scotia: Shaped by the Sea. A Living History. (1996). 305 pp.
* Donovan, Kenneth, ed. Cape Breton at 200: Historical Essays in Honour of the Island's Bicentennial, 1785-1985. Sydney, N.S.: U. College of Cape Breton Press, 1985. 261 pp.
* Earle, Michael, ed. Workers and the State in Twentieth Century Nova Scotia. Fredericton: Acadiensis, 1989.
* Fingard, Judith; Guildford, Janet; and Sutherland, David. Halifax: The First 250 Years Halifax: Formac, 1999. 192 pp.
* Frank, David. J. B. McLachlan: A Biography - the Story of a Legendary Labour Leader and the Cape Breton Coal Miners. Toronto: Lorimer, 1999. 592 pp.
* Johnson, Ralph S. Forests of Nova Scotia: A History. Tantallon: Nova Scotia Dept. of Lands and Forests; Four East Publisher, 1986. 407 pp.
* Conrad, Margaret, Toni Laidlaw, and Donna Smyth, eds. No Place Like Home: Diaries and Letters of Nova Scotia Women 1771-1938 (1988), primary sources' excerpt and text search
* Reid, John G. et al. The "Conquest" of Acadia, 1710: Imperial, Colonial, and Aboriginal Constructions. (2004). 297 pp.
* Robertson, Barbara R. Sawpower: Making Lumber in the Sawmills of Nova Scotia. Halifax: Nimbus; Nova Scotia Mus., 1986. 244 pp.
* Whitelaw, William Menzies; The Maritimes and Canada before Confederation (1934) online edition

#### Newfoundland & Labrador[edit]

see extensive biliography at Newfoundland and Labrador

* Bannister, Jerry. The Rule of the Admirals: Law, Custom, and Naval Government in Newfoundland, 1699-1832. (2003).
* Birkenhead, Lord. The story of Newfoundland (2nd ed. 1920) 192pp online edition
* Blake, Raymond B. Canadians at Last: Canada Integrates Newfoundland as a Province. U. of Toronto Press, 1994. 252 pp. excerpt and text search
* Chadwick, Gerald William St. John. Newfoundland; Island Into Province (1967)
* Conrad, Margaret, and James Hiller. Atlantic Canada: A Concise History (2006).
* Harris, Leslie. Newfoundland and Labrador: A Brief History (1968),
* Jackson, Lawrence. Newfoundland & Labrador (1999)
* MacKay, R. A. Newfoundland: Economic, Diplomatic, and Strategic Studies, (Oxford University Press, 1946) online edition
* MacNutt, W.S. The Atlantic Provinces: The Emergence of Colonial Society (1965)
* Neary, Peter, and Patrick O'Flaherty, eds. By Great Waters: A Newfoundland and Labrador Anthology (1974)
* Neary, Peter. Newfoundland in the North Atlantic world, 1929-1949. McGill-Queen's University Press, 1996
* O'Flaherty, Patrick. Old Newfoundland: A History to 1843. St John's: Long Beach, 1999. 284 pp.
* Pope, Peter E. Fish into Wine: The Newfoundland Plantation in the Seventeenth Century. U. of North Carolina Press, 2004. 464 pp. excerpt and text search
* Prowse, D.W. A History of Newfoundland (1895) 744pp, classic history; edition online
* Rothney, G.O. Canadian Historical Society's Historical Pamphlet #10, Newfoundland: A History (1964).
* Rowe, Frederick. History of Newfoundland and Labrador (1980).
* Smallwood, Joseph, et al. eds. The Encyclopedia of Newfoundland and Labrador (5 vol 1981-94) 3900 pages; available on cd-rom portions online

#### P.E.I.[edit]

* Arsenault, Georges. The Island Acadians Charlottetown: Ragweed, 1989. 296 pp.
* Bolger, Francis W. P., ed. Canada's Smallest Province: A History of Prince Edward Island. Charlottetown: Prince Edward Island Centennial Comm., 1973. 403 pp.
* Boyde Beck. Prince Edward Island: An (Un)Authorized History (1996)
* Bumsted, J. M. Land, Settlement, and Politics on Eighteenth-Century Prince Edward Island. (1987). 238 pp.
* Clark, A. H. Three Centuries and the Island. A Historical Geography of Settlement and Agriculture in Prince Edward Island, Canada (1959) very broad look at historical geography
* Livingston, W. Ross Responsible Government in Prince Edward Island: A Triumph of Self-Government under the Crown. 1931\. online edition
* MacDonald, Edward. If You're Stronghearted: Prince Edward Island in the Twentieth Century (Charlottetown: PEI Museum and Heritage Foundation, 2000)
* Macdonald, Heidi. "Developing a Strong Roman Catholic Social Order in Late Nineteenth-Century Prince Edward Island." Historical Studies Volume: 69. 2003. pp 34+. online edition
* MacKinnon, Wayne. The Life of the Party: A History of the Liberal Party in Prince Edward Island. Summerside: Liberal Party of Prince Edward Island, 1973. 153 pp.
* MacKinnon, Frank. The Government of Prince Edward Island (1951),
* Sharpe, Errol. A People's History of Prince Edward Island. Toronto: Steel Rail, 1976. 252 pp.
* Smitheram, Verner; Milne, David; and Dasgupta, Satadal, ed. The Garden Transformed: Prince Edward Island, 1945-1980. Charlottetown: Ragweed, 1982. 271 pp.
* Weale, David and Baglole, Harry. The Island and Confederation: The End of an Era. Summerside, P. E. I.: Williams and Crue, 1973. 166 pp.

### Prairies and B.C.[edit]

see also Saskatchewan

* Alberta Encyclopedia Online (2005)
* Archer, John H. Saskatchewan: A History (1980)
* Barman, Jean. The West beyond the West: A History of British Columbia (1996)
* Barnhart, Gordon L., ed. Saskatchewan Premiers of the Twentieth Century. (2004). 418 pp.
* Bennett, John W. and Seena B. Kohl. Settling the Canadian-American West, 1890-1915: Pioneer Adaptation and Community Building. An Anthropological History. (1995). 311 pp. online edition
* Calder, Alison and Wardhaugh, Robert, ed. History, Literature, and the Writing of the Canadian Prairies.U. of Manitoba Press, 2005. 310 pp.
* Danysk, Cecilia. Hired Hands: Labour and the Development of Prairie Agriculture, 1880-1930. (1995). 231 pp.
* Emery, George. The Methodist Church on the Prairies, 1896-1914. McGill-Queen's U. Press, 2001. 259 pp.
* The Encyclopedia of Saskatchewan: A Living Legacy. U. of Regina Canadian Plains Research Center, 2005. online 1071pp in print edition
* Fairbanks, C. and S.B. Sundberg. Farm Women on the Prairie Frontier. (1983)
* Friesen, Gerald. The Canadian Prairies: A History (1987, 2nd edition)
* Harris, Cole. Making Native Space: Colonialism, Resistance and Reserves in British Columbia (2002)
* Hodgson, Heather, ed. Saskatchewan Writers: Lives Past and Present. Regina: Canadian Plains Research Center, 2004. 247 pp.
* Jones, David C. Empire of Dust: Settling and Abandoning the Prairie Dry Belt. (1987) 316 pp.
* Keahey, Deborah. Making It Home: Place in Canadian Prairie Literature. (1998). 178 pp.
* Langford, N. "Childbirth on the Canadian Prairies 1880-1930." Journal of Historical Sociology, 1995\. Vol. 8, No. 3, pp. 278–302.
* Langford, Nanci Louise. "First Generation and Lasting Impressions: The Gendered Identities of Prairie Homestead Women." PhD dissertation U. of Alberta 1994. 229 pp. DAI 1995 56(4): 1544-A. DANN95214 Fulltext: ProQuest Dissertations & Theses
* Laycock, David. Populism and Democratic Thought in the Canadian Prairies, 1910 to 1945. (1990). 369 pp.
* Melnyk, George. The Literary History of Alberta, Vol. 1: From Writing-on-Stone to World War Two. U. of Alberta Press, 1998. 240 pp.
* Morton, W. L. Manitoba, a History University of Toronto Press, 1957 online edition
* Palmer, Howard. The Settlement of the West (1977) online edition
* Pitsula, James M. "Disparate Duo" Beaver 2005 85(4): 14-24, a comparison of Saskatchewan and Alberta, Fulltext in EBSCO
* Rollings-Magnusson, Sandra. "Canada's Most Wanted: Pioneer Women on the Western Prairies." Canadian Review of Sociology and Anthropology 2000 37(2): 223-238. Issn: 0008-4948 Fulltext: Ebsco
* Roy, Patricia E., and John Herd Thompson. British Columbia: Land of Promises. (2005) 224pp The Illustrated History of Canada Series. 2005. 224 pp. ISBN 978-0-19-541048-8. online review for H-CANADA
* Thompson, John Herd. Forging the Prairie West. (1998)
* Wardhaugh, Robert A. Mackenzie King and the Prairie West. (2000). 328 pp.
* Wardhaugh, Robert A., ed. Toward Defining the Prairies: Region, Culture, and History. (2001). 234 pp.
* Waiser, Bill, and John Perret. Saskatchewan: A New History (2005)

## Economic and Business History[edit]

* Baldwin, John R., and Petr Hanel. Innovation and Knowledge Creation in an Open Economy: Canadian Industry and International Implications (2007) excerpt and text search
* Bliss, Michael. Northern Enterprise: Five Centuries of Canadian Business. McClelland and Stewart, (1987).
* Burton, F. W. "Wheat in Canadian History," The Canadian Journal of Economics and Political Science Vol. 3, No. 2 (May, 1937), pp. 210–217 in JSTOR
* Fleming, Keith R. Power at Cost: Ontario Hydro and Rural Electrification, 1911-1958. McGill-Queen's U. Press, (1992). 326 pp.
* Glazebrook, G. P. de T. A History of Transportation in Canada (1938)
* Lingenfelter, Richard E., ed. The Mining West: A Bibliography & Guide to the History & Literature of Mining in the American & Canadian West. 2 vol Scarecrow, 2003. 1550 pp
* Mackintosh, W.A. "The Laurentian Plateau in Canadian Economic Development," Economic Geography, Vol. 2, No. 4 (Oct., 1926), pp. 537–549 in JSTOR
* Marr, William L. and Donald Patterson. Canada: An Economic History, 1980.
* Naylor, Tom. The History of Canadian Business. 1867-1914 2 vol (1976)
* Norrie, Kenneth, Douglas Owram, and J.C. Herbert Emery. A History of the Canadian Economy 4th ed. (2007)
* Porter, John. "Concentration of Economic Power and the Economic Elite in Canada," The Canadian Journal of Economics and Political Science, Vol. 22, No. 2 (May, 1956), pp. 199–220 in JSTOR
* Roberts, David. In the Shadow of Detroit: Gordon M. McGregor, Ford of Canada, and Motoropolis. Wayne State U. Press, 2006. 320 pp.
* Santink, Joy L. Timothy Eaton and the Rise of His Department Store. U. of Toronto Press, 1990. 319 pp.
* Taylor, Graham D. and Peter Baskerville. A Concise History of Business in Canada, 1994
* Young, John H. "Comparative Economic Development: Canada and the United States," The American Economic Review, Vol. 45, No. 2, (May, 1955), pp. 80–93 in JSTOR

### Labour[edit]

* Babcock, Robert H. Gompers in Canada: a study in American continentalism before the First World War (1974) online at ACLS e-books
* Bradbury, Bettina. Working families: Age, gender, and daily survival in industrializing Montreal (1993)
* Craven, Paul, ed., Labouring lives: work and workers in nineteenth-century Ontario (1995)
* Frager, Ruth A., and Carmela K. Patrias. Discounted Labour: Women Workers in Canada, 1870-1939 (2005) excerpt and text search
* Haddow, Rodney, and Thomas Klassen. Partisanship, Globalization, and Canadian Labour Market Policy: Four Provinces in Comparative Perspective (2006) excerpt and text search
* Heron, Craig. The Canadian Labour Movement: A Brief History, (1996).
* Hertel; D. W. History of the Brotherhood of Maintenance of Way Employees: Its Birth and Growth, 1887-1955. 1955 online edition from Questia
* Kealey, Gregory S. Dreaming of what might be: the Knights of Labor in Ontario, 1880-1900 (1982) online at ACLS e-books
* Morton, Desmond. Working People: An Illustrated History of the Canadian Labour Movement (1999) excerpt and text search
* Palmer, Bryan D. Working Class Experience: Rethinking the History of Canadian Labour, 1800-1991, 1992

### Railways[edit]

* Andreae, Christopher. Lines of Country: An Atlas of Railway and Waterway History in Canada (1996)
* Baskerville, Peter. "Hickson, Sir Joseph," Dictionary of Canadian Biography Online
* Baskerville, Peter. "Americans in Britain’s backyard: the railway era in Upper Canada, 1850–1880," Business History Review 55 (1981): 314–36 in JSTOR
* Brown, Ron. The Train Doesn't Stop Here Any More (1998) an illustrated history of railway stations in Canada
* Currie, A. W. The Grand Trunk Railway of Canada. University of Toronto Press, 1957. 556 pp, the standard history
* Eagle, J. A. The Canadian Pacific Railway and the Development of Western Canada, 1896-1914. McGill-Queen's University Press 1989
* Fleming, R. B. The Railway King of Canada: Sir William Mackenzie, 1849-1923 University of British Columbia Press, 1991 online at Questia
* Fournier, Leslie T. Railway Nationalization in Canada: The Problem of the Canadian National Railways (1937)
* Fournier, Leslie T. "The Canadian National Railway versus the Canadian Pacific: A Comparative Study," The Journal of Political Economy Vol. 39, No. 3 (Jun., 1931), pp. 369–389 in JSTOR
* Freeman, Kenneth D. et al. The Growth and Performance of the Canadian Transcontinental Railways 1956-1981 (1987)
* Hertel; D. W. History of the Brotherhood of Maintenance of Way Employees: Its Birth and Growth, 1887-1955. 1955 online edition from Questia
* Hofsommer, Don L. Grand Trunk Corporation: Canadian National Railways in the United States, 1971-1992. 1995\. 227 pp.
* Kaye, Lamb W. History of the Canadian Pacific Railway. (1977).
* Leonard, Frank. A Thousand Blunders: The Grand Trunk Pacific Railway and Northern British Columbia University of British Columbia Press, 1996 online edition from Questia
* den Otter, A.A. The Philosophy of Railways: The Transcontinental Railway Idea in British North America University of Toronto Press, 1997.
* Regehr, Theodore D. "Hays, Charles M." Dictionary of Canadian Biography Online
* Regehr, T. D. The Canadian Northern Railway Macmillan of Canada 1976
* Stevens, G. History of the Canadian National Railways Macmillan Company 1973
* Underwood, Jay. Built for War: Canada's Intercolonial Railway, (2006) excerpt and text search
* Weaver, R. Kent. The Politics of Industrial Change: Railway Policy in North America (1985) online edition from Questia
* Willson, Beckles. The Life of Lord Strathcona and Mount Royal 1915\. online edition from Questia

### Primary sources[edit]

* Innis, Harold. A., and A. R. M. Lower; Select Documents in Canadian Economic History, 1783-1885 University of Toronto Press, 1933 online edition from Questia

## Cultural history, popular culture[edit]

* Ainslie, Patricia, and Mary-Beth Laviolette. Alberta Art and Artists: An Overview (2007)
* Beattie, Eleanor. The Handbook of Canadian Film. 2nd ed., Toronto: Martin, 1977. 355 pp.
* Blair, Jennifer; Coleman, Daniel; Higginson, Kate; and York, Lorraine, ed. ReCalling Early Canada: Reading the Political in Literary and Cultural Production. U. of Alberta Press, 2005. 440 pp.
* Clarke, George Elliott. Odysseys Home: Mapping African-Canadian Literature. U. of Toronto Press, 2002. 491 pp.
* Feldman, Seth and Nelson, Joyce, ed. Canadian Film Reader. Toronto: Martin, 1977. 405 pp.
* Francis, Daniel. The Imaginary Indian: The Image of the Indian in Canadian Culture. Vancouver: Arsenal Pulp, 1992. 260 pp.
* Hammill, Faye. Literary Culture and Female Authorship in Canada 1760-2000. Amsterdam: Rodopi, 2003. 245 pp.
* Keith, W. J. Canadian Literature in English. London: Longman, 1985. 287 pp.
* Lerner, Loren R. and Williamson, Mary F., eds. Art and Architecture in Canada: A Bibliography and Guide to the Literature = Art et Architecture au Canada: Bibliographie et Guide de la Documentation U. of Toronto Press, 1991. 998 pp.
* MacDonald, Mary Lu. Literature and Society in the Canadas, 1817-1850. Mellen, 1992. 360 pp.
* Melnyk, George. One Hundred Years of Canadian Cinema. U. of Toronto Press, 2004. 361 pp.
* New, W. H., ed. Literary History of Canada: Canadian Literature in English. (1990). 492 pp.
* Ord, Douglas. The National Gallery of Canada: Ideas, Art, Architecture. (2003). 500 pp.
* Perron, Paul. Narratology and Text: Subjectivity and Identity in New France and Québécois Literature. (2003). 338 pp.
* Robidoux, Michael A. "Imagining a Canadian Identity Through Sport: A Historical Interpretation of Lacrosse and Hockey," Journal of American Folklore, 115/456 (2002): pp. 209–225.
* Simpson-Housley, Paul and Norcliffe, Glen, ed. Few Acres of Snow: Literary and Artistic Images of Canada. (1992). 277 pp.
* Stich, K. P., ed. Reflections: Autobiography and Canadian Literature. (1988). 176 pp.
* Smith, Judith E. Visions of Belonging: Family Stories, Popular Culture, and Postwar Democracy, 1940-1960. (2004). 444 pp.
* Thom, Ian, and Alan Elder. A Modern Life: Art and Design in British Columbia 1945-1960 (2004)
* Toye, William, ed. The Oxford Companion to Canadian Literature. (1983). 843 pp.
* Morrow, Don, and Kevin Wamsley. Sport in Canada: A History. (2005) 328 pp. ISBN 978-0-19-541996-2 online review from H-CANADA
* Weiss, Jonathan, and Jane Moss. French-Canadian Literature (1996)
* Wise, Wyndham, ed. Take One's Essential Guide to Canadian Film. (2001). 272 pp.
* Woodcock, George. Northern Spring: The Flowering of Canadian Literature. (1987). 318 pp.

## Women, gender, family[edit]

* Bradbury, Bettina. Working families: Age, gender, and daily survival in industrializing Montreal (1993)
* Cohen, Marjorie Griffin. Women's Work, Markets, and Economic Development in Nineteenth-Century Ontario. (1988). 258 pp.
* Forestell, Nancy M., Kathryn M. McPherson, and Cecilia Louise Morgan, eds. Gendered Pasts: Historical Essays in Femininity and Masculinity in Canada. (2003) 370 pp. ISBN 978-0-8020-8690-7 online review from H-CANADA
* Frager, Ruth A., and Carmela K. Patrias. Discounted Labour: Women Workers in Canada, 1870-1939 (2005) excerpt and text search
* Gleason, Mona, and Adele Perry. Rethinking Canada: The Promise of Women's History. (5th ed. 2006) 407 pp.; 24 essays by scholars ISBN 978-0-19-542350-1 online review from H-CANADA; also excerpt and text search
* Halpern, Monda. And on that Farm He Had a Wife: Ontario Farm Women and Feminism, 1900-1970. (2001). 234 pp. online review from H-CANADA
* Hammill, Faye. Literary Culture and Female Authorship in Canada 1760-2000. Amsterdam: Rodopi, 2003. 245 pp.
* Kechnie, Margaret C. Organizing Rural Women: the Federated Women's Institutes of Ontario, 1897-1910. (2003). 194 pp.
* Moss, Mark. Manliness and Militarism: Educating Young Boys in Ontario for War. (2001). 216 pp.
* Noël, Françoise. Family Life and Sociability in Upper and Lower Canada, 1780-1870. (2003) 384pp
* Noël, Françoise. Family and Community Life in Northeastern Ontario: The Interwar Years (2009)
* Parr, Joy, ed. A Diversity of Women: Ontario, 1945-1980. (1996). 335 pp.
* Prentice, Alison et al. Canadian Women: a history (1996, 2nd edition)
* Smith, Judith E. Visions of Belonging: Family Stories, Popular Culture, and Postwar Democracy, 1940-1960. (2004). 444 pp.
* Strong-Boag, Veronica, Mona Gleason, and Adele Perry. Rethinking Canada: The Promise of Women's History (2003) excerpt and text search

## Social, ethnicity, religion, and population[edit]

* Bagnell, Kenneth. Canadese: A portrait of the Italian Canadians (1989)
* Bloemraad, Irene. Becoming a Citizen: Incorporating Immigrants and Refugees in the United States and Canada (2006) excerpt and text search
* Fay, Terence J. A History of Canadian Catholics. (2002). 392 pp. ISBN 978-0-7735-2313-5. online review from H-CANADA also excerpt and text search
* Friedland, Martin L. The University of Toronto: A History. (2002). 777pp ISBN 978-0-8020-4429-7 online review at H-CANADA
* Grekul, Lisa. Leaving Shadows: Literature in English by Canada's Ukrainians (2005)
* Grenke, Arthur. The German Community in Winnipeg 1872 to 1919 (1991)
* Iacovetta, Franca, Paula Draper, and Robert A. Ventresca. A Nation of Immigrants: Readings in Canadian History, 1840s-1960s (1998)
* Kelley, Ninette, and Michael J. Trebilcock. The Making of the Mosaic: A History of Canadian Immigration Policy (1998)
* Kukushkin, Vadim. From Peasants to Labourers: Ukrainian and Belarusan Immigration from the Russian Empire to Canada (2007)
* Magocsi, Paul R. ed. Encyclopedia of Canadas Peoples (1999), detailed guides to all groups
* McDougall, Duncan M. "Immigration into Canada, 1851-1920," The Canadian Journal of Economics and Political Science, Vol. 27, No. 2 (May, 1961), pp. 162–175 in JSTOR
* McKay, Ian. "Tartanism Triumphant. The Construction of Scottishness in Nova Scotia, 1933-1954." Acadiensis 21, no. 2 (Spring 1992): 5-47.
* Makabe, Tomoko. The Canadian Sansei (1998), 3rd generation of Japanese descent
* Marshall, David. Secularizing the Faith: Canadian Protestant Clergy and the Crisis of Belief, 1850-1940 (1992).
* Messamore, Barbara, ed. Canadian Migration Patterns from Britain and North America (2004) 300pp; essays by scholars
* Murphy, Terrence, and Roberto Perin, eds. A Concise History of Christianity in Canada (1996).
* Petryshyn, Jaroslav. Peasants in the Promised Land: Canada and the Ukrainians (1985)
* Pivato, Joseph. The Anthology Of Italian-Canadian Writing (1998)
* Riedel, Walter. The Old world and the new: Literary perspectives of German-speaking Canadians (1984)
* Roy, Patricia. A White Man's Province: British Columbia Politicians and Chinese and Japanese Immigrants, 1858-1914 (1989)
* Schryer, Frans J. The Netherlandic Presence in Ontario: Pillars, Class and Dutch Ethnicity. (1998). 458 pp. focus is post WW2
* Wagner, Jonathan. A History Of Migration From Germany to Canada, 1850-1939 (2005)

## Historiography and guides to the scholarly literature[edit]

* Artibise, Alan F. J., ed. Interdisciplinary Approaches to Canadian Society: A Guide to the Literature. (1990). 156 pp.
* Berger, Carl. Writing Canadian History: Aspects of English Canadian Historical Writing since 1900, 2nd edition (1986)
* Berger, Carl, ed. Contemporary Approaches to Canadian Writing (1987)
* Bliss, Michael. "Privatizing the Mind: The Sundering of Canadian History, the Sundering of Canada," Journal of Canadian Studies 26 (Winter 1991-92): 5-17
* Brandt, Gail Cuthbert. "National Unity and the Politics of Political History," Journal of the Canadian Historical Association 3 (1992): 3-11
* Dick, Lyle. "A Growing Necessity for Canada: W. L. Morton's Centenary Series and the Forms of National History, 1955-80," The Canadian Historical Review 82, No. 2 (June 2001), 223-252.
* Edwards, Justin D.l and Douglas Ivison. Downtown Canada: Writing Canadian Cities (2005) excerpt and text search
* Gagnon, Serge. Quebec and its Historians: 1840 to 1920 (English ed. 1982; French ed. 1978)
* Gagnon, Serge. Quebec and its Historians: The Twentieth Century (English ed. 1985)
* Glassford, Larry A. "The Evolution of 'New Political History' in English-Canadian Historiography: From Cliometrics to Cliodiversity." American Review of Canadian Studies. 32#3 (2002). pp 347+. online edition* Granatstein, J. L. Who Killed Canadian History? (2000)
* Granatstein, J. L. A Reader's Guide to Canadian History: Confederation to the Present (1982)
* Kealey, Gregory S. "Class in English-Canadian Historical Writing: Neither Privatizing, Nor Sundering," Journal of Canadian Studies 27 (Summer 1992):
* Kealey, Linda, Ruth Pierson, Joan Sangster, and Veronica Strong-Boag. "Teaching Canadian History in the 1990s: Whose 'National' History Are We Lamenting?," Journal of Canadian Studies 27 (Summer 1992):
* Muise, D. A. ed., A Reader's Guide to Canadian History: i, Beginnings to Confederation (1982); historiography
* Granatstein, Jack, ed. A Reader's Guide to Canadian History: Confederation to the Present v2 (1982); historiography
* Osborne, Ken. "'Our History Syllabus Has Us Gasping': History in Canadian Schools--Past, Present, and Future," The Canadian Historical Review 81 (September 2000):
* Parr, Joy. "Gender History and Historical Practice," The Canadian Historical Review 76 (September 1995): 354-376
* Taylor, M. Brook, ed. Canadian History: A Reader's Guide. Vol. 1. Doug Owram, ed. Canadian History: A Reader's Guide. Vol. 2. Toronto: 1994. historiography
* Rudin, Ronald. Making History in Twentieth Century Quebec (1997)
* Schultz, John. ed. Writing About Canada: A Handbook for Modern Canadian History (1990),
* Strong-Boag, Veronica, Mona Gleason, and Adele Perry. Rethinking Canada: The Promise of Women's History (2003) excerpt and text search
* Strong-Boag, Veronica. "Contested Space: The Politics of Canadian Memory," Journal of the Canadian Historical Association 5 (1994): 3-16
* Wright, Donald. The Professionalization of History in English Canada (2005) 280pp excerpt and text search

## Primary sources[edit]

* Canada: Literature and History 347 e-books
* Blackwell, John D. "Canadian Studies: A Core Collection," CHOICE: Current Reviews for Academic Libraries 35 (September 1997): 71-84, updated version
* Browne, G. P., ed. Documents on the Confederation of British North America (1969).
* Crowe, Harry S., Kenneth McNaught, J. H. Stewart Reid, eds. A Source-Book of Canadian History: Selected Documents and Personal Papers. 1964\. 485pp online edition
* Pickersgill, J.W., and Donald F. Forster, The Mackenzie King Record. 4 vols. Vol. 1: 1939-1944 and Vol. 2: 1944-1945 (University of Toronto Press, 1960); and Vol. 3: 1945-1946 online and Vol. 4: 1946-1947 online (University of Toronto Press, 1970). from King's diary
* Riddell, Walter A. ed; Documents on Canadian Foreign Policy, 1917-1939 Oxford University Press, 1962 806 pages of documents
* Talman, James J. ed; Basic Documents in Canadian History (1959) 192 pp online edition
* Thorner, Thomas, with Thor Frohn-Nielsen, eds. "A Few Acres of Snow": Documents in Pre-Confederation Canadian History, and "A Country Nourished on Self-Doubt": Documents on Post-Confederation Canadian History, 2nd ed. (2003).

### Historical statistics[edit]

* Statistics Canada. Historical Statistics of Canada. 2d ed., Ottawa: Statistics Canada, 1983.
* Canada Year Book (CYB) annual 1867-1967
* Cantril, Hadley and Mildred Strunk, eds. Public Opinion, 1935-1946 (1951), massive compilation of many public opinion polls from Canada and USA online edition

## Online sources[edit]

* The Canadian Encyclopedia (2008) the best starting point
* Hayday, Matthew; Pass, Forrest; Fyson, Donald; and Bangarth, Stephanie, ed. H-CANADA: H-Net Discussion Network 2007
* Brune, Nick and Alastair Sweeny. History of Canada Online. Waterloo: Northern Blue Publishing, 2005.
* The CanText text library has primary sources and documents

## References[edit]

1. ↑ http://archives.cbc.ca/war_conflict/first_world_war/clips/14807/
2. ↑ http://www.passchendaelethemovie.com/html/paul.html
3. ↑ http://www.nwbattalion.com/last.html
4. ↑ Neil Nevitte, et al. "Electoral Discontinuity: The 1993 Canadian Federal Election." International Social Science Journal 1995 47(4): 583-599. 0020-8701