Timeline of extinctions in the Holocene

Short description: None

This article is a list of biological species, subspecies, and evolutionary significant units that are known to have become extinct during the Holocene, the current geologic epoch, ordered by their known or approximate date of disappearance from oldest to most recent.

The Holocene is considered to have started with the Holocene glacial retreat around 11650 years Before Present (c. 9700 BC). It is characterized by a general trend towards global warming, the expansion of anatomically modern humans (Homo sapiens) to all emerged land masses, the appearance of agriculture and animal husbandry, and a reduction in global biodiversity. The latter, dubbed the sixth mass extinction in Earth history, is largely attributed to increased human population and activity, and may have started already during the preceding Pleistocene epoch with the demise of the Pleistocene megafauna.

The following list is incomplete by necessity, since the majority of extinctions are thought to be undocumented, and for many others there isn't a definitive, widely accepted last, or most recent record. According to the species-area theory, the present rate of extinction may be up to 140,000 species per year.[1]

## Contents

* 1 10th millennium BC
* 2 9th millennium BC
* 3 8th millennium BC
* 4 7th millennium BC
* 5 6th millennium BC
* 6 5th millennium BC
* 7 4th millennium BC
* 8 3rd millennium BC
* 9 2nd millennium BC
* 10 1st millennium BC
* 11 1st millennium CE
* 11.1 1st–5th centuries
* 11.2 6th–10th centuries
* 12 2nd millennium CE
* 12.1 11th-12th century
* 12.2 13th-14th century
* 12.3 15th-16th century
* 12.4 17th century
* 12.5 18th century
* 12.6 19th century
* 12.6.1 1800s-1820s
* 12.6.2 1830s-1840s
* 12.6.3 1850s-1860s
* 12.6.4 1870s
* 12.6.5 1880s
* 12.6.6 1890s
* 12.7 20th century
* 12.7.1 1900s
* 12.7.2 1910s
* 12.7.3 1920s
* 12.7.4 1930s
* 12.7.5 1940s
* 12.7.6 1950s
* 12.7.7 1960s
* 12.7.8 1970s
* 12.7.9 1980s
* 12.7.10 1990s
* 13 3rd millennium CE
* 13.1 21st century
* 13.1.1 2000s
* 13.1.2 2010s
* 13.1.3 2020s
* 14 See also
* 15 References

## 10th millennium BC

* Mounted skeleton of Teratornis merriami.

Last record  | Common name  | Binomial name  | Former range  | Causes

|
|
|
|

10250-9180 BC[2] | Page's crane  | Grus pagei | Rancho La Brea, California, United States  | Climate change at the LGM and competition with Homo Sapiens
La Brea owl  | Oraristix brea | Southern California, United States
Daggett's eagle | Buteogallus daggetti | Southwestern United States
10230-7630 BC |  | Neophrontops americanus | Rancho La Brea, California, United States
10210-9850 BC[2] | Errant vulture | Neogyps errans | California, United States
Eurasian cave lion | Panthera spelaea | Northern Eurasia and Beringia
10035-9845 BC[2] | Dow's puffin | Fratercula dowi | Channel Islands of California, United States
9948-9306 BC[3] | Northern glyptodont | Glyptotherium sp. | Florida and Texas to northeastern Brazil
9705-9545 BC[4] | Patagonian panther | Panthera onca mesembrina | Patagonia
9690-9040 BC[5] | Toronto subway deer | Torontoceros hypnogeos | Toronto, Canada
9610-9220 BC[6] | Haiti pine forest ground sloth | Neocnus dousman | Hispaniola
9580-8860 BC[7] | Dwarf pronghorn  | Capromeryx minor | Southwestern United States and Mexico
9550 BC[8] | Chinese cave hyena  | Crocuta crocuta ultima | East Asia
9550 BC[9][10] | Shrub-ox  | Euceratherium collinum | Southwestern North America
American mountain deer | Odocoileus lucasi | Oasisamerica[11] and Mexico[12] | Hunting?[10]
Stock's pronghorn | Stockoceros sp. | Mexico and Southwestern United States
c. 9515 BC[13] | Southeastern giant tortoise | Hesperotestudo crassiscutata | Southern United States  | Hunting and competition with Homo Sapiens
9500-9300 BC[14] | Sardinian dhole | Cynotherium sardous | Corsica and Sardinia
9460-9350 BC[15][16] | American lion | Panthera atrox | North America;
Western South America?
9381-9281 BC[17] | Macrauchenia | Macrauchenia patachonica | Southwestern South America  | Hunting.[18]
9350 BC[19] | Long-nosed peccary | Mylohyus nasutus | Eastern United States  | Habitat loss and competition with the American black bear.[10]
9200-9350 BC[20] | American mastodon  | Mammut americanum | North America  | Overhunting
9190-8870 BC[10] | Jefferson's ground sloth  | Megalonyx jeffersonii | North America  | Overhunting
9130-9030 BC[4] | Pygmy mammoth | Mammuthus exilis | Channel Islands of California, United States
9117-8793 BC[3] | Highland gomphothere | Cuvieronius hyodon | Central America, northern and central Andes[21] | Hunting?[22]
9110-9030 BC |  | Valgipes bucklandi | Brazil  | Hunting
9100-8380 BC[2] | Californian turkey | Meleagris californica | California, United States
c. 9050 BC[13] | Wilson's tortoise | Hesperotestudo wilsoni | Southwestern United States
Ryukyu tortoise | Manouria oyamai | Ryukyu, Japan
9050 BC[23] | Cypriot genet | Genetta plesictoides | Cyprus
9050-8050 BC[23][2] | Miyako roe deer | Capreolus tokunagai | Miyako Island, Ryukyu, Japan
Asphalt stork | Ciconia maltha | Americas
Miyako long-tailed rat | Diplothrix miyakoensis | Miyako Island, Ryukyu, Japan
Merriam's teratorn | Teratornis merriami | California, United States

## 9th millennium BC

* Mounted skeleton of a North American short-faced bear.

Last record  | Common name  | Binomial name  | Former range  | Causes

|
|
|
|

8995-8845 BC[4] | North American short-faced bear | Arctodus simus | North America  | Competition with the grizzly bear.[10]
8965-8875 BC[4][24] | Mexican horse  | Equus conversidens | Hunting.[4]
8902-8638 BC |  | Damaliscus hypsodon | Kenya and Tanzania  | Undetermined.
8850-8750 BC[25] | Flat-headed peccary | Platygonus compressus | North America  | Possibly vegetation changes induced by climate change and competition with the American black bear.[10]
8800-8300 BC[2] | Schneider's duck | Anas schneideri | Converse County, Wyoming, United States  | Undetermined.
Large-billed blackbird | Euphagus magnirostris | California to Venezuela and Peru
8470-8320 BC[4] | Argentinian short-faced bear | Arctotherium tarijense | Argentina[26]
8430-8130 BC[27] | Stag-moose  | Cervalces scotti | Eastern United States
8420 BC[7] | Woodland muskox  | Bootherium bombifrons | North America
8350-7550 BC[27] | Shasta ground sloth  | Nothrotheriops shastensis | Southwestern United States  | Hunting.[28]
8340-3950 BC | Giant Cape zebra | Equus capensis | Southern Africa | Reduction of grasslands after the end of the Last Glacial Period.[29]
8301-7190 BC[14] | Giant pika | Ochotona whartoni | Northern North America;
Eastern Siberia?  | Hunting
8250-8150 BC[25] | Giant beaver | Castoroides ohiensis | North America
8200-7660 BC[27] | Vero tapir  | Tapirus veroensis | Southern United States  | Hunting.[10][28][18]
8100 BC[27] | Harrington's mountain goat | Oreamnos harringtoni | Southern Rocky Mountains
8059 BC[30] | Smaller South American horse | Hippidion saldiasi[31] | Eastern South America[32]
8050-5845 BC | South American palmate-antlered deer | Morenelaphus brachyceros | Temperate South America  | Undetermined.[33]
8050 BC or less |  | Hipposideros besaoka | Northern coast of Madagascar | Undetermined.[34]
8000 BC[14] | Glossothere | Glossotherium sp. | South America[21]

## 8th millennium BC

* Tracing of paleo-American petroglyphs depicting two Columbian mammoths and an ancient bison.

Last record  | Common name  | Binomial name  | Former range  | Causes

|
|
|
|

c. 7950 BC[35] | South American pointed-antlered deer | Antifer ultra | River Plate and central Chile  | Undetermined.
7930 BC[10] | North American pampathere | Holmesina septentrionalis | Southeastern United States
7830-7430 BC[4][14] | Cuvier's small ground sloth | Catonyx cuvieri | Eastern South America
7820-7300 BC[36] | Woolly rhinoceros | Coelodonta antiquitatis | Northern Eurasia  | Shrinking of the mammoth steppe due to warmer and wetter climate conditions.[37]
7800-7740 BC[38] | Panamerican ground sloth | Eremotherium laurillardi[39] | Southern United States to Brazil  | Undetermined.
7615-7305 BC | North American sabertooth | Smilodon fatalis | Southern North America and northern South America  | Prey loss.[10]
7600-6245 BC[40] | Asian ostrich | Struthio asiaticus | Greece and Eastern Europe through Kazakhstan to India and China[41] | Undetermined.
7390-7320 BC |  | Xibalbaonyx oviceps | Quintana Roo, Mexico  | Hunting.[3]
7330-6250 BC (unconfirmed)[42] | Asian straight-tusked elephant | Palaeoloxodon namadicus | South and east Asia  | Undetermined.
7330-7030 BC[14] | South American sabertooth  | Smilodon populator | Eastern South America  | Competition with human hunters.[18]
7250-5330 BC | American camel  | Camelops hesternus | Western North America  | Hunting.[10]
7250-6750 BC[24][43] | Scott's horse | Equus scotti | Hunting
7160-6760 BC | Chilean scelidodont | Scelidodon chiliensis | Western South America[44] | Undetermined.[14]
7100-6300 BC[5][45] | Columbian mammoth | Mammuthus columbi | Northern Mexico, western and southern United States  | Hunting.[10]
7043-6507 BC[14] | Greater Cuban nesophontes | Nesophontes major | Cuba  | Undetermined.
Cuban pauraque | Siphonorhis daiquiri
7043-6503 BC[14] | Giant ghost-faced bat | Mormoops magna

## 7th millennium BC

* Mounted skeleton of Glyptodon asper.

Last record  | Common name  | Binomial name  | Former range  | Causes

|
|
|
|

6833-6321 BC | Long-legged llama | Hemiauchenia macrocephala | North and Central America  | Hunting.[10][18]
6689 BC[10] | Darwin's mylodon | Mylodon darwini | Pampas and Patagonia
6660-4880 BC[14] | Larger South American horse | Equus neogeus | South America[46] | Hunting
6660-4880 BC[14][47] | Common glyptodont | Glyptodon sp. | Eastern South America  | Hunting
6660-4880 BC[14] | Brazilian glyptodont | Hoplophorus euphractus | Eastern Brazil  | Undetermined.[14]
Stout-legged llama | Palaeolama major | North and east South America  | Hunting.[18]
Eastern giant armadillo | Propraopus sulcatus | Eastern South America[48] | Undetermined.[14]
6389-6060 BC | Pampean giant armadillo | Eutatus seguini | Northern Argentina and Uruguay[49] | Hunting
6150-5750 BC[50] | Yukon horse  | Equus lambei | Eastern Beringia | Reduction of grasslands after the end of the Last Glacial Period.[37][29]
6130-3950 BC | Giant hartebeest | Megalotragus priscus | Southern Africa;
Eastern Africa?
6050-5050 BC[27] | Dire wolf | Aenocyon dirus | North America and western South America  | Competition with the gray wolf and Homo Sapiens.[10]

## 6th millennium BC

* Mounted skeleton of Megatherium.

Last record  | Common name  | Binomial name  | Former range  | Causes

|
|
|
|

5941-5596 BC | Kambuaya's triok | Dactylopsila kambuayai | New Guinea  | Undetermined.[14]
New Guinea greater glider | Petauroides ayamaruensis
5790-5658 BC | Beringian wolf | Canis lupus | Northwestern North America  | Prey loss.[51] The eastern wolf, a descendant hybridized with coyotes, survives.[52]
5740-5500 BC | Bond's springbok | Antidorcas bondi | Southern Africa  | Reduction of grasslands after the end of the Last Glacial Period.[29]
5660-5540 BC[53] | Narrow-headed ground sloth | Scelidotherium leptocephalum | Southern South America  | Hunting?[10]
5550 BC | Sardinian giant deer  | Praemegaceros cazioti | Corsica and Sardinia[54] | Undetermined.[55]
5483-5221 BC | Unnamed South African caprine | ?Makapania sp. | South African mountains  | Reduction of grasslands after the end of the Last Glacial Period.[29]
5474-5339 BC | Haitian cave rail | Nesotrochis steganinos | Hispaniola  | Undetermined.[citation needed]
5295-4848 BC | Ibiza rail | Rallus eivissensis | Ibiza, Spain  | Undetermined, but presumably a result of human colonization.[56]
Ibiza dwarf viper | Vipera latastei ebusitana
5271-5131 BC[57] | Ancient bison  | Bison antiquus | North America  | Possibly hybridisation with western bison resulting in modern American bison.[27]
5270-4310 BC[58] | Giant ground sloth | Megatherium americanum | Temperate South America and the Andes  | Hunting.[18]
5120 BC |  | Neosclerocalyptus paskoensis | Southern South America  | Undetermined.[59][60]
5050-4050 BC[61] | Giant Cuban owl | Ornimegalonyx oteroi | Cuba
Cuban titan-hawk | Buteogallus borrasi
Cuban giant tortoise | Chelonoidis cubensis

## 5th millennium BC

* Tracings of male and female Irish elk cave art from Cougnac Caves.

Last record  | Common name  | Binomial name  | Former range  | Causes

|
|
|
|

4901-4831 BC[62] | Irish elk | Megaloceros giganteus | Europe and southern Siberia  | Reduction of grasslands after the end of the Last Glacial Period, and possibly hunting.[63]
4855-4733 BC | North African horse | Equus algericus | Maghreb | Aridification.[29]
4840-4690 BC | Majorcan giant dormouse | Hypnomys morpheus | Mallorca, Spain  | Possibly disease spread by introduced rodents.[64]
4765-4445 BC[58][65] | Club-tailed glyptodont[66] | Doedicurus clavicaudatus | South American Pampas  | Hunting and habitat loss.
4691-4059 BC | Algerian giant deer | Megaceroides algericus | Northern Maghreb  | Possibly habitat fragmentation.[67]
4650-1450 BC[14] | Toxodont | Toxodon platensis | South America  | Undetermined.
4570 BC - 130 CE[68] | Jamaican caracara | Caracara tellustris | Jamaica
4170-4050 BC[69] | Lowland gomphothere | Notiomastodon platensis | South America  | Hunting?[10]
c. 4000 BC | North African aurochs  | Bos primigenius africanus | North Africa | Aridification. Domestic descendants survive in captivity.[29]
North African zebra | Equus mauritanicus | Aridification.[29]

## 4th millennium BC

* Tracing of a petroglyph representing giant long-horned buffalo from North Africa.

Last record  | Common name  | Binomial name  | Former range  | Causes

|
|
|
|

3570-3630 BC[70] | Malagasy crowned eagle | Stephanoaetus mahery | Central and southern Madagascar  | Possibly natural aridification or habitat degradation and prey loss caused by human activity.[71]
3540-3355 BC[72] | Kauaʻi mole duck | Talpanas lippa | Kauaʻi, Hawaii, United States  | Undetermined.
3340-2890 BC[73] | Radofilao's sloth lemur | Babakotia radofilai | Northern coast of Madagascar
3290-2730 BC[4] | Smaller Cuban ground sloth  | Parocnus brownii | Cuba  | Hunting.[6]
3060-2470 BC | Giant long-horned buffalo | Syncerus antiquus | Africa and the Arabian Peninsula[74] | Aridification and competition with domestic cattle for water and pastures.[14]
3050 BC[23] | Sardinian shrew | Asoriculus similis | Sardinia, Italy  | Undetermined.
Buka Island mosaic-tailed rat | Melomys spechti | Buka Island, Papua New Guinea
Buka Island solomys | Solomys spriggsarum
3040-1840 BC[75] (tentative)  | Tilos dwarf elephant | Palaeoloxodon tiliensis | Tilos, Greece
3030-2690 BC | Balearic giant shrew  | Nesiotites hidalgo | Gymnesian Islands, Spain  | Possibly disease spread by introduced rodents.[64]

## 3rd millennium BC

* "Blue Babe", a mummy of a male Steppe bison discovered north of Fairbanks, Alaska in 1979.

Last record  | Common name  | Binomial name  | Former range  | Causes

|
|
|
|

2830-2470 BC | Balearic cave goat | Myotragus balearicus | Gymnesian Islands, Spain  | Likely vegetation changes related to aridification or human activity.[76][77]
2550 BC | Bennu heron | Ardea bennuides | Arabian Peninsula  | Wetland degradation.[14]
2550-2450 BC[78] | Steppe bison | Bison priscus | Northern Eurasia and North America  | Hunting[79] and habitat loss due to climate change.[37]
2550-1550 BC[14] | Niue night heron | Nycticorax kalavikai | Niue  | Undetermined.
2508-2116 BC[80] | Hispaniola monkey | Antillothrix bernensis | Hispaniola
2483-2399 BC[4] | Lesser Haitian ground sloth | Neocnus comes
2280-2240 BC[81] | Cuban giant sloth | Megalocnus rodens | Cuba
2134-1408 BC[14][82] | Chatham raven | Corvus moriorum | Chatham Islands, New Zealand

## 2nd millennium BC

* Woolly mammoth cave art from Grotte de Rouff, depicting it alongside extant Alpine ibexes.

Last record  | Common name  | Binomial name  | Former range  | Causes

|
|
|
|

1950-1050 BC[83] | New Caledonian terrestrial crocodile | Mekosuchus inexpectatus | Grande Terre and Isle of Pines, New Caledonia  | Hunting.
1935-1700 BC | Sumba Island giant rat  | Raksasamys tikusbesar | Sumba Island, Indonesia  | Undetermined.[23]
1900-1600 BC | Noel's barn owl | Tyto noeli | Cuba, Jamaica, and Bermuda  | Undetermined.[84]
1800 BC | Indian aurochs | Bos primigenius namadicus | Indian subcontinent | Undetermined. Domestic descendants survive in captivity and as feral populations.[85]
1795-1675 BC[86][87][88][89] | Woolly mammoth | Mammuthus primigenius | Northern Eurasia and North America  | Hunting[90] and habitat loss due to climate change.[37]
1750-1650 BC[91] | Short-horned water buffalo | Bubalus mephistopheles | South, central, and east China[66] | Undetermined.
1738-1500 BC[14] | Puerto Rican ground sloth | Acratocnus odontrigonus | Puerto Rico
1738-1385 BC[14] | Christensen's pademelon | Thylogale christenseni | New Guinea
1666-1506 BC | Ovodov's horse | Equus ovodovi | North and East Asia  | Undetermined.[92]
1581 BC[93] | Hawaiian eagle | Haliaeetus sp. | Hawaii, United States  | Possibly deforestation, loss of prey, and predation of chicks by introduced rats and pigs.[71]
1500 BC | New Caledonian giant megapode | Sylviornis neocaledoniae | Grande Terre and Isle of Pines, New Caledonia  | Hunting.[94]
c. 1500 BC | Puerto Rican flower bat | Phyllonycteris major | Puerto Rico and Antigua  | Undetermined.[95]
Leeward Islands curlytail | Leiocephalus cuneus | Antigua and Barbuda
1416 BC - 128 CE | Halmahera bandicoot  | Peroryctinae indet. | Halmahera, Indonesia  | Possibly introduced species.[96]
1400-1190 BC | Greater Azores bullfinch | Pyrrhula crassa | Azores, Spain  | Human settlement.[97]
1294-1035 BC | European wild ass | Equus hydruntinus | Southern Europe and Southwest Asia; Northern Europe (Pleistocene) | Hunting and habitat fragmentation after the end of the Last Glacial Period.[98]
1159-790 BC | Dune shearwater | Puffinus holeae | Canary Islands, Spain;
mainland Portugal (Pleistocene) | Predation by introduced house mice.[99]
c. 1050 BC[13] | Mona Island tortoise | Chelonoidis monensis | Mona Island of Puerto Rico  | Undetermined.
1050 BC[23] | Alor Island giant rat  | Alormys aplini | Alor Island, Indonesia
Hooijer's giant rat  | Hooijeromys nusantenggara | Lesser Sunda Islands, Indonesia
Vanuatu terrestrial crocodile | Mekosuchus kalpokasi | Efate, Vanuatu  | Hunting.[83]
Verhoeven's giant tree rat | Papagomys theodorverhoeveni | Flores, Indonesia  | Undetermined.
1050-850 BC | Lini's megapode | Mwalau walterlinii | Efate, Vanuatu

## 1st millennium BC

* A Sardinian pika's mounted skeleton.

Last record  | Common name  | Binomial name  | Former range  | Causes

|
|
|
|

c. 950 BC | Noble megapode | Megavitiornis altirostris | Fiji | Hunting.[100]
Fiji giant iguana | Lapitiguana impensa
Fiji terrestrial crocodile | Volia athollandersoni
900-750 BC | Tongan tooth-billed pigeon | Didunculus placopedetes | Tonga  | Undetermined.[14]
855-730 BC | Shutler's fruit pigeon | Ducula shutleri
c. 850 BC | Lakeba pigeon | Ducula lakeba | Lakeba and Aiwa, Fiji
821-171 BC | Balsam shrew | Crocidura balsamifera | Nile gallery forests, Egypt | Habitat destruction.[14]
820-680 BC | Eurasian muskox | Ovibos moschatus[101] | Northern Eurasia  | Hunting.[79] The same species survived in North America and was reintroduced to Eurasia in the 20th century.[102]
c. 810 BC[13] | Vanuatu horned turtle | ?Meiolania damelipi | Vanuatu and Viti Levu, Fiji  | Hunting.[103]
800-700 BC | Syrian elephant | Elephas maximus asurus | Mesopotamia | Hunting and habitat loss due to agriculture and aridification. However, it's been suggested that it was introduced by humans in the area, which would not make it a valid subspecies.[104]
790-410 BC | MacPhee's shrew tenrec | Microgale macpheei | Southeastern Madagascar  | Aridification.[105]
787-320 BC | Jamaican ibis | Xenicibis xympithecus | Jamaica  | Undetermined.[14]
770-400 BC | Law's diving-goose  | Chendytes lawi | Coastal California and Oregon, United States  | Hunting.[106][107]
760-660 BC | Consumed scrubfowl | Megapodius alimentum | Tonga and Fiji
744-202 BC | Kauaʻi stilt-owl | Grallistrix auceps | Kauaʻi, Hawaii, United States  | Undetermined.[14]
701-119 BC[108] | Chatham coot | Fulica chathamensis | Chatham Islands, New Zealand  | Probably hunting and predation by introduced mammals.[71]
700-400 BC | Bahaman caracara | Caracara creightoni | Cuba and Bahamas  | Undetermined.[109]
550-50 BC[14] | David's imperial pigeon | Ducula david | Ouvéa Island, New Caledonia  | Hunting.[71]
511-407 BC | Plate-toothed giant hutia | Elasmodontomys obliquus | Puerto Rico  | Undetermined.[110]
450 BC |  | Mesocapromys kraglievichi | Cuba
440-280 BC[111] | Lena horse | Equus lenensis | Northern Siberia  | Hunting.[79][112]
412-199 BC[73] | Gorilla lemur | Archaeoindris fontoynontii | Central Madagascar
404 BC[113] | Wild dromedary camel  | Camelus dromedarius | Arabian Peninsula  | Desertification, hunting, and capture to replenish domestic herds. Domestic and feral descendants survive.[114]
c. 350 BC | Tongan giant iguana | Brachylophus gibbonsi | Tonga and Fiji  | Hunting.[107][115]
348 BC - 283 BC | Corsican giant shrew | Asoriculus corsicanus | Corsica, France  | Introduced black rats and human-induced habitat loss.[116]
Sardinian pika  | Prolagus sardus | Corsica and Sardinia  | Hunting, predation and competition with introduced mammals.[117][118]
Hensel's field mouse  | Rhagamys orthodon | Introduced black rats and human-induced habitat loss.[116]
Tyrrhenian vole  | Tyrrhenicola henseli
c. 240 BC | Imperial gibbon | Junzi imperialis | Shaanxi?, China  | Possibly capture as pets and deforestation.[119]
170 BC - 370 CE[120] | Maui flightless ibis | Apteribis brevis | Maui, Hawaii, United States  | Undetermined.
130 BC | Gran Canaria giant rat | Canariomys tamarani | Gran Canaria, Canary Islands  | Hunting or predation by introduced dogs?[121]
110 BC - 130 BC[73] | Ancient coua | Coua primaeva | Madagascar  | Undetermined.
50 BC[23] | Buhler's coryphomys | Coryphomys buehleri | Timor
Timor giant rat | Coryphomys musseri
49 BC - 125 BC | São Miguel scops owl | Otus frutuosoi | São Miguel Island, Azores, Portugal  | Introduced predators?[122]
10 BC | Lesser falcate-winged bat | Phyllops vetus | Cuba and Juventud  | Undetermined.[123]

## 1st millennium CE

### 1st–5th centuries

* Roman bronze statue of a war elephant, probably the North African elephant.

Last record  | Common name  | Binomial name  | Former range  | Causes

|
|
|
|

1-1000[124] | Eyles's harrier | Circus teauteensis | New Zealand  | Prey loss and habitat alteration.[71][125]
South Island goose  | Cnemiornis calcitrans | South Island, New Zealand  | Undetermined.[126]
54-68 | Silphium | ?Ferula sp. | Cyrenaica coast  | Aridification, overgrazing, and overharvesting.[127]
54-222 |  | Milimonggamys juliae | Sumba Island, Indonesia  | Undetermined.
86-428[14] | Powerful goshawk | Accipiter efficax | New Caledonia
Gracile goshawk | Accipiter quartus
Kanaka pigeon | Caloenas canacorum | New Caledonia and Tonga; Vanuatu and Fiji?  | Probably hunting.[71]
Pile-builder megapode | Megapodius molistructor | New Caledonia and Tonga  | Undetermined.
New Caledonian ground dove | Pampusana longitarsus | New Caledonia
New Caledonian gallinule[128] | Porphyrio kukwiedei
150-1100 | Great Maui crake | Porzana severnsi | Maui, Hawaii, United States
200-1200 | Great Oʻahu crake | Porzana ralphorum | Oahu, Hawaii, United States
210[129] | Giant fossa  | Cryptoprocta spelaea | Madagascar  | Undetermined.
220[130] | Western bison | Bison occidentalis | Alaska and Yukon
220-320 | Waitomo frog | Leiopelma waitomoensis | North Island, New Zealand  | Predation by polynesian rats.[131]
245-429[73] | Ball-headed sloth lemur | Mesopropithecus globiceps | Southwestern Madagascar  | Hunting and aridification.[112]
c. 300 | Atlas wild ass | Equus africanus atlanticus | North Africa  | Undetermined. Domestic descendants survive in captivity.[132]
300-1200[14] | Marquesas cuckoo-dove | Macropygia heana | Nuku Hiva and Ua Huka, Marquesas Islands  | Undetermined.
347-535[14] | New Ireland forest rat | Rattus sanila | New Ireland, Papua New Guinea
370[133] | North African elephant | Loxodonta africana pharaoensis | Northwest Africa | Hunting and aridification.[134]
c. 400-1425[135] | Mangaia crake | Porzana rua | Mangaia, Cook Islands  | Hunting.[135]
428-618[73] | Southern Malagasy giant rat | Hypogeomys australis | Central and southern Madagascar  | Undetermined.
439-1473[80] | Jamaican monkey | Xenothrix mcgregori | Jamaica
440-639[14] | Oʻahu moa-nalo | Thambetochen xanion | Oahu, Hawaii, United States
448-657[136] | Chatham duck | Pachyanas chathamica | Chatham Islands, New Zealand  | Hunting?[14]
c. 450 | New Caledonian horned turtle | Meiolania mackayi | New Caledonia  | Hunting.[137]

### 6th–10th centuries

* A Malagasy pygmy hippopotamus skeleton compared to a common hippopotamus skull.

Last record  | Common name  | Binomial name  | Former range  | Causes

|
|
|
|

530-590 | Cuban spectacled owl | Pulsatrix arredondoi | Cuba  | Undetermined.[84]
530-860[73] | Malagasy shelduck | Alopochen sirabensis | Madagascar  | Possibly hunting and aridification.[71]
535-876[66] | Large baboon lemur | Hadropithecus stenognathus | Central and southern Madagascar  | Hunting and aridification.[112]
586-670 | Horned crocodile | Voay robustus | Madagascar  | Possibly overexploitation of eggs for consumption, environmental changes (natural or caused by human activity), and competition with the Nile crocodile.[138]
c. 600 | Ua Huka rail | Gallirallus gracilitibia | Ua Huka, Marquesas Islands  | Human settlement.[139]
600-765[66] | Monkey-like sloth lemur | Mesopropithecus pithecoides | Central Madagascar  | Hunting and aridification.[112]
650-780[73] | Forsyth Major's baboon lemur | Archaeolemur majori | Madagascar
650-869 | Small O'ahu crake | Porzana ziegleri | Oahu, Hawaii, United States  | Undetermined.[14]
664-773 | Hildebrandt's elephant bird | Aepyornis hildebrandti | Central Madagascar  | Deforestation.[140]
666-857[141] | Cayman Islands geocapromys | Geocapromys caymanensis | Cayman Islands | Undetermined.
Cayman Islands nesophontes | Nesophontes hemicingulus
670-836 | Malagasy dwarf hippopotamus | Hippopotamus lemerlei | Southwestern Madagascar[142] | Deforestation,[140] hunting, competition with, and changes to vegetation caused by livestock.[112]
680-880[140] | Lesser elephant bird | Mullerornis modestus | Central and southern Madagascar  | Hunting, aridification,[112] and deforestation.[140]
687-880 | Malagasy pygmy hippopotamus | Hippopotamus madagascariensis | Northwestern and central Madagascar[142] | Deforestation,[140] hunting, competition with, and changes to vegetation caused by livestock.[112]
700-1150[14] | Huahine starling | Aplonis diluvialis | Huahine, Society Islands, French Polynesia  | Undetermined.
Huahine gull | Chroicocephalus utunui
Huahine rail | Gallirallus storrsolsoni | Possibly hunting and predation by introduced animals.[71]
Huahine cuckoo-dove | Macropygia arevarevauupa | Undetermined.
Huahine swamphen | Porphyrio mcnabi | Possibly hunting and introduced predators.[71]
760 | Cuban cave rail | Nesotrochis picapicensis | Cuba  | Undetermined.[84][143]
761-954 |  | Astrochelys rogerbouri | Central and southern Madagascar
771-952 | Titan elephant bird | Vorombe titan | Deforestation.[140]
772-870 | Insular cave rat | Heteropsomys insulans | Puerto Rico  | Undetermined.[110]
810-1025 | Sinoto's lorikeet | Vini sinotoi | Marquesas and Society Islands, French Polynesia  | Hunting.[144]
Conquered lorikeet | Vini vidivici | Marquesas, Society, and Cook Islands
865-965 | Malagasy aardvark  | Plesiorycteropus madagascariensis | Central and southern Madagascar  | Undetermined.[10]
c. 884[13] | Grandidier's giant tortoise | Aldabrachelys grandidieri | Madagascar  | Hunting and aridification.[112]
890-990[66] | Southern giant ruffed lemur | Pachylemur insignis | Southwestern Madagascar
c. 900 |  | Synemporion keana | Kauai, Oahu, Molokai, and Maui, Hawaii, United States  | Hunting and predation by introduced rodents.[145]
900-1150 | Giant aye-aye | Daubentonia robusta | Southern Madagascar  | Hunting, expansion of grasses and deforestation caused by domestic cattle and goat grazing.[112]
c. 950 | Giant island deer mouse  | Peromyscus nesodytes | Channel Islands of California, United States  | Possibly habitat loss through overgrazing and erosion.[146]
Nuku Hiva rail | Gallirallus epulare | Nuku Hiva, Marquesas Islands  | Undetermined.[139]
Tahuata rail | Gallirallus roletti | Tahuata, Marquesas Islands
980-1170 | Grandidier's koala lemur | Megaladapis grandidieri | Madagascar  | Hunting and vegetation changes caused by livestock.[112]

## 2nd millennium CE

### 11th-12th century

* A skeleton of giant elephant bird (Aepyornis maximus) and its egg (right) compared to eggs of extant bird species.

Last record  | Common name  | Binomial name  | Former range  | Causes

|
|
|
|

c. 1000 | North Island adzebill  | Aptornis otidiformis | North Island, New Zealand  | Hunting and predation by introduced Polynesian rats.[71]
1000-1600[14] | Henderson archaic pigeon | Bountyphaps obsoleta | Henderson Island, Pitcairn  | Undetermined.
Henderson imperial pigeon | Ducula harrisoni | Probably hunting and predation by introduced animals.[71]
Henderson ground dove | Pampusana leonpascoi | Undetermined.
1015-1147[110] | Puerto Rican nesophontes | Nesophontes edithae | Puerto Rico
1015-1155 | Cape Verde quail | Coturnix centensis | São Vicente, Cape Verde
1020-1260 | Lava shearwater | Puffinus olsoni | Lanzarote and Fuerteventura, Canary Islands  | Predation by introduced black rats and cats.[147]
1040-1380[71][148] | Giant elephant bird | Aepyornis maximus | Southern Madagascar  | Hunting, competition with, and changes to vegetation caused by livestock.[112]
1046-1380[14] | Nēnē-nui | Branta hylobadistes | Oahu, Hawaii, United States  | Probably hunting or introduced predators.[71]
1047-1280[73] | Edwards' baboon lemur | Archaeolemur edwardsi | Central Madagascar[149] | Hunting and changes to vegetation caused by livestock.[112]
1057-1375[14] | Maui Nui moa-nalo  | Thambetochen chauliodous | Molokai and Maui, Hawaii, United States  | Undetermined.
1057-1440[14] | Maui stilt-owl | Grallistrix erdmani | Maui, Hawaii, United States
1059-1401 | New Zealand swan | Cygnus sumnerensis/chathamicus | New Zealand? and the Chatham Islands  | Hunting.[14] It was suggested that the material from the main islands is conspecific with the extant black swan, while that from the Chathams represents a truly different, extinct species.[71]
1100-1300 | Tenerife giant rat | Canariomys bravoi | Tenerife, Canary Islands, Spain  | Hunting.[150]
1170[151] | Bahaman tortoise | Chelonoidis alburyorum | Bahamas  | Undetermined.
1173-1385[14] | Barbuda giant rice rat | Megalomys audreyae | Barbuda
1175-1295[152] | Atalaye nesophontes | Nesophontes hypomicrus | Hispaniola
1183 | New Zealand owlet-nightjar | Aegotheles novaezealandiae | New Zealand  | Predation by introduced Polynesian rats.[153]

### 13th-14th century

* Model of Haast's eagle attacking a moa at Te Papa.

Last record  | Common name  | Binomial name  | Former range  | Causes

|
|
|
|

c. 1200[13] | Abrupt giant tortoise | Aldabrachelys abrupta | Madagascar  | Hunting and aridification.[112]
Ua Huka Booby  | Papasula abbotti costelloi | Marquesas Islands, French Polynesia  | Hunting and possibly also deforestation.[71]
1200-1600 | Chatham kaka  | Nestor chathamensis | Chatham Islands, New Zealand  | Probably hunting, deforestation, and predation by introduced Polynesian rats.[71]
1206-1427[66] | Common koala lemur | Megaladapis madagascariensis | Madagascar  | Hunting.[112]
1234-1445[124] | South Island adzebill  | Aptornis defossor | South Island, New Zealand  | Hunting and predation by introduced Polynesian rats.[71]
1250-1650 | Rapa Nui Palm | Paschalococos disperta | Easter Island, Chile  | Deforestation and predation of nuts by introduced rats.[154]
1265-1400 | St. Michel nesophontes | Nesophontes paramicrus | Hispaniola  | Undetermined.[152]
1270 | Lava mouse | Malpaisomys insularis | Lanzarote and Fuerteventura, Canary Islands  | Possibly disease spread by introduced rats.[155]
1278-1415 | Mantell's moa | Pachyornis geranoides | North Island, New Zealand  | Hunting.[14][156]
1286-1390 | North Island giant moa | Dinornis novaezelandiae
1292-1630 | Chinese gharial | Hanyusuchus sinensis | South China and Hainan  | Extermination campaign.[157]
1294-1438 | Heavy-footed moa | Pachyornis elephantopus | Eastern South Island, New Zealand  | Hunting.[158]
1295-1430[152][14] | Western Cuban nesophontes | Nesophontes micrus | Cuba  | Undetermined.
Haitian nesophontes | Nesophontes zamicrus | Hispaniola
c. 1300[71] | Tabuai rail  | Hypotaenidia steadmani | Tabuai, Austral Islands, French Polynesia
After 1300 | Chatham penguin[159] | Eudyptes warhami | New Zealand  | Hunting.[160][158]
Dwarf yellow-eyed penguin | Megadyptes antipodes richdalei
1300-1400 | Malagasy lapwing | Vanellus madagascariensis | Southwestern Madagascar  | Aridification.[71]
1300-1422 | Upland moa | Megalapteryx didinus | South Island, New Zealand  | Hunting.[161]
1300-1430 | Edwards' koala lemur  | Megaladapis edwardsi | Madagascar  | Hunting and vegetation changes caused by livestock.[112]
1300-1800 | Eua rail  | Hypotaenidia vekamatolu | Eua, Tonga  | Undetermined.[71]
1310-1420 | Bush moa | Anomalopteryx didiformis | New Zealand  | Hunting.[158][162]
1320-1350[162] | Eastern moa | Emeus crassus | South Island, New Zealand
Haast's eagle[163] | Hieraaetus moorei | Deforestation and loss of prey. Possibly also predation of nests by introduced pigs and rats.[71]
1320-1630 | Southern sloth lemur | Palaeopropithecus ingens | Southwestern Madagascar  | Hunting and vegetation changes caused by livestock.[112]
1320-1380 | Hispaniola woodcock | Scolopax brachycarpa | Hispaniola  | Undetermined.[164]
1347-1529 | Waitaha penguin | Megadyptes waitaha | Coastal South Island, New Zealand  | Hunting.[165]
1350 | Scarlett's shearwater | Puffinus spelaeus | Western South Island, New Zealand  | Predation by Polynesian rats.[147]
1375-1610 | Kauaʻi palila  | Loxioides kikuchi | Kauaʻi, Hawaii, United States  | Human settlement and farming.[166]
1380-1500[167] | Giant Hawaii goose  | Branta rhuax | Hawaiʻi, Hawaii, United States  | Probably hunting.[71]
1390-1470 | Great ground dove | Pampusana nui | French Polynesia and Cook Islands  | Undetermined.[14]
1396-1442 | Crested moa | Pachyornis australis | Subalpine South Island, New Zealand  | Hunting.[158]

### 15th-16th century

* Skeletal mounts of various moa species (1868).

Last record  | Common name  | Binomial name  | Former range  | Declared extinct  | Causes

|
|
|
|
|

1400-1450 | Pico rail  | Rallus montivagorum | Pico Island, Açores, Portugal  |  | Undetermined.[71]
1400-1500 | Tenerife giant lizard | Gallotia goliath | Tenerife and La Palma, Canary Islands  |  | Hunting.[150]
1425-1660 | Kauaʻi finch | Telespiza persecutrix | Kauaʻi and Oahu, Hawaii, United States  |  | Undetermined.[14]
1451-1952[158]
(1558–1728)[168] | South Island giant moa | Dinornis robustus | South Island, New Zealand  |  | Hunting.[158]
1454-1626[169] | South American wolf | Dusicyon avus | Argentina and Uruguay  | 2015 (IUCN) | Possibly climate change, hunting, and competition with domestic dogs.[170]
1460-1660 | Dwarf thick-knee | Burhinus nanus | Bahamas  |  | Undetermined.[171]
1464-1637[158]
(1542–1618)[172] | Broad-billed moa | Euryapteryx curtus | North, South, and Stewart Island of New Zealand  |  | Hunting.[158]
1500-1600 | Finsch's duck | Chenonetta finschi | New Zealand  | 2014 (IUCN) | Hunting and predation by introduced Polynesian rats.[173]
1502 | Olson's petrel | Bulweria bifax | Saint Helena  | 1988 (IUCN) | Hunting and introduced predators?[174]
1503 | Vespucci's giant rat | Noronhomys vespucii | Fernando de Noronha Island, Brazil  | 2008 (IUCN) | Undetermined.[175]
1520-1950[14] | Galápagos giant rat | Megaoryzomys curioi | Santa Cruz, Galápagos Islands, Ecuador  | Possibly introduced predators.[176]
1525 | Puerto Rican hutia | Isolobodon portoricensis | Hispaniola and Gonâve;
Introduced to Puerto Rico, Mona, and U.S. Virgin Islands  | 1994-2008 (IUCN) | Possibly predation by introduced black rats.[177]
1525-1625[4] | Cayman Islands hutia | Capromys sp. | Cayman Islands  | Possibly hunting, introduced predators, and habitat loss caused by introduced ungulates.[141]
1536-1546[178] | Samaná hutia | Plagiodontia ipnaeum | Hispaniola  | 2021 (IUCN) | Predation by introduced rodents.[178]
1550-1670[4] | Hispaniolan edible rat | Brotomys voratus | Hispaniola  | 1994 (IUCN) | Introduced rats.[179]
1555 | Ascension night heron | Nycticorax olsoni | Ascension Island  |  | Probably predation by introduced cats and rats.[71]

### 17th century

* Depiction of a live dodo by Ustad Mansur, c. 1625.

Last record  | Common name  | Binomial name  | Former range  | Declared extinct  | Causes

|
|
|
|
|

c. 1600 | Mauritian giant skink  | Leiolopisma mauritiana | Mauritius | 2021 (IUCN)
1600-1700 | Hoffstetter's worm snake | Madatyphlops cariei | 1994 (IUCN)
Hodgens's waterhen | Tribonyx hodgenorum | New Zealand  | 2014 (IUCN) | Hunting and predation by Polynesian rats.[180]
1601? | Rodrigues blue pigeon | Alectroenas payandeei | Rodrigues | Possibly predation by introduced rats.[71]
1602 | Mauritius white-throated rail | Dryolimnas sp. | Mauritius  | 1638  | Hunting and predation by introduced mammals.[71]
1603 | Bermuda hawk | Bermuteo avivorus | Bermuda  | 2014 (IUCN) | Possibly hunting and predation by introduced feral pigs and other animals.[181]
1609-1610 | Bermuda saw-whet owl | Aegolius gradyi | 1623
2014 (IUCN)[182] | Habitat destruction and introduced predators.[71]
Bermuda towhee | Pipilio naufragus |  | Undetermined.[71]
1610 | Bermuda night heron | Nyctanassa carcinocatactes | 2014 (IUCN) | Possibly hunting and introduced predators.[183]
1623 | Bermuda flicker | Colaptes oceanicus | 2014 (IUCN) | Probably predation by introduced cats.[71]
1627[184] | Eurasian aurochs  | Bos primigenius primigenius | Mid-latitude Eurasia  | 2008 (IUCN) | Hunting, competition with, and diseases from domestic cattle. Domestic descendants survive worldwide, including feral populations.[185]
c. 1640[186] | Saint Helena rail  | Aphanocrex podarces | Saint Helena  | 1988 (IUCN) | Probably hunting[187] and predation by introduced cats, rats, and other mammals.[186]
Saint Helena cuckoo  | Nannococcyx psix | Possibly deforestation.[186]
Saint Helena petrel  | Pterodroma rupinarum | Probably deforestation and introduced mammals.[71]
Saint Helena hoopoe  | Upupa antaios | Possibly hunting and introduced predators.[188]
Saint Helena crake  | Zapornia astrictocarpus | Probably introduced predators.[189]
c. 1650 | Markham's frog | Leiopelma markhami | South Island, New Zealand  |  | Predation by polynesian rats.[131]
1656 | Ascension crake | Mundia elpenor | Ascension Island  | 1988 (IUCN) | Possibly introduction of rats and cats, although it is not attested by the time they arrived in the 18th and 19th centuries.[190]
1670-1950[73][191] | Larger Malagasy hippopotamus | Hippopotamus laloumena | Eastern Madagascar  |  | Increased human and cattle pressure after the introduction of prickly pear farming.[112] Its specific separation from the common hippopotamus has been questioned.[192]
1671-1672 | Réunion blue pigeon | Alectroenas sp. | Réunion  | 1704  | Probably hunting and predation by introduced cats.[71]
Réunion sheldgoose | Alopochen kervazoi | 1710
1988 (IUCN) | Hunting and habitat destruction.[193]
Réunion kestrel  | Falco duboisi | 2004 (IUCN) | Undetermined.[194]
1672[71] | Réunion fody | Foudia delloni | 2016 (IUCN) | Probably predation by introduced rats.[195]
1673-1675 | Broad-billed parrot | Lophopsittacus mauritianus | Mauritius  | 1693
1988 (IUCN) | Hunting.[196]
1674 | Réunion rail  | Dryolimnas augusti | Réunion  | 2014 (IUCN) | Probably hunting and introduced rats and cats.[197]
Réunion pigeon  | Nesoenas duboisi | 1988 (IUCN) | Probably introduced rats and cats.[198]
Réunion night heron | Nycticorax duboisi | Hunting.[199]
1675-1755 | Giant vampire bat  | Desmodus draculae | Eastern South America;
Central America (Pleistocene)[200] |  | Undetermined.[201]
1688 | Dodo | Raphus cucullatus | Mauritius  | 1988 (IUCN) | Hunting.[202][203]
1693 | Mauritius sheldgoose | Alopochen mauritiana | 1698
1988 (IUCN)
Red rail | Aphanapteryx bonasia | 1988 (IUCN)
Mascarene coot[204] | Fulica newtonii | Mauritius and Réunion  | Hunting.[205]
Mauritius night heron | Nycticorax mauritianus | Mauritius  | Probably hunting.[206]
1696 | Mascarene teal | Anas theodori | Mauritius; Réunion?  | Hunting.[207]

### 18th century

* Drawing of Steller's sea cow by Sven Larsson Waxell (1742).

Last record  | Common name  | Binomial name  | Former range  | Declared extinct  | Causes

|
|
|
|
|

1700-1800 | Imber's petrel | Pterodroma imberi | Chatham Islands, New Zealand  |  | Hunting and predation by introduced cats.[71]
1705 | Mascarene reed cormorant | Phalacrocorax africanus nanus | Mauritius and Réunion  |  | Probably hunting and predation by introduced cats.[71]
1724 | Guadeloupe parakeet | Psittacara labati | Guadeloupe  | 1988 (IUCN) | Probably hunting.[208]
1725-1726 | Rodrigues petrel | Pterodroma sp. | Rodrigues  |  | Predation by introduced cats and rats.[71]
1726 | Rodrigues rail | Erythromachus leguati | 1988 (IUCN) | Hunting.[209]
Rodrigues owl | Mascarenotus murivorus | Probably hunting, deforestation, and predation by introduced animals.[210]
Rodrigues starling | Necropsar rodericanus | 1761
1988 (IUCN) | Undetermined.[211]
Rodrigues pigeon | Nesoenas rodericanus | 1988 (IUCN) | Probably predation by introduced black rats.[212]
Rodrigues night heron | Nycticorax megacephalus | 1761
1988 (IUCN) | Hunting.[213]
c. 1730 | Mauritius wood pigeon  | Columba thiriouxi | Mauritius  | 2014 (IUCN) | Hunting, predation by introduced black rats, and deforestation.[71]
Mauritius turtle dove  | Nesoenas cicur | Hunting, predation by introduced mammals, and deforestation.[71]
Réunion swamphen | Porphyrio caerulescens | Réunion  | 1988 (IUCN)
1732 | Réunion parakeet | Psittacula eques eques | 1732  | Hunting and deforestation.[214]
c. 1735-1844?[13][215] | Saddle-backed Mauritius giant tortoise | Cylindraspis inepta | Mauritius  | 1994 (IUCN) | Possibly hunting and introduced predators and competitors.[216][217]
Domed Mauritius giant tortoise | Cylindraspis triserrata
1742[218] | Lesser Antillean macaw  | Ara guadeloupensis | Guadeloupe  |  | Undetermined.[71]
1746 |  | Corynanthe brachythyrsus | Cameroon  | 1998 (IUCN) | Undetermined.[219]
1760[220] | Atlantic gray whale | Eschrichtius robustus | North Atlantic and the Mediterranean | 2007 (IUCN) | Whaling. The same species survives in the Pacific Ocean.[221]
1761 | Rodrigues parrot | Necropsittacus rodricanus | Rodrigues  | 1988 (IUCN) | Hunting.[222]
Rodrigues solitaire | Pezophaps solitaria | 1778
1988 (IUCN) | Hunting and predation by introduced cats.[223]
1762-1763 | Steller's sea cow | Hydrodamalis gigas | Bering Sea; Northern Pacific coasts from Japan to Baja California (Pleistocene) | 1768
1986 (IUCN) | Hunting and reduction of kelp as a result of sea otter hunting, which caused proliferation of kelp-eating sea urchins.[224]
1763 | Réunion ibis | Threskiornis solitarius | Réunion  | 1988 (IUCN) | Hunting.[225][226][71]
1764 | Mauritius grey parrot  | Lophopsittacus bensoni | Mauritius and Réunion
1770 | Ancient Polydamas swallowtail  | Battus polydamas antiquus | Antigua  | 2018  | Undetermined.[227]
Seychelles purple swamphen | Porphyrio sp. | Mahé, Seychelles  |  | Hunting.[71]
1773 | Raiatea parakeet | Cyanoramphus ulietanus | Raiatea, Society Islands, French Polynesia  | 1988 (IUCN) | Possibly deforestation, hunting, and predation by introduced species.[228]
1774 | Tanna ground dove | Alopecoenas ferrugineus | Tanna, Vanuatu  | Hunting?[229]
Raiatea starling  | ?Aplonis ulietensis | Raiatea, Society Islands, French Polynesia  | 1850
2016 (IUCN) | Possibly predation by introduced rats.[230]
1777 | Tongatapu rail | Hypotaenidia hypoleucus | Tongatapu, Tonga  |  | Undetermined.[71]
Moorea sandpiper | Prosobonia ellisi | Moorea, Society Islands, French Polynesia  | 1988 (IUCN) | Predation by introduced rats.[231][232]
Tahiti sandpiper | Prosobonia leucoptera | Tahiti, Society Islands, French Polynesia
1779 | Martinique amazon | Amazona martinicana | Martinique  | Probably hunting.[233]
Guadeloupe amazon | Amazona violacea | Guadeloupe  | Hunting.[234]
1784 | Tahiti crake | Zapornia nigra | Tahiti, Society Islands, French Polynesia  | Possibly introduced predators.[235]
1790 | White swamphen | Porphyrio albus | Lord Howe Island, Australia  | 1834
1988 (IUCN) | Hunting.[236]
1793 | Amsterdam wigeon | Mareca marecula | Amsterdam Island, French Southern and Antarctic Lands  | 1874
1988 (IUCN) | Hunting and predation by introduced rats.[71]
Oceanic eclectus parrot | Eclectus infectus | Tonga and Vanuatu; Fiji?  | 2014 (IUCN) | Probably hunting and predation by introduced mammals.[237]
Vava'u rail | Hypotaenidia sp. | Vava'u, Tonga  |  | Possibly habitat destruction and introduced predators.[71]
1799-1800 | Bluebuck | Hippotragus leucophaeus | Overberg;
South Africa (Pleistocene) | 1986 (IUCN)[238] | Vegetation change and disruption of migration routes after the Last Glacial Period, competition with domestic cattle, overhunting, and further habitat loss due to agriculture.[29]

### 19th century

#### 1800s-1820s

* Drawing of a spotted green pigeon by John Latham (1823).

Last record  | Common name  | Binomial name  | Former range  | Declared extinct  | Causes

|
|
|
|
|

c. 1800[13] | Domed Rodrigues giant tortoise | Cylindraspis peltastes | Rodrigues  | 1994 (IUCN) | Possibly hunting and introduced predators and competitors.[239][240]
Saddle-backed Rodrigues giant tortoise | Cylindraspis vosmaeri
19th century | Sooty crayfish  | Pacifastacus nigrescens | San Francisco Bay, California, United States  | 2010  | Invasive fish and crayfish species, and urban development[241]
1802 | Smooth handfish | Sympterichthys unipennis | Southeastern Tasmania?  | 2020 (IUCN) | Fishing?[242]
1806 | Wynberg conebush | Leucadendron grandiflorum | Cape Peninsula, South Africa  | Probably habitat destruction.[243]
1807 | St. Paul Island duck | Mareca sp. | Île Saint-Paul, French Southern and Antarctic Lands  |  | Hunting.[71]
1819[244] | Kangaroo Island emu | Dromaius baudinianus | Kangaroo Island, Australia  | 1837
1988 (IUCN)[245]
1822[246] | King Island emu | Dromaius minor | King Island, Australia  | 1988 (IUCN)
1823 | Spotted green pigeon | Caloenas maculata | Tahiti, French Polynesia?  | 2008 (IUCN) | Hunting?[247]
Madeira finch  | Goniaphea leucocephala | Madeira, Portugal  | 1853  | Undetermined.[71]
Maupiti monarch | Pomarea pomarea | Maupiti, Society Islands, French Polynesia  | 1988 (IUCN) | Probably introduced species.[248]
1825 | Mysterious starling  | Aplonis mavornata | Mauke, Cook Islands  | Predation by introduced brown rats.[249]
ʻĀmaui | Myadestes woahensis | Oahu, Hawaii, United States  | Possibly habitat destruction and introduced avian malaria.[250]
1826[251] | Mauritius blue pigeon | Alectroenas nitidissimus | Mauritius  | Deforestation.[71]
1827-1828 | Kosrae crake | Zapornia monasa | Kosrae, Micronesia | Predation by introduced rats.[252]
1828 | Kosrae starling | Aplonis corvina | 1880
1988 (IUCN) | Probably predation by introduced rats.[253]
Bonin grosbeak | Carpodacus ferreorostris | Bonin Islands, Japan  | 1854
1988 (IUCN) | Possibly deforestation and predation by introduced cats and rats.[254]
Bonin thrush | Zoothera terrestris | 1889
1988 (IUCN) | Probably predation by introduced cats and rats.[255]
c. 1829[256] | Tonga ground skink | Tachygyia microlepis | Tonga  | 1996 (IUCN) | Habitat loss and predation by introduced dogs, pigs, and rats.[257]

#### 1830s-1840s

* Engraving of a Réunion giant tortoise by Johann David Schoepf (1792).

Last record  | Common name  | Binomial name  | Former range  | Declared extinct  | Causes

|
|
|
|
|

1834 | Delalande's coua | Coua delalandei | Nosy Boraha, Madagascar  | 1994 (IUCN) | Deforestation.[258]
Mascarene parrot[259] | Mascarinus mascarin | Réunion  | 1804 (wild)
1988 (IUCN)
Atlas bear | Ursus arctos crowtheri | Northern Maghreb  |  | Possibly habitat fragmentation.[260] Two haplotypes are found in remains from the Vandal and Byzantine periods: one shared with Iberian bears that could have been introduced by humans, and another unique to Africa.[261] It is not known which type survived until more recent times.
1835 | Darwin's large ground finch | Geospiza magnirostris magnirostris | Floreana and San Cristóbal, Galápagos Islands  | 1838  | Habitat destruction and introduced predators.[71]
1837 | Oʻahu ʻakialoa | Akialoa ellisiana[262] | Oahu, Hawaii, United States  | 2016 (IUCN) | Possibly habitat destruction and introduced disease.[263]
Hoopoe starling | Fregilupus varius | Réunion  | 1988 (IUCN) | Possibly introduced disease, hunting, and habitat degradation.[264]
Oʻahu ʻōʻō | Moho apicalis | Oahu, Hawaii, United States  | 1890
1988 (IUCN) | Habitat loss and introduction of disease-carrying mosquitos.[265]
Mauritius owl | Mascarenotus sauzieri | Mauritius  | 1859
1988 (IUCN) | Possibly deforestation, hunting, and predation by introduced mammals.[266]
1838-1841[267] | Oʻahu nukupuʻu | Hemignathus lucidus | Oahu, Hawaii, United States  | 1890  | Undetermined.
1839 | Réunion slit-eared skink | Gongylomorphus borbonicus | Réunion  |  | Probably predation by introduced snakes.[268]
1839-1841 | Large Samoan flying fox | Pteropus coxi | Samoan Islands  | 2020 (IUCN)[269] | Undetermined.
c. 1840[13] | Réunion giant tortoise | Cylindraspis indica | Réunion  | 1994 (IUCN)[270]
1840 | Dieffenbach's Rail  | Hypotaenidia dieffenbachii | Chatham Islands, New Zealand  | 1872
1988 (IUCN) | Possibly introduced predators and habitat loss from fire.[271]
1842 | Rodrigues giant day gecko | Phelsuma gigas | Rodrigues  | 1874  | Possibly introduced Norway rats.[268]
1844 | Black-fronted parakeet | Cyanorhamphus zealandicus | Tahiti, Society Islands, French Polynesia  | 1988 (IUCN) | Possibly deforestation, hunting, and predation by introduced species.[272]

#### 1850s-1860s

* Painting of great auks by John James Audubon (1827-1838).

Last record  | Common name  | Binomial name  | Former range  | Declared extinct  | Causes

|
|
|
|
|

c. 1850 | Daudin's giant tortoise | Aldabrachelys gigantea daudinii | Mahé, Seychelles  |  | Undetermined.[13]
Floreana giant tortoise | Chelonoidis niger | Floreana, Galápagos Islands, Ecuador  | 1996 (IUCN) | Probably hunting and introduced species. Hybrid descendants of C. niger and C. becki survive in nearby Isabela Island.[273]
Southern black rhinoceros | Diceros bicornis bicornis | Southwestern Africa  |  | Undetermined.[274]
Christmas sandpiper | Prosobonia cancellata | Kiritimati, Kiribati  | 2014 (IUCN) | Probably predation by introduced cats and rats.[275]
1850 | Turquoise-throated puffleg | Eriocnemis godini | Northern Ecuador  |  | Habitat destruction.[276]
Spectacled cormorant | Phalacrocorax perspicillatus | Commander Islands, Russia; Northeast Japan (Pleistocene)[277] | 1882
1988 (IUCN) | Hunting.[278]
1850-1875[279] | String tree  | Acalypha rubrinervis | Central ridge of St Helena island  | 1998 (IUCN) | Undetermined.[280]
1851 | Belido | Chitala lopis | Northwestern Java, Indonesia  | 2020 (IUCN) | Overfishing, pollution, and habitat destruction for agriculture and urban development.[281]
Tasmanian emu | Dromaius novaehollandiae diemenensis | Tasmania, Australia  |  | Hunting.[282]
Norfolk kākā[283] | Nestor productus | Norfolk Island, Australia  | 1988 (IUCN) | Hunting[284] and habitat destruction by introduced rabbits, pigs, and goats.[71]
Jamaican giant galliwasp  | Celestus occiduus | Jamaica  |  | Extermination by introduced predators such as mongooses.[285]
Before 1852 | Letitia's thorntail | Discosura letitiae | Bolivia  |  | Undetermined.[71]
1852 | Great auk | Pinguinus impennis | North Atlantic and western Mediterranean  | 1988 (IUCN)
Carpathian wisent | Bison bonasus hungarorum | Carpathian Mountains, Eastern Europe  | 1852
1853 | Lord Howe pigeon | Columba vitiensis godmanae | Lord Howe Island, Australia  |
1856 | Small Samoan flying fox | Pteropus allenorum | Upolu, Samoa  | 2020 (IUCN) | Undetermined.[286]
1859 | Kioea | Chaetoptila angustipluma | Hawaiʻi, Oahu, and Maui, Hawaii, United States  | 1988 (IUCN) | Possibly deforestation, hunting, and introduced predators.[287]
c. 1860[288] | Sea mink | Neovison macrodon | Atlantic coast of Canada and New England  | 2002 (IUCN) | Hunting for the fur trade.[289]
1860 |  | Pseudoyersinia brevipennis | Hyères, France  | 2020 (IUCN)[290] | Undetermined.
Gould's emerald | Riccordia elegans | Jamaica?  | 1988 (IUCN)[291]
Jamaican poorwill | Siphonorhis americana | Jamaica  |  | Predation by introduced black rats, brown rats, and small Indian mongooses.[292]
1860-1862 | White-footed rabbit rat | Conilurus albipes | South-eastern Australia  | 2016 (IUCN) | Possibly disease spread by introduced rodents.[293]
1862[294] | Small Mauritian flying fox | Pteropus subniger | Mauritius and Réunion  | 1988 (IUCN) | Hunting and deforestation.[295]
1863 | Mbashe River buff  | Deloneura immaculata | Eastern Cape Province, South Africa  | 1994 (IUCN) | Undetermined.[296]
1865 | Cape lion | Panthera leo melanochaita | Cape Province, South Africa  |  | Extermination campaign.[297] Genetics do not support subspecific differentiation between the Cape lion and living lions in Eastern Africa; if placed in a single subspecies, it would be P. l. melanochaita because of being the older name.[298]
1866[299] | Siau scops owl  | Otus manadensis siaoensis | Siau Island, Indonesia  |  | Deforestation.[71]
1867[300] | Eastern elk | Cervus canadensis canadensis | Eastern North America  | 1880[301] | Hunting. It's been argued (based on genetic data) that most or all elk subspecies in North America are actually the same, which would be C. c. canadensis due to being named first.[302][303]
1868[304] | Kawaihae hibiscadelphus  | Hibiscadelphus bombycinus | Kawaihae, Hawaii, United States[305] | 1998 (IUCN) | Undetermined.
1869 | Huahine warbler | Acrocephalus musae garretti | Huahine, Society Islands, French Polynesia  | 1921  | Possibly predation by introduced rats.[71]

#### 1870s

* A drawing of a Falkland Islands wolf published in The Illustrated London News (1873).

Last record  | Common name  | Binomial name  | Former range  | Declared extinct  | Causes

|
|
|
|
|

1870 | North Island snipe | Coenocorypha barrierensis | North Island, New Zealand  | 2014 (IUCN) | Predation by introduced Polynesian rats and feral cats.[306]
1870-1873 | Raiatea warbler | Acrocephalus musae musae | Raiatea, Society Islands, French Polynesia  |  | Undetermined.[71]
1871 | Spined dwarf mantis | Ameles fasciipennis | Tolentino, Italy  | 2020 (IUCN) | Possibly habitat loss to agriculture.[307]
Cape warthog | Phacochoerus aethiopicus aethiopicus | Cape Province, South Africa  |  | Undetermined.[308]
1873 | Tristan moorhen[71] | Gallinula nesiotis | Tristan da Cunha  | 1988 (IUCN) | Hunting, predation by introduced cats, rats, and pigs; and habitat destruction by fire.[309]
Samoan woodhen[310] | Pareudiastes pacificus | Savai'i, Samoa  |  | Hunting and predation by introduced cats, rats, pigs, and dogs.[311]
Before 1874 | Large Palau flying fox | Pteropus pilosus | Palau  | 1988 (IUCN) | Possibly hunting and habitat degradation.[312]
1874 | Coues's gadwall | Mareca strepera couesi | Teraina, Line Islands, Kiribati  | 1924  | Probably hunting and introduced predators.[71]
Percy Island flying fox  | Pteropus brunneus | Percy Islands, Australia  | 1996 (IUCN) | Possibly habitat loss.[313]
1875 | Newton's parakeet | Alexandrinus exsul | Rodrigues  | 1988 (IUCN)
North Island little spotted kiwi | Apteryx owenii iredalei | North Island, New Zealand  |  | Hunting, habitat degradation, and predation by introduced mammals.[71]
Labrador duck[314] | Camptorhynchus labradorius | Atlantic coast of Canada and New England  | 1988 (IUCN) | Hunting, egg harvesting, and habitat loss.[315]
New Zealand quail | Coturnix novaezelandiae | New Zealand  | Introduced diseases?[316]
Broad-faced potoroo  | Potorous platyops | Western Australia  | 1982 (IUCN) | Predation by feral cats and habitat loss.[317]
1876 | Falkland Islands wolf | Dusicyon australis | Falkland Islands  | 1986 (IUCN) | Extermination campaign.[318]
Kermadec megapode | Megapodius sp. | Raoul, Kermadec Islands, New Zealand  |  | Volcanic eruption.[71]
Himalayan quail[319] | Ophrysia superciliosa | Uttarakhand, India  |  | Hunting and habitat loss.[320]
1877 | Brace's emerald | Riccordia bracei | New Providence, Bahamas  | 1988 (IUCN) | Undetermined.[321]
Jamaican rice rat  | Oryzomys antillarum | Jamaica  | 2008 (IUCN) | Competition with introduced rats,[80] or predation by introduced mongooses.[322]
1878 | Navassa Island iguana  | Cyclura cornuta onchiopsis | Navassa Island  | 2011 (IUCN) | Probably hunting.[323]
Antioquia brown-banded antpitta | Grallaria milleri gilesi | Santa Elena, Antioquia, Colombia  |  | Probably deforestation.[71]
Madeiran land snail  | Leiostyla lamellosa | Madeira, Portugal  | 1996 (IUCN) | Undetermined.[324]
| Pseudocampylaea lowii |  | Undetermined.[325]
1879 | Macquarie Island banded rail | Hypotaenidia philippensis macquariensis | South Macquarie Island, Australia  | 1894  | Predation by introduced cats, rats, weka, and overgrazing by introduced rabbits.[71]
Jamaican petrel[326] | Pterodroma caribbaea | Jamaica; Dominica and Guadeloupe?  |  | Hunting and predation by introduced rats, mongooses, pigs, and dogs.[327]
Morant's blue | Lepidochrysops hypopolia | South Africa  | 2020 (IUCN) | Undetermined.[328]

#### 1880s

* Only quagga photographed alive, at London Zoo in 1870.

Last record  | Common name  | Binomial name  | Former range  | Declared extinct  | Causes

|
|
|
|
|

1880-1889?[329] | Parras characodon | Characodon garmani | Southern Coahuila, Mexico  | 1953[330]
1988 (IUCN) | Probably habitat loss.[329]
c. 1881 | Saint Lucia giant rice rat | Megalomys luciae | Saint Lucia  | 1994 (IUCN) | Predation by introduced mongooses.[331]
1881 | Jamaican wood rail | Amaurolimnas concolor concolor | Jamaica  |  | Possibly predation by introduced mongooses, cats, and rats.[71]
1883[332] | Quagga | Equus quagga quagga | Cape Province, South Africa  | 1889[333]
1986 (IUCN)[334] | Hunting.
1884 | Hawaiian rail | Zapornia sandwichensis | Eastern Hawaiʻi (and Molokai?), United States  | 1988 (IUCN) | Possibly hunting and predation by introduced rats, cats, and dogs.[335]
1886 | Martinique house wren  | Troglodytes aedon martinicensis | Martinique  |  | Undetermined.[71]
Bennett's seaweed  | Vanvoorstia bennettiana | Port Jackson, Australia  | 2003 (IUCN) | Habitat loss and pollution.[336]
1886-1888 | Emperor rat | Uromys imperator | Guadalcanal, Solomon Islands  |  | Undetermined.[337][338]
Guadalcanal rat | Uromys porculus |
1888 | Lesser Indian rhinoceros  | Rhinoceros sondaicus inermis | Northeast India, Bangladesh, and Myanmar  |  | Habitat loss, poaching, and deforestation.[339]
c. 1889 | Hokkaido wolf | Canis lupus hattai | Hokkaido, Sakhalin, Kamchatka, Iturup and Kunashir[340] |
1889 | Cuban macaw | Ara tricolor | Cuba and Juventud  | 2000 (IUCN) | Hunting for food and the exotic pet trade.[71]
Bonin wood pigeon | Columba versicolor | Bonin Islands, Japan  | 1988 (IUCN) | Deforestation and predation by introduced cats and rats.[341]
Whiteline topminnow | Fundulus albolineatus | Huntsville, Alabama, United States  | 1986 (IUCN) | Habitat destruction.[329]
Eastern hare-wallaby | Lagorchestes leporides | Interior southeastern Australia  | 1982 (IUCN) | Possibly habitat loss due to livestock grazing and wildfires.[342][343]
Bonin nankeen night heron | Nycticorax caledonicus crassirostris | Chichi-jima and Nakōdo-jima, Bonin Islands, Japan  |  | Undetermined.[71][344]
Sturdee's pipistrelle | Pipistrellus sturdeei | Haha-jima, Bonin Islands, Japan  | 1996 (IUCN) 2004

#### 1890s

* Kauaʻi nukupuʻu by J. G. Keulemans (1893-1900).

Last record  | Common name  | Binomial name  | Former range  | Declared extinct  | Causes

|
|
|
|
|

c. 1890[345] | Portuguese ibex  | Capra pyrenaica lusitanica | Portuguese-Galician border  |  | Hunting.
1890 | New Caledonian rail[346] | Cabalus lafresnayanus | New Caledonia  |  | Probably predation by introduced dogs, cats, pigs, and rats.[347]
Macquarie parakeet[348] | Cyanoramphus erythrotis | Macquarie Island, Australia  | 1894  | Increased predation by introduced cats and weka after rabbits were introduced, boosting their numbers.[349]
Kauaʻi nukupuʻu[350] | Hemignathus hanapepe | Kauaʻi, Hawaii, United States  |  | Undetermined.
1890-1899 | New Zealand bittern | Ixobrychus novaezelandiae | New Zealand  | 1988 (IUCN)[351]
1891 | Sulu bleeding-heart[352] | Gallicolumba menagei | Tawi-tawi, Sulu archipelago, Philippines  |  | Possibly deforestation and hunting.[71]
Raoul Island banded rail | Hypotaenidia sp. | Raoul, Kermadec Islands, New Zealand  | 1944  | Predation by introduced cats or rats.[71]
Lesser koa finch | Rhodacanthis flaviceps | Hawaiʻi Island, Hawaii, United States  | 1893
1988 (IUCN) | Undetermined.[353]
1892 | Maui Nui ʻakialoa | Akialoa lanaiensis | Lana'i, Hawaii, United States  | 2016 (IUCN) | Possibly habitat destruction and introduced disease.[354]
ʻUla-ʻai-hawane[355] | Ciridops anna | Hawaiʻi Island, Hawaii, United States  | 1988 (IUCN) | Undetermined.[356]
Nendo tube-nosed fruit bat[357] | Nyctimene sanctacrucis | Santa Cruz Islands, Solomon Islands  | 1994 (IUCN) | Undetermined. Could be conspecific with the Island tube-nosed fruit bat.[358]
St. Vincent pygmy rice rat  | Oligoryzomys victus | St. Vincent  | 2008 (IUCN) | Probably predation by introduced brown rats, black rats, and mongooses.[359]
Chatham fernbird | Poodytes rufescens | Chatham Islands, New Zealand  | 1988 (IUCN) | Possibly habitat loss and predation by introduced cats.[360]
Puerto Rican parakeet | Psittacara maugei | Puerto Rico and Mona Island  |  | Possibly deforestation, hunting, and disease.[71]
Marianne white-eye | Zosterops semiflavus | Marianne Island, Seychelles  | 1940
2016 (IUCN) | Deforestation, competition with introduced birds and predation by back rats.[71]
1893-1895 | Chatham rail | Cabalus modestus | Chatham Islands, New Zealand  | 1988 (IUCN) | Habitat destruction, predation and competition with introduced mammals.[361]
1893 | Harelip sucker  | Lagochila lacera | Southeastern United States  | 1986 (IUCN) | Possibly water siltation and pollution.[329]
Seychelles parakeet | Psittacula wardi | Seychelles  | 1906
1988 (IUCN) | Hunting and habitat loss to agriculture.[362]
1894-1908[363] | Sloane's urania | Urania sloanus | Jamaica  | 1908  | Habitat loss and natural disasters.[364]
1894 | Kona grosbeak | Chloridops kona | Hawaiʻi Island, Hawaii, United States  | 1988 (IUCN) | Undetermined.[365]
North Island takahē | Porhyrio mantelli | North Island, New Zealand  | 2000 (IUCN) | Climate-induced reduction of grasslands and hunting.[366]
1895 | Hawkins's rail | Diaphorapteryx hawkinsi | Chatham Islands, New Zealand  | 2005 (IUCN) | Hunting.[367]
Lyall's wren | Traversia lyalli | New Zealand  | 1895
1986 (IUCN) | Habitat loss and predation by introduced cats.[368]
1896 | Greater koa finch | Rhodacanthis palmeri | Hawaiʻi Island, Hawaii, United States  | 1906
1988 (IUCN) | Possibly habitat destruction and introduced avian malaria.[369]
Newfoundland wolf[370] | Canis lupus beothucus | Newfoundland, Canada  |  | Hunting.[371]
1896-1906 | Madeiran wood pigeon | Columba palumbus maderensis | Madeira, Portugal  | 1924  | Undetermined.[372]
1897 | Gull Island vole | Microtus pennsylvanicus nesophilus | Great Gull and Little Gull Islands, New York  |  | Habitat destruction.[373]
Martinique giant rice rat  | Megalomys desmarestii | Martinique  | 1994 (IUCN) | Predation by introduced mongooses.[374]
Nelson's rice rat  | Oryzomys nelsoni | Central María Madre Island, Mexico  | 1996 (IUCN) | Competition with introduced black rats.[375]
Guadalupe towhee | Pipilio maculatus consobrinus | Guadalupe Island, Mexico  | 1954  | Habitat destruction by introduced goats and predation by cats.[71]
Guadalupe wren | Thryomanes bewickii brevicauda | 1906  | Habitat destruction by introduced goats.[71]
Stephens Island piopio  | Turnagra capensis minor | Stephens Island, New Zealand  | 1898  | Predation by introduced cats.[71]
1899 | Culebra Island amazon  | Amazona vittata gracilipes | Culebra Island of Puerto Rico  | 1912  | Deforestation and persecution by crop farmers.[71]
Hawaii mamo | Drepanis pacifica | Hawaiʻi Island, Hawaii, United States  | 1988 (IUCN) | Hunting, habitat destruction, and introduced disease.[376]

### 20th century

#### 1900s

* Painting of pig-footed bandicoots by John Gould.

Last record  | Common name  | Binomial name  | Former range  | Declared extinct  | Causes

|
|
|
|
|

c. 1900 | Caucasian moose  | Alces alces caucasicus | Northern Caucasus and Transcaucasian shore of the Black Sea[377] |  | Hunting. The subspecies' validity is questioned because moose from Russia recolonized the Caucasian moose's former range naturally over the 20th century.[378]
Saint Croix racer  | Borikenophis sanctaecrucis | Saint Croix, United States Virgin Islands  |
Gravenche | Coregonus hiemalis | Lake Geneva | 2008 (IUCN) | Eutrophication and overfishing.[379]
c. 1900-1950 | Lord Howe long-eared bat | Nyctophilus howensis | Lord Howe Island, Australia  | 2020 (IUCN) | Possibly predation by introduced owls and rats.[380]
1900 | Leafshell  | Epioblasma flexuosa | Tennessee, Cumberland, and Ohio River systems, United States  | 1983 (IUCN) | Undetermined.[381]
1901 | Car Nicobar sparrowhawk[382] | Accipiter butleri butleri | Car Nicobar, Nicobar Islands | 1995  | Habitat destruction.[71]
Southern pig-footed bandicoot[383] | Chaeropus ecaudatus | Interior Australia  | 1982 (IUCN) | Predation by feral cats and red foxes.[384]
Tennessee riffleshell  | Epioblasma propinqua | Tennessee, Cumberland, Wabash, and Ohio River systems, United States  | 1983 (IUCN) | Undetermined.[385]
Greater ʻamakihi | Viridonia sagittirostris | Wailuku river, Hawaiʻi Island, United States  | 1988 (IUCN) | Habitat destruction for sugarcane agriculture.[386]
1902 | Rocky Mountain locust | Melanoplus spretus | Rocky Mountains and North American Prairie  | 2014 (IUCN)[387] | Breeding habitat loss due to irrigation and cattle ranching.
Auckland merganser  | Mergus australis | South, Stewart, and Auckland Island, New Zealand  | 1910
1988 (IUCN) | Hunting and predation by introduced animals.[388]
North Island piopio[389] | Turnagra tanagra | North Island, New Zealand  | 1988 (IUCN) | Possibly habitat destruction, hunting, and predation by introduced cats and rats.[390]
1902-1903 | Bulldog rat | Rattus nativitatis | Christmas Island, Australia  | 2016 (IUCN) | Introduction of black rats.[391]
1903 | Guadalupe caracara | Caracara lutosa | Guadalupe Island, Mexico  | 1988 (IUCN) | Extermination campaign.[392]
Stumptooth minnow | Stypodon signifer | Southern Coahuila, Mexico  | 1983 (IUCN) | Habitat degradation and pollution.[329]
1904 | Choiseul pigeon | Microgoura meeki | Choiseul, Solomon Islands  | 1994 (IUCN)
1905 | Japanese wolf[393][394][395] | Canis lupus hodophilax | Honshū, Shikoku and Kyūshū, Japan  |  | Hunting and a rabies-like epidemic.[396]
South Island piopio[397] | Turnagra capensis | South Island, New Zealand  | 1988 (IUCN) | Possibly habitat destruction and predation by introduced rats.[398]
1906 | Chatham bellbird | Anthornis melanocephala | Chatham Islands, New Zealand  | 1938
1988 (IUCN) | Possibly habitat destruction, predation by rats and cats, and overhunting by collectionists.[399]
Guadalupe flicker | Colaptes auratus rufipileus | Guadalupe Island, Mexico  | 1922  | Habitat destruction and predation by introduced goats and cats.[71]
1907 | Black mamo | Drepanis funerea | Molokai and Maui, Hawaii, United States  | 1988 (IUCN) | Habitat destruction by introduced cattle and deer, and predation by introduced rats and mongooses.[400]
Huia[401][402] | Heteralocha acutirostris | North Island, New Zealand  | Hunting and deforestation of old growth forests to make pastures for livestock.
Huia louse  | Rallicola extinctus | 1990  | Extinction of its host.[403]
1908 | Assumption rail | Dryolimnas cuvieri abbotti | Assumption Island, Seychelles  | 1937  | Hunting, habitat destruction, and predation by introduced rats.[71]
Siquijor hanging parrot | Loriculus philippensis siquijorensis | Siquijor, Philippines  |  | Possibly deforestation and capture for the pet trade.[71]
| Persoonia laxa | Sydney's Northern Beaches, Australia  | 2020 (IUCN) | Probably habitat destruction.[404]
Alejandro Selkirk firecrown | Sephanoides fernandensis leyboldi | Alejandro Selkirk Island?, Juan Fernández Archipelago, Chile  |  | Probably deforestation, predation and erosion caused by introduced cats, rats, goats, and rabbits, and competition of introduced plants with the nesting tree Luma apiculata.[71]
Dawson's caribou | Rangifer tarandus dawsoni | Graham Island, British Columbia, Canada  | 2016 (IUCN) | Hunting by indigenous people and European settlers, habitat loss via clearcutting, and competition with black-tailed deer.[405]
1909 | Cumberland leafshell | Epioblasma stewardsonii | Tennessee and Coosa River systems, United States  | 1983 (IUCN) | Undetermined.[406]
Bogotá sunangel | Heliantelus zusii | Northern Andes?  |  | Possibly deforestation.[71]
Tarpan | Equus ferus ferus | Europe  |  | Hunting and hybridization with domestic horses.[407]

#### 1910s

* Depiction of juvenile, male, and female passenger pigeons, by Louis Agassiz Fuertes (1910).

Last record  | Common name  | Binomial name  | Former range  | Declared extinct  | Causes

|
|
|
|
|

1910 | Southwestern thick-billed grasswren | Amytornis textilis macrourus | Southwest Australia  |  | Drought and overgrazing by livestock and introduced mammals.[71]
Maui hau kuahiwi[305] | Hibiscadelphus wilderianus | Maui, Hawaii, United States  | 1978 (IUCN) | Undetermined.[408]
Yellowfin cutthroat trout | Oncorhynchus clarki macdonaldi | Twin Lakes, Colorado, United States  |  | Hybridization with rainbow trout and competition with lake trout, both introduced.[329]
Slender-billed grackle | Quiscalus palustris | Lerma River and Xochimilco, Mexico  | 1986 (IUCN) | Draining of marshlands.[409]
1911 | Iwo Jima rail | Amaurornis cinerea breviceps | Naka Iwo Jima and Minami Iwo Jima, Bonin Islands, Japan  |  | Habitat clearance for agriculture and predation by introduced cats and rats.[71]
New Caledonian buttonquail | Turnix novaecaledoniae | New Caledonia  |  | Hunting, habitat degradation and predation by introduced animals.[410]
1912 | Namoi Valley thick-billed grasswren | Amytornis textilis inexpectatus | Central New South Wales, Australia  |  | Undetermined.[71]
Cape Verde giant skink[411] | Chioninia coctei | Cape Verde  | 1996 (IUCN) | Predation by feral cats.[412]
Guadalupe storm petrel | Oceanodroma macrodactyla | Guadalupe Island, Mexico  |  | Predation by feral cats, and habitat degradation by goat grazing.[413]
Bornean Baillon's crake | Porzana pusilla mira | Borneo  |  | Deforestation?[71]
1913 | Laysan millerbird | Acrocephalus familiaris familiaris | Laysan, Hawaii, United States  | 1923  | Habitat destruction by introduced rabbits.[71]
New Caledonian lorikeet[414] | Charmosyna diadema | New Caledonia  | 1998  | Undetermined.[415]
1914 | Passenger pigeon[416][417] | Ectopistes migratorius | Eastern North America  | 1986 (IUCN) | Hunting and habitat loss.
Laughing owl[418] | Ninox albifacies | New Zealand  | Competition or predation by introduced stoats and cats.[419]
c. 1915[420] | Kenai Peninsula wolf | Canis lupus alces | Kenai Peninsula, Alaska, United States  |  | Extermination campaign.
1915[421] | New Caledonian owlet-nightjar | Aegotheles savesi | Southwestern New Caledonia  |  | Undetermined.[71]
1917 | Cayenne nightjar | Antrostomus maculosus | Northwestern French Guiana  |
Rodrigues day gecko | Phelsuma edwardnewtonii | Rodrigues  | 2015 (IUCN) | Possibly deforestation and predation by introduced rats and cats.[422]
Maui upland damselfly | Megalagrion jugorum | Maui, Hawaii, United States  | 2020 (IUCN) | Undetermined.[423]
1918 | Dirk Hartog thick-billed grasswren | Amytornis textilis carteri | Dirk Hartog Island, Western Australia  |  | Predation by introduced rats.[71]
Lord Howe starling[71] | Aplonis fusca hulliana | Lord Howe Island, Australia  | 1928
1988 (IUCN) | Predation by introduced black rats.[424][425]
Robust white-eye | Zosterops strenuus
Carolina parakeet[426] | Conuropsis carolinensis | Eastern and central United States  | 1940 (IUCN) | Hunting, habitat loss, and competition with introduced bees.[427]
Lānaʻi hookbill | Dysmorodrepanis munroi | Lana'i, Hawaii, United States  | Habitat destruction for pineapple agriculture, and predation by introduced cats and rats.[428]
1918-1952[429] | Bernard's wolf  | Canis lupus bernardi | Banks Island, Canada  | 1993 (IUCN) | Undetermined. It's been suggested that Bernard's wolf should be merged with the extant arctic wolf[430] or other wolves from the continent.[429]
1919 | Appalachian Barbara's buttons | Marshallia grandiflora | Henderson and Polk counties, North Carolina, United States  | 2020  | Undetermined.[431]

#### 1920s

* A paradise parrot photographed next to its burrow in 1922.

Last record  | Common name  | Binomial name  | Former range  | Declared extinct  | Causes

|
|
|
|
|

c. 1920 | Florida black wolf  | Canis rufus floridanus | Eastern United States  |  | Hunting and habitat loss.[432]
1920 | True fera | Coregonus fera | Lake Geneva  | 2008 (IUCN) | Eutrophication and overfishing.[433]
1922 | Great Plains wolf[434] | Canis lupus nubilus | North American prairie  | 1926[435] | Extermination campaign. The Great Plains wolf has been later determined to be continuous morphologically[430] and genetically[436] with the still existing Mexican wolf, which would use the name C. l. nubilus if placed in the same subspecies, due to being the older one.
Red-moustached fruit dove | Ptilinopus mercierii | Marquesas, French Polynesia  | 1994 (IUCN) | Predation by introduced great horned owls, rats, and cats.[437]
1923 | Norfolk Island starling  | Aplonis fusca fusca | Norfolk Island, Australia  | 1968
1988 (IUCN) | Undetermined.[424]
Laysan honeycreeper | Himatione fraithii | Laysan, Hawaii, United States  | 2016 (IUCN) | Habitat destruction by introduced rabbits.[438]
Nazareno | Monteverdia lineata | Western Cuba  | 2020 (IUCN) | Possibly habitat degradation.[439]
1924 | Round combshell  | Epioblasma personata | Tennessee, Wabash, and Ohio River systems, United States  |  | Undetermined.[440]
Lord Howe fantail | Rhipidura fuliginosa cervina | Lord Howe Island, Australia  | 1928  | Probably predation by introduced rats.[71]
California grizzly bear | Ursus arctos californicus | California, United States  |  | Hunting.[441]
1925 | Bubal hartebeest | Alcelaphus buselaphus buselaphus | North Africa and Southern Levant  |  | Hunting.[442]
1926 | Anthony's woodrat | Neotoma bryanti anthonyi | Isla Todos Santos, Mexico  | 2008 (IUCN) | Predation by feral cats.[443]
1927 | Thick-billed ground dove | Alopecoenas salamonis | Solomon Islands  | 2005 (IUCN) | Probably habitat destruction, hunting, and predation by introduced cats and rats.[444]
Caucasian wisent[445] | Bison bonasus caucasicus | Caucasus Mountains | 1988 (IUCN) | Hunting. Hybrid descendants exist in captivity, and have been reintroduced to the wild.[446]
Snake River sucker | Chasmistes muriei | Snake River, United States  |  | Hybridization with the Utah sucker after dams changed the river's flow.[329]
Syrian wild ass | Equus hemionus hemippus | Near East |  | Hunting.[447]
Hawaii yellowwood  | Ochrosia kilaueaensis | Hawaiʻi, Hawaii, United States  | 2020 (IUCN) | Habitat degradation by introduced plants, goats, and fires.[448]
Cry pansy  | Viola cryana | Cry, Yonne, France  | 2011 (IUCN) | Overcollection by botanists and limestone quarrying.[449]
1928 | Utah Lake sculpin  | Cottus echinatus | Utah Lake, Utah, United States  |  | Increased water pollution and salinity caused by agriculture, and introduced fishes. The last individuals may have been killed by drought in the 1930s.[329]
Lord Howe gerygone | Gerygone insularis | Lord Howe Island, Australia  | 1936
1988 (IUCN) | Predation by introduced rats.[450]
Ethiopian amphibious rat  | Nilopegamys plumbeus | Northwestern Ethiopia  |  | Habitat destruction.[451][452]
Paradise parrot | Psephotellus pulcherrimus | Eastern Australia  | 1994 (IUCN) | Probably habitat degradation.[453]
Eastwood's long-tailed seps | Tetradactylus eastwoodae | Limpopo, South Africa  | 1996 (IUCN) | Habitat loss.[454]
Guadeloupe ameiva | Pholidoscelis cineraceus | Guadeloupe  | 2015 (IUCN) | Hurricane.[455]
Nullarbor barred bandicoot | Perameles papillon | Nullarbor Plain, Australia  |  | Predation by feral cats and red foxes, habitat degradation, and changes in the fire regime.[456]
1929 |  | Acalypha wilderi | Northwestern Rarotonga, Cook Islands  | 2014 (IUCN) | Deforestation for agriculture and housing development. Doubts exist about it being distinct from still living A. raivavensis and A. tubuaiensis; if indeed the same, the older name A. wilderi prevails.[457]
St. Kitts bullfinch | Melopyrrha grandis | Saint Kitts  | 1972  | Deforestation?[71]
Makira woodhen[458] | Pareudiastes silvestris | Makira, Solomon Islands  |  | Probably predation by introduced cats and rats.[71]
| Scleria chevalieri | Western Senegal  | 2020 (IUCN) | Draining of wetland habitat.[459]

#### 1930s

* File:The last known thylacine, photographed in 1933.

Last record  | Common name  | Binomial name  | Former range  | Declared extinct  | Causes

|
|
|
|
|

c. 1930 | Western rufous bristlebird | Dasyornis broadbenti littoralis | Southwestern Australia  |  | Burning of shrublands for pasture and predation by introduced cats.[71]
1930-1939 | Tahiti rail | Hypotaenidia pacifica | Tahiti and Mehetia?, French Polynesia[71] | 1988 (IUCN) | Probably predation by introduced cats and rats.[460]
Nuku Hiva monarch[461] | Pomarea nukuhivae | Nuku Hiva, Marquesas Islands, French Polynesia  | 1974
2004 (IUCN) | Probably habitat destruction and predation by introduced species.[462]
1930 | St Kilda house mouse | Mus musculus muralis | St Kilda, Scotland |  | Complete evacuation of St Kilda's human population, which it depended on.[463]
Darwin's Galápagos mouse  | Nesoryzomys darwini | Santa Cruz, Galápagos Islands, Ecuador  | 1994 (IUCN) | Competition, predation, and exotic pathogens from introduced black rats.[464]
Silver trout | Salvelinus agassizi | Dublin Pond and Christine Lake, New Hampshire, United States  | 1986 (IUCN) | Overfishing and introduction of exotic fish.[329]
1931 | Bunker's woodrat | Neotoma bryanti bunkeri | Coronados Islands, Mexico  | 2008 (IUCN) | Depletion of food resources and predation by feral cats.[465]
1932 | Roosevelt's giant anole | Anolis roosevelti | Virgin Islands  |  | Possibly deforestation.[466]
Western Lewin's rail | Lewinia pectoralis clelandii | Southwest Australia  | 1980s  | Drainage and burning of wetlands for agriculture and settlement.[71]
Heath hen | Tympanuchus cupido cupido | East Coast of the United States  |  | Hunting, predation by feral cats, wildfires, and histomoniasis transmitted by domestic poultry.[467][468]
1933 | Wolseley conebush | Leucadendron spirale | Breede River Valley, South Africa  | 2020 (IUCN) | Habitat destruction for timber plantations and agriculture, competition with invasive plants.[469]
Lesser stick-nest rat[470] | Leporillus apicalis | Central Australia  | 2016 (IUCN) | Predation by introduced species and habitat destruction for agriculture.[471]
1934 | Lost shark | Carcharhinus obsoletus | Southern South China Sea  |  | Fishing.[472]
Hawaiʻi ʻōʻō  | Moho nobilis | Hawaiʻi Island, Hawaii, United States  | 1988 (IUCN) | Possibly habitat loss and disease.[473]
Indefatigable Galápagos mouse  | Nesoryzomys indefessus | Santa Cruz and Baltra, Galápagos Islands, Ecuador  | 2002 (IUCN) | Introduction of black rats.[474]
Aguelmame Sidi Ali trout[475] | Salmo pallaryi | Lake Aguelmame Sidi Ali, Morocco  | 2006 (IUCN) | Introduction of the common carp.[476]
1935[477] |Desert rat-kangaroo[478] | Caloprymnus campestris | Central Australia  | 1994 (IUCN) | Predation by introduced red foxes and cats.[479]
Mogollon mountain wolf  | Canis lupus mogollonensis | Arizona, United States  |  | Hunting. The subspecific differences between extinct Great Plains wolf, Mogollon mountain wolf, Southern Rocky Mountain wolf, and surviving Mexican wolf have been denied on morphological grounds.[430]
Southern Rocky Mountain wolf | Canis lupus youngi | Southern Rocky Mountains  |
Roque Chico de Salmor giant lizard | Gallotia simonyi simonyi | Off El Hierro, Canary Islands  |  | Undetermined.[480]
1935-1950 | Ratas Island lizard | Podarcis lilfordi rodriquezi | Ratas Island off Mahón, Gymensian Islands, Spain  |  | Explosion of Ratas Island during the rebuilding of Port Mahon.[481]
1936 | Ryukyu wood pigeon | Columba jouyi | Ryukyu, Japan  | 1988 (IUCN)[482] | Possibly deforestation.[71]
Virgin Islands screech owl[483] | Megascops nudipes newtoni | Virgin Islands  |  | Deforestation for agriculture.[71]
Thylacine[279][484][485][486][487] | Thylacinus cynocephalus | Australia and New Guinea  | 1983 (IUCN)[488] | Competition with humans and dingos, extermination campaign (in Tasmania).
1937  | Bali tiger[489] | Panthera tigris balica | Bali, Indonesia  |  | Hunting and habitat loss. Genetics do not support a subspecific differentiation with the living Sumatran tiger.[298]
Marquesas swamphen | Porphyrio paepae | Hiva Oa and Tahuata, Marquesas, French Polynesia  | 2014 (IUCN) | Probably hunting and predation by rats and cats.[490]
Lānaʻi ʻalauahio  | Paroreomyza montana montana | Lana'i, Hawaii, United States  | 1937  | Habitat degradation.[491]
1938 |  | Banara wilsonii | Puerto Padre, Cuba  | 2020 (IUCN) | Habitat destruction for sugarcane cultivation.[492]
McGregor's house finch | Carpodacus mexicanus mcgregori | San Benito Island, Mexico  |  | Undetermined.[71]
Grand Cayman oriole[493] | Icterus leucopteryx bairdi | Grand Cayman, Cayman Islands  |  | Deforestation.[71]
Pahranagat spinedace | Lepidomeda altivelis | Pahranagat Valley, Nevada, United States  | 1986 (IUCN) | Competition and predation by introduced common carps, mosquitofish, and American bullfrogs.[329]
Bougainville black-faced pitta  | Pitta anerythra pallida | Bougainville Island, Papua-New Guinea  |  | Undetermined.[71]
Eastern cougar[494] | Puma concolor couguar | Eastern North America  | 2011[495] | Hunting. Genetics do not support subspecies differentiation between the eastern cougar and living cougars in Florida and Western North America;[298] if placed under a single subspecies, this would have the name P. c. couguar because of being older.
Grass Valley speckled dace | Rhynichthys osculus reliquus | Lander County, Nevada, United States  |  | Introduction of the rainbow trout.[329]
Daito varied tit | Sittiparus varius orii | Kitadaitōjima, Okinawa, Japan  | 1984-1986  | Habitat destruction for agriculture and military infrastructure.[71]
Schomburgk's deer[496] | Rucervus schomburgki | Central Thailand  | 1994 (IUCN) | Hunting.[497]
Grand Cayman thrush | Turdus ravidus | Grand Cayman, Cayman Islands  | 1965
1988 (IUCN) | Probably habitat loss.[498]
Mount Kenya potto | Perodicticus ibeanus stockleyi  | Mount Kenya, Kenya  |  | Most likely habitat loss for agriculture.[499]
1939 | New Caledonian nightjar | Eurostopodus exul | Northwestern New Caledonia  |  | Undetermined.[71]
Toolache wallaby[500] | Notamcropus greyi | Southeastern Australia  | 1983 (IUCN) | Habitat loss to agriculture, hunting, and predation by introduced red fox.[501]
| Roystonea stellata | Baracoa, eastern Cuba  | 2020 (IUCN) | Habitat destruction for coffee cultivation.[502]

#### 1940s

* Laysan rail photographed in 1913.

Last record  | Common name  | Binomial name  | Former range  | Declared extinct  | Causes

|
|
|
|
|

c. 1940 | Sugarspoon  | Epioblasma arcaeformis | Cumberland and Tennessee river systems, United States  | 1983 (IUCN) | Damming.[503]
1940 | Lesser ʻakialoa | Akialoa obscura | Hawaiʻi Island, Hawaii, United States  | 1994 (IUCN) | Possibly deforestation and introduced disease-carrying mosquitos.[504]
Canis lupus fuscus | Continental Cascadia[430] |  | Hunting.
Las Vegas dace | Rhinichthys deaconi | Las Vegas Valley, Nevada, United States  | 1965
1986 (IUCN)  | Habitat destruction.[329]
Javan lapwing | Vanellus macropterus | Java, Indonesia  |  | Hunting and habitat loss to agriculture.[505]
c. 1941[506] | Arabian ostrich | Struthio camelus syriacus | Arabian Peninsula and the Near East  |  | Hunting.[507]
1941-1943 | Xerces blue | Glaucopsyche xerces | San Francisco Peninsula, California, United States  | 1996 (IUCN) | The absence of Lotus and Lupinus plants in the area due to human development.[508]
1942 | Canis lupus monstrabilis | Texas, United States  |  | Hunting. The Texas gray wolf has been at times included within either the extinct Great Plains wolf or the living Mexican wolf on morphological grounds.[430]
Chapin's crombec | Sylvietta leucophrys chapini | Lendu Plateau, Democratic Republic of the Congo  |  | Deforestation.[71]
1943 |  | Eriocaulon inundatum | Senegal coast  | 2020 (IUCN) | Habitat destruction for salt mining.[509]
Cebu hanging parrot[510] | Loriculus philippensis chrysonotus | Cebu, Philippines  |  | Deforestation.[71]
Barbary lion[511] | Panthera leo leo | North Africa  |  | Habitat loss from desertification and human activities, followed by extermination campaign. Hybrid descendants are believed to exist in captivity.[512] However, genetics do not support subspecies differentiation with living wild lions in Asia, West and Central Africa,[298] which would be named P. l. leo if placed within a single subspecies.
Desert bandicoot[513] | Perameles eremiana | Central Australia  | 1982 (IUCN) | Predation by cats and foxes, competition with European rabbits, and changes to the fire regime after the British colonization of Australia.[514]
1944 | American ivory-billed woodpecker[515][516] | Campephilus principalis principalis | Southern United States  |  | Logging and hunting.[517]
Laysan rail | Zapornia palmeri | Laysan, Hawaii, United States  | 1988 (IUCN) | Habitat destruction by introduced rabbits and guinea pigs, and predation by introduced rats.[518]
1944-1947 | Aruba amazon  | Amazona barbadensis canifrons | Aruba  |  | Persecution by farmers and exotic pet trade.[71]
1945 | Wake Island rail | Hypotaenidia wakensis | Wake Island, United States  | 1988 (IUCN) | Hunting and destruction caused by fighting in World War II.[519]
1946 | Pallid beach mouse | Peromyscus polionotus decoloratus | Volusia and Flagler Counties, Florida, United States  |  | Habitat loss.[520]
1948 | Ash Meadows killifish | Empetrichthys merriami | Ash Meadows, Nevada, United States  | 1986 (IUCN) | Predation by introduced American Bullfrogs and red swamp crayfish.[329]
1949 | Sinú parakeet | Pyrrhura subandina | Sinú Valley, Córdoba, Colombia  |  | Possibly hunting and habitat loss.[71]
Pink-headed duck[521] | Rhodonessa caryophyllacea | Northeast India, Bangladesh, and northern Myanmar  |  | Habitat loss to agriculture.[522]

#### 1950s

* Japanese sea lion drawn by Philipp Franz von Siebold (1823-1829).

Last record  | Common name  | Binomial name  | Former range  | Declared extinct  | Causes

|
|
|
|
|

c. 1950 | Little Swan Island hutia | Geocapromys thoracatus | Little Swan Island, Honduras  | 1996 (IUCN) | Introduced rats.[523]
1950-1959 |  | Barbus microbarbis | Lake Luhondo, Rwanda | 2006 (IUCN) | Introduced Tilapia and Haplochromis.[524]
| Eriocaulon jordanii | Sierra Leone coast  | 2020 (IUCN) | Possibly habitat destruction for rice cultivation.[525]
San Martín Island woodrat | Neotoma bryanti martinensis | Isla San Martín, Mexico  | 2008 (IUCN) | Predation by feral cats.[526]
Tawi-tawi buttonquail | Turnix sylvaticus suluensis | Jolo and Tawi-tawi, Sulu, Philippines  |  | Possibly deforestation and predation by introduced animals.[71]
1951 |  | Afrocyclops pauliani | Antananarivo, Madagascar  | 1996 (IUCN) | Undetermined.[527]
Japanese sea lion[528] | Zalophus japonicus | Japanese Islands and Korea | 1994 (IUCN) | Hunting.[529]
1952 | Niceforo's pintail | Anas georgica niceforoi | Central Colombia  |  | Possibly hunting and habitat degradation.[71]
Deepwater cisco | Coregonus johannae | Lakes Michigan and Huron  | 1986 (IUCN) | Overfishing, predation by introduced lampreys, and hybridization with more common ciscoes.[329]
Caribbean monk seal[530] | Neomonachus tropicalis | Caribbean Sea, Bahamas, and Gulf of Mexico  | 1994 (IUCN)
2005[531] | Hunting.[532]
San Benedicto rock wren | Salpinctes obsoletus exsul | San Benedicto, Revillagigedo Islands, Mexico  |  | Eruption of the El Boquerón vent.[71]
New Mexico sharp-tailed grouse | Tympanuchus phasianellus hueyi | New Mexico (and Colorado?), United States  |  | Aridification and habitat destruction.[71]
1953 | Ilin Island cloudrunner[533] | Crateromys paulus | Mindoro and Ilin Islands, Philippines  |  | Deforestation?[534]
Raycraft Ranch killifish | Empetrichthys latos concavus | Pahrump Valley, Nevada, United States  |  | Predation by introduced carps and bullfrogs.[329]
| Faramea chiapensis | Selva Negra, Chiapas, Mexico  | 2020 (IUCN) | Deforestation for agriculture.[535]
Negros fruit dove | Ptilinopus arcanus | Negros Island, Philippines  |  | Deforestation?[71]
| Schizothorax saltans | Talas River basin, Kazakhstan  | 2020 (IUCN) | Water extraction, pollution, and fisheries.[536]
1954 | Maravillas red shiner | Cyprinella lutrensis blairi | Maravillas Creek, Texas, United States  | 1987  | Introduction of plains killifish.[329]
Plateau chub | Evarra eigenmanni | Chalco and Xochimilco-Tlahuac channels, Valley of Mexico  | 1986 (IUCN) | Habitat destruction and pollution.[537]
1955[538] | Itombwe nightjar  | Caprimulgus prigoginei | Central Africa?  |  | Deforestation?[71]
Goff's pocket gopher | Geomys pinetis goffi | Eastern Florida, United States  |
1956 | Coosa elktoe | Alasmidonta mccordi | Coosa River, Alabama, United States  | 2000 (IUCN) | Impoundment of the Coosa River.[539]
Imperial woodpecker | Campephilus imperialis | North-Central Mexico  |  | Hunting and habitat loss.[540]
Levuana moth[541] | Levuana iridescens | Viti Levu, Fiji  | 1994 (IUCN)[542] | Introduction of the parasitic fly Bessa remota by coconut farmers, as a form of biological pest control. However, it's been argued that L. iridescens was not actually native to Fiji and that lack of post-1956 records is the result of diminished enthomological research after Fiji's independence.[541]
Crescent nail-tail wallaby[543] | Onychogalea lunata | Western and central Australia  | 1982 (IUCN) | Predation by introduced foxes and feral cats, human-induced habitat degradation.[544]
1957 | Thicktail chub | Gila crassicauda | California Central Valley and San Francisco Bay, United States  | 1986 (IUCN) | Habitat destruction for agriculture and introduced fish.[329]
Scioto madtom | Noturus trautmani | Big Darby Creek, Ohio, United States  | 2013 (IUCN) | Undetermined.[545]
Hainan ormosia[546] | Ormosia howii | Hainan and Guangdong, China  | 1998 (IUCN) | Possibly deforestation for agriculture.[547]
Puebla deer mouse | Peromyscus mekisturus | Puebla, Mexico  |  | Habitat destruction due to agriculture or climate change.[548]
1958 | Pahrump Ranch poolfish | Empetrichthys latos pahrump | Nye County, Nevada, United States  |  | Habitat destruction by excessive water pumping.[329]
Blue Pike  | Stizostedion vitreum glaucum | Lake Erie, Ontario, and Niagara River  | 1983  | Overfishing and hybridization with walleye.[549]
Sandhills crayfish  | Procambarus angustatus | Sand Hills, Georgia, United States  | 2006 (IUCN) | [550]
1959 | Rennell Island teal  | Anas gibberifrons remissia | Rennell Island, Solomon Islands  |  | Competition with introduced Tilapia.[71]
Santa Barbara song sparrow  | Melospiza melodia graminea | Santa Barbara Island, California, United States  | 1983  | Wildfire.[549]

#### 1960s

* Syr Darya sturgeon by K.T. Kessler (1874).

Last record  | Common name  | Binomial name  | Former range  | Declared extinct  | Causes

|
|
|
|
|

c. 1960 | Lesser bilby | Macrotis leucura | Deserts of Australia  | 1982 (IUCN) | Probably predation by introduced cats and red foxes, and changes to the fire regime.[551]
1960 | Candango mouse | Juscelinomys candango | Brasília, Brazil  | 2008 (IUCN) | Urban sprawl.[552]
1960-1969 |  | Pantanodon madagascariensis | Mahambo, Madagascar  | 2004 (IUCN) | Introduced Gambusia.[553]
Syr Darya sturgeon | Pseudoscaphirhynchus fedtschenkoi | Syr Darya river  |  | Draining of the Aral Sea.[554]
1961 | Northern white-winged apalis | Apalis chariessa chariessa | Lower Tana river, Kenya  |  | Deforestation.[71]
Viesca mud turtle | Kinosternon hirtipes megacephalum | Southwestern Coahuila, Mexico  |  | Aridification.[555]
Semper's warbler[556] | Leucopeza semperi | St Lucia mountains  |  | Predation by introduced Javan mongooses.[557]
Durango shiner | Notropis aulidion | Tunal river, Durango, Mexico  | 1990 (IUCN) | Pollution and introduced species.[329]
Zacatecas Worthen's sparrow | Spizella wortheni browni | Northwest Zacatecas, Mexico  | 1991  | Habitat destruction caused by agriculture, overgrazing, cattle-induced erosion, and decline of native herbivores.[71]
1961-1963 | Kākāwahie | Paroreomyza flammea | Molokai, Hawaii, United States  | 1979
1994 (IUCN) | Probably habitat destruction and introduced disease.[558]
1962 | Du Toit's torrent frog | Arthroleptides dutoiti | Kenya-Uganda border  | Assessed as extinct in 1994, but upgraded to Critically Endangered in 2004.[559] | Possibly habitat degradation and chytridiomycosis.[559]
Red-bellied gracile opossum  | Cryptonanus ignitus | Jujuy, Argentina  | 2008 (IUCN) | Habitat loss to agriculture and industry development.[560]
Saint Helena darter | Sympetrum dilatatum | Saint Helena  | 1996-2021 (IUCN) | Probably deforestation and predation by extinct aquatic carnivores including the African clawed frog.[561]
Tacoma pocket gopher | Thomomys mazama tacomensis | Puget Sound and Olympic Peninsula, Washington, United States  | 2000 (IUCN) | Habitat destruction due to residential development and gravel mining.[562]
1963 | Eskimo curlew[563] | Numenius borealis | Northwestern Canada and Alaska, and Southern Cone  |  | Hunting and habitat destruction.[564][565]
| Ptychochromis onilahy | Onilahy River, Madagascar  | 2004 (IUCN) | Overfishing, deforestation leading to increased sedimentation, and competition with introduced tilapias.[566]
1964 | Hawaii chaff flower  | Achyranthes atollensis | The atolls Kure, Midway, Pearl and Hermes, and Laysan of the Northwestern Hawaiian Islands, United States  | 2003 (IUCN) | Habitat loss due to the construction of military installations.[567]
| Barbodes disa | Lake Lanao, Mindanao, Philippines  | 2020 (IUCN) | Overfishing and predation by introduced tank goby and ornate sleeper.[568][569][570][571][572][573]
Katapa-tapa | Barbodes flavifuscus
Kandar | Barbodes lanaoensis
Bitungu | Barbodes pachycheilus
| Barbodes palata
Bagangan | Barbodes resimus
South Island snipe | Coenocorypha iredalei | South and Stewart islands, New Zealand  | 2014 (IUCN) | Predation by introduced animals.[574]
Lake Ontario kiyi | Coregonus kiyi orientalis | Lake Ontario  |  | Overfishing, introduction of exotic species, eutrophication, and water pollution.[329]
Goldman's yellow rail | Coturnicops noveboracensis goldmani | Lerma River, Mexico  |  | Undetermined.[71]
Rio Grande bluntnose shiner | Notropis simus simus | Upper Rio Grande  |  | Possibly habitat degradation and introduced species.[329]
Crested shelduck[575] | Tadorna cristata | Primorye, Hokkaido, and Korea;
Northeastern China?  |  | Undetermined.[576]
1965 | Turgid blossom  | Epioblasma turgidula | Southern Appalachians and Cumberland Plateau, United States  |  | Damming and water pollution.[577]
1966 | Independence Valley tui chub | Gila bicolor isolata | Warm Springs, Nevada, United States  |  | Predation by introduced species.[329]
1967 | Narrow catspaw | Epioblasma lenior | Tennessee River system, United States  | 1983-2000 (IUCN) | Damming.[578]
Saint Helena earwig  | Labidura herculeana | Saint Helena  | 2014 (IUCN) | Predation by introduced animals.[579]
New Zealand greater short-tailed bat | Mystacina robusta | New Zealand  | 1988 (IUCN) | Predation by introduced Polynesian and black rats.[580]
1968 | Amistad gambusia | Gambusia amistadensis | Goodenough Spring, Texas, United States  | 1986 (IUCN)
1987  | Flooding of the spring by the Amistad Reservoir, hybridization and predation.[549][329]
San Clemente wren | Thryomanes bewickii leucophrys | San Clemente, Channel Islands of California, United States  |  | Vegetation destruction by introduced goats and sheep.[71]
Guam flying fox | Pteropus tokudae | Guam  | 2004 (IUCN) | Hunting and predation by the introduced brown tree snake.[581][582]
1969 | Kauaʻi ʻakialoa | Akialoa stejnegeri | Kauaʻi, Hawaii, United States  | 2016 (IUCN) | Possibly habitat destruction and introduced disease.[583]
Blackfin cisco | Coregonus nigripinnis | Lakes Michigan and Huron  | 1996 (IUCN) | Overfishing, predation by introduced sea lampreys, and hybridization with other ciscoes.[329]
Tubercled blossom | Epioblasma torulosa torulosa | Tennessee and Ohio River systems, United States  |  | Impoundment, siltation, and pollution.[584]
1969-1970[585] | Kouprey | Bos sauveli | Northeastern Cambodia  |  | Hunting.[586]

#### 1970s

* Yunnan lake newts by George Albert Boulenger (1905).

Last record  | Common name  | Binomial name  | Former range  | Declared extinct  | Causes

|
|
|
|
|

c. 1970 | Socorro elf owl | Micrathene whitneyi graysoni | Socorro, Revillagigedo Islands, Mexico  |  | Habitat degradation.[71]
1970 | Mexican dace | Evarra bustamantei | Xochimilco-Tlahuac channels, Mexico  | 1983 (IUCN) | Habitat destruction and pollution.[587][588]
Endorheic chub | Evarra tlahuacensis | Lake Chalco, Valley of Mexico
Saudi gazelle | Gazella saudiya | Arabian Peninsula  | 2006 (IUCN) | Hunting.[589]
Clear Lake splittail | Pogonichthys ciscoides | Clear Lake and its tributaries, California, United States  | 1986 (IUCN) | Habitat destruction and pollution from agriculture.[329]
1970-1979 | Pagan reed warbler | Acrocephalus yamashinae | Pagan, Northern Mariana Islands  | 1981
2016 (IUCN) | Habitat destruction and predation by introduced rats and cats.[71]
Acornshell  | Epioblasma haysiana | Tennessee and Cumberland River systems, United States  | 1994 (IUCN) | Exposure to domestic sewage.[590]
Western Turner's eremomela | Eremomela turneri kalindei | Southeast D. R. Congo and southwest Uganda  |  | Deforestation.[71]
Nubian wild ass | Equus africanus africanus  | Nubian Desert  |  | Hunting and competition with livestock.[591]
1970-1989 |  | Aplocheilichthys sp. nov. 'Naivasha' | Lake Naivasha, Kenya  | 2004 (IUCN) | Competition and predation by introduced fish.[592]
c. 1971 | Santa Cruz pupfish | Cyprinodon arcuatus | Santa Cruz River, Arizona, United States  | 2011 (IUCN) | Introduction of largemouth bass in 1968-1969.[329]
1971 | Ticao Tarictic hornbill | Penelopidis panini ticaensis | Ticao Island, Philippines  |  | Habitat destruction.[71]
1972 | Tecopa pupfish | Cyprinodon nevadensis calidae | Tecopa Hot Springs, California, United States  | 1994  | Habitat degradation and introduced bluegill sunfish and mosquito fish.[549]
Tropical acidweed | Desmarestia tropica | Galápagos Islands, Ecuador  |  | Undetermined.[593][594]
Mason River myrtle  | Myrcia skeldingii | Mason River, Jamaica  | 1998 (IUCN)
Bushwren | Xenicus longipes | New Zealand  | 1994 (IUCN) | Predation by introduced cats, rats, weasels, and stoats.[71]
1973
Caspian tiger | Panthera tigris vigrata | Central and Western Asia  | 2007 (IUCN) | Hunting and habitat destruction.[297] Genetics do not support subspecific differentiation with extant mainland tigers.[298]
Moorea reed warbler | Acrocephalus longirostris | Moorea, Society Islands, French Polynesia  | 1987  | Possibly predation by introduced animals, deforestation, or avian malaria.[71]
Bitungu | Barbodes truncatulus | Lake Lanao, Mindanao, Philippines  | 2020 (IUCN) | Predation by introduced tank goby and ornate sleeper.[595]
Bar-winged rail | Hypotaenidia poeciloptera | Fiji  | 1994 (IUCN) | Predation by introduced cats and mongooses.[596]
Guadeloupe house wren  | Troglodytes aedon guadeloupensis | Guadeloupe  |  | Deforestation.[71]
Daito buzzard | Buteo japonicus oshiroi | Daitō Islands, Okinawa, Japan  | 2012  | Habitat destruction.[597]
1974 |  | Barbodes herrei | Lake Lanao, Mindanao, Philippines  | 2020 (IUCN) | Predation by introduced tank goby and ornate sleeper.[598]
Vanua Levu long-legged thicketbird[599] | Cincloramphus rufus cluniei | Vanua Levu, Fiji  |  | Undetermined.[71]
Flores rail | Lewinia pectoralis exsul | South and west Flores, Indonesia  |
Aragua robber frog | Pristimantis anotis | Henri Pittier National Park, Aragua, Venezuela  |  | Chytridiomycosis?[600]
1975 | Bagangan | Barbodes clemensi | Lake Lanao, Mindanao, Philippines  | 2020 (IUCN) | Predation by introduced tank goby and ornate sleeper.[601][602]
Bitungu | Barbodes palaemophagus
Round Island burrowing boa | Bolyeria multocarinata | Round Island, Mauritius?  | 1996 (IUCN) | Habitat degradation by introduced goats and rabbits.[603]
Longjaw cisco | Coregonus alpenae | Lakes Michigan, Huron, and Erie  | 1986 (IUCN) | Overfishing, predation by introduced sea lampreys, and hybridization with introduced ciscoes.[329]
Phantom shiner | Notropis orca | Rio Grande  | Possibly habitat loss, hybridization with the bluntnose shiner, and introduction of exotic fishes.[329]
1976 |  | Barbodes tras | Lake Lanao, Mindanao, Philippines  | 2020 (IUCN) | Predation by introduced tank goby and ornate sleeper.[604]
Jalpa false brook salamander  | Pseudoeurycea exspectata | Cerro Miramundo, Jalapa, Guatemala  | Possibly logging and cattle grazing.[605]
Mexican grizzly bear | Ursus arctos nelsoni | Aridoamerica  |  | Hunting.[606]
1977 |  | Barbodes katolo | Lake Lanao, Mindanao, Philippines  | 2020 (IUCN) | Predation by introduced tank goby and ornate sleeper.[607][608]
| Barbodes manalak
Gonâve eastern chat-tanager | Calyptophilus frugivorus abbotti | Gonâve Island, Haiti  |  | Deforestation.[71]
Colombian grebe | Podiceps andinus | Bogotá wetlands, Colombia  | 1994 (IUCN) | Habitat loss, pollution, hunting, and predation of chicks by introduced rainbow trout.[609]
Eiao monarch | Pomarea fluxa | Eiao, Marquesas Islands, French Polynesia  | 2006 (IUCN) | Possibly predation by introduced cats, black rats, and Polynesian rats; disease transmitted by introduced chestnut-breasted mannikin, and habitat loss due to grazing by sheep.[610]
1978 |  | Craugastor myllomyllon | Finca Volcán, Alta Verapaz, Guatemala  | 2020 (IUCN) | Habitat destruction for agriculture.[611]
White-eyed river martin | Eurochelidon sirintarae | Central Thailand  |  | Hunting and habitat loss.[612]
Little earth hutia  | Mesocapromys sanfelipensis | Key Juan García, Cuba  |  | Hunting, man-made fires, and competition with black rats.[613]
1979 | Yunnan lake newt | Cynops wolterstorffi | Kunming Lake, Yunnan, China  | 2005 (IUCN) | Pollution, habitat destruction, and introduced fish and frog species.[614]
Mount Glorious day frog | Taudactylus diurnus | Southeast Queensland, Australia  | 2008 (IUCN) | Undetermined.[615]

#### 1980s

* Ivory-billed woodpecker pair photographed in 1935.

Last record  | Common name  | Binomial name  | Former range  | Declared extinct  | Causes

|
|
|
|
|

1980[616] | Olomaʻo | Myadestes lanaiensis | Maui, Lana'i, and Molokai, Hawaii  |  | Disease and habitat degradation caused by introduced pigs, axis deer, and mosquitos.[617]
1980-1985 | Roberts's lechwe  | Kobus leche robertsi | Luongo and Kalungwishi drainage systems, Luapula, Zambia  | 1994 (IUCN) | Undetermined.[618]
1981 |  | Anabarilius macrolepis | Yilong Lake, Yunnan, China  | 2011 (IUCN) | Drying of the lake for 20 days, after excessive water abstraction for agriculture.[619]
Mariana mallard[620] | Anas platyrhynchos oustaleti | Mariana Islands  | 2005 (IUCN)  | Hunting and habitat loss to agriculture.[621]
Yilong carp | Cyprinus yilongensis | Yilong Lake, Yunnan, China  | 1996 (IUCN) | Drying of the lake after excessive water abstraction for agriculture.[622]
Canary Islands oystercatcher | Haematopus meadewaldoi | Lanzarote and Fuerteventura, Spain; Senegal  | 1994 (IUCN) | Overharvesting of intertidal invertebrates.[623]
Puhielelu hibiscadelphus  | Hibiscadelphus crucibracteatus | Lana'i, Hawaii, United States  | 1998 (IUCN) | Predation by introduced axis deer.[305]
Bishop's ʻōʻō  | Moho bishopi | Molokai, Hawaii, United States  | 2000 (IUCN) | Habitat loss to agriculture and livestock grazing, followed by the introduction of black rats and disease-carrying mosquitos.[624]
Southern gastric-brooding frog  | Rheobatrachus silus | Southeast Queensland, Australia  | 2006 (IUCN) | Undetermined, possibly chytridiomycosis.[625]
1982-1983 | Galápagos damsel  | Azurina eupalama | Galápagos Islands, Ecuador  |  | 1982-83 El Niño event.[626]
1982 | Pait | Barbodes amarus | Lake Lanao, Mindanao, Philippines  | 2020 (IUCN) | Predation by introduced fishes.[627]
Samaná eastern chat-tanager | Calyptophilus frugivorus frugivorus | Samaná Peninsula, Dominican Republic  |  | Deforestation.[71]
1983 | San Marcos gambusia | Gambusia georgei | San Marcos spring and river, Texas, United States  | 2021 (IUCN) | Reduced flow and pollution from agriculture, introduced fishes and plants (Colocasia esculenta), and hybridization with Gambusia affinis.[628]
24-rayed sunstar | Heliaster solaris | Galápagos Islands, Ecuador  |  | 1982-83 El Niño event.[629]
Japanese otter | Lutra nippon[630] | Honshu, Kyushu, and Shikoku, Japan  | 2012  | Hunting and habitat loss.[631]
Guam flycatcher | Myiagra freycineti | Guam  | 2004 (IUCN)
2005[621] | Predation by the introduced brown tree snake.[632]
Aldabra brush-warbler  | Nesillas aldabrana | Malabar Island, Seychelles  | 1994 (IUCN) | Possibly predation by introduced cats and rats, and habitat degradation by goats and tortoises.[633]
Guam bridled white-eye | Zosterops conspicillatus conspicillatus | Guam  |  | Predation by introduced brown tree snakes.[71]
1983-1986 | Atitlán grebe | Podilymbus gigas | Lake Atitlán, Guatemala  | 1990 (IUCN) | Predation and competition with introduced largemouth bass, water level fall after the 1976 Guatemala earthquake, and degradation of breeding sites due to reed-cutting and tourism development.[634]
1984 | Green blossom | Epioblasma torulosa gubernaculum | Tennessee River system, United States  |  | Impoundment, siltation, and pollution.[584]
Javan tiger | Panthera tigris sondaica | Java, Indonesia  | 2010 (IUCN)  | Hunting and habitat loss.[297] Genetics do not support subspecies differentiation with the extant Sumatran tiger; if placed in the same subspecies, this would have the name P. t. sondaica due to being older.[298]
Guam rufous fantail | Rhipidura rufifrons uraniae | Guam  |  | Predation by introduced brown tree snakes.[71]
c. 1985 | California condor louse  | Colpocephalum californici | North America  |  | Delousing of all surviving California condors before beginning their captive breeding program.[14]
1985 | Timucua heart lichen | Cora timucua | Florida, United States  |  | Habitat destruction for urban development.[635]
Christmas Island shrew | Crocidura trichura | Christmas Island, Australia  |  | Undetermined.[636]
Kāmaʻo[637] | Myadestes myadestinus | Kauaʻi, Hawaii, United States  | 2004 (IUCN) | Habitat loss and disease spread by introduced mosquitos.[638]
Ua Pou monarch[319] | Pomarea mira | Ua Pou, Marquesas, French Polynesia  |  | Deforestation and predation by introduced black rats.[639]
Northern gastric-brooding frog  | Rheobatrachus vitellinus | Mid-eastern Queensland, Australia  | 2015 (IUCN) | Undetermined, possibly chytridiomycosis.[640]
Alaotra grebe[641] | Tachybaptus rufolavatus | Lake Alaotra, Madagascar  | 2010 (IUCN) | Hunting, accidental capture in nylon gillnets, predation and competition with introduced largemouth bass, striped snakehead, and Tilapia; habitat degradation from agriculture, and hybridization with the little grebe.[642]
1986
Formosan clouded leopard[643] |Neofelis nebulosa brachyura | Taiwan  | 2013  | Hunting. Subspecific status has been denied on morphological and genetic grounds.[298]
Pass stubfoot toad | Atelopus senex | Central Costa Rica  | 2020 (IUCN) | Possibly chytridiomycosis or climate change.[644]
Zanzibar leopard[645] | Panthera pardus adersi | Unguja Island, Tanzania  |  | Extermination campaign.[297] The subspecies has been subsumed into the extant African leopard on morphological grounds.[646]
Eastern Canary Islands chiffchaff | Phylloscopus canariensis exsul | Lanzarote and Fuerteventura?, Canary Islands  |  | Habitat loss?[71]
1987 | Banff longnose dace | Rhinichthys cataractae smithi | Banff National Park, Alberta, Canada  | 1987  | Habitat degradation, competition and hybridization with introduced fishes.[647]
Dusky seaside sparrow[648] | Ammospiza maritima nigrescens | Merritt Island and the St. Johns River, Florida, United States  | 1990  | Flooding and draining of marshes to reduce mosquito population.[649]
Cuban ivory-billed woodpecker[650] | Campephilus principalis bairdii | Cuba  |  | Habitat loss.[517]
Kauaʻi ʻōʻō | Moho braccatus | Kauaʻi, Hawaii, United States  | 2021 (IUCN) | Habitat loss and introduced black rats, pigs, and disease-carrying mosquitos. The last female was killed by Hurricane Iwa during the 1982-1983 El Niño event.[651]
| Namibcypris costata | Southern Kaokoveld, Namibia  | 1996 (IUCN) | Habitat destruction.[652]
1988 | Maui ʻakepa | Loxops ochraceus | Maui, Hawaii, United States  |  | Undetermined.[653]
Bachman's warbler[654] | Vermivora bachmanii | Southeastern United States and Cuba  |  | Habitat destruction from swampland draining and sugarcane agriculture.[655]
1989 | Golden toad | Incilius periglenes | Monteverde Cloud Forest Reserve, Costa Rica  | 2005 (IUCN) | Anthropogenic global warming, chytridiomycosis, and airborne pollution.[656]
Jamaican golden swallow | Tachycineta euchrysea euchrysea | Jamaica  |  | Deforestation?[71]
Malabar large-spotted civet  | Viverra civettina | Western Ghats, India  |  | Possibly deforestation, hunting, and predation by domestic dogs.[657]

#### 1990s

* A Chiriqui harlequin frog, one of several recent amphibian extinctions.

Last record  | Common name  | Binomial name  | Former range  | Declared extinct  | Causes

|
|
|
|
|

1990[658] | Nechisar nightjar | Caprimulgus solala | Nechisar National Park, Ethiopia  |  | Undetermined.[71]
Long jaw tristamella | Tristramella sacra | Sea of Galilee, Israel  | 2014 (IUCN) | Drying of the marshy northern part of the lake, destroying its spawning ground and breeding habitat.[659]
1990-1999[660] | Magdalena tinamou | Crypturellus erythropus saltuarius | Magdalena River Valley, Colombia  |  | Undetermined.[71]
1991 | Baolan | Barbodes baoulan | Lake Lanao, Mindanao, Philippines  | 2020 (IUCN) | Predation by introduced fishes.[661]
Alvarez's dwarf crayfish | Cambarellus alvarezi | Potosí Spring, Nuevo León, Mexico  | 2010 (IUCN) | Water abstraction[662]
1992 | Splendid poison frog | Oophaga speciosa | Western Panama  |  | Chytridiomycosis.[663]
1993 | Moroccan bustard | Ardeotis arabs lynesi | Western Morocco  |  | Undetermined.[71]
Angel Island mouse | Peromyscus guardia | Isla Ángel de la Guarda, Baja California, Mexico  |  | Competition with introduced rodents and predation by cats.[664]
1994 |  | Pachnodus velutinus | Mahé, Seychelles  | 2000 (IUCN) | Hybridization with Pachnodus niger.[665]
1995 | Aguijan reed warbler  | Acrocephalus nijoi | Aguijan, Mariana Islands  | 2000-2009
2016 (IUCN) | Habitat destruction.[71]
Maui nukupu'u  | Hemignathus affinis | Maui, Hawaii, United States  |  | Undetermined.[71]
1996 | Chiriqui harlequin frog  | Atelopus chiriquiensis | Talamanca-Chiriqui mountains, Costa Rica  | 2020 (IUCN) | Chytridiomycosis.[666]
Norfolk Island boobook  | Ninox novaeseelandiae undulata | Norfolk Island, Australia  |  | Deforestation leading to increased competition for nest-hollows with honeybees and crimson rosellas. Descendants of hybrids with the New Zealand subspecies survive in the island.[71]
Barbary leopard  | Panthera pardus panthera | Atlas Mountains  |  | Hunting.[297] The subspecies has been subsumed into the extant African leopard on morphological grounds.[646]
Swollen Raiatea Tree Snail[667] | Partula turgida | Raiatea, Society Islands, French Polynesia  | 1996 (IUCN) | Predation by introduced rosy wolfsnails.[668]
1997 | Green and red venter harlequin toad | Atelopus pinangoi | Mérida, Venezuela  |  | Chytridiomicosis, habitat destruction, and predation by introduced trout.[669]
Sangihe dwarf kingfisher  | Ceyx fallax sangirensis | Sangihe Islands, Indonesia  |  | Habitat destruction.[71]
Sakaraha pygmy kingfisher | Corythornis madagascariensis dilutus | Southwestern Madagascar  |  | Undetermined.[71][670]
Iberian lynx louse | Felicola isidoroi | Iberian Peninsula |
1999 | Bogardilla | Squalius palaciosi | Andújar, Spain  | 2022 (IUCN) | Damming and the introduction of invasive species.[671]

## 3rd millennium CE

### 21st century

#### 2000s

* Illustration of a baiji (Lipotes vexillifer)

Last record  | Common name  | Binomial name  | Former range  | Declared extinct  | Causes

|
|
|
|
|

2000 | Pyrenean ibex[672] | Capra pyrenaica pyrenaica | Pyrenees;[345]
Cantabrian Mountains?[673] | 2000 (IUCN)[674] | Hunting, competition for pastures and diseases from exotic and domestic ungulates.[675][676]
Wellington's solitary coral | Rhizopsammia wellingtoni | Galápagos Islands, Ecuador  |  | 1982-1983 El Niño event.[677]
2000-2006 | White-chested white-eye | Zosterops albogularis | Norfolk Island, Australia  | 2022 (IUCN) | Deforestation and competition with the silvereye, introduced in 1904.[71]
2000-2010 | Beaver pond marstonia | Marstonia castor | Lake Blackshear, Georgia, United States  | 2017  | Pollution and urban development.[678]
2001 | Glaucous macaw | Anodorhynchus glaucus | Border area of Argentina, Paraguay, Brazil, and Uruguay  |  | Deforestation for agriculture and livestock grazing, particularly of the Yatay palm in which it fed.[679]
Slender-billed curlew  | Numenius tenuirostris | Western Eurasia and northern Africa  | 2024 (IUCN) | Hunting and habitat destruction.[71]
Pernambuco pygmy owl | Glaucidium mooreorum | Pernambuco, Brazil  |  | Habitat destruction.[680]
Giant Atlas barbel | Labeobarbus reinii | Oued Ksob and Tensift Rivers, Morocco  | 2022 (IUCN)
2002 | Chinese river dolphin[681] | Lipotes vexillifer | Middle and lower Yangtze, China  | 2007[682] | Fishing, habitat destruction, and vessel strikes.[683]
Polynesian tree snail[667] | Partula labrusca | Raiatea, Society Islands, French Polynesia  | 2007 (IUCN) | Predation by introduced rosy wolfsnails.[684]
2003 | Osgood's Ethiopian toad | Altiphrynoides osgoodi | South-central Ethiopian mountains  |  | Habitat degradation.[685]
Saint Helena olive[686] | Nesiota elliptica | Saint Helena  | 2004 (IUCN) | Deforestation for fuel and timber, and use of the land for plantations of New Zealand flax, leading to inbreeding depression and fungal infections from reduced numbers.[687]
Chinese paddlefish | Psephurus gladius | Yangtze and Yellow River basins, China  | 2018 (IUCN) | Overfishing and construction of the Gezhouba Dam blocking the anadromous spawning migration[688][689]
| Plectostoma sciaphilum | Malaysia  | 2015 (IUCN) | Limestone quarrying.[690]
2004 | Po'ouli  | Melamprosops phaeosoma | Eastern Maui, Hawaii, United States  | 2017 (IUCN) | Introduced avian malaria and predators.[691]
Cozumel thrasher | Toxostoma guttatum | Cozumel, Yucatán Peninsula, Mexico  |  | Hurricanes Roxanne, Emily, and Wilma.[692]
2005 | Cahaba pebblesnail | Clappia cahabensis | Cahaba River, Alabama, United States  | 2021 (IUCN) | Water pollution.[693]
2006 | Western black rhinoceros | Diceros bicornis longipes | South Sudan to Nigerian-Niger border area  | 2011 (IUCN) | Hunting.[694]
2007 | South Island kōkako[695] | Callaeas cinereus | South Island, New Zealand  |  | Habitat destruction from logging and grazing ungulates, and predation by introduced black rats, brush-tailed possums, and stoats.[696]
Cryptic Treehunter | Cichlocolaptes mazarbarnetti  | Northeastern Brazil  | 2019 (IUCN) | Extensive habitat loss due to logging and sugar cane production.[697]
| Telmatobius mendelsoni | Peru  |  | Chytridiomycosis.[698]
2008 | Lindog | Barbodes lindog | Lake Lanao, Mindanao, Philippines  | 2020 (IUCN) | Predation by introduced tank goby and ornate sleeper.[699]
Barada spring minnow | Pseudophoxinus syriacus | Lebanon and Syria |  | Draining of the Barada river.[700]
2009 | Bramble Cay melomys | Melomys rubicola | Bramble Cay, Australia  | 2015 (IUCN)[701] | Sea level rise as a consequence of global warming.[702]
Christmas Island pipistrelle | Pipistrellus murrayi | Christmas Island, Australia  | 2017 (IUCN) | Undetermined.[703]

#### 2010s

* "Lonesome George", the last full-blooded Pinta Island tortoise, photographed in 2006.

Last record  | Common name  | Binomial name  | Former range  | Declared extinct  | Causes

|
|
|
|
|

2010 | Vietnamese rhinoceros | Rhinoceros sondaicus annamiticus | South China and Indochina | 2011 (IUCN)  | Hunting.[704]
Lake Oku puddle frog | Phrynobatrachus njiomock | Lake Oku, Cameroon  |  | Introduction of exotic fish.[705]
Tora hartebeest | Alcelaphus buselaphus tora | Eritrea and Ethiopia  |  | Habitat loss and poaching.[706]
2011 | Alagoas foliage-gleaner | Philydor novaesi | Alagoas and Pernambuco, Brazil  | 2019 (IUCN) | Deforestation.[71]
2012[707][708] | Pinta Island tortoise | Chelonoidis abingdonii | Pinta, Galápagos Islands, Ecuador  | 2012 (IUCN)[709] | Hunting and overgrazing by introduced goats. Hybrid descendants exist in other Galapagos islands, as a result of human intervention.[710]
Parras pupfish | Cyprinodon latifasciatus | Laguna de Mayrán basin, Coahuila, Mexico  |  | Undetermined.[708]
2014[711][712] | Christmas Island forest skink | Emoia nativitatis | Christmas Island, Australia  | 2017 (IUCN) | Habitat loss to mining and predation by introduced Indian wolf snake and yellow crazy ant.[713]
Catarina pupfish | Megupsilon aporus | Nuevo León, Mexico  | 2018 (IUCN) | Overexploitation and habitat disruption.[714]
2016[715][716][717] | Captain Cook's bean snail | Partula faba | Raiatea and Tahaʻa, Society Islands, French Polynesia  | 2016  | Introduction of the Giant African land snail, an invasive species.[718]
Rabbs' fringe-limbed treefrog  | Ecnomiohyla rabborum | El Valle de Antón, Panama  | Chytridiomycosis.[719]
2019[720] | Oahu tree snail | Achatinella apexfulva | Oahu, Hawaii, United States  | 2019  | Predation by introduced rosy wolfsnails.[721]

#### 2020s

* Shells of Garrett's rustic tree snail, one of many recent extinctions from the genus Partula.

Last record  | Common name  | Binomial name  | Former range  | Declared extinct  | Causes

|
|
|
|
|

c. 2020 | Garrett's rustic tree snail | Partula garrettii rustica | Raiatea, Society Islands, French Polynesia  | 2022 (IUCN) | Predation by introduced rosy wolfsnails.[722][723]
Thalia's tree snail | Partula garrettii thalia
Banksia montana mealybug | Pseudococcus markharveyi | Western Australia  |  | Habitat loss and the deforestation of its host, the Banksia montana shrub.[724]
2020-2022 |  | Mollinedia myriantha | Rio de Janeiro, Brazil  |  | Deforestation.[725]
2023 | Campo Grande tree frog | Boana cymbalum | Brazil  | 2023 (IUCN) | Habitat loss and deforestation.[726]

## See also

* List of extinct animals
* Extinction event
* Quaternary extinction event
* Holocene extinction
* Timeline of the evolutionary history of life
* Timeline of environmental history
* Index of environmental articles
* List of environmental issues

## References

Template:Reflist

Template:Extinction

Template:Sourceattribution

Retrieved from "https://handwiki.org/wiki/index.php?title=Biology:Timeline_of_extinctions_in_the_Holocene&oldid=4312800"
*[c.]: circa