JPEG XL

Short description: Raster-graphics file format supporting lossy and lossless compression

JPEG XLFilename extension| `.jxl`

|

Internet media type| `image/jxl`
Magic number| `FF 0A` or `00 00 00 0C 4A 58 4C 20 0D 0A 87 0A`
Developed by|

* Authors: Jyrki Alakuijala, Jon Sneyers, Luca Versari
* Developers: Sami Boukortt, Alex Deymo, Moritz Firsching, Thomas Fischbacher, Eugene Kliuchnikov, Robert Obryk, Alexander Rhatushnyak, Zoltán Szabadka, Lode Vandevenne, Jan Wassenberg
* Joint Photographic Experts Group
* Google
* Cloudinary

Type of format| Lossy/lossless bitmap image format
Extended from|

* PIK[1]
* FLIF-FUIF[1]

Standard| ISO/IEC 18181
Open format?| Yes (royalty-free)
Website|

* jpeg.org/jpegxl (official website)
* sneyers.info/jxl (author's personal page)

JPEG XL is a royalty-free raster-graphics file format that supports both lossy and lossless compression. It is designed to outperform existing raster formats and thus to become their universal replacement.[2]

## Contents

* 1 Name
* 2 History
* 3 Features
* 4 Technical details
* 5 Software
* 5.1 Codec implementation
* 5.2 Official support
* 5.3 Unofficial support
* 5.4 Preliminary support
* 6 Standardization status
* 7 References
* 8 External links

## Name

* JPEG is the Joint Photographic Experts Group, which is the committee that designed the format.
* X is part of the name of several JPEG standards since 2000: JPEG XT, JPEG XR, JPEG XS.
* L means Long-term because the authors' intention for the format is to replace the legacy JPEG and last as long too.[3]

## History

In 2017, JTC1/SC29/WG1 (JPEG) issued a Call for proposals for JPEG XL - the next generation image coding standard.[4]

The file format (bitstream) was frozen on December 25, 2020, meaning that the format is now guaranteed to be decodable by future releases.[5]

## Features

The main features are:[6][7]

* Improved functionality and efficiency compared to traditional image formats (e.g. JPEG, GIF and PNG);
* Progressive decoding (by resolution and precision);
* Lossless JPEG transcoding with ~20% size reduction;
* Lossless encoding and lossless alpha encoding;
* Support for both photographic and synthetic imagery;
* Graceful quality degradation across a large range of bitrates;
* Perceptually optimized reference encoder;
* Support for wide color gamut and HDR;
* Support for animated content,
* Efficient encoding and decoding without requiring specialized hardware
* In particular, JPEG XL is about as fast to encode and decode as old JPEG using libjpeg-turbo and an order of magnitude faster to encode and decode compared to HEIC with x265.[8]
* Royalty-free format with an open-source reference implementation.[9]

## Technical details

JPEG XL codec architecture diagram

JPEG XL is based on ideas from Google's Pik format and Cloudinary's FUIF format (which was in turn based on FLIF).[10]

The format has a variety of encoding modes. On the legacy side, it has a mode that transcodes legacy JPEG in a more compact way for storage. On the more modern side, it has a lossy mode called VarDCT (variable-blocksize DCT) and a lossless/near-lossless/responsive mode called Modular which optionally uses a modified Haar transform (called "squeeze") and which is also used to encode the DC (1:8 scale) image in VarDCT mode as well as various auxiliary images such as adaptive quantization fields or additional channels like alpha. Both modes can use separate modeling of specific image features: splines, repeating "patches" like text or dots, and noise synthesis. Lossy modes typically use the XYB color space derived from LMS.[11]

Prediction is run using a pixel-by-pixel decorrelator without side information, including a parametrized self-correcting weighted ensemble of predictors. Context modeling includes specialized static models and powerful meta-adaptive models that take local error into account, with a signalled tree structure and predictor selection per context. Entropy coding is LZ77-enabled and can use both Asymmetric Numeral Systems and Huffman coding (for low complexity encoders or for reducing overhead of short streams).[citation needed]

It defaults to a visually near-lossless setting that still provides good compression.[8]

Animated (multi-frame) images do not perform advanced inter-frame prediction, though some rudimentary inter-frame coding tools are available:

* a frame can only update part of the canvas;
* a frame can not just replace the contents on the canvas, but also be blended, added or multiplied to it;[12]
* up to four frames can be 'remembered' and referenced using the "patches" coding tool in later frames.[13]

## Software

### Codec implementation

* JPEG XL Reference Software (libjxl)
* license: Apache License 2.0
* contains (among others):
* coder `cjxl`
* decoder `djxl`
* tool for benchmarking speed and quality of image codecs `benchmark_xl`
* GIMP and Gtk pixbuf plugin `file-jxl`

### Official support

* ImageMagick[14] – toolkit for raster graphics processing
* XnView MP[15] – viewer and editor of raster graphics
* MConverter[16] – online media converter
* Squoosh[17] – WebAssembly-based image converter (online media converter available)
* gThumb[18] – free Linux image viewer
* ImageGlass[19] – free and open-source Windows image viewer

### Unofficial support

* Qt / KDE apps[20] – via plugin
* Microsoft Windows[21] – via WIC plugin, i.e. for viewing in Photo Viewer, File Explorer etc.
* macOS[22] – via standalone app and Quick Look plugin
* GIMP[3] – raster graphics editor; plugin for GIMP 2.10 available

### Preliminary support

* Chromium[23] – web browser; in testing (as Chrome Beta and Edge Canary)
* Firefox[24] – web browser; in testing (as Firefox Nightly)

## Standardization status

Common Name | Part | First public release date (First edition) | ISO/IEC Number | Formal Title

|
|
|
|

JPEG XL | Part 1 | under development, planned for 2021 | ISO/IEC FDIS 18181-1 | JPEG XL Image Coding System — Part 1: Core coding system
Part 2 | under development, planned for 2021 | ISO/IEC DIS 18181-2 | JPEG XL Image Coding System — Part 2: File format
Part 3 | under development, planned for 2022 | ISO/IEC WD 18181-3 | JPEG XL Image Coding System — Part 3: Conformance testing
Part 4 | under development, planned for 2022 | ISO/IEC CD 18181-4 | JPEG XL Image Coding System — Part 4: Reference software

## References

1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 "fuif/README.md". GitHub. https://github.com/cloudinary/fuif/blob/3ed48249a9cbe68740aa4ea58098ab0cd4b87eaa/README.md.
2. ↑ https://tech.slashdot.org/story/19/08/17/1855214/can-jpeg-xl-become-the-next-free-and-open-image-format
3. ↑ 3.0 3.1 https://gitlab.gnome.org/GNOME/gimp/-/issues/4681
4. ↑ "JPEG - Next-Generation Image Compression (JPEG XL) Final Draft Call for Proposals". April 23, 2018. https://jpeg.org/items/20180423_cfp_jpeg_xl.html.
5. ↑ "v0.2 JPEG XL Reference Software" (in en). https://gitlab.com/wg1/jpeg-xl/-/tags/v0.2.
6. ↑ "JPEG XL reaches Committee Draft" (html). 3 August 2019. https://jpeg.org/items/20190803_press.html. "The current contributors have committed to releasing it publicly under a royalty-free and open source license."
7. ↑ "JPEG XL White Paper". 22 January 2021. http://ds.jpeg.org/whitepapers/jpeg-xl-whitepaper.pdf.
8. ↑ 8.0 8.1 Sneyers, Jon. "How JPEG XL Compares to Other Image Codecs". https://cloudinary.com/blog/how_jpeg_xl_compares_to_other_image_codecs.
9. ↑ "jpeg / JPEG XL Reference Software" (in en). https://gitlab.com/wg1/jpeg-xl.
10. ↑ https://flif.info/#update
11. ↑ Alakuijala, Jyrki; van Asseldonk, Ruud; Boukortt, Sami; Szabadka, Zoltan; Bruse, Martin; Comsa, Iulia-Maria; Firsching, Moritz; Fischbacher, Thomas et al. (6 September 2019). Tescher, Andrew G; Ebrahimi, Touradj. eds. "JPEG XL next-generation image compression architecture and coding tools". Applications of Digital Image Processing XLII: 20. doi:10.1117/12.2529237. ISBN 9781510629677.
12. ↑ https://gitlab.com/wg1/jpeg-xl/-/blob/b1c6fdcd/lib/jxl/frame_header.h#L178-217
13. ↑ https://gitlab.com/wg1/jpeg-xl/-/blob/b1c6fdcd/lib/jxl/frame_header.h#L313-315
14. ↑ https://imagemagick.org/script/formats.php#supported
15. ↑ https://www.xnview.com/mantisbt/view.php?id=1845
16. ↑ https://mconverter.eu
17. ↑ https://squoosh.app
18. ↑ https://ubuntuhandbook.org/index.php/2021/04/gthumb-3-11-3-adds-jpeg-xl-support/
19. ↑ https://imageglass.org/
20. ↑ https://github.com/novomesk/qt-jpegxl-image-plugin
21. ↑ https://github.com/mirillis/jpegxl-wic
22. ↑ https://github.com/yllan/JXLook
23. ↑ https://bugs.chromium.org/p/chromium/issues/detail?id=1178058
24. ↑ https://bugzilla.mozilla.org/show_bug.cgi?id=1539075

## External links

* Official website
* Reference implementation
* builds for Windows:
* Windows Bin Builds (the page also contains many other programs)
* AppVeyor
* Author's personal page

* v
* t
* e

Graphics file formats

Raster|

* ANI
* ANIM
* APNG
* ART
* BMP
* BPG
* BSAVE
* CAL
* CIN
* CPC
* CPT
* DDS
* DPX
* ECW
* EXR
* FITS
* FLIC
* FLIF
* FPX
* GIF
* HDRi
* HEVC
* ICER
* ICNS
* ICO / CUR
* ICS
* ILBM
* JBIG
* JBIG2
* JNG
* JPEG
* JPEG-LS
* JPEG 2000
* JPEG XR
* JPEG XT
* JPEG-HDR
* KRA
* MNG
* MIFF
* NRRD
* PAM
* PBM / PGM / PPM / PNM
* PCX
* PGF
* PICtor
* PNG
* PSD / PSB
* PSP
* QTVR
* RAS
* RGBE
* Logluv TIFF
* SGI
* TGA
* TIFF
* TIFF/EP
* TIFF/IT
* UFO/ UFP
* WBMP
* WebP
* XBM
* XCF
* XPM
* XWD

Raw|

* CIFF
* DNG

Vector|

* AI
* CDR
* CGM
* DXF
* EVA
* EMF
* Gerber
* HVIF
* IGES
* PGML
* SVG
* VML
* WMF
* Xar

Compound|

* CDF
* DjVu
* EPS
* PDF
* PICT
* PS
* SWF
* XAML

Metadata|

* Exchangeable image file format (Exif)
* Extensible Metadata Platform (XMP)

* Category
* Comparison

* v
* t
* e

Multimedia compression and container formats

Video
compression|

| ISO, IEC, MPEG|

* MJPEG
* Motion JPEG 2000
* MPEG-1
* MPEG-2
* Part 2
* MPEG-4
* Part 2 / ASP
* Part 10 / AVC
* MPEG-H
* Part 2 / HEVC
* MPEG-I
* Part 3 / VVC

|

ITU-T, VCEG|

* H.120
* DCT
* H.261
* H.262
* H.263
* H.264 / AVC
* H.265 / HEVC
* H.266 / VVC
* DV

SMPTE|

* VC-1
* VC-2
* VC-3
* VC-5

TrueMotion|

* TrueMotion S
* DCT
* VP3
* VP6
* VP7
* VP8
* VP9
* AV1

Others|

* Apple Video
* AVS
* Bink
* Cinepak
* Daala
* DVI
* EVC
* FFV1
* Huffyuv
* Indeo
* Lagarith
* Microsoft Video 1
* MSU Lossless
* OMS Video
* Pixlet
* ProRes 422
* ProRes 4444
* QuickTime
* Animation
* Graphics
* RealVideo
* RTVideo
* SheerVideo
* Smacker
* Sorenson Video/Spark
* Theora
* Thor
* WMV
* XEB
* YULS

Audio
compression|

| ISO, IEC, MPEG|

* MPEG-1 Layer II
* Multichannel
* MPEG-1 Layer I
* MPEG-1 Layer III (MP3)
* AAC
* HE-AAC
* AAC-LD
* MPEG Surround
* MPEG-4 ALS
* MPEG-4 SLS
* MPEG-4 DST
* MPEG-4 HVXC
* MPEG-4 CELP
* MPEG-D USAC
* MPEG-H 3D Audio

|

ITU-T|

* G.711
* A-law
* µ-law
* G.718
* G.719
* G.722
* G.722.1
* G.722.2
* G.723
* G.723.1
* G.726
* G.728
* G.729
* G.729.1

IETF|

* Opus
* iLBC
* Speex
* Vorbis

3GPP|

* AMR
* AMR-WB
* AMR-WB+
* EVRC
* EVRC-B
* EVS
* GSM-HR
* GSM-FR
* GSM-EFR

ETSI|

* AC-3
* AC-4
* DTS

Others|

* ACELP
* ALAC
* Asao
* ATRAC
* AVS
* CELT
* Codec 2
* DRA
* FLAC
* iSAC
* Monkey's Audio
* TTA
* True Audio
* MT9
* Musepack
* OptimFROG
* OSQ
* QCELP
* RCELP
* RealAudio
* RTAudio
* SD2
* SHN
* SILK
* Siren
* SMV
* SVOPC
* TwinVQ
* VMR-WB
* VSELP
* WavPack
* WMA
* MQA
* aptX
* aptX HD
* aptX Low Latency
* aptX Adaptive
* LDAC
* LHDC
* LLAC

Image
compression|

| IEC, ISO,
IETF, W3C,
ITU-T, JPEG|

* CCITT Group 4
* DCT
* HEIF
* HEVC
* JPEG
* JPEG XR
* JPEG XT
* TIFF/EP
* Arithmetic
* JBIG
* JBIG2
* JPEG-LS
* JPEG 2000
* LZ
* GIF
* PNG
* TIFF
* TIFF/IT

|

Others|

* APNG
* BPG
* DjVu
* EXR
* FLIF
* ICER
* MNG
* PGF
* QTVR
* WBMP
* WebP

Containers|

| ISO, IEC|

* MPEG-ES
* MPEG-PES
* MPEG-PS
* MPEG-TS
* ISO base media file format
* MPEG-4 Part 14 (MP4)
* Motion JPEG 2000
* MPEG-21 Part 9
* MPEG media transport

|

ITU-T|

* H.222.0
* T.802

IETF|

* RTP
* Ogg

SMPTE|

* GXF
* MXF

Others|

* 3GP and 3G2
* AMV
* ASF
* AIFF
* AVI
* AU
* BPG
* Bink
* Smacker
* BMP
* DivX Media Format
* EVO
* Flash Video
* IFF
* M2TS
* Matroska
* WebM
* QuickTime File Format
* RatDVD
* RealMedia
* RIFF
* WAV
* MOD and TOD
* VOB, IFO and BUP

Collaborations|

* NETVC
* MPEG LA
* HEVC Advance

Methods|

* Discrete cosine transform
* DCT
* MDCT
* Entropy
* Arithmetic
* Huffman
* Modified
* FFT
* LPC
* ACELP
* CELP
* LSP
* WLPC
* Lossless
* Lossy
* LZ
* DEFLATE
* LZW
* PCM
* A-law
* µ-law
* ADPCM
* DPCM
* Transform
* Wavelet
* Daubechies
* DWT
* Transform

Lists|

* Comparison of audio coding formats
* Comparison of video codecs
* List of codecs

See Compression methods for techniques and Compression software for codecs

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