Constitutional Democratic Party of Japan

Short description: Japanese political party

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|

Constitutional Democratic Party of Japan

立憲民主党
Rikken-minshutō

Abbreviation| CDP
CDPJ
President| Shunichi Mizuoka[lower-alpha 1]
Secretary-General| Masayo Tanabu
Founder| Yukio Edano
Founded| 3 October 2017; 8 years ago (2017-10-03)
15 September 2020; 5 years ago (2020-09-15)[lower-alpha 2]
Split from| Democratic Party (2016)[lower-alpha 2]
Preceded by| Constitutional Democratic Party of Japan[lower-alpha 2]
Merged into| Centrist Reform Alliance (House of Representatives)
Headquarters| 2-12-4 Fuji Building 3F, Hirakawa-chō,
Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo 102-0093, Japan
Newspaper| Rikken-minshu[4]
Youth wing| RikkenYouth[5]
Membership (August 2024)| 114,839[6]
Ideology|

* Liberalism (Japanese)
* Social liberalism

Political position| Centre to centre-left
National affiliation| Centrist Reform Alliance (2026–present)
International affiliation| Council of Asian Liberals and Democrats (observer)
Colors|  Blue[7]
Slogan| 政権交代こそ、最大の政治改革。
Seiken koutai koso, saidaino seijikaikaku.[8]
('A change of government is the biggest political reform.')
Councillors|

39 / 248

Representatives|

0 / 465

Prefectural assembly members|

231 / 2,614

Municipal assembly members[9]|

730 / 28,940

Election symbol
150px
Party flag

* 150px

Alternative flag

* 150px

Website

* Japanese
* cdp-japan.jp
* English
* {{{1}}}

The Constitutional Democratic Party of Japan (立憲民主党, Rikken-minshutō; CDP[10] or CDPJ)[11] is a liberal political party in Japan. It is the primary centre-left party in Japan, and was the second largest party in the National Diet behind the ruling Liberal Democratic Party (LDP).

It was founded in October 2017 as a split from the Democratic Party ahead of the 2017 general election, where it allied with the Japanese Communist Party and Social Democratic Party and overtook Kibō no Tō to become the largest opposition party. In late 2020, the party was re-founded following a merger with majorities of the Democratic Party For the People and the Social Democratic Party as well as some independent lawmakers. In the 2021 general election, it underperformed expectations and lost several seats. In the 2024 general election, the party surged and achieved the best result in its history, gaining 148 seats, up from 96 before. In 2026, it merged with Komeito in the House of Representatives to form the Centrist Reform Alliance in advance of the 2026 general election, however the party still caucuses as the CDP in the House of Councillors and in local elections. In the 2026 election, CDP-affiliated members of the CRA lost most of their seats, reducing the number of CDP-affiliated representatives from 144 to 21.

The party's platform supports raising the minimum wage, expanded welfare policies, the legalization of same-sex marriage, increased gender equality, renewable energy policies, decentralization, a multilateral and pragmatic foreign policy, the revision of the U.S.–Japan Status of Forces Agreement, tax reform and electoral reform. The party strongly opposes efforts to amend the Japanese Constitution to reinterpret Article 9 or codify the status of the Japan Self-Defense Forces and also opposes nuclear power.

## Contents

* 1 History
* 1.1 Formation and 2017 election
* 1.2 2020 merger and refoundation
* 1.3 2026 merger with Komeito
* 2 Ideology and platform
* 3 Leadership
* 3.1 Party Leader
* 3.2 Acting Leader
* 3.3 Deputy Leader
* 3.4 Secretary-general
* 3.5 Policy Research Council Chair
* 3.6 Current leadership
* 3.7 List of leaders
* 4 Election results
* 4.1 House of Representatives
* 4.2 House of Councillors
* 5 See also
* 6 Notes
* 7 References
* 8 External links

## History

### Formation and 2017 election

Alternative CDPJ logo

The party was formed in the run up to the 2017 general election from a split of the centre-left wing of the opposition Democratic Party (DP).[12][13][14][15] Prior to the election on 28 September 2017, the DP House of Representatives caucus dissolved in order for party members to stand as candidates for Tokyo governor Yuriko Koike's Party of Hope or as independents in the upcoming election.[16]

The new party was launched on 2 October 2017 by DP deputy leader Yukio Edano at a press conference in Tokyo for liberals and left-leaning members of the DP who did not wish to, or were rejected for, contesting the election as candidates for the Party of Hope.[17][18]

On 3 October 2017, it was announced that the new party would not contest seats where former Democrats were running as Party of Hope candidates,[19] a gesture which was not returned when the Party of Hope ran a candidate in Edano's incumbent district. The Japanese Communist Party (JCP), in turn, pulled their own candidate from running in Edano's district so as to not take away votes from him.[20] The party won a total of 55 seats,[14] becoming the leading opposition party and leading the pacifist bloc (including the JCP and Social Democratic Party) to become the largest opposition bloc.

In July 2020, the CDP became an observer affiliate of the Council of Asian Liberals and Democrats.[21]

### 2020 merger and refoundation

On 19 August 2020, the CDP announced that it would merge with the majority of the Democratic Party For the People (DPP) as well as some independent Diet members in September of that year.[22]

On 10 September 2020, the new party elected Edano as leader and voted to retain the CDP name.[23] Following the merger, the new CDP had 149 members and held 107 seats in the House of Representatives, compared to 156 members and 96 seats held by the Democratic Party in 2016. The independents who joined the CDP in this merger included former Prime Minister Yoshihiko Noda. Several conservative DPP members, including DPP president Yuichiro Tamaki, did not join the CDP and instead continued to lead a rump DPP independent of the CDP.[24][25]

On 14 November 2020, the Social Democratic Party (SDP) voted to agree to a merger arrangement with the CDP, allowing SDP members to leave the party and join the CDP.[26] SDP leader Mizuho Fukushima was opposed to the merger agreement and as a result remained in the Social Democratic Party.[26]

The CDP contested the 2021 general election in an electoral pact co-operating with the JCP, Reiwa Shinsengumi and continuing DPP and SDP parties in fielding single opposition candidates in single-seat constituencies.[27] Edano resigned as party leader following the election on 2 November 2021, due to poorer than expected electoral results, in which the CDP fell from 110 to 96 seats.[28][29]

Kenta Izumi was elected as the leader of the CDP in the 2021 Constitutional Democratic Party of Japan leadership election on 30 November 2021. Formerly a member of the DPP, he said that the two parties are regarded by the public as "close" and "thought to be like brothers" and "expressed support for a tie-up" between the two.[35]

On 23 September 2024, former Prime Minister Yoshihiko Noda was elected party president on the party leadership election, with Junya Ogawa chosen as party general secretary.[36]

In the 2024 general election held on 27 October 2024, the CDP greatly increased their seat count in the House of Representatives to 148, depriving the ruling Liberal Democratic Party of their majority.[37][38]

### 2026 merger with Komeito

On 15 January 2026, CDP president Noda announced that the party had agreed to merge with Komeito in the lower-house to form the Centrist Reform Alliance.[39][40] Only a handful of members, including Kazuhiro Haraguchi, left the party in protest; the vast majority of lawmakers joined the new party as planned.[41] In the 2026 election, the CRA lost a significant number of seats, winning only 49 of them, while the LDP gained seats and secured more than a two-thirds majority of the lower house on its own. 21 CDP-affiliated candidates won seats, down from 144 before, while 28 Komeito-affiliated candidates won seats, up from 21 before.[42]

In the 2026 Japanese local elections, the CDP and Komeito will field their own candidates instead of a unified CRA banner. In addition, the parties have not merged in the House of Councillors.[43]

## Ideology and platform

Template:Liberalism in Japan The CDP has been described as liberal[44][45][46] and social-liberal,[47][48][49] and in favour of constitutionalism.[50] The party has also been described as centre-left,[13][14][51][52][53][54] progressive,[46][55][56] and left-wing populist.[57] A study that quantitative textual analysis of the party's parliamentary speeches has shown that its political position is more left-leaning than that of its predecessor the Democratic Party.[58] Following its enlargement in 2020, the party has variously been described as liberal,[32][59] centrist,[60] or centre-left.[61][62] Within the CDP, as with its predecessor the Democratic Party of Japan (DPJ), there are conservative politicians,[lower-alpha 3] as well as politicians from social-democratic backgrounds.[63][64][65]

A key characteristic of the CDP's policies, as its name suggests, is its respect for the Japan's postwar constitution which emphasizes democracy, human rights, and peace.[66] The term "constitutionalism" was a slogan used in protest movement against the Abe administration's the legislation for Peace and Security and constitutional revision from 2015 to 2017, and the party adopted the term as its name.[67] At launch in 2017, the CDP opposed the proposed revision of Article 9,[14][68][69] and in the 2017 general election, it campaigned on a traditional Japanese liberal message of firmly opposing the revision of the peace constitution.[44] The party supports the phasing out of nuclear energy in Japan,[70] and government investment in renewable energy.[71] The party does not support the legalization and maintenance of casinos.[72] The party supports "building a society that supports each other and makes full use of individuality and creativity".[73][74] In their 2017 political programme, the party expressed support for grassroots democracy and diplomatic pacifism.[75] It supports electoral reform.[76]

In 2019, the party pledged to support LGBT rights and the legalization of same-sex marriage in Japan,[77] and in March 2023, promoted a parliamentary bill for Japan to legally recognize such couplings.[78] It also supports increased gender equality.[79]

The party supported a freeze in the increase of the consumption tax as of 2017,[80][81] and supports a temporary consumption tax cut as of 2020, along with higher taxes on corporations and wealthy individuals.[25] In the run-up to the 2021 general election, party leader Edano stated his party's support for redistribution of wealth.[82] The 2021 election platform offered support for progressive taxation, a pledge for additional welfare payments for citizens on low incomes, and raising the capital gains tax rate to 25% by 2023.[83]

The CDP's 2024 platform supported raising the minimum wage, the abolition of tuition fees, free school meals, gender equality legislation and reform of laws regulating use of surnames following marriage in Japan.[84][85] The party also abandoned its previous policies of freezing or lowering the consumption tax rate.[86]

The CDP released a statement on its official website in August 2025 in which it stated that there was a need to recognize Palestine as an independent country.[87]

## Leadership

### Party Leader

As the highest-ranking official representing the party and overseeing its affairs, the Leader is elected by a vote of Diet members, prospective candidates, local assembly members, and party members/supporters. The term runs until the end of September three years after the year of election, starting from the day they take office.[88]

### Acting Leader

The Acting Leader performs some of the duties of the Leader based on their instructions.

### Deputy Leader

The Deputy Leader assists the Leader and carries out party affairs, based on the Leader's instructions, or upon the Secretary-general's request.

### Secretary-general

The Secretary-General assists the Leader and oversees all aspects of party affairs execution; they may establish departments under their authority and appoint officers. They have an obligation to hear from regional organizations, local supporters, and party members.[88]

### Policy Research Council Chair

They are responsible for the party's policies as well as for their investigation, research, and drafting.

### Current leadership

As of 25 February 2026.[89] Only officials from the House of Councillors remain due to the formation of the Centrist Reform Alliance.

Position  | Name

|

President  | Shunichi Mizuoka
Chairman in the House of Councillors
Secretary-General  | Masayo Tanabu
Chairman of the Standing Committee  | Tadatomo Yoshida
Chairman of the Diet Affairs Committee  | Yoshitaka Saitō
Chairman of the Election Strategy Committee  | Shinji Morimoto
Chairman of the Policy Research Council  | Eri Tokunaga

### List of leaders

No.  | Leader
(birth–death) | Constituency  | Took office  | Left office  | Election results

|
|
|
|
|

Split from: Democratic Party (2016) (centre-left)
1  | Yukio Edano
(b. 1964) | 100px  | Rep for Saitama 5th  | 3 October 2017  | 14 September 2020  |

2017

Unopposed

Merger of: Democratic Party For the People (centre-right; majority faction) & Some Independents Group
1  | Yukio Edano
(b. 1964) | 100px  | Rep for Saitama 5th  | 15 September 2020  | 12 November 2021  |

2020[lower-alpha 4]

Yukio Edano – 107
Kenta Izumi – 42

2  | Kenta Izumi
(b. 1974) | 100px  | Rep for Kyoto 3rd  | 30 November 2021  | 23 September 2024  |

2021 1st Round

Kenta Izumi – 189
Seiji Osaka – 148
Junya Ogawa – 133
Chinami Nishimura – 102

2021 2nd Round

Kenta Izumi – 205
Seiji Osaka – 128

3  | Yoshihiko Noda
(b. 1957) | 100px  | Rep for Chiba 4th  | 23 September 2024  | 19 January 2026  |

2024 1st Round

Yoshihiko Noda – 267
Yukio Edano – 206
Kenta Izumi – 143
Harumi Yoshida – 122

2024 2nd Round

Yoshihiko Noda – 232
Yukio Edano – 180

House of Representatives group merges into Centrist Reform Alliance
4  | Shunichi Mizuoka
(b. 1956) | 100px  | Councillor for National PR  | 23 January 2026  | Incumbent

## Election results

### House of Representatives

House of Representatives  Election  | Leader  | No. of
candidates  | Seats  | Position  | Constituency votes  | PR Block votes  | Status

|
|
|
|
|
|
|

No.  | ±  | Share  | No.  | Share  | No.  | Share
2017  | Yukio Edano  | 78  |

55 / 465

|  | 11.8%  | 2nd  | 4,852,097  | 8.75%  | 11,084,890  | 19.88%  | Opposition
Merger of: Democratic Party For the People (centre-right; majority faction) & some Independents (2020)
2021  | Yukio Edano  | 240  |

96 / 465

|  | 20.6%  | 2nd  | 17,215,621  | 29.96%  | 11,492,095  | 20.00%  | Opposition
2024  | Yoshihiko Noda  | 237  |

148 / 465

|  52  | 31.8%  |  2nd  | 15,740,860  | 29.01%  | 11,564,217  | 21.20%  | Opposition
Merger with Komeito, forming the Centrist Reform Alliance (2026)

### House of Councillors

House of Councillors  Election  | Leader  | No. of
candidates  | Seats  | Position  | Constituency votes  | Party list votes  | Status

|
|
|
|
|
|
|

Won  | ±  | Total[lower-alpha 5] | ±  | No.  | Share  | No.  | Share
2019  | Yukio Edano  | 42  |

17 / 124

|  |

32 / 245

|  | 2nd  | 7,951,430  | 15.79%  | 7,917,720  | 15.81%  | Opposition
Merger of: Democratic Party For the People (centre-right; majority faction) & some Independents (2020)
2022  | Kenta Izumi  | 51  |

17 / 125

|  |

39 / 248

|  | 2nd  | 8,154,330  | 15.33%  | 6,771,914  | 12.77%  | Opposition
2025  | Yoshihiko Noda  | 51  |

22 / 125

|  5  |

38 / 248

|  1  | 2nd  | 9,119,656  | 15.42%  | 7,397,456  | 12.50%  | Opposition

## See also

* Liberalism in Japan
* List of liberal parties
* Japan Socialist Party, the main opposition party in the "1955 System" against the LDP until the 1990s.
* Right Socialist Party of Japan
* Japan New Party
* Democratic Party of Japan
* List of major liberal parties considered centre-left

## Notes

1. ↑ Interim leader, as registered with the Minister for Internal Affairs and Communications.
2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 2.2 The "old CDP" was founded on 3 October 2017[1] as a split from the Democratic Party and dissolved on 14 September 2020,[2] while the current party was founded on 15 September 2020[3] as a merger of the old CDP, the majority of the Democratic Party For the People and some independent lawmakers.
3. ↑ Most conservative factions within the CDP are moderate conservatives, but some CDP members belong to ultra-conservative Nippon Kaigi (ex: Hirofumi Ryu and Shū Watanabe).
4. ↑ Held after the merger with the Democratic Party For the People.
5. ↑ The Upper house is split in two classes, one elected every three years.

## References

1. ↑ "政治資金規正法に基づく政治団体の届出" (in ja). 3 October 2017. https://www.soumu.go.jp/main_content/000511048.pdf.
2. ↑ "政治資金規正法及び政党助成法に基づく政党の解散の届出" (in ja). 14 September 2020. https://www.soumu.go.jp/main_content/000706849.pdf.
3. ↑ "政治資金規正法に基づく政治団体の届出" (in ja). 15 September 2020. https://www.soumu.go.jp/main_content/000706856.pdf.
4. ↑ "Error: no `|title=` specified when using {{Cite web}}" (in ja). https://cdp-japan.jp/form/party-organ.Error:+no+`|title=`+specified when+using+{{[[Template:Cite+web|Cite+web]]}}&rft.atitle=&rft_id=https://cdp-japan.jp/form/party-organ&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikibooks.org:Organization:Constitutional_Democratic_Party_of_Japan">
5. ↑ "りっけんユース" (in ja). 13 December 2022. https://cdp-japan.jp/rikken-youth.
6. ↑ "立民代表選、党員・協力党員11万人に投票権 合計740ポイントの争奪戦に". 産経新聞. 2024-08-26. https://www.sankei.com/article/20240826-O6QD6XOIORNVHO2VEXHTIPDICQ/. Retrieved 2024-08-26.
7. ↑ (in ja)日本経済新聞 (Nikkei, Inc.). 21 October 2017. https://r.nikkei.com/article/DGXMZO22461210Z11C17A0000000.+"立憲民主党は青だ。 [Constitutional Democratic Party is blue.]"
8. ↑ "政党のキャッチフレーズからみえる戦略、有権者の心をつかむ言葉は？". 19 October 2024. https://www.yomiuri.co.jp/election/shugiin/20241019-OYT1T50090/.
9. ↑ Ministry of Internal Affairs and Communications, party membership statistics for chief executives and assembly members in prefectures and municipalities: Prefectural and local assembly members and governors/mayors by political party as of 31 December 2023
10. ↑ "Japan's ruling camp nervous about opposition unity as election looms" (in en-US). 16 October 2021. https://www.japantimes.co.jp/news/2021/10/16/national/politics-diplomacy/ldp-nervous-opposition/.
11. ↑ "Japan PM: new disease command centre may come after pandemic" (in en). Reuters. 18 October 2021. https://www.reuters.com/world/us/heads-japan-major-parties-hold-debate-ahead-key-election-2021-10-18/.
12. ↑ Ian Neary (2019). The State and Politics of Japan (2nd ed.). Polity Press. p. 180. ISBN 978-1-50-953585-9. https://books.google.com/books?id=64-ZDwAAQBAJ&pg=PT106.
13. ↑ 13.0 13.1 "New centre-left party launched in Japan ahead of vote". Channel News Asia. 2 October 2017. http://www.channelnewsasia.com/news/asiapacific/new-centre-left-party-launched-in-japan-ahead-of-vote-9271376.
14. ↑ 14.0 14.1 14.2 14.3 William D. Hoover, ed (2018). Historical Dictionary of Postwar Japan. Rowman & Littlefield. p. 61. ISBN 978-1-5381-1156-7. https://books.google.com/books?id=jyx1DwAAQBAJ&pg=PA61.
15. ↑ "2017 Lower House Election / Edano announces launch of new party of liberals". The Yomiuri Shimbun. http://the-japan-news.com/news/article/0003978833.
16. ↑ Yoshida, Reiji (28 September 2017). "Democratic Party effectively disbands, throwing support behind Koike's party for Lower House poll". https://www.japantimes.co.jp/news/2017/09/28/national/politics-diplomacy/abe-dissolves-lower-house-opposition-bands-together/.
17. ↑ "Major opposition's liberal wing to form new group". Kyodo News. 2 October 2017. https://english.kyodonews.net/news/2017/10/908513fb14e2-update2-major-oppositions-liberal-wing-to-form-new-group.html.
18. ↑ "Vote 2017: Edano plans to form new party as liberal force in election：The Asahi Shimbun". http://www.asahi.com/ajw/articles/AJ201710020024.html.
19. ↑ "Koike's party unveils 1st list of 192 candidates for upcoming election". Japan Today. 4 October 2017. https://japantoday.com/category/politics/update1-koike's-party-unveils-1st-list-of-candidates-for-upcoming-election.
20. ↑ "Yukio Edano: Japan's opposition leader to watch". Nikkei Asian Review. 22 October 2017. https://asia.nikkei.com/Spotlight/Japan-s-election/Yukio-Edano-Japan-s-opposition-leader-to-watch.
21. ↑ "Japan's Main Opposition Party Joins CALD as Observer". 3 July 2020. http://cald.org/japans-main-opposition-party-joins-cald-as-observer/.
22. ↑ "Japan's largest opposition parties to merge in September" (in en). 20 August 2020. http://www.asahi.com/ajw/articles/13652272.
23. ↑ Johnston, Eric (10 September 2020). "Yukio Edano elected chief of new CDP, Japan's top opposition party". https://www.japantimes.co.jp/news/2020/09/10/national/politics-diplomacy/yukio-edano-elected-president-cdp/.
24. ↑ Robert J. Pekkanen; Steven R. Reed (2022). "The Opposition in 2021: A Second Party and a Third Force". Japan Decides 2021: The Japanese General Election. Springer Nature. p. 66. ISBN 978-3-03-111324-6. https://books.google.com/books?id=zQafEAAAQBAJ&pg=PA66.
25. ↑ 25.0 25.1 Kuronuma, Susumu (11 September 2020). "Japan's fractured opposition unites as party of 140-plus lawmakers" (in en-GB). https://asia.nikkei.com/Politics/Japan-after-Abe/Japan-s-fractured-opposition-unites-as-party-of-140-plus-lawmakers.
26. ↑ 26.0 26.1 "Social Democratic Party to split; most Diet members to join CDPJ" (in English). The Japan Times. 25 February 2018. https://www.nikkei.com/article/DGXMZO27373580V20C18A2PE8000/.
27. ↑ "CDPJ pays price for opposition cooperation". 2021-11-01. https://the-japan-news.com/news/article/0007941401. Retrieved 2021-12-26.
28. ↑ "Coronavirus pandemic updates: Nov. 6, 2021". 6 November 2021. https://english.kyodonews.net/news/2021/11/f55c4e0600e7-coronavirus-pandemic-latest-nov-6-2021.html.
29. ↑ "CDPJ leader Edano to resign over election setback". The Japan News. 2021-11-02. https://japannews.yomiuri.co.jp/politics/politics-government/20211102-1763/. Retrieved 2021-12-26.
30. ↑ "Izumi Elected Japan Opposition CDP's New Leader". Nippon.com. 30 November 2021. https://www.nippon.com/en/news/yjj2021113000740/.
31. ↑ Johnston, Eric. "Japan's main opposition party seeks to rebuild under new leader Kenta Izumi". The Japan Times. https://www.japantimes.co.jp/news/2021/11/30/national/politics-diplomacy/cdp-leader-kenta-izumi/.
32. ↑ 32.0 32.1 "Izumi elected leader of Japan's main opposition in runoff vote". The Mainichi. 30 November 2021. https://mainichi.jp/english/articles/20211130/p2g/00m/0na/056000c.
33. ↑ "Japan's largest opposition elects new leader". NHK WORLD News. 30 November 2021. https://www3.nhk.or.jp/nhkworld/en/news/20211130_24/.
34. ↑ "Kenta Izumi elected leader of Japan's main opposition in runoff". Nikkei Asia. 30 November 2021. https://asia.nikkei.com/Politics/Kenta-Izumi-elected-leader-of-Japan-s-main-opposition-in-runoff.
35. ↑ [30][31][32][33][34]
36. ↑ "Noda Picks Ogawa as CDPJ Secretary General". 24 September 2024. https://japannews.yomiuri.co.jp/politics/politics-government/20240924-213146/.
37. ↑ "Japan's ruling coalition loses a majority in the lower house, creating political uncertainty". 27 October 2024. https://apnews.com/article/japan-ishiba-parliament-election-ldp-opposition-5c6509c7b83963ffe40588c50998967c.
38. ↑ Geddie, John; Kelly, Tim; Murakami, Sakura (28 October 2024). "Japan's government in flux after election gives no party majority". Reuters. https://www.reuters.com/world/asia-pacific/japans-government-flux-after-election-gives-no-party-majority-yen-hit-2024-10-28/.
39. ↑ "新党名は「中道改革連合」の方針" (in ja). https://news.yahoo.co.jp/pickup/6566317.
40. ↑ "Japan opposition parties CDP, Komeito agree to form new political party". Reuters. 15 January 2026. https://www.reuters.com/world/asia-pacific/japan-opposition-parties-cdp-komeito-agree-form-new-political-party-2026-01-15/.
41. ↑ "「中道」160人超で発足へ 結党大会後に公約・候補発表" (in ja). https://mainichi.jp/articles/20260122/k00/00m/010/023000c.
42. ↑ "Centrist Reform Alliance suffers crushing defeat in Japan election, loses almost 120 seats" (in en). Mainichi Daily News. 2026-02-09. https://mainichi.jp/english/articles/20260209/p2a/00m/0na/015000c.
43. ↑ "Komeito to forgo joining main opposition in Japan local elections". March 8, 2026. https://japantoday.com/category/politics/komeito-to-forgo-joining-main-opposition-in-japan-local-elections.
44. ↑ 44.0 44.1 "Japan's opposition further split by election disaster". Financial Times. 31 October 2017. https://www.ft.com/content/70ea3fe4-bd48-11e7-b8a3-38a6e068f464?syn-25a6b1a6=1.
45. ↑ "New Constitutional Democratic Party a Twitter sensation". The Mainichi. 4 October 2017. https://mainichi.jp/english/articles/20171004/p2a/00m/0na/016000c.
46. ↑ 46.0 46.1 Murata, Koji; Gaunder, Alisa (29 July 2019). "RESOLVED: Japan Needs A Two-Party System". Debating Japan (Center for Strategic and International Studies) 2 (7): 4. https://csis-website-prod.s3.amazonaws.com/s3fs-public/publication/190729_DJ-Vol2Issue7_final.pdf. Retrieved 12 April 2026.
47. ↑ Spremberg, Felix (25 November 2020). "How Japan's Left is repeating its unfortunate history". International Politics & Society Journal. https://www.ips-journal.eu/topics/democracy/how-japans-left-is-repeating-its-unfortunate-history-4819/. "The new party programme is still decidedly left-liberal; [...]"
48. ↑ Crawford, Mark (2025). "Tectonic shifts lie beneath Japan's leadership change". Inroads Journal (56). https://inroadsjournal.ca/tectonic-shifts-lie-beneath-japans-leadership-change/. Retrieved 12 April 2026. "For one thing, the DPP is probably a more natural partner for the social-liberal opposition CDP, [...]".
49. ↑ Yamamoto, Hidehiro; Fujita, Taisuke (2022). "Chapter 7: State-Society Relations Under the COVID-19 Disaster in Japan". Handbook of Research on Socio-Economic Sustainability in the Post-Pandemic Era. IGI Global. p. 144. ISBN 9781799897620. https://books.google.com/books?id=G6fREAAAQBAJ&pg=PA144. Retrieved 27 April 2026. "As the first opposition party, the Constitutional Democratic Party (CDP), is relatively left-liberal, its supporters' attitudes are an interesting point to be analyzed."
50. ↑ "Edano to form Constitutional Democratic Party". NHK. 2 October 2017. https://www3.nhk.or.jp/nhkworld/en/news/20171002_23/.
51. ↑ Stokes, Bruce; Devlin, Kat (12 November 2018). "Despite Rising Economic Confidence, Japanese See Best Days Behind Them and Say Children Face a Bleak Future". p. 6. https://www.pewresearch.org/global/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2018/11/Pew-Research-Center_Despite-Rising-Economic-Confidence-Japanese-See-Best-Days-Behind-Them-and-Say-Children-Face-Bleak-Future_2018-11-121.pdf.
52. ↑ Smith, Sheila A. (20 October 2017). "Japan's Election Sunday". https://www.cfr.org/articles/japans-election-sunday.
53. ↑ "Abe eyes big win as Japan votes under N. Korea threats". France 24. Agence France-Presse. 22 October 2017. https://www.france24.com/en/20171022-abe-eyes-big-win-japan-votes-under-n-korea-threats.
54. ↑ Tiberghien, Yves (7 December 2017). "Neither Populism nor Drift: Japan's October 2017 Election". https://www.asiapacific.ca/canada-asia-agenda/neither-populism-nor-drift-japans-october-2017-election.
55. ↑ Brad Glosserman (2019). Peak Japan: The End of Great Ambitions. Georgetown University Press. p. 180. ISBN 978-1-62-616668-4. https://books.google.com/books?id=60CIDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA180.
56. ↑ Sugiyama, Satoshi (17 January 2020). "Japan opposition parties' failing merger bid offers glimpse into divisions". The Japan Times. https://www.japantimes.co.jp/news/2020/01/17/national/politics-diplomacy/japanese-opposition-failing-merger-divisions/#.Xk9n6JUzaUk.
57. ↑ Reizei, Akihiko (21 November 2019). "Error: no `|title=` specified when using {{Cite web}}" (in ja). Newsweek Japan. https://www.newsweekjapan.jp/reizei/2019/11/post-1130.php. "まず立憲民主党は左派ポピュリズムが軸です。 []"Error:+no+`|title=`+specified when+using+{{[[Template:Cite+web|Cite+web]]}}&rft.atitle=&rft.aulast=Reizei&rft.aufirst=Akihiko&rft.au=Reizei, Akihiko&rft.date=21+November+2019&rft.pub=Newsweek+Japan&rft_id=https://www.newsweekjapan.jp/reizei/2019/11/post-1130.php&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikibooks.org:Organization:Constitutional_Democratic_Party_of_Japan">
58. ↑ Kaneko, Tomoki; Asano, Taka-aki; Miwa, Hirofumi (2 March 2026). "Extracting ideological dimensions from legislative speeches in the Japanese Diet". Social Science Japan Journal (Oxford University Press) 29 (1): 13. doi:10.1093/ssjj/jyag001. https://academic.oup.com/ssjj/article-pdf/29/1/jyag001/67244444/jyag001.pdf. Retrieved 11 April 2026.
59. ↑ Reed, Steven R. (2022). Japan Decides 2021: The Japanese General Election. Springer International Publishing. p. 110. ISBN 9783031113246. https://books.google.com/books?id=zQafEAAAQBAJ&pg=PA110. Retrieved 12 April 2026. "However, a conservative minority around Tamaki refrained from joining the more liberal CDP."
60. ↑

* "Easy win for Japan's new PM". The Saturday Paper. 2 November 2021. https://www.thesaturdaypaper.com.au/post/max-opray/2021/11/02/morrisons-cop26-pledge-inadequate. "the centrist Constitutional Democratic Party, lost 13 seats, to end up with 96."
* "Japan's ruling conservatives have been returned to power, but amid voter frustration, challenges lurk for Kishida". The Conversation. 1 November 2021. https://theconversation.com/japans-ruling-conservatives-have-been-returned-to-power-but-amid-voter-frustration-challenges-lurk-for-kishida-170561. "The main opposition, the centrist Constitutional Democratic Party, lost 13 seats, to end up with 96. Other smaller opposition parties only shifted slightly, with the Japanese Communist Party dropping two to ten, and the centre-right Democratic Party For the People gaining three to reach 11."
* "The Dialectics of March 11: A Decade After the Japan Tsunami". Los Angeles Review of Books. 11 March 2021. https://www.lareviewofbooks.org/article/the-dialectics-of-march-11-a-decade-after-the-japan-tsunami/. "This situation would seem to be an opportunity for Japan's political left, which has begun to consolidate around the centrist Constitutional Democratic Party of Japan. However, much like the ruling party, the opposition has been tainted by corporate influence and nepotism."

61. ↑ Arthur Stockwin (2023). The Failure of Political Opposition in Japan: Implications for Democracy and a Vision of the Future. Taylor & Francis. p. 97. ISBN 9781000593747. https://books.google.com/books?id=G2qLEAAAQBAJ&pg=PT97.
62. ↑

* "5 Key Takeaways From Japan's General Election". Center for American Progress. 5 November 2021. https://www.americanprogress.org/article/5-key-takeaways-from-japans-general-election/. "At the same time, the center-left Constitutional Democratic Party (CDP) saw its total fall by 13 seats to 96, despite high expectations for its performance."
* "Factbox: Main parties contesting Japan's lower house poll". Reuters. 7 October 2021. https://www.reuters.com/world/asia-pacific/main-parties-contesting-japans-lower-house-poll-2021-10-07/. "The centre-left CDPJ is Japan's largest opposition party. Although it was only formed last year, the CDPJ's roots lie in the Democratic Party of Japan, which succeeded in defeating the LDP-Komeito alliance in 2009, and held power for three years."
* "Partisan Biases in U.S.-Japan Relations". Tokyo Review. 26 February 2021. https://www.tokyoreview.net/2021/02/partisan-biases-in-u-s-japan-relations/. "For both the LDP and center-left Constitutional Democratic Party of Japan (roughly the successors of the Democratic Party of Japan which governed from 2009-2012), the emphasis is much more on pragmatism than values."

|Amory Gethin (16 November 2021). "Political Cleavages and the Representation of Social Inequalities in Japan, 1953-2017". Political Cleavages and Social Inequalities: A Study of Fifty Democracies, 1948-2020. Harvard University Press. p. 358. ISBN 978-0-67-424842-7. https://books.google.com/books?id=m2pCEAAAQBAJ&pg=PA358.

63. ↑ 泉 宏 (19 December 2021). Jiji Press. https://www.jiji.com/amp/article?k=2021121500259&g=pol.
64. ↑ "Editorial: New leader of Japan's opposition CDP faces rocky road to rejuvenate party". The Mainichi. 1 December 2021. https://mainichi.jp/english/articles/20211201/p2a/00m/0op/008000c. "Izumi, 47, is a conservative, centrist young leader"
65. ↑ "Social Democratic Party to split; most Diet members to join CDPJ" (in ja). The Nikkei. 25 February 2018. https://www.nikkei.com/article/DGXMZO27373580V20C18A2PE8000/.
66. ↑ Morris-Suzuki, Tessa (1 March 2018). "The Constitution, Human Rights and Pluralism in Japan: Alternative Visions of Constitutions Past and Future". Asia-Pacific Journal. Japan Focus 16 (5): 2. doi:10.1017/S1557466018014110. https://apjjf.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/11/article-1499.pdf. Retrieved 12 April 2026.
67. ↑ Ueda, Makiko (2021). "New Civic Activism and Constitutional Discussion: Streets, Shrines and Cyberspace". Japanese Constitutional Revisionism and Civic Activism. Bloomsbury Publishing. p. 132. ISBN 9781978758179. https://books.google.com/books?id=KS2AEQAAQBAJ&pg=PA132. Retrieved 12 April 2026.
68. ↑ Yoshida, Reiji (16 October 2017). "Edano taking center stage as CDP gains momentum". https://www.japantimes.co.jp/news/2017/10/16/national/politics-diplomacy/edano-taking-center-stage-cdp-gains-momentum/.
69. ↑ Sieg, Linda (17 October 2017). "Underdog centre-left party may outperform expectations in Japan snap poll". Reuters. https://uk.reuters.com/article/uk-japan-election-opposition/underdog-centre-left-party-may-outperform-expectations-in-japan-snap-poll-idUKKBN1CN0BQ?il=0.
70. ↑ "2017 Lower House Election / Parties debate whether, when to bring N-plants back online". The Yomiuri Shimbun. 17 October 2017. http://the-japan-news.com/news/article/0004010588.
71. ↑ "It's not enough for political parties to merely tout economic catchwords". The Yomiuri Shimbun. 18 October 2017. http://the-japan-news.com/news/article/0004010335.
72. ↑ , 28 December 2017, https://cdp-japan.jp/about-cdp/policy/, retrieved 14 January 2018
73. ↑ 【ノーカット】党首討論会@日本記者クラブ. 毎日新聞. 8 October 2017. Archived from the original on 21 October 2021. Retrieved 14 November 2021 - via YouTube.
74. ↑ "CDF Pamphlet". https://cdp-japan.jp/teaser/pdf/pamphlet.pdf.
75. ↑ "Error: no `|title=` specified when using {{Cite web}}". 2017. http://cdp-japan.jp/teaser/pdf/pamphlet.pdf.Error:+no+`|title=`+specified when+using+{{[[Template:Cite+web|Cite+web]]}}&rft.atitle=&rft.date=2017&rft_id=http://cdp-japan.jp/teaser/pdf/pamphlet.pdf&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikibooks.org:Organization:Constitutional_Democratic_Party_of_Japan">
76. ↑ "立憲民主党基本政策". https://cdp-japan.jp/about/basic-policies.
77. ↑ "Opposition party in Japan pledges to protect LGBT rights". 25 June 2019. https://www.gaystarnews.com/article/opposition-party-in-japan-pledges-to-protect-lgbt-rights/.
78. ↑ "Japan opposition party submits bill for same-sex marriage". Mainichi Daily News. 6 March 2023. https://mainichi.jp/english/articles/20230306/p2g/00m/0na/026000c.
79. ↑ "中絶に「配偶者同意」が必要なのは11か国・地域のみ". https://cdp-japan.jp/campaign/gender_equality/fact/006.
80. ↑ "Edano's new party may outperform expectations in Sunday's election". Japan Today. 18 October 2017. https://japantoday.com/category/politics/Edano's-new-party-may-outperform-expectations-in-Sunday's-election.
81. ↑ "2017 Lower House Election / Voters not impressed". The Economist. 19 October 2017. https://www.economist.com/news/asia/21730463-it-has-realigned-japanese-politics-voters-are-not-impressed-japans-new-opposition-party.
82. ↑ "Japan's main opposition calls for 'wealth distribution first' ahead of election". Reuters. 14 October 2021. https://www.reuters.com/world/asia-pacific/japans-main-opposition-calls-wealth-distribution-first-ahead-election-2021-10-14/.
83. ↑ "Japan opposition vows to tax the rich in election platform". Kyodo News. 2021-10-11. https://english.kyodonews.net/news/2021/10/92de8cb77493-japan-opposition-vows-to-tax-the-rich-in-election-platform.html. Retrieved 2021-12-26.
84. ↑ "In Platform Draft, Japan's Opposition CDPJ Calls for Higher Minimum Wage, Ban on Corporate, Organizational Donations". 4 October 2024. https://japannews.yomiuri.co.jp/politics/politics-government/20241004-214982/.
85. ↑ "Japan's opposition CDP focuses on separate surnames in election pledge to contrast with LDP". Mainichi Daily News. 8 October 2024. https://mainichi.jp/english/articles/20241008/p2a/00m/0na/006000c.
86. ↑ "CDPJ Not Including Consumption Tax Cut in House of Representatives Election Pledges; No Call to Abolish Nuclear Power". 7 October 2024. https://japannews.yomiuri.co.jp/politics/politics-government/20241007-215443/.
87. ↑ 立憲民主党 (2025-08-05). "[Comment Calling for a Declaration of Recognition of the State of Palestine for the Immediate Improvement of the Dire Humanitarian Situation in Gaza and the Achievement of a Permanent Ceasefire (Provisional Translation)"] (in en). https://cdp-japan.jp/english/news/20250804_9543.
88. ↑ 88.0 88.1 立憲民主党. "立憲民主党規約 18" (in ja). https://cdp-japan.jp/about/byelaw.
89. ↑ "役員一覧 - 立憲民主党". Constitutional Democratic Party. 25 February 2026. https://cdp-japan.jp/about/officers. Retrieved 23 January 2025.

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