List of wars extended by diplomatic irregularity

Short description: Wikipedia list article

Cartoon by Puck magazine celebrating the "resumption" of diplomatic relations between Greece and Persia in 1902, interrupted after the outbreak of the Greco-Persian Wars in 490 BC

There are different claims of wars extended by diplomatic irregularity which involve long peaceful periods after the end of hostilities where, for various reasons, the belligerents could be considered to be in a technical state of war. For example, occasionally small countries named in a declaration of war would accidentally be omitted from a peace treaty ending the wider conflict.

Such "extended wars" are discovered much after the fact, and have no impact during the long period (often hundreds of years) after the actual fighting ended. The discovery of an "extended war" is sometimes an opportunity for a friendly ceremonial peace to be contracted by the belligerent parties. Such peace ceremonies are even conducted after ancient wars where no peace treaty was expected in the first place, and in cases where the countries were not even at war at all, such as the case of Berwick-upon-Tweed and Russia. These "treaties" often involve non-sovereign sub-national entities, such as cities, who do not in reality have the power to declare or end wars.

Related situations (not necessarily listed below) include:

* Frozen conflicts, where an armistice (ceasefire) is signed or fighting comes to an end, but there is intentionally no peace treaty because the underlying political conflict has not been resolved.
* A state of war that ends without a peace treaty when the original declaration of war was deemed to be illegal, such as the declaration of war by Thailand against the United States was mutually recognized to be after World War II.
* Political conflicts that continue after the signing of a peace treaty that formally ends the state of war. For example, the Soviet–Japanese Joint Declaration of 1956 ended the state of war between Japan and the Soviet Union that was declared during World War II, but the Kuril Islands dispute remains an unresolved consequence of the war.

## Contents

* 1 Extended wars
* 2 Symbolic peace agreements
* 3 See also
* 4 References

## Extended wars

Combatants  | Historical conflict  | Declaration of war  | De facto peace  | De jure peace  | De facto duration  | De jure duration  | De facto \- de jure difference  | Status of claim

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Template:Country data Isles of Scilly

Dutch Republic | First Anglo-Dutch War (Three Hundred and Thirty Five Years' War) | 1651 | 1654 | 1986 | 4 | 333 | 329 | The Dutch Republic under Michiel de Ruyter declared war solely on the Isles of Scilly, as the final stronghold of the Royalist naval force which was capturing Dutch merchant ships. When the Dutch and the Commonwealth of England signed the Treaty of Westminster (1654), this separate state of war was not mentioned and thus not included in the peace. The Dutch ambassador, visiting in April 1986 to conclude peace, joked that it must have been harrowing to the Scillonians "to know we could have attacked at any moment."[1]
Huéscar

Denmark | Peninsular War | 1809 | 1814 | 1981 | 6 | 173 | 167 | The Spain town of Huéscar was at war with Denmark , as a result of the Napoleonic wars over Spain, where Denmark supported the French Empire. The official declaration of war was forgotten until it was discovered by a local historian in 1981, followed by the signing of a peace treaty on 11 November 1981 by the city mayor and the Ambassador of Denmark. Not a single shot was fired during the 172 years of war, and nobody was killed or injured.
Montenegro

Japan | Russo-Japanese War | 1904 | 1905 | 2006[2] | 2 | 103 | 101 | Montenegro declared war in support of Russia but Montenegro lacked a navy or any other means to engage Japan. After Montenegro (independent in 1904, but united with Serbia by 1918) had voted in 2006 to resume its independence, it concluded a separate peace treaty in order to establish diplomatic relations with Japan. See Japan–Montenegro relations.
Template:Country data Principality of Andorra

Germany | World War I | 1914 | 1918 | 1958 | 4 | 40 | 44 | Andorra was not invited to the Paris Peace Conference.[3]
Costa Rica

Germany | World War I | 1918 | 1918 | 1945 | 1 | 28 | 27 | Due to a dispute over the legitimacy of the government of Federico Tinoco Granados, Costa Rica was not a party to the Treaty of Versailles and did not unilaterally end the state of war.[4] The technical state of war ended after World War II only after they were included in the Potsdam Agreement. Costa Rica did not issue a declaration of war against Germany in World War II.[5]
Allies of World War II

Germany | World War II | 1939 | 1945 | 1991 | 6 | 53 | 46 | At the time World War II was declared over, there was no single German state that all occupying powers accepted as being the sole representative of the former Reich. The "war" technically did not finish until German reunification in 1990. However, in 1949 some technicalities were modified to soften the state of war between the U.S. and Germany. The state of war was retained since it provided the U.S. with a legal basis for keeping troops in Western Germany. [6] As a legal substitute for a peace treaty[7] the U.S. formally ended the state of war between the U.S. and Germany on 19 October 1951 at 5:45 p.m. According to the U.S., a formal peace treaty had been stalled by the Soviet Union.[7] It was not until the Treaty on the Final Settlement with Respect to Germany was signed in 1990 that peace was formally established. The treaty came into effect on 15 March 1991.

## Symbolic peace agreements

Combatants  | Historical conflict  | Declaration of war  | De facto peace  | De jure peace  | De facto duration  | De jure duration  | De facto \- de jure difference  | Status of claim

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Rome

Carthage | Third Punic War | 149 BC | 146 BC | 1985 | 4 | 2134 | 2130 | Ancient Rome and Ancient Carthage never signed a peace treaty after the Romans seized and completely destroyed the city of Carthage in 146 BC and enslaved its entire surviving population, leaving no entity with which to make peace. In 1985 the mayors of modern Rome and Carthage municipality signed a peace treaty and accompanying pact of friendship.[8]
Sparta

Athens | Peloponnesian War | 431 BC | 404 BC | 1996 | 28 | 2427 | 2399 | The mayors of modern-day Athens and Sparta signed a symbolic agreement to end the war in 1996.[9][10] By then, the two cities had been part of modern-day Greece for over a century.
Greece

Persia | Greco-Persian Wars | 499 BC | 449 BC | 1902 | 50 | 2403 | 2453 | Greece and Persia may or not have formed a peace treaty in antiquity but if they did neither nation knew of it when Greece re-appeared on the map.[11]
Berwick-upon-Tweed

Russia | Crimean War | 1853 | 1856 | 1966 | 4 | 114 | 110 | Local custom in the town of Berwick-upon-Tweed states that when the United Kingdom declared war on the Russian Empire that the town was included in the declaration of war, but was left out of the peace treaty. Although research concluded that they had never been included in either,[12] a peace treaty was nonetheless allegedly signed between Robert Knox and an unnamed Soviet official.[13] However, Jim Herbert of the Berwick Borough Museum said in 2006 that contemporary newspaper reports did not confirm that a treaty had been signed, nor could Knox's remark to the Soviet official who was said to have attended the signing, "Tell the Russians they can sleep easy in their beds", be verified.[13]

## See also

* List of conflicts by duration
* List of ongoing armed conflicts
* Nizari–Seljuk conflicts

## References

1. ↑ "Britain: Peace In Our Time". Time. 28 April 1986. http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,961310,00.html.
2. ↑ "Montenegro, Japan to declare truce". United Press International. http://www.upi.com/Top_News/2006/06/16/Montenegro_Japan_to_declare_truce/UPI-82871150474764/.
3. ↑ "World War I Ends in Andorra", UPI story in the New York Times, Sep 25, 1958. p. 66. A number of sources say 1939, but there is no period confirmation for this.
4. ↑ United States Senate Committee on Foreign Relations (1919). Treaty of peace with Germany: Hearings before the Committee on Foreign Relations, United States Senate, sixty-sixth Congress, first session on the Treaty of peace with Germany, signed at Versailles on June 28, 1919, and submitted to the Senate on July 10, 1919. Government Printing Office. pp. 206–209. https://archive.org/details/treatyofpeacewit00unit. Retrieved 9 February 2013.
5. ↑ "11 Wars That Lasted Way Longer Than They Should Have". Mental Floss. http://mentalfloss.com/article/30895/11-wars-lasted-way-longer-they-should-have.
6. ↑ "The Nations: A Step Forward". Time. 28 November 1949. http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,856382,00.html.
7. ↑ 7.0 7.1 "National Affairs: War's End". Time. 16 July 1951. http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,889058,00.html.
8. ↑ "'Better Late Than Never' Category: Rome, Carthage Finally Make Peace". Los Angeles Times. Reuters. 20 January 1985. http://articles.latimes.com/1985-01-20/news/mn-10468_1_ancient-carthage.
9. ↑ "Sparta & Athens". NPR. 12 March 1996. https://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=1042700.
10. ↑ "Athens, Sparta sign peace pact". United Press International. 12 March 1996. https://www.upi.com/Archives/1996/03/12/Athens-Sparta-sign-peace-pact/9963826606800/.
11. ↑ [1]", Business Insider, 10 December 2015.
12. ↑ Strochlic, Nina (26 February 2015). "Berwick-upon-Tweed, the British Town at War With Russia" (in en). https://www.thedailybeast.com/berwick-upon-tweed-the-british-town-at-war-with-russia.
13. ↑ 13.0 13.1 Graham, Spicer (24 July 2006). "Myth Or Reality? Berwick Revisits Its 'War With Russia'". Culture 24. Archived from the original on 19 February 2009. https://web.archive.org/web/20090219035127/http://www.culture24.org.uk/history/time/victorian/art38768.

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