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Marxism and Keynesianism is a method of understanding and comparing the works of influential economists John Maynard Keynes and Karl Marx. Both men's works has fostered respective schools of economic thought (Marxian economics and Keynesian economics) that have had significant influence in various academic circles as well as in influencing government policy of various states. Keynes' work found popularity in developed liberal economies following the Great Depression and World War II, most notably Franklin D. Roosevelt's New Deal in the United States in which strong industrial production was backed by strong unions and government support. Marx's work, with varying degrees of faithfulness, led the way to a number of socialist states, notably the Soviet Union and the People's Republic of China. The immense influence of both Marxian and Keynesian schools has led to numerous comparisons of the work of both economists along with synthesis of both schools.

With Keynes' work stemming from the neoclassical tradition and Marx's from classical economics and German idealism (notably the work of Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel), their understandings of the nature of capitalism varied, but both men also held significant similarities in their work. Both Marx and Keynes saw significant faults within the capitalist system, albeit to varying degrees; this is in opposition to many classical and neoclassical economists who tend to understand that faults within a capitalist system as brought upon by market imperfections and the influence of "exogenous shocks to the macroeconomic system".[1]

With Keynes writing during the height of liberal capitalism and its collapse during the Great Depression, along with his background in mathematics, his macroeconomic methodology focused significantly on using models to explore demand-side economics and the useful yet volatile nature of liberal capitalism. In contrast, Marx's early industrial European context and classical school influence saw him focus on production process, with all economies being established on a mode of production and these processes inherently causing stratification between the capitalist class and working class.[2] However, central to this comparison is the distinction between Keynes' belief in remedying the faults of capitalism while Marx saw capitalism as a stepping stone towards further societal development.[3]

## Contents

* 1 Views on crisis
* 2 Views on social conflict
* 3 Views on unemployment
* 4 Heterodoxy and Keynes–Marx synthesis
* 5 References

## Views on crisis

Unlike their classical and neoclassical contemporaries, both Marx and Keynes understood laissez-faire capitalism as having inherent crisis associated with it. Despite these similarities, both their understanding of capitalist crisis as well as the possible remedies for it differ heavily. Keynes believed that the majority of economic recessions were a result of fluctuating investment within business cycles, with low capital investment resulting in recession and deflation and high investment resulting in boom and inflation.[4][5] Keynes believed that these business cycles of capitalist economies could be remedied by sufficient interference by the state in order to maintain full employment and a strong economy. His influence over the multiplier theorem was significant in outlining the effectiveness that state economic intervention can have in compensating during economic downturn.[6] Furthermore, Keynes believed that the raising and lowering interest rates could be used as a means of combating economic imbalance. Keynes used his findings to promote counter-cyclical policy, primarily explored within his 1930 work A Treatise on Money. Keynes believed that by lowering interest rates during a recession, investment in the economy would be stimulated, while interest rates could be raised to counter inflation.[7] In broad terms, Keynes believed that the crisis associated with capitalism could be effectively controlled by utilizing effective government policy through both monetary and fiscal means.

In a similar vein to Keynes, Marx believed that crisis is inherent to capitalism. Marx understood crisis as deriving within the capitalist system and as the result of a breakdown within the process of capital accumulation brought upon by imbalances during process of accumulation.[8] These imbalances are primarily caused by general overproduction as brought upon by the desire for capitalists to maximize their attainment of surplus value and the necessity to increase productive capacity to ensure higher returns. However, the lack of effective demand within an economy limits the ability for the entire economy to grow alongside the rise of production.[9] Marx further explored how the failure of overproduction within a single industry can greatly affect the livelihood of workers which can notably be found with his cotton cloth example: "The stagnation of the market, which is glutted with cotton cloth, hampers the reproduction process of the weaver. This disturbance first affects his workers. They now form a part of the temporary surplus population, of the surplus production of workers [...] because there is a surplus production of cotton fabrics on the market."[10][11]

Marx claims that the interconnected nature of production and markets increases the fragility of both and will therefore have widespread effects on the economy if general overproduction occurs.[12] From here, it can be understood that while both may be critical of the crisis found in capitalism, their interpretations of its foundations differ, with Marx focusing on failure within production whereas Keynes focuses on investment.

## Views on social conflict

For Marx and Keynes, their respective understandings of social hierarchy and class conflicts have similar foundations yet substantial differences in their relative understandings. Marx saw class conflict as the primary driver towards social change and development (as per dialectical materialism), with the growing economic divide between the capitalist class and proletariat resulting in class conflict and subsequent socialist revolution.[8] Furthermore, Marx understood this class conflict as inherent within the structure of capitalism as the establishment of hierarchical classes brings with it the foundations on which conflict arises.[13]

In contrast, Keynes viewed social conflict as a fault in capitalism which can be adjusted with public intervention into the economy as "[p]ublic intervention is a more elevated response to a natural state of inter-class conflict which feeds into itself".[14] Keynesian economics therefore acted as a middle-way for many developed liberal capitalist economies to appease the working class in lieu of a socialist revolution.[15] Keynes himself also argued against the creation of a class war, noting that "[t]he class war will find me on the side of the educated bourgeoisie".[16]

Despite these differences, Keynes and Marx both saw that laissez-faire capitalist economies inherently stratify social classes. Nevertheless, Keynes had a significantly more optimistic view in regards to the effectiveness of the state in promoting social welfare and a decent standard or living. On the other hand, Marx was substantially more critical of the dangers posed upon the proletariat inherent within capitalism.[17] For Marx, the fix for the class struggle in a capitalist system is the abolition of class itself and subsequent establishment of socialism.[18]

## Views on unemployment

For both Marx and Keynes, analyzing and combating the dangers of unemployment were key to understanding the capitalist system. The majority of the classical and neoclassical orthodoxy agree that Say's law allows for an economy to maintain full employment as the mechanisms of equilibrium within capitalism allow for equality of aggregate supply and demand.[19] However, both Marx and Keynes refute the viability of Say's law occurring within the economy. For Marx, his key to understanding the failures of Say's law stems from his conception of money. While David Ricardo and other classical economists viewed money as a means of circulation, Marx understood money as also being a store of value when kept idle. The hoarding of money can cause for "aggregate demand to fall short of aggregate supply", therefore causing unemployment of labor as firms lessen or stop investment within production.[20] In a similar vain to Marx, Keynes viewed money as more than just a "means of circulation", with a significant distinction between a co-operative economy and entrepreneur economy illustrating the failure of Say's law to prove truthful within the real economy.[21] Keynes himself even acknowledged the developments made by Marx in relation to the co-operative and entrepreneur economy, although he stated that "the subsequent use to which he put this observation was highly illogical".[22]

For Keynes, unemployment within a capitalist economy was deemed as a significant social ill of economies as influenced by his societal context where mass unemployment was widespread following the Great Depression. Keynes saw that the two popular remedies for unemployment, "real wage cuts" and "general austerity", were ineffective in contrast to state intervention within the economy.[14] Keynes believed that government intervention within the economy had the potential to "ensure a quasi-optimal equilibrium", allowing for both increased profits and wages due to the increase in demand of goods.[23]

Keynes viewed that capitalism's strengths could be utilized alongside the controlling of its volatile tendencies, with Keynes wanting to simultaneously assist the working class by rising their wages and the maintaining of full-employment while also allowing for the rise in profits for firms. While both Keynes and Marx understood unemployment as occurring when aggregate demand and supply are not equal, Marx also viewed unemployment as a tool which can be manipulated within a capitalist economy for the benefit of bourgeoisie. Marx believed that the use of the reserve army of labor within a capitalist economy allowed for capitalists to push down wages in production by threatening workers with the potential of replacement.[24] Marx believed that this was utilized by capitalists in order to maximize surplus value and profits, lessening the labor costs within the production process and increasing potential gains.[24] While Keynes viewed unemployment as limiting potential profit due to lack of demand, Marx viewed that the possibility of full employment encroaches on the potential gains of capitalists, hence the utilization of the reserve army of labor.[24]

## Heterodoxy and Keynes–Marx synthesis

While both Marxian and Keynesian schools of economics have had significant division and isolation between one another, notably with the Keynesian reluctance to accept the radical and revolutionary aspects of Marxian economics, the rise of the neoliberal global hegemony since the late 20th century that coincided with the resurgence of neoclassical economics and decline of Keynesian economics has generated the antithetical emergence of a heterodox Marxian and Keynesian economic synthesis.[25] This synthesis has found itself prevalent within various heterodox schools, notably post-Keynesians, the social structure of accumulation and structuralist macroeconomics.[26] This heterodox macroeconomic synthesis aims at integrating the economic theories of Marx and Keynes in order to create a theory that is "more coherent, logically consistent, realistic, flexible and capable of explaining modern macrodynamics in historical time",[27] with a Keynes–Marx heterodox synthesis being utilized in order to create a more robust theory allowing for an improved understanding of various new and old economic phenomena.[28]

This is illustrated within Jonathan P. Goldstein's unified heterodox macroeconomic framework which aims to utilize "Keynesian uncertainty", "Marxian class conflict", "Marxian competition" and "Marxian crisis theory" in order to create a "realistic and flexible framework" which "sheds problematic aspects of existing theories and unifies the significant contributions of those theories into a potent approach capable of explaining the contradictory path of capitalist development across different historical eras".[29] The work of Goldstein and his contemporaries aims at homogenizing theories and approaches in order to better understand the workings of the capitalist system, in contrast to the supposed inadequacies found in modern neoclassical economics. Furthermore, the rise in this heterodoxy has increased since the emergence of the global financial crisis 2007–2008. Goldstein suggests that the unified theory's integrated approach allows for improved analyses of the Great Recession due to "its focus on the interrelations between social classes, the distribution of income, effective demand, Marxian competition, crisis theory, Keynesian uncertainty, financial innovation and fragility, endogenous expectations and structural and institutional change".[30] Furthermore, the unified theory also aims to reach the conclusion that "current corporate form of globalization must be replaced with a more balanced and equitable approach to trade [...] where balanced is achieved across classes and countries with different levels of development".[31]

## References

1. ↑ Aliber, R. Z.; Kindleberger, C. P. (2015). Manis, Panics , and Crashes: A History of Financial Crisis. London: Palgrave Macmillan UK. pp. 39.
2. ↑ Chang, Ha-Joon (2014). Economics: The User's Guide. London: Penguin Group. pp. 128–129.
3. ↑ Matyas, A. (1983). "Similarities Between the Economic Theories of Marx and Keynes". Acta Oeconomica 31 (3/4): 1.
4. ↑ "Treatise on Money and the General Theory of Employment, Interest and Money 1927 to 1939". maynardkeynes.org. http://www.maynardkeynes.org/john-maynard-keynes-treatise-general-theory.html.
5. ↑ Keynes, John Maynard (1950). A Treatise on Money. London: Macmillan and co.. pp. 148–149.
6. ↑ Chang, Ha-Joon (2014). Economics: The User's Guide. London: Penguin Group. pp. 148–149.
7. ↑ "Treatise on Money and the General Theory of Employment, Interest and Money 1927 to 1939". maynardkeynes.org. http://www.maynardkeynes.org/john-maynard-keynes-treatise-general-theory.html.
8. ↑ 8.0 8.1 Bortz, Pablo Gabriel (Winter 2017). "The road they share: the social conflict element in Marx, Keynes and Kalecki". Review of Keynesian Economics 5 (4): 564. doi:10.4337/roke.2017.04.06.
9. ↑ Sardoni, Claudio (1987). Marx and Keynes on Economic Recession. New York: New York University Press. pp. 37–38. ISBN 0-8147-7871-2.
10. ↑ Sardoni, Claudio (1987). Marx and Keynes on Economic Recession. New York: New York University Press. pp. 39. ISBN 0-8147-7871-2.
11. ↑ Marx, Karl (1968). Theories of Surplus Value, Part II. Moscow: Progress Publishers. pp. 522.
12. ↑ Sardoni, Claudio. (2011). Unemployment, recession and effective demand : the contributions of Marx, Keynes and Kalecki. Cheltenham, UK: Edward Elgar. pp. 30. ISBN 978-1-84844-969-5. OCLC 748686285.
13. ↑ Bortz, Pablo Gabriel (Winter 2017). "The road they share: the social conflict element in Marx, Keynes and Kalecki". Review of Keynesian Economics 5 (4): 564–565. doi:10.4337/roke.2017.04.06.
14. ↑ 14.0 14.1 Bortz, Pablo Gabriel (Winter 2017). "The road they share: the social conflict element in Marx, Keynes and Kalecki". Review of Keynesian Economics 5 (4): 570. doi:10.4337/roke.2017.04.06.
15. ↑ Skidelsky, Robert (January 2010). "The Crisis of Capitalism: Keynes versus Marx". Indian Journal of Industrial Relations 45 (3): 326.
16. ↑ Bortz, Pablo Gabriel (Winter 2017). "The road they share: the social conflict element in Marx, Keynes and Kalecki". Review of Keynesian Economics 5 (4): 563–575. doi:10.4337/roke.2017.04.06.
17. ↑ Bortz, Pablo Gabriel (Winter 2017). "The road they share: the social conflict element in Marx, Keynes and Kalecki". Review of Keynesian Economics 5 (4): 573–574. doi:10.4337/roke.2017.04.06.
18. ↑ Chang, Ha-Joon (2014). Economics: The User's Guide. London: Penguin Group. pp. 130–131.
19. ↑ Sardoni, Claudio. (2011). Unemployment, recession and effective demand : the contributions of Marx, Keynes and Kalecki. Cheltenham, UK: Edward Elgar. pp. 48. ISBN 978-1-84844-969-5. OCLC 748686285.
20. ↑ Sardoni, Claudio (1987). Marx and Keynes on Economic Recession. New York: New York University Press. pp. 27, 41–42. ISBN 0-8147-7871-2.
21. ↑ Sardoni, Claudio (1987). Marx and Keynes on Economic Recession. New York: New York University Press. pp. 74–75. ISBN 0-8147-7871-2.
22. ↑ Sardoni, Claudio (1987). Marx and Keynes on Economic Recession. New York: New York University Press. pp. 75. ISBN 0-8147-7871-2.
23. ↑ Skidelsky, Robert (January 2010). "The Crisis of Capitalism: Keynes versus Marx". Indian Journal of Industrial Relations 45 (3): 325–326.
24. ↑ 24.0 24.1 24.2 Skidelsky, Robert (January 2010). "The Crisis of Capitalism: Keynes versus Marx". Indian Journal of Industrial Relations 45 (3): 325.
25. ↑ Heterodox macroeconomics : Keynes, Marx and globalization. Goldstein, Jonathan P., Hillard, Michael G.. London: Routledge. 2009. pp. 5, 37. ISBN 978-0-415-77808-4. OCLC 654779304.
26. ↑ Heterodox macroeconomics : Keynes, Marx and globalization. Goldstein, Jonathan P., Hillard, Michael G.. London: Routledge. 2009. pp. 7. ISBN 978-0-415-77808-4. OCLC 654779304.
27. ↑ Heterodox macroeconomics : Keynes, Marx and globalization. Goldstein, Jonathan P., Hillard, Michael G.. London: Routledge. 2009. pp. 3. ISBN 978-0-415-77808-4. OCLC 654779304.
28. ↑ Heterodox macroeconomics : Keynes, Marx and globalization. Goldstein, Jonathan P., Hillard, Michael G.. London: Routledge. 2009. pp. 66. ISBN 978-0-415-77808-4. OCLC 654779304.
29. ↑ Heterodox macroeconomics : Keynes, Marx and globalization. Goldstein, Jonathan P., Hillard, Michael G.. London: Routledge. 2009. pp. 49. ISBN 978-0-415-77808-4. OCLC 654779304.
30. ↑ Heterodox macroeconomics : Keynes, Marx and globalization. Goldstein, Jonathan P., Hillard, Michael G.. London: Routledge. 2009. pp. 263. ISBN 978-0-415-77808-4. OCLC 654779304.
31. ↑ Heterodox macroeconomics : Keynes, Marx and globalization. Goldstein, Jonathan P., Hillard, Michael G.. London: Routledge. 2009. pp. 266. ISBN 978-0-415-77808-4. OCLC 654779304.

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* Evsey Domar
* James K. Galbraith
* John Kenneth Galbraith
* Myron J. Gordon
* Geoff Harcourt
* Michael Hudson
* Richard Kahn
* Nicholas Kaldor
* Michał Kalecki
* Steve Keen
* Jan Kregel
* Marc Lavoie
* Abba P. Lerner
* Hyman Minsky
* Bill Mitchell
* Basil Moore
* Steven Pressman
* Joan Robinson
* G. L. S. Shackle
* Pavlina R. Tcherneva
* Anthony Thirlwall
* Sidney Weintraub
* L. Randall Wray

New Keynesians|

* George Akerlof
* Ben Bernanke
* Olivier Blanchard
* Alan Blinder
* Guillermo Calvo
* Richard Clarida
* Brad DeLong
* Huw Dixon
* Stanley Fischer
* Jordi Galí
* Mark Gertler
* Robert J. Gordon
* Stephany Griffith-Jones
* Nobuhiro Kiyotaki
* Paul Krugman
* Greg Mankiw
* Marc Melitz
* Maurice Obstfeld
* Edmund Phelps
* Ricardo Reis
* Kenneth Rogoff
* David Romer
* Julio Rotemberg
* Nouriel Roubini
* Robert Shiller
* Andrei Shleifer
* Joseph Stiglitz
* Lawrence Summers
* John B. Taylor
* Michael Woodford

Related|

Keynesian economics

* v
* t
* e

Macroeconomics

Basic concepts|

* Aggregate demand
* Aggregate supply
* Business cycle
* Deflation
* Demand shock
* Disinflation
* Effective demand
* Expectations
* Adaptive
* Rational
* Financial crisis
* Growth
* Inflation
* Demand-pull
* Cost-push
* Interest rate
* Investment
* Liquidity trap
* Measures of national income and output
* Microfoundations
* Money
* Endogenous
* Money creation
* Demand for money
* Liquidity preference
* Money supply
* National accounts
* SNA
* Nominal rigidity
* Price level
* Recession
* Shrinkflation
* Stagflation
* Supply shock
* Saving
* Unemployment

Policies|

* Fiscal
* Monetary
* Commercial
* Central bank

Models|

* IS–LM
* AD–AS
* Keynesian cross
* Multiplier
* Accelerator
* Phillips curve
* Arrow–Debreu
* Harrod–Domar
* Solow–Swan
* Ramsey–Cass–Koopmans
* Overlapping generations
* General equilibrium
* DSGE
* Endogenous growth
* Matching theory
* Mundell–Fleming
* Overshooting
* NAIRU

Related fields|

* Econometrics
* Economic statistics
* Monetary economics
* Development economics
* International economics

Schools|

| Mainstream|

* Keynesian
* Neo-
* New
* Monetarism
* New classical
* Real business-cycle theory
* Stockholm
* Supply-side
* New neoclassical synthesis
* Saltwater and freshwater

|

Heterodox|

* Austrian
* Chartalism
* Modern Monetary Theory
* Disequilibrium
* Marxian
* Post-Keynesian
* Circuitism
* Market monetarism

Notable macroeconomists|

* François Quesnay
* Adam Smith
* Thomas Robert Malthus
* Karl Marx
* Léon Walras
* Georg Friedrich Knapp
* Knut Wicksell
* Irving Fisher
* Wesley Clair Mitchell
* John Maynard Keynes
* Alvin Hansen
* Michał Kalecki
* Gunnar Myrdal
* Simon Kuznets
* Joan Robinson
* Friedrich Hayek
* John Hicks
* Richard Stone
* Hyman Minsky
* Milton Friedman
* Paul Samuelson
* Lawrence Klein
* Edmund Phelps
* Robert Lucas Jr.
* Edward C. Prescott
* Peter Diamond
* William Nordhaus
* Joseph Stiglitz
* Thomas J. Sargent
* Paul Krugman
* N. Gregory Mankiw

See also|

* Macroeconomic model
* Publications in macroeconomics
* Economics
* Applied
* Microeconomics
* Political economy
* Mathematical economics

Category

* v
* t
* e

Schools of economic thought

Pre-modern|

* Ancient schools
* Medieval Islamic
* Scholasticism

Early modern|

* Cameralism
* Mercantilism
* Physiocrats
* School of Salamanca

Modern|

* American (National)
* Anarchist
* Mutualism
* Austrian
* Birmingham
* Classical
* Ricardian
* English historical
* French Liberal
* Georgism
* German historical
* Malthusian
* Marginalism
* Marxian
* Neoclassical
* Lausanne
* Socialist

20th and
21st century|

* Behavioral
* Buddhist
* Capability approach
* Carnegie
* Chartalism
* Modern Monetary Theory
* Chicago
* Constitutional
* Disequilibrium
* Ecological
* Evolutionary
* Feminist
* Freiburg
* Institutional
* Keynesian
* Neo- (neoclassical–Keynesian synthesis)
* New
* Post-
* Circuitism
* Monetarism (Market)
* Neo-Malthusian
* Neo-Marxian
* Neo-Ricardian
* New classical
* Rational expectations theory
* Real business-cycle theory
* New institutional
* New neoclassical synthesis
* Organizational
* Public choice
* Regulation
* Saltwater/freshwater
* Stockholm
* Structuralist
* Supply-side
* Thermoeconomics
* Virginia
* Social credit

Related|

* History of economic thought
* History of macroeconomic thought
* Economics
* Political economy
* Mainstream economics
* Heterodox economics
* Post-autistic economics
* Degrowth
* World-systems theory
* Economic systems

* v
* t
* e

Socialism

Schools of thought|

* 21st century
* Agrarian
* Communist
* Democratic
* Ethical
* Feminist
* Green
* Guild
* Labourism
* Syndicalism
* Liberal
* Market
* Marxian
* Nationalist
* Reformist
* Revolutionary
* Scientific
* Social democracy
* Utopian
* Fourierism
* Icarianism
* Owenism
* Saint-Simonianism
* Technocracy

| Libertarian
(From below)|

* Anarchism
* Collectivist
* Communist
* Free-market
* Left-wing laissez-faire
* Left-wing market
* Green
* Individualist
* Insurrectionary
* Magonism
* Mutualism
* Neozapatismo
* Participism
* Platformism
* Social
* Syndicalist
* Left-libertarianism
* Libertarian Marxism
* Left communism
* Council communism
* Luxemburgism
* Mao-Spontex
* Third camp

|

Authoritarian
(From above)|

* Barracks
* Nechayevism
* Blanquism
* Bolshevism
* Leninism
* Marxism–Leninism
* Brezhnevism
* Castroism
* Ceaușism
* Guevarism
* Ho Chi Minh Thought
* Hoxhaism
* Husakism
* Juche
* Kadarism
* Khrushchevism
* Maoism
* Dengism
* Maoism–Third Worldism
* Marxism–Leninism–Maoism
* Marxism–Leninism–Maoism–Gonzalo Thought
* Marxism–Leninism–Maoism–Prachanda Path
* Xi Jinping Thought
* Stalinism
* Neo-Stalinism
* Tkachevism
* Trotskyism
* Neo-Trotskyism
* Pabloism
* Posadism
* Orthodox Trotskyism
* State
* Lassallism

Religious|

* Buddhist
* Christian
* Islamic
* Jewish

Regional variants|

* African
* African-Caribbean
* Arab
* Bolivarian
* Chinese
* Communist
* Nationalist
* European
* Eurocommunism
* Israeli
* Indonesian
* Melanesian
* Mexican
* Soviet
* In one country
* Real
* Sri Lankan
* Third World
* Yugoslav

Key topics and issues|

* Anarchist economics
* Anti-revisionism
* Criticism of capitalism
* Criticism of socialism
* Class struggle
* Democracy
* Dictatorship of the proletariat
* Egalitarianism
* Equality of outcome
* History of anarchism
* History of communism
* History of socialism
* Impossibilism
* "The Internationale"
* Internationalism
* State-owned enterprise
* Land reform
* Left-wing politics
* Mixed economy
* Mode of production
* Nanosocialism
* Nationalization
* Planned economy
* Post-capitalism
* Proletarian revolution
* Reformism
* Revisionism
* Socialisation of production
* Socialist economics
* Socialist market economy
* Socialist state
* State capitalism
* Trade union
* Welfare state

Concepts|

* Adhocracy
* Anarchist economics
* Basic income
* Calculation in kind
* Commune
* Common ownership
* Cooperative ownership
* Decentralized planning
* Direct democracy
* Economic democracy
* Economic planning
* Equal opportunity
* Free association
* Industrial democracy
* Labor-time calculation
* Labour voucher
* Organizational self-management
* Production for use
* Public ownership
* Social dividend
* Socialist mode of production
* Technocracy
* Workplace democracy

People|

| 16th c.|

* Tommaso Campanella
* Thomas More

|

18th c.|

* Gracchus Babeuf
* Victor d'Hupay
* Gabriel Bonnot de Mably
* Sylvain Maréchal
* Étienne-Gabriel Morelly

19th c.|

* Stephen Pearl Andrews
* Mikhail Bakunin
* John Goodwyn Barmby
* Enrico Barone
* August Bebel
* Edward Bellamy
* Eduard Bernstein
* Louis Blanc
* Louis Auguste Blanqui
* Philippe Buchez
* Georg Büchner
* Philippe Buonarroti
* Étienne Cabet
* Edward Carpenter
* Nikolay Chernyshevsky
* James Connolly
* Victor Prosper Considerant
* Claire Démar
* Théodore Dézamy
* W. E. B. Du Bois
* Prosper Enfantin
* Friedrich Engels
* Charles Fourier
* Emma Goldman
* William Batchelder Greene
* Charles Hall
* Alexander Herzen
* Thomas Hodgskin
* Jean Jaurès
* Mother Jones
* Karl Kautsky
* Peter Kropotkin
* Paul Lafargue
* Albert Laponneraye
* Ferdinand Lassalle
* Pyotr Lavrov
* Alexandre Ledru-Rollin
* Pierre Leroux
* Helen Macfarlane
* Errico Malatesta
* Karl Marx
* Louise Michel
* Nikolay Mikhaylovsky
* William Morris
* Robert Owen
* Antonie Pannekoek
* Giovanni Pascoli
* Constantin Pecqueur
* Georgi Plekhanov
* Pierre-Joseph Proudhon
* Luis Emilio Recabarren
* Henri de Saint-Simon
* Mikhail Saltykov-Shchedrin
* George Sand
* Friedrich Wilhelm Schulz
* Eugène Sue
* Lysander Spooner
* Fred M. Taylor
* William Thompson
* Pyotr Tkachev
* Benjamin Tucker
* Suzanne Voilquin
* Alfred Russel Wallace
* Josiah Warren
* Wilhelm Weitling
* Oscar Wilde

20th c.|

* Tariq Ali
* Salvador Allende
* Louis Aragon
* Clement Attlee
* Henri Barbusse
* Zygmunt Bauman
* Simone de Beauvoir
* Walter Benjamin
* Tony Benn
* Léon Blum
* Grace Lee Boggs
* Murray Bookchin
* Bertolt Brecht
* Aristide Briand
* Nikolai Bukharin
* Cornelius Castoriadis
* Hugo Chávez
* Noam Chomsky
* G. D. H. Cole
* Jeremy Corbyn
* Bob Crow
* Guy Debord
* Eugene V. Debs
* John Dewey
* Alexander Dubček
* Albert Einstein
* Einar Gerhardsen
* Mikhail Gorbachev
* Maxim Gorky
* Antonio Gramsci
* Chris Hedges
* Eric Hobsbawm
* Dolores Ibárruri
* Pablo Iglesias Posse
* Elfriede Jelinek
* Martin Luther King Jr.
* Alexandra Kollontai
* Jack Layton
* Henri Lefebvre
* Claude Lefort
* Vladimir Lenin
* Ken Livingstone
* György Lukács
* Rosa Luxemburg
* Nestor Makhno
* Nelson Mandela
* Mao Dun
* Vladimir Mayakovsky
* Maurice Merleau-Ponty
* China Miéville
* François Mitterrand
* Evo Morales
* Imre Nagy
* Gamal Abdel Nasser
* Otto Neurath
* Paul Nizan
* Abdullah Öcalan
* Seán O'Casey
* George Orwell
* Sylvia Pankhurst
* Fred Paterson
* Pier Paolo Pasolini
* Karl Polanyi
* Bertrand Russell
* Gaetano Salvemini
* Bernie Sanders
* Jean-Paul Sartre
* Arthur Scargill
* Léopold Sédar Senghor
* George Bernard Shaw
* R. H. Tawney
* E. P. Thompson
* Ernst Toller
* Leon Trotsky
* Yanis Varoufakis
* H. G. Wells
* Cornel West
* Richard D. Wolff
* Clara Zetkin
* Howard Zinn
* Slavoj Žižek

Organizations|

* Communist International
* Fifth International
* Foro de São Paulo
* Fourth International
* International League of Peoples' Struggle
* International League of Religious Socialists
* International Marxist Tendency
* International Union of Socialist Youth
* International Workingmen's Association
* Second International
* Socialist International
* World Federation of Democratic Youth
* World Socialist Movement

See also|

* Anarchism
* Criticism of socialism
* Communism
* Economic calculation problem
* Marxist philosophy
* New Left
* Old Left
* Socialist calculation debate

* Politics portal
* Socialism portal

* v
* t
* e

Works by Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels

Marx|

| Das Kapital|

* Das Kapital, Volume I (1867)
* Das Kapital, Volume II (1885, posthumous)
* Das Kapital, Volume III (1894, posthumous)

|

Other works|

* Scorpion and Felix (1837)
* Oulanem (1839)
* The Difference Between the Democritean and Epicurean Philosophy of Nature (1841)
* "The Philosophical Manifesto of the Historical School of Law" (1842)
* Critique of Hegel's Philosophy of Right (1843, published 1927)
* "On the Jewish Question" (1843)
* "Notes on James Mill" (1844)
* Economic and Philosophic Manuscripts of 1844 (1844, published 1932)
* "Theses on Feuerbach" (1845, published 1888)
* The Poverty of Philosophy (1847)
* "Wage Labour and Capital" (1847)
* The Class Struggles in France, 1848–1850 (1850)
* The Eighteenth Brumaire of Louis Napoleon (1852)
* Grundrisse (1857, published 1939)
* A Contribution to the Critique of Political Economy (1859)
* Theories of Surplus Value (three volumes, 1862)
* "Value, Price and Profit" (1865)
* "The Belgian Massacres" (1869)
* "The Civil War in France" (1871)
* Critique of the Gotha Program (1875)
* Mathematical manuscripts of Karl Marx (1968)
* Marx's notebooks on the history of technology

Marx and
Engels|

* The Holy Family (1844)
* The German Ideology (1845, published 1932)
* The Communist Manifesto (1848)
* The Civil War in the United States (1861)

Engels|

* The Condition of the Working Class in England (1845)
* Principles of Communism (1847)
* The Peasant War in Germany (1850)
* "The Part Played by Labour in the Transition from Ape to Man" (1876)
* Anti-Dühring (1878)
* Socialism: Utopian and Scientific (1880)
* Dialectics of Nature (1883)
* The Origin of the Family, Private Property, and the State (1884)
* Ludwig Feuerbach and the End of Classical German Philosophy (1886)
* A Contribution to the History of Primitive Christianity (1894)
* Revolution and Counter-Revolution in Germany (1896, posthumous)

Collections|

* Marx/Engels Collected Works (1975 - 2004)
* Marx-Engels-Gesamtausgabe (1975 - today)
* Karl Marx Library (1971 - 1977)

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