Injury

This article is about physical injuries to biological organisms. For Major trauma, see Injury (disambiguation).

For the legal sense of the term, see Legal injury.

For other uses, see Injury (disambiguation).

Injury

Other names: Physical traum
The knee of a person is examined with the help of radiography after an injury.

Injury, also known as physical trauma, is damage to the body caused by an external force.[1] This may be caused by accidents, falls, hits, weapons, and other causes.[1] Major trauma is injury that has the potential to cause prolonged disability or death. In 2013, 4.8 million people world-wide died from injuries, up from 4.3 million in 1990.[2] More than 30% of these deaths were transport-related injuries.[2] In 2013, 367,000 children under the age of five died from injuries, down from 766,000 in 1990.[2] Injuries are the cause of 9% of all deaths, and are the sixth-leading cause of death in the world.[3][4]

## Contents

* 1 Classification
* 1.1 By cause
* 1.2 By modality
* 1.3 By location
* 1.4 By activity
* 1.5 Injury severity score
* 2 See also
* 3 References
* 4 External links

## Classification[edit | edit source]

Deaths from injuries per million persons in 2012

203-358

359-428

429-483

484-559

560-637

638-716

717-817

818-939

940-1,140

1,141-2,961

Deaths from intentional injuries per million persons in 2012

14-65

66-89

90-114

115-137

138-171

172-193

194-226

227-291

292-379

380-2,730

The World Health Organization (WHO) developed the International Classification of External Causes of Injury (ICECI). Under this system, injuries are classified by:

* mechanism of injury;
* objects/substances producing injury;
* place of occurrence;
* activity when injured;
* the role of human intent;

and additional modules. These codes allow the identification of distributions of injuries in specific populations and case identification for more detailed research on causes and preventive efforts.[5]

The United States Bureau of Labor Statistics developed the Occupational Injury and Illness Classification System (OIICS). Under this system injuries are classified by

* nature,
* part of body affected,
* source and secondary source, and
* event or exposure.

The OIICS was first published in 1992 and has been updated several times since.[6]

The Orchard Sports Injury and Illness Classification System (OSIICS), previously OSICS, is used to classify injuries to enable research into specific sports injuries.[7][8]

### By cause[edit | edit source]

* Causes for injuries fall under two categories: intentional and accidental. Intentional injuries include acts of violence and war, or be can self-imposed like suicide or self-harm. Accidental injuries can come from falling or motor vehicle accidents.[9] Some cases of accidental injuries are injury by stingray or lightning injuries.

### By modality[edit | edit source]

* Trauma
* Traumatic injuries are a body wound or shock produced by sudden physical collision or movement. Injuries associated with trauma are avulsion, bone fracture, injury by blast, internal bleeding and catastrophic injuries.
* Strain, repetitive strain, or sprain
* Strain and repetitive strain are injuries to muscles or tendons. Sprain is an injury to a ligament or ligaments.[10]
* Toxins
* Injury from toxin or as adverse effect of a pharmaceutical drug.
* Other external or internal injuries
* Other injuries can be from external causes, such as radiation, burn or frostbite. These injuries can include radiation-induced lung injury and microwave burn. Injuries from internal causes include reperfusion injury.

### By location[edit | edit source]

Skin:

* Wound, an injury in which skin is torn, cut or punctured (an open wound), or where blunt force trauma causes a contusion (a closed wound). In pathology, it specifically refers to a sharp injury which damages the dermis of the skin.

Head:

* Head injury
* Penetrating head injury
* Closed head injury

Eyes:

* Eye injury
* Chemical eye injury
* Eye injuries during general anaesthesia

Brain:

* Brain injury
* Acquired brain injury
* Coup contrecoup injury
* Diffuse axonal injury
* Frontal lobe injury

Nerves:

* Nerve injury
* Spinal cord injury
* Brachial plexus injury
* Sciatic nerve injury
* Injury of axillary nerve

Soft tissue, musculoskeletal and organs:

* Soft tissue injury
* Tracheobronchial injury
* Acute kidney injury
* Anterior cruciate ligament injury
* Musculoskeletal injury
* Articular cartilage injuries
* Acute lung injury
* Pancreatic injury
* Thoracic aorta injury
* Biliary injury

Body:

* Lisfranc injury
* Knee injury
* Medial knee injuries
* Back injury
* Hand injury
* Chest injury

### By activity[edit | edit source]

* sports[11]
* concussion
* strain
* shoulder injury
* pulled muscle
* rock climbing[12]
* finger injury
* knuckle injury
* Lead climbing injuries
* Reverse bite injury
* Occupational injury
* Ventilator-associated lung injury
* Sea urchin injury
* Illness and injuries during spaceflight

### Injury severity score[edit | edit source]

The injury severity score (ISS) is a medical score to assess trauma severity.[13][14] It correlates with mortality, morbidity, and hospitalization time after trauma. It is used to define the term major trauma (polytrauma), recognized when the ISS is greater than 15.[14] The AIS Committee of the Association for the Advancement of Automotive Medicine designed and updates the scale.

## See also[edit | edit source]

* List of causes of death by rate
* First aid
* direct DNA damage
* Ventilator-associated lung injury
* Transfusion-related acute lung injury
* Asphyxia
* Crush injury
* Needlestick injury
* Penile strangulation

## References[edit | edit source]

1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 "Wounds and Injuries: MedlinePlus". Nlm.nih.gov. Archived from the original on 2016-07-05. Retrieved 2015-07-20.
2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 2.2 GBD 2013 Mortality and Causes of Death, Collaborators (17 December 2014). "Global, regional, and national age-sex specific all-cause and cause-specific mortality for 240 causes of death, 1990-2013: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2013". Lancet. 385 (9963): 117–71. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(14)61682-2. PMC 4340604. PMID 25530442.
3. ↑ "The top 10 causes of death". Archived from the original on March 14, 2007. Retrieved 24 May 2015.
4. ↑ Stein DM, Santucci RA (July 2015). "An update on urotrauma". Current Opinion in Urology. 25 (4): 323–30. doi:10.1097/MOU.0000000000000184. PMID 26049876. S2CID 26994715.
5. ↑ "International Classification of External Causes of Injury (ICECI)". World Health Organization. Archived from the original on October 17, 2004. Retrieved 2014-03-24.
6. ↑ "Occupational Injury and Illness Classification System". Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Archived from the original on 2016-03-04. Retrieved 2014-03-24.
7. ↑ Rae, K; Orchard, J (May 2007). "The Orchard Sports Injury Classification System (OSICS) version 10". Clin J Sport Med. 17 (3): 201–04. doi:10.1097/jsm.0b013e318059b536. PMID 17513912. S2CID 31994177. Archived from the original on 2018-12-30. Retrieved 2021-12-13.
8. ↑ Orchard, JW; Meeuwisse, W; Derman, W; Hägglund, M; Soligard, T; Schwellnus, M; Bahr, R (April 2020). "Sport Medicine Diagnostic Coding System (SMDCS) and the Orchard Sports Injury and Illness Classification System (OSIICS): revised 2020 consensus versions". British Journal of Sports Medicine. 54 (7): 397–401. doi:10.1136/bjsports-2019-101921. PMID 32114487. S2CID 211724559.
9. ↑ "Top 10 Preventable Injuries". Injury Facts. Archived from the original on 2020-10-20. Retrieved 2020-10-18.
10. ↑ Nancy Garrick, Deputy Director (2017-04-10). "Sprains and Strains". National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases. Archived from the original on 2021-03-18. Retrieved 2020-10-18.
11. ↑ "Top 10 Most Common Sports Injuries". www.unitypoint.org. Archived from the original on 2020-10-23. Retrieved 2020-10-19.
12. ↑ Wright, D. M.; Royle, T. J.; Marshall, T. (June 2001). "Indoor rock climbing: who gets injured?". British Journal of Sports Medicine. 35 (3): 181–185. doi:10.1136/bjsm.35.3.181. ISSN 0306-3674. PMC 1724320. PMID 11375878.
13. ↑ Baker SP, O'Neill B, Haddon W, Long WB (1974). "The Injury Severity Score: a method for describing patients with multiple injuries and evaluating emergency care". The Journal of Trauma. 14 (3): 187–96. doi:10.1097/00005373-197403000-00001. PMID 4814394.
14. ↑ 14.0 14.1 Copes, W.S.; H.R. Champion; W.J. Sacco; M.M. Lawnick; S.L. Keast; L.W. Bain (1988). "The Injury Severity Score revisited". The Journal of Trauma. 28 (1): 69–77. doi:10.1097/00005373-198801000-00010. PMID 3123707.

## External links[edit | edit source]

Classification|

* ICD-10: S00-T88
* ICD-9-CM: 800-999

|

| Wikiquote has quotations related to: Injury

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* International Trauma Conferences Archived 2021-02-27 at the Wayback Machine (registered trauma charity providing trauma education for medical professionals worldwide)
* Trauma.org (trauma resources for medical professionals)
* Emergency Medicine Research and Perspectives (emergency medicine procedure videos)
* American Trauma Society Archived 2018-02-24 at the Wayback Machine
* Scandinavian Journal of Trauma, Resuscitation and Emergency Medicine Archived 2016-02-27 at the Wayback Machine

* v
* t
* e

Trauma

Principles|

* Polytrauma
* Major trauma
* Traumatology
* Triage
* Resuscitation
* Trauma triad of death

Assessment|

| Clinical prediction rules|

* Revised Trauma Score
* Injury Severity Score
* Abbreviated Injury Scale
* NACA score

|

Investigations|

* Diagnostic peritoneal lavage
* Focused assessment with sonography for trauma

Management|

| Principles|

* Advanced trauma life support
* Trauma surgery
* Trauma center
* Trauma team
* Damage control surgery
* Early appropriate care

|

Procedures|

* Resuscitative thoracotomy

Pathophysiology|

| Injury|

* MSK
* Bone fracture
* Joint dislocation
* Degloving
* Soft tissue injury
* Resp
* Flail chest
* Pneumothorax
* Hemothorax
* Diaphragmatic rupture
* Pulmonary contusion
* Cardio
* Internal bleeding
* Thoracic aorta injury
* Cardiac tamponade
* GI
* Blunt kidney trauma
* Ruptured spleen
* Neuro
* Penetrating head injury
* Traumatic brain injury
* Intracranial hemorrhage

|

Mechanism|

* Blast injury
* Blunt trauma
* Burn
* Penetrating trauma
* Crush injury
* Stab wound
* Ballistic trauma
* Electrocution

Region|

* Abdominal trauma
* Chest trauma
* Facial trauma
* Head injury
* Spinal cord injury

Demographic|

* Geriatric trauma
* Pediatric trauma

Complications|

* Posttraumatic stress disorder
* Wound healing
* Acute lung injury
* Crush syndrome
* Rhabdomyolysis
* Compartment syndrome
* Contracture
* Volkmann's contracture
* Embolism
* air
* fat
* Chronic traumatic encephalopathy
* Subcutaneous emphysema

* v
* t
* e

General wounds and injuries

Abrasions|

* Abrasion
* Avulsion

Blisters|

* Blood blister
* Coma blister
* Delayed blister
* Edema blister
* Fracture blister
* Friction blister
* Sucking blister

Bruises|

* Hematoma/Ecchymosis
* Battle's sign
* Raccoon eyes
* Black eye
* Subungual hematoma
* Cullen's sign
* Grey Turner's sign
* Retroperitoneal hemorrhage

Animal bites|

* Insect bite
* Spider bite
* Snakebite

Other:|

* Ballistic trauma
* Stab wound
* Blunt trauma/superficial/closed
* Penetrating trauma/open
* Aerosol burn
* Burn/Corrosion/Chemical burn
* Frostbite
* Occupational injuries
* Traumatic amputation

By region|

* Hand injury
* Head injury
* Chest trauma
* Abdominal trauma

* v
* t
* e

Emergency medicine

Emergency medicine|

* Emergency department
* Emergency medical services
* Emergency nursing
* Emergency psychiatry
* Golden hour
* Medical emergency
* International emergency medicine
* Pediatric emergency medicine
* Pre-hospital emergency medicine
* Major trauma
* Trauma center
* Triage

Equipment|

* Bag valve mask (BVM)
* Chest tube
* Defibrillation (AED
* ICD)
* Electrocardiogram (ECG/EKG)
* Intraosseous infusion (IO)
* Intravenous therapy (IV)
* Tracheal intubation
* Laryngeal tube
* Combitube
* Nasopharyngeal airway (NPA)
* Oropharyngeal airway (OPA)
* Pocket mask

Drugs|

* Adenosine
* Amiodarone
* Atropine
* Dopamine
* Epinephrine / Adrenaline
* Naloxone
* Magnesium sulfate
* Sodium bicarbonate

Organisations|

* International Federation for Emergency Medicine (International Conference on Emergency Medicine)
* American College of Emergency Physicians
* Australasian College for Emergency Medicine
* Canadian Association of Emergency Physicians
* Royal College of Emergency Medicine
* European Society for Emergency Medicine
* Asian Society for Emergency Medicine
* American Academy of Emergency Medicine

Courses / Life support|

* First aid
* Cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR)
* Mouth-to-mouth resuscitation
* Basic life support (BLS)
* Advanced cardiac life support (ACLS)
* Advanced trauma life support (ATLS)
* Neonatal Resuscitation Program (NRP)
* Acute Care of at-Risk Newborns (ACoRN)
* Pediatric basic life support (PBLS)
* Pediatric Advanced Life Support (PALS)
* Advanced Life Support in Obstetrics (ALSO)
* Care of the Critically Ill Surgical Patient (CCrISP)

Scoring systems|

* NACA score
* Injury Severity Score

* Book
* Category
* Outline

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