Parmotrema

Parmotrema is a genus of lichen belonging to the family Parmeliaceae.[1] It is a large genus, containing an estimated 300 species,[2] with a centre of diversity in subtropical regions of South America and the Pacific Islands.[3]

Members of the genus are commonly called ruffle lichens or scatter-rag lichens.[4]: 83

## Contents

* 1 Description
* 2 Taxonomy
* 3 Uses
* 4 Gallery
* 5 See also
* 6 References

## Description

Parmotrema is characterized by its typically large, moderately to loosely-attached foliose thallus with broad lobes that are usually more than 5 mm wide. There is a broad, naked zone around the margin of the lower surface, an epicortex with pores and an upper cortex with a palisade-plectenchymatous arrangement of hyphae. Ascospores are thick-walled and ellipsoid.[5]

## Taxonomy

Parmotrema was proposed as a genus by Italian lichenologist Abramo Bartolommeo Massalongo in 1860, with Parmotrema perforatum as the type species.[6] The genus name, composed of the Greek parmos (cup) and trema (perforation), refers to the perforate apothecia. Parmotrema was largely ignored as a genus,[7] and its species were usually grouped in section Amphigymnia of the large genus Parmelia.[8] Several genera previously segregated from Parmotrema have since been folded back in owing to molecular phylogenetic evidence, including Canomaculina, Concamerella, Parmelaria, and Rimelia.[3][9]

## Uses

Some species of Parmotrema can be used as a vegetable dye, such as P. crinitum. When mixed with pine sap or with water, or when first burnt to ash, lichens can provide a variety of colors such as yellow, brown, green, orange, purple, and red.[10] Some Parmotrema species also enter commerce as part of the lichen mixture known as "black stone flower", which is sold for culinary use under several regional names. Continued large-scale harvesting of commercially traded lichens may add to extinction risk when combined with habitat loss and climate change.[11]

## Gallery

* Parmotrema tinctorum

* Parmotrema chinense

## See also

* List of Parmotrema species

## References

1. ↑ Lumbsch TH, Huhndorf SM. (December 2007). "Outline of Ascomycota - 2007". Myconet (Chicago, USA: The Field Museum, Department of Botany) 13: 1-58. Archived from the original on March 18, 2009. https://web.archive.org/web/20090318003134/http://www.fieldmuseum.org/myconet/outline.asp.
2. ↑ Lücking, Robert; Hodkinson, Brendan P.; Leavitt, Steven D. (2017). "The 2016 classification of lichenized fungi in the Ascomycota and Basidiomycota–Approaching one thousand genera". The Bryologist 119 (4): 361–416. doi:10.1639/0007-2745-119.4.361.
3. ↑ 3.0 3.1 Blanco, Oscar; Crespo, A.; Divakar, Pradeep K.; Elix, John A.; Lumbsch, H. Thorsten (2005). "Molecular phylogeny of parmotremoid lichens (Ascomycota, Parmeliaceae)". Mycologia 97 (1): 150–159. doi:10.1080/15572536.2006.11832848. PMID 16389966.
4. ↑ Field Guide to California Lichens, Stephen Sharnoff, Yale University Press, 2014, ISBN 978-0-300-19500-2
5. ↑ Kurokawa, Syo; Lai, Ming-Jou (2001). "Parmelioid lichen genera and species in Taiwan". Mycotaxon 77: 225–284. http://www.cybertruffle.org.uk/cyberliber/59575/0077/0260.htm.
6. ↑ Massalongo AB. (1860). "Esame comparativo di alcune genere di licheni" (in it). Atti dell'Istituto Veneto Scienze. 3 5: 247–276.
7. ↑ Spielmann, Adriano Afonso; Marcelli, Marcelo Pinto (2009). "Parmotrema s.l. (Parmeliaceae, lichenized Ascomycota) from Serra Geral slopes in central Rio Grande do Sul state, Brazil". Hoehnea 36 (4): 551–595. doi:10.1590/S2236-89062009000400002.
8. ↑ Hale, Mason E. (1974). "New combinations in the lichen genus Parmotrema Massalongo.". Phytologia 28 (4): 334–339. https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/13046332#page/348/mode/1up.
9. ↑ Crespo, A.; Kauff, F.; Divakar, P.K.; Prado, R. del; Pérez-Ortega, S.; Paz, G.A. de; Ferencova, Z.; Blanco, O. et al. (2010). "Phylogenetic generic classification of parmelioid lichens (Parmeliaceae, Ascomycota) based on molecular, morphological and chemical evidence". Taxon 59 (6): 1735–1753. doi:10.1002/tax.596008.
10. ↑ Lichens - US Forest Service
11. ↑ Yahr, Rebecca; Allen, Jessica L.; Atienza, Violeta; Burgartz, Frank; Chrismas, Nathan; Dal Forno, Manuela et al. (2024). "Red Listing lichenized fungi: best practices and future prospects". The Lichenologist 56: 345–362. doi:10.1017/S0024282924000355.

Wikidata ☰ Q10620680 entry

0.00

(0 votes)

Original source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parmotrema. Read more

|

Retrieved from "https://handwiki.org/wiki/index.php?title=Biology:Parmotrema&oldid=4314611"