Digital holography

Digital holography refers to the acquisition and processing of holograms with a digital sensor array,[1][2] typically a CCD camera or a similar device. Image rendering, or reconstruction of object data is performed numerically from digitized interferograms. Digital holography offers a means of measuring optical phase data and typically delivers three-dimensional surface or optical thickness images. Several recording and processing schemes have been developed to assess optical wave characteristics such as amplitude, phase, and polarization state, which make digital holography a very powerful method for metrology applications .[3]

## Contents

* 1 Digital recording and processing of holograms
* 1.1 Off-axis configuration
* 1.2 Phase-shifting holography
* 1.3 Frequency-shifting holography
* 1.4 Multiplexing of holograms
* 1.5 Super-resolution in Digital Holography
* 1.6 Optical Sectioning in Digital Holography
* 1.7 Extending Depth-of-Focus by Digital Holography in Microscopy
* 1.8 Combining of holograms and interferometric microscopy
* 2 See also
* 3 References
* 4 Further reading

## Digital recording and processing of holograms

### Off-axis configuration

In the off-axis configuration, a small angle between the reference and the object beams is used to prevent overlapping of the cross-beating contributions between the object and reference optical fields with the self-beating contributions of these fields. These discoveries were made by Emmett Leith and Juris Upatnieks for analog holography,[4] and subsequently adapted to digital holography. In this configuration, only a single recorded digital interferogram is required for image reconstruction. Yet, this configuration can also be used in conjunction with temporal modulation methods, such as phase-shifting and frequency-shifting for high sensitivity measurements in low light.[5]

### Phase-shifting holography

The phase-shifting (or phase-stepped) digital holography process entails capturing multiple interferograms that each indicate the optical phase relationships between light returned from all points on the illuminated object and a controlled reference beam of light. The optical phase of the reference beam is shifted from one sampled interferogram to the next. From a linear combination of these interferograms, complex-valued holograms are formed. These holograms contain amplitude and phase information of the optical radiation diffracted by the object, in the sensor plane.[6]

### Frequency-shifting holography

Through the use of electro-optic modulators (Pockel cells) or acousto-optic modulators (Bragg cells), the reference laser beam can be frequency-shifted by a tunable quantity. This enables optical heterodyne detection, a frequency-conversion process aimed at shifting a given radiofrequency optical signal component in the sensor's temporal bandwidth. Frequency-shifted holograms can be used for narrowband laser Doppler imaging.[7]

### Multiplexing of holograms

Addressing simultaneously distinct domains of the temporal and spatial bandwidth of holograms was performed with success for angular,[8] wavelength,[9][10] space-division,[11] polarization,[12] and sideband [13][14] multiplexing schemes. Digital holograms can be numerically multiplexed and demultiplexed for efficient storage and transmission. Amplitude and phase can be correctly recovered.[15]

### Super-resolution in Digital Holography

Super-resolution is possible by means of a dynamic phase diffraction grating for increasing synthetically the aperture of the CCD array.[16] Super-localization of particles can be achieved by adopting an optics/data-processing co-design scheme.[17]

### Optical Sectioning in Digital Holography

Optical sectioning, also known as sectional image reconstruction, is the process of recovering a planar image at a particular axial depth from a three-dimensional digital hologram. Various mathematical techniques have been used to solve this problem, with inverse imaging among the most versatile. [18] [19] [20]

### Extending Depth-of-Focus by Digital Holography in Microscopy

By using the 3D imaging capability of Digital Holography in amplitude and phase it is possible to extend the depth of focus in microscopy.[21]

### Combining of holograms and interferometric microscopy

The digital analysis of a set of holograms recorded from different directions or with different direction of the reference wave allows the numerical emulation of an objective with large numerical aperture, leading to corresponding enhancement of the resolution.[22][23][24] This technique is called interferometric microscopy.

## See also

* Computer generated holography
* Digital holographic microscopy
* Holographic interferometry
* Holography

## References

1. ↑ Goodman, Joseph W.; Lawrence, R. W. (1967). "Digital image formation from electronically detected holograms". Applied Physics Letters 11 (3): 77–79. doi:10.1063/1.1755043. Bibcode: 1967ApPhL..11...77G.
2. ↑ Macovski, Albert (1969). "Efficient holography using temporal modulation". Applied Physics Letters 14 (5): 166–168. doi:10.1063/1.1652759. Bibcode: 1969ApPhL..14..166M.
3. ↑ U. Schnars, W. Jüptner (2005). Digital Holography. Springer. ISBN 9783642060182. https://www.springer.com/physics/optics/book/978-3-540-21934-7.
4. ↑ Leith, E. N.; Upatnieks, J. (1962). "Reconstructed wavefronts and communication theory". JOSA 52 (10): 1123–1128. doi:10.1364/josa.52.001123. Bibcode: 1962JOSA...52.1123L.
5. ↑ Gross, Michel, and Michael Atlan. "Digital holography with ultimate sensitivity." Optics letters 32, no. 8 (2007): 909-911.
6. ↑ Yamaguchi, I.; Zhang, T. (1997). "Phase-shifting digital holography". Opt. Lett. 22 (16): 1268–1270. doi:10.1364/ol.22.001268. PMID 18185816. Bibcode: 1997OptL...22.1268Y.
7. ↑ Atlan, M.; Gross, M.; Forget, B.; Vitalis, T.; Rancillac, A.; Dunn, A. (2006). "Frequency-domain wide-field laser Doppler in vivo imaging". Opt. Lett. 31 (18): 2762–2764. doi:10.1364/ol.31.002762. PMID 16936884. Bibcode: 2006OptL...31.2762A. https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00258697/document.
8. ↑ Paturzo, M.; Memmolo, P.; Tulino, A.; Finizio, A.; Ferraro, P. (2009). "Investigation of angular multiplexing and de- multiplexing of digital holograms recorded in microscope configuration". Opt. Express 17 (11): 8709–8718. doi:10.1364/oe.17.008709. PMID 19466119. Bibcode: 2009OExpr..17.8709P.
9. ↑ J. Kühn; T. Colomb; F. Montfort; F. Charrière; Y. Emery; E. Cuche; P. Marquet; C. Depeursinge (2007). "Real-time dual-wavelength digital holographic microscopy with a single hologram acquisition". Optics Express 15 (12): 7231–724. doi:10.1364/OE.15.007231. PMID 19547044. Bibcode: 2007OExpr..15.7231K.
10. ↑ Tomohiro Kiire, Daisuke Barada, Jun ichiro Sugisaka, Yoshio Hayasaki, and Toyohiko Yatagai. "Color digital holography using a single monochromatic imaging sensor. Opt. Lett. 37(15):3153–3155, Aug 2012.
11. ↑ Tahara, Tatsuki; Maeda, Akifumi; Awatsuji, Yasuhiro; Kakue, Takashi; Xia, Peng; Nishio, Kenzo; Ura, Shogo; Kubota, Toshihiro et al. (2012). "Single-shot dual- illumination phase unwrapping using a single wavelength". Opt. Lett. 37 (19): 4002–4004. doi:10.1364/ol.37.004002. PMID 23027259. Bibcode: 2012OptL...37.4002T.
12. ↑ T. Colomb; F. Dürr; E. Cuche; P. Marquet; H. Limberger; R.-P. Salathé; C. Depeursinge (2005). "Polarization microscopy by use of digital holography: application to optical fiber birefringence measurements". Applied Optics 44 (21): 4461–4469. doi:10.1364/AO.44.004461. PMID 16047894. Bibcode: 2005ApOpt..44.4461C.
13. ↑ N. Verrier; M. Atlan (2013). "Absolute measurement of small-amplitude vibrations by time-averaged heterodyne holography with a dual local oscillator". Optics Letters 38 (5): 739–41. doi:10.1364/OL.38.000739. PMID 23455283. Bibcode: 2013OptL...38..739V.
14. ↑ Bruno, F.; Laudereau, J. B.; Lesaffre, M.; Verrier; Atlan, M. (2014). "Phase-sensitive narrowband heterodyne holography". Applied Optics 53 (7): 1252–1257. doi:10.1364/AO.53.001252. PMID 24663351. Bibcode: 2014ApOpt..53.1252B.
15. ↑ M. Paturzo; P. Memmolo; L. Miccio; A. Finizio; P. Ferraro; A. Tulino; B. Javidi (2008). "Numerical multiplexing and demultiplexing of digital holographic information for remote reconstruction in amplitude and phase". Optics Letters 33 (22): 2629–2631. doi:10.1364/OL.33.002629. PMID 19015690. Bibcode: 2008OptL...33.2629P.
16. ↑ Paturzo, M.; Merola, F.; Grilli, S.; Nicola, S. De; Finizio, A.; Ferraro, P. (2008). "Super-resolution in digital holography by a two-dimensional dynamic phase grating". Optics Express 16 (21): 17107–17118. doi:10.1364/OE.16.017107. PMID 18852822. Bibcode: 2008OExpr..1617107P.
17. ↑ Verrier, N.; Fournier, C.; Cazier, A.; Fournel, T. (2016). "Co-design of an in-line holographic microscope with enhanced axial resolution: selective filtering digital holography". J. Opt. Soc. Am. A 33 (1): 107–116. doi:10.1364/JOSAA.33.000107. PMID 26831591. Bibcode: 2016JOSAA..33..107V.
18. ↑ P.W.M. Tsang; K. Cheung; T. Kim; Y. Kim; T. Poon (2011). "Fast reconstruction of sectional images in digital holography". Optics Letters 36 (14): 2650–2652. doi:10.1364/OL.36.002650. PMID 21765497. Bibcode: 2011OptL...36.2650T.
19. ↑ E. Lam; X. Zhang; H. Vo; T.-C. Poon; G. Indebetouw (2009). "Three-dimensional microscopy and sectional image reconstruction using optical scanning holography". Applied Optics 48 (34): H113–H119. doi:10.1364/AO.48.00H113. PMID 19956281. Bibcode: 2009ApOpt..48..113L.
20. ↑ X. Zhang; E. Lam; T.-C. Poon (2008). "Reconstruction of sectional images in holography using inverse imaging". Optics Express 16 (22): 17215–17226. doi:10.1364/OE.16.017215. PMID 18958002. Bibcode: 2008OExpr..1617215Z.
21. ↑ Ferraro, P.; Grilli, S.; Alfieri, D.; Nicola, S. De; Finizio, A.; Pierattini, G.; Javidi, B.; Coppola, G. et al. (2005). "Extended focused image in microscopy by digital holography". Optics Express 13 (18): 6738–6749. doi:10.1364/OPEX.13.006738. PMID 19498690. Bibcode: 2005OExpr..13.6738F.
22. ↑ Y.Kuznetsova; A.Neumann, S.R.Brueck (2007). "Imaging interferometric microscopy–approaching the linear systems limits of optical resolution". Optics Express 15 (11): 6651–6663. doi:10.1364/OE.15.006651. PMID 19546975. Bibcode: 2007OExpr..15.6651K.
23. ↑ C.J.Schwarz; Y.Kuznetsova and S.R.J.Brueck (2003). "Imaging interferometric microscopy". Optics Letters 28 (16): 1424–1426. doi:10.1364/OL.28.001424. PMID 12943079. Bibcode: 2003OptL...28.1424S.
24. ↑ M. Paturzo; F. Merola; S. Grilli; S. De Nicola; A. Finizio; P. Ferraro (2008). "Super-resolution in digital holography by a two-dimensional dynamic phase grating". Optics Express 16 (21): 17107–17118. doi:10.1364/OE.16.017107. PMID 18852822. Bibcode: 2008OExpr..1617107P.

## Further reading

* Grilli, S.; Ferraro, P.; Nicola, S. De; Finizio, A.; Pierattini, G.; Meucci, R. (2001). "Whole optical wavefields reconstruction by digital holography". Optics Express 9 (6): 294–302. doi:10.1364/OE.9.000294. PMID 19421300. Bibcode: 2001OExpr...9..294G.

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